Journal articles: 'Children infected and affected by hiv/aids'

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G. Kalaivani, G. Kalaivani, and Dr Sundara Raj T. Dr. Sundara Raj. T. "Social Stigma of Hiv/Aids Parents: Infected and Affected Children." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/feb2014/175.

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Telingator, Cynthia J. "Children, Adolescents, and Families Infected and Affected by HIV and AIDS." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 9, no. 2 (April 2000): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30120-2.

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Nelson, Carla. "We are all affected: considering the recovery of HIV/AIDS infected and affected children." International Journal of Children's Spirituality 13, no. 3 (August 2008): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13644360802236466.

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Strydom, H., and H. Raath. "The psychosocial needs of adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS." International Social Work 48, no. 5 (September 2005): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872805055321.

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The article reports on HIV/AIDS-infected adolescents’ responses on their psychosocial needs and the responses of infected parents on the psychosocial needs of their adolescent children. Besides identifying particulars and other issues, specific psychosocial needs such as counselling, support, relationships and economic implications are discussed. French L'article révèle les réponses d'adolescents infectés par le VIH/SIDA sur leurs besoins psychosociaux et les réponses de parents infectés sur les besoins psychosociaux de leurs adolescents. Outre l'identification de particularités et de controverses, l'article discute des besoins en thérapie et en soutien et des implications économiques du problème. Spanish El artículo se basa en las respuestas sobre las necesidades psicosociales de los adolescentes infectados por el VIH y las respuestas de padres infectados sobre las necesidades psicosociales de sus hijos adolescentes. Además de identificar estas particularidades y otros aspectos, son discutidas también necesidades psicosociales específicas tales como consejo, apoyo, relaciones, y las implicaciones económicas.

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Matovu, Louise, Mary Mwatsama, and Benigna Ndagire. "Family Patterns in East African Communities Implications for Children Affected by Hiv/Aids." Adoption & Fostering 22, no. 1 (April 1998): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599802200104.

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In recent years there has been an increasing demand to support adults, children and families affected and infected by HIV/AIDS. Current statistics in the Thames Region show that the majority of affected families are of African descent. This paper by Louise Matovu, Mary Mwatsama and Benigna Ndagire focuses on the need for permanence planning for children from East African families predominately from Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, who have migrated to the UK, and how their cultural values, family patterns and structures influence their perceptions and uptake of social services. The authors draw on their professional and personal experiences to highlight some useful ways in which an East African family could be supported through an effective permanence planning process for their children. The impact of migration as well as of HIV status is considered.

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Muhammad, YA. "Prevalence and Pattern of Skin Disorders among Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) Infected Children in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) Kano, Nigeria." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1211.

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Introduction: In HIV infected children, skin disorders are important as they serve as clue to diagnosis of the HIV disease. The Skin is one of the early systems affected by HIV/AIDS, which can affect almost all organs and systems in the body. Prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children is up to 90% in some studies. Objective: To determine the prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children attending paediatric infectious disease clinic in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of skin manifestations among HIV infected children attending paediatric infectious disease clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. A total of 223 HIV infected participants aged 6weeks to14 years were recruited for this study. Results: The prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children was 78.0%. The leading categories were infections and infestations accounting for 55.1% then inflammatory skin disorders (20.6%) Dermatophytoses were the commonest specific skin disorders observed. Conclusion: Therefore, the prevalence of skin disorder among HIV infected children in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital is high (78%). Infections and infestations were the commonest category found followed by inflammatory skin disorders.

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Strug, David, Leonard Rabb, and Ronnie Nanton. "Provider Views of the Support Service Needs of Male Primary Caretakers of HIV/AIDS-Infected and -Affected Children: A Needs Assessment." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 83, no. 3 (June 2002): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.28.

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The number of male primary caretakers (biological fathers and other men) of HIV/AIDS-infected and -affected children in the United States is substantial, and will increase as more women become infected and die, and more fathers assume parenting responsibilities. Many male primary caretakers (MPCs) are biological fathers, some of whom are infected, living alone with one or more children, caring for other infected and affected children, and without the emotional support of a female caretaker. These MPCs experience anxiety, depression, and grief. In this unique, exploratory needs assessment about the support service needs of MPCs, the authors surveyed 34 service providers that are involved in Title IV programs of the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act. Providers report that MPCs have special needs for emotional support, networking, child care, and parenting skills training that are being addressed only partially, if at all. Providers serving infected and affected children and their families should identify MPCs and address their service needs. More men may succeed as caretakers of infected and affected children if programs gear their services to the specific challenges these men face. Additional research is crucial given the number who can be expected to need these services in the future.

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Doku, P. N., and H. Minnis. "Multi-informant perspective on psychological distress among Ghanaian orphans and vulnerable children within the context of HIV/AIDS." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 11 (June 7, 2016): 2329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716000829.

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BackgroundThere is little knowledge about the psychosocial distress of children affected by human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Ghana, to aid the planning of services. This study investigated mental health problems among children affected by HIV/AIDS, compared with control groups of children orphaned by other causes, and non-orphans.MethodThe study employed a cross-sectional survey that interviewed 291 children and their caregivers. Both children and caregivers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire that measured children's psychosocial wellbeing. Verbal autopsy was used to identify whether children lost one or both parents from AIDS.ResultsThe results indicated that controlling for relevant sociodemographic factors, both children's self-reports and caregivers’ reports indicate that both children living with HIV/AIDS-infected caregivers and children orphaned by AIDS were at heightened risk for mental health problems than both children orphaned by other causes and non-orphans. The findings further indicated that a significant proportion of orphaned and vulnerable children exhibited symptoms for depression and other psychiatric disorders (approximately 63%) compared with 7% among the non-orphaned group. Caregivers gave higher ratings for children on externalizing problems and lower on internalizing problems, and vice versa when the children's self-reports were analysed.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that both children and their informants have diverse yet complementary perspectives on psychological outcomes. The study discusses the theoretical and practical implications of these findings and urgently calls for necessary intervention programmes that target all children affected by HIV/AIDS to effectively alleviate psychological distress and enhance the mental health of these children.

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Granzotti, Raphaela Barroso Guedes, Silvia Fabiana Biason de Moura Negrini, Marisa Tomoe Hebihara Fukuda, and Osvaldo Massaiti Takayanagui. "Language aspects of children infected with HIV." Revista CEFAC 15, no. 6 (April 16, 2013): 1621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-18462013005000017.

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PURPOSE: to assess the lexical proficiency and the incidence of phonologic disorders in the language of children infected with HIV. METHOD: the study population consisted of 31 children between three and seven year-old. For evaluation purposes the Test of Infantile Language - ABFW was applied in the areas of phonology and vocabulary. RESULTS: the results obtained were analyzed according to the clinical criteria for the classification of the disease proposed by the CDC and regarding the immunological profile and the viral burden using the Mann-Whitney test for statistical analysis. In the vocabulary evaluation, 100% of the children presented an inappropriate response for their age in at least two distinct conceptual fields. In the phonologic evaluation, 67.7% of the assessed children were considered to be affected by some phonologic disorder. When we compared adequate and inadequate results of phonologic evaluation to the clinical and immunological parameters of AIDS such as clinical classification (p=0,16), CD4 count (p=0,37) and viral burden (p=0,82), we did not detect a statistically significant relation between language alterations and disease severity. CONCLUSION: this research has shown that the studied group presents a high risk for language disorders and that constant phonoaudiological follow-up is essential to identify the alterations in early stage.

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Pradhan, PM, G. Bhatta, and K. Bam. "Cost-effectiveness of models of care quality for children affected by HIV and AIDS in Nepal." Health Prospect 11 (July 22, 2018): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v11i0.7425.

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Background: With an estimated sixty four thousand people living with HIV in Nepal, there are tremendous implications for children, whose lives are greatly affected when a parent is infected. The objective of this study is to identify and assess cost effectiveness for existing models of care for children affected with HIV/AIDS Methods: The study performed cost effective analysis for types of care and support for children affected by HIV and AIDS in Nepal from a societal perspective. Types of care and support to Children affected by HIV/AIDS were assessed, Comparator minimum was estimated based on government minimum standards guideline; comparative analysis for cost effectiveness was done in terms of care quality, and overall modes of care delivery. Results: This study identified only three types of care model (comprehensive institutional model of care, home based care and support, community based care with income generation) prevalent in Nepal. Out of this three types of models of care: Community based care with income generation was assessed as the most cost effective care model in Nepal. Conclusion: Community based care with income generation imparted children with better socialization and professional skills. However, continuum of care was often missed by one model, therefore other existing models of child care were also essential to provide care and provision of safety nets for children who fail to reach the care homes should also be considered by the government. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v11i0.7425 Health Prospect 2012;11:19-25

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Dias, Eleonora Dantas, Maria da Graça Souza Cunha, and Sinésio Talhari. "The profile of the dermatoses in children with the HIV virus at the Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 87, no. 3 (June 2012): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0365-05962012000300007.

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BACKGROUND: The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) constitutes a sub-epidemic in Brazil. Due to the increasing number of women infected by the virus, the vertical transmission increased substantially, and due to the lack of adequate prophylactic treatment, many children are infected and show manifestations of the disease in early ages. Multiple systems are affected by the HIV virus, and the skin is often the first organ to be involved. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to analyze the clinic, dermatological and epidemiological profiles of children carriers of the virus in the City of Manaus aiming at identifying the most frequent dermatoses that affect these children and try to relate these dermatoses to the immunologic deterioration. METHODS: A study was conducted where children carriers of the HIV virus from the Fundação Alfredo da Matta and Fundação de Medicina Tropical were studied from March 2007 to July 2008. These children were submitted to dermatological and laboratorial exams such as viral load dosage and CD4+ and CD8+ counts. RESULTS: During the study period, 70 HIV + children were examined; all of them had AIDS and had been contaminated by vertical transmission. The average number of dermatoses by children was 1.73, and 95.5% had at least one dermatosis during the study period. The most frequent manifestations were atopic dermatitis (22.9%), childhood prurigo (20%) and warts (18,6%). CONCLUSIONS: Children with HIV/AIDS have more skin disorders than children without HIV/AIDS. There was no statistical difference between the children in the group using ARVT and the group that wasn't using it.

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Inciardi, James A., and Lana D. Harrison. "HIV, AIDS, and Drug Abuse in the International Sector." Journal of Drug Issues 27, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269702700101.

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AIDS has become the leading cause of death among people under age 45 in many major cities throughout the United States and Western Europe, and the projected mortality rate for those infected with HIV is virtually 100%. As of July 5, 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Programme on AIDS reported a cumulative 1,393,649 AIDS cases from 193 countries (WHO 1996). This represented a 19% increase in actual cases reported a year earlier. However, the WHO estimates that allowing for incomplete reporting and under-diagnosis, there were probably some 7.7 million cumulative AIDS cases by mid-1996. In terms of HIV, the WHO estimates that there has been a cumulative distribution of almost 30 million HIV-infected individuals as of mid-1996 (WHO 1996). The joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated that some 20.1 million adults were living with HIV infection or AIDS at the close of 1995. By the year 2000, UNAIDS estimates project that 30 to 40 million people will have been infected with HIV worldwide (UNAIDS 1996). With more than 19 million HIV-infected adults, Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most affected region of the world (WHO 1996). The predominant mode of transmission since the beginning of the epidemic has been through heterosexual contact. The reuse of unsterilized hypodermic needles in transfusions and inoculations is also relatively common in many African nations. In a number of countries in that part of the world, furthermore, HIV infection has been spread through population movements due to situations of conflict or poverty (Decosas et al. 1995). The lower status of women in a number of African nations has also contributed to the rapid spread of the epidemic (UNAIDS 1996). HIV infections in African women outnumber men by a ratio of 6 to 5. More than 6 million women of childbearing age have been affected, and UNAIDS believes that as many as I million children may already have been infected either prior to or during birth, or during breast feeding (UNAIDS 1996). Another contributing factor has been the full range of sexually transmitted diseases, which increase the risk of HIV infection if left untreated (UNAIDS 1996).

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Willemsen, Hessel, and Elizabeth Anscombe. "Art and Play Group Therapy for Pre-School Children Infected and Affected by HIV/AIDS." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 6, no. 3 (July 2001): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104501006003004.

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Shindler, Simone, and Mary Tangelder. "Beneath the Mask: A Group Therapy Model Supporting Children Infected With and Affected by HIV/AIDS." Social Work With Groups 33, no. 4 (October 7, 2010): 308–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01609511003664439.

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LELIÈVRE, ÉVA, and SOPHIE LE CŒUR. "Intergenerational relationships within families of HIV-infected adults under antiretroviral treatment in Northern Thailand." Ageing and Society 32, no. 4 (May 24, 2011): 561–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x11000389.

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ABSTRACTThailand has been severely affected by AIDS/HIV. The epidemic has undermined the health of the population of working age, placing stress on intergenerational relations and threatening the social fabric. Older people in families affected by the disease, although not the main victims, have experienced major changes in relationships with their adult children and grandchildren. However, the availability of antiretrovirals has transformed HIV infection from a lethal to a chronic disease. Intergenerational relationships are analysed with data from a quantitative survey of HIV-infected adults currently receiving antiretroviral treatment in Northern Thailand. The introduction of antiretroviral treatment has eased the pressure on families. Where HIV-infected adults are more dependent on their older parents, it is because they are single and childless or single parents. While ageing parents remain a source of support for their adult children, the introduction of antiretroviral treatment has radically changed the prospects for HIV-infected adults and their regained health allows them to work, take care of their family and fulfil their filial duties as expected in Thai society. If Thailand's original aim in introducing health policies in this area was to curtail the HIV epidemic, its positive impact on intergenerational relations is an additional benefit.

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MAGADI, MONICA A., and JOSEPH UCHUDI. "ONSET OF SEXUAL ACTIVITY AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN HIV/AIDS-AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 2 (May 28, 2014): 238–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000200.

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SummaryThis paper examines the effect of orphanhood and HIV status of adults in a household on onset of sexual activity among adolescent girls and boys aged 15–17 years in sub-Saharan Africa. Multilevel logistic regression models were applied to pooled Demographic and Health Surveys data from nineteen countries of sub-Saharan Africa where HIV test data were collected during 2003–2008 from nationally representative samples of men and women of reproductive age. The results highlight increased vulnerability among adolescent boys and girls living in households where an adult is infected with HIV, and adolescent boys who are paternal orphans. On average, adolescent boys and girls living in households where at least one adult is HIV-positive have about 25% higher odds of having initiated sexual activity compared with their counterparts of similar characteristics in households where no adult is HIV-positive. Furthermore, adolescent boys who are paternal orphans have about 25% higher odds of having initiated sexual activity than their non-orphan counterparts of similar individual characteristics. Further analysis reveals that household circumstances relating to living arrangements and poverty are important pathways through which household HIV/AIDS status is linked to adolescent sexual debut. The findings underscore the importance of international efforts in the sub-Saharan Africa region to address the plight of other children in HIV/AIDS-affected households, beyond orphans.

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Laughton, Barbara, Mmule Ratswana, Itziar Familiar, Lee Fairlie, Tichaona Vhembo, Portia Kamthunzi, Enid Kabugho, et al. "Validity of Neuropsychological Testing in Young African Children Affected by HIV." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 13, no. 03 (March 20, 2018): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1637020.

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Introduction Western-constructed neuropsychological tests have been used in low- and middle-income countries to assess the impact of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and other chronic illnesses. We explore using such instruments cross-culturally in a sub-Saharan African setting. Methods IMPAACT P1104S was a 2-year observational study performed at six clinical sites (South Africa—three sites, Malawi, Uganda, and Zimbabwe) to assess and compare neuropsychological outcomes in three cohorts of children between the ages of 5 and 11 years: HIV-infected (HIV), HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU), and HIV unexposed and uninfected (HU). Descriptive statistics compared sociodemographic characteristics among children at sites. Instruments included the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (KABC-II) cognitive ability, Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) attention/impulsivity, Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition (BOT-2) motor proficiency tests, and Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function (BRIEF) executive function problems. Test characteristics were assessed using intraclass and Spearman's nonparametric correlations, linear regression, and principal factor analyses. Results Of the 611 participants, 50% were males and mean age ranged from 6.6 to 8 years. In Malawi, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, substantial proportions of families lived in rural settings in contrast to the South African sites. Intraclass correlation coefficients between weeks 0 and 48 were highest for the KABC scores, ranging between 0.42 and 0.71. Correlations among similar test domains were low to moderate but significant, with positive correlation between KABC sequential and TOVA scores and negative correlation between BRIEF and KABC scores. TOVA response time scores correlated negatively with the BOT-2 total points score. Strong and significant associations between individual measures of growth, disability, and development with all test scores were observed. Performance-based measures were markedly lower for HIV compared with HEU and HU participants, even after controlling for age, sex, and site. Factor analyses confirmed the underlying theoretical structure of the KABC scaled item scores. Conclusion The KABC, TOVA, BRIEF, and BOT-2 were valid and reliable tools for assessing the neuropsychological impact of HIV in four sub-Saharan African countries.

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Borisova, OV V., OV V. Agafonova, EP P. Eremenko, and EV V. Borodulina. "EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HIV INFECTION IN MODERN CONDITIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SAMARA REGION)." Science and Innovations in Medicine 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2017-0-2-10-14.

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High spread of HIV infection (more than 0,5% among the population) was registered in 26 regions of the Russian : Federation, where 41,5% of the country's population live. Aim - to estimate the dynamics of the spread of HIV infection in the region that used to be among the regions most affected by HIV-infection in the Russian Federation; to determine the state of HIV infection among women and children. Materials and methods. The official reporting data ; of the State Regional Clinical Hospital "Samara Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and : Infectious Diseases" were used. Results. As of 1 January 2017, Samara region is on the 13th place in terms of morbidity due to HIV (104.1 per 100 000 population). Increase in the birth rate of children born from HIV-infected mothers has been observed since 2002 (10,365 children were born in the Samara Region : since the beginning of the epidemic). The diagnosis of "HIV infection" was confirmed in 494 children. Conclusion. Characteristic features ofthe HIV epidemic in the Samara region are: the greatest prevalence of disease in the big cities of the region with further expansion into smaller towns and rural areas. There is the predominance of the sexual mode of transmission at present time. Evolution of the infection is manifested by an increase in the number of infected women, which account for about 40,0% of HIV cases. The rate of detectable HIV infection in pregnant women is growing at a consistently high level, and the proportion of births among HIV-infected pregnant women is increasing. The total cumulative percentage of perinatal HIV infection was 4,8% (0.8% - in 2016).

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Hayden, Jacqueline, and Barnabas Otaala. "Very young children affected and infected by HIV/AIDS: How are they living? A case study from Namibia." International Journal of Early Childhood 37, no. 2 (August 2005): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03165741.

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Murthy, Jayabalan. "HIV & AIDS in Africa: Implications and challenges for African Churches." REFLEXUS - Revista Semestral de Teologia e Ciências das Religiões 9, no. 14 (April 12, 2016): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.20890/reflexus.v9i14.291.

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Este artigo apresenta a ideia geral sobre HIV & AIDS, explora como o estigma e discriminação degradam as condições de vida do PLWHA. O artigo apresenta também as implicações e desafios desta situação para as Igrejas Africanas. HIV & AIDS são frequentemente considerados como a punição de Deus de transgressões sexuais, ou até mesmo a forma que Deus usa para eliminar os elementos pecaminosos da sociedade. A sociedade considera os portadores de HIV & AIDS como pecadores por causa da doença, ou a doença os faz pecadores. Como fica, então, a situação de crianças e pessoas que não estão envolvidas em atividades imorais. As atitudes das pessoas que se consideram justas levam-nas a pensar e crer que os portadores de HIV & AIDS não são justos. Devido a este tipo de julgamento da parte da igreja e da sociedade os portadores de HIV & AIDS são estigmatizados e discriminados pela igreja e pela sociedade. This paper deals with the general idea about HIV & AIDS and further explores how stigma and discrimination worsen the life PLWHA and finally implications and challenges for African Churches. HIV & AIDS is often considered to be God’s punishment for sexual transgressions, or even God’s way of eradicating sinful elements from society. The society considers HIV & AIDS patients as sinners, because of their disease, or their disease made them sinners. This brings us to question about Children and those not involved in immoral activities. The self righteous attitudes of people have led them to think and believe that HIV & AIDS patients are unrighteous. Due to this judgmental attitude of the church and society, HIV & AIDS affected and infected patients are stigmatized and discriminated by the church and society.

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Anker, J. N. Y. van den, S. Sanduja, Kathleen Ferrer, N. Rakhmanina, and Marc Pfister. "NOVEL APP FOR PRACTICAL DOSING OF COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH HIV/AIDS." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 1 (December 14, 2015): e1.20-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-310148.27.

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BackgroundCombination antiretroviral therapy (ART) of HIV infection in pediatric patients requires lifetime daily administration of a minimum of three antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). A wide range of dosing regimens is used in these patients. Dosing errors are common and may result in ARVs overdosing with associated toxicities orARVs underdosing resulting in the development of viral resistance. Attempts have been made to produce compact ARVs dosing charts, but have not been successful due to the complexity of regimens, ARV drug-drug interactions and compatibility restrictions. Advances in mobile technology have brought new opportunities for creating dosing support tools, including smartphone applications (Apps). In middle and low income countries, most affected by HIV epidemic,smartphones and tablets are widespread among medicalprofessionals. A mobile Appthat produces correct pediatric ARVs dosing, warnings for compatibility and most important drug interactions,has the potential to significantly improve the quality of ART in HIV-infected children.MethodsUsing reference ARVs guidelines from the 2014 Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection by the HHS Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children and 2013 World Health Organization pediatric HIV treatment guidelines we have developed a novel drug prescription App for pediatric ART.ResultsA noveldrug prescription App, based on up to date references, permits health care providers to easily access up-to-date dosing information and quickly calculate individualdoses of all ARVsbased on a patient's characteristics (e.g. weight, height, age, serum creatinine value). Most importantly, the App can be easily updated and synchronized remotely, allowing for timelydelivery of most important pediatric ARVs dosing updates.ConclusionThe smartphone App for pediatric ARVs can serve as an important healthcare worker support tool in the treatment of HIV-infected infants and children. Pharmacometric modelingcan be built in such App to leverage resistance and clinical patient data, individualize dosing strategies particularly for co-morbidities and optimize ART outcome. Most importantly, in the era of the global scale up of pediatric ART and task shifting of ART management to nursing staff, this App can have significant capacitating effect on the healthcare workforce.

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K. K., Santhosh Kumar, Narayanappa D., Ravi M. D., and Jagadish Kumar K. "Clinical spectrum of paediatric HIV infection in a tertiary care centre in South India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 4 (June 22, 2018): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20182497.

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Background: The global burden of paediatric HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains a challenge for healthcare workers around the world, particularly in developing countries. The objective of this study is to describe the spectrum of HIV infection in children including the mode of transmission, clinical manifestations and opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection.Methods: Confirmed HIV seropositive children aged between 18 months to 19 years admitted to paediatric ward of JSS hospital, Mysore during two-year period were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Detailed history, socio-demographic characteristics and clinical manifestations were recorded in the predesigned performa. Nutritional assessment, complete physical, systemic and neurological examination was performed at the time of admission and was supplemented with ancillary investigations. Patients were correlated with modified WHO clinical case definition for AIDS and categorized as per revised CDC NABC classification of pediatric HIV infection.Results: Forty HIV-infected children were enrolled: with mean age of 4.5 years. Vertical transmission was the predominant mode of HIV transmission (97.5%). Most of the children were severely symptomatic belonging to category-C of NABC classification. Common clinical manifestations noted were failure to thrive (45%), recurrent respiratory infections (42%), bacterial skin infection (36%), recurrent otitis (42.5%), papulo-pruritic dermatitis (22%), hepatosplenomegaly (85%), lymphadenopathy (45%) and HIV encephalopathy (52%). The common opportunistic infections observed were pulmonary tuberculosis (45%), recurrent diarrhoea (35%), oral candidiasis (30%). The rare presentations of HIV noted were chronic thrombocytopenia and a case of dilated cardiomyopathy.Conclusions: Vertical transmission was the major route of HIV infection. HIV encephalopathy was more common among severely affected children. Tuberculosis was the commonest opportunistic infection.

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Et. al., Suleiman Mohammed Saeed. "Socio-Economic Effects of HIV/AIDS on Households with People Living With HIV/AIDS in Northern Nigeria." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 11, 2021): 5406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.2188.

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The purpose of this paper is to review the socio-economic effects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) on households with People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Northern Nigeria. The pandemic is devastating and constitutes a serious threat to the socio-economic development of infected, affected, and society at large. This study was qualitative in nature, thus it utilized in-depth interviews to pull together information from the 39 key informants as its method. It is observed that HIV/AIDS occurrence rate has led to poor health, loss of jobs, and a high rate of labour reduction in all sectors, and this has contributed to the tremendous decline of the economy. This study discovered that increased expenses of households with PLWHA on financing funerals, healthcare, and other medical expenditures with decreased investment. Children emerging as head of the households and tasks of caring for orphans are increasingly inconsistent with many other studies. The pandemic has been a serious threat to the social and economic interests and survival of the households with PLWHA and their members. Many lives are lost due to the pandemic. The worst affected group is young people in their productive ages and by implication affects the socio-economic development of PLWHA, their households, and society at large. Thus, households with PLWHA experience numerous forms of stigma and prejudice together with human rights abuse that is detrimental to the total well-being of PLWHA. The dimensions of the stigma can be classified as internalized, community, and social-based. The patterns of managing the challenges of HIV/AIDS-related stigma adopted from the experience of households with PLWHA adopted include isolation, non-disclosure, and loss of follow-up as well as migration. The paper suggested that the government should come up with policies that can take care and support the socio-economic activities of households with PLWHA and also need to introduce policies and procedures for the reduction of stigma and discrimination against households with PLWHA and its members living with the epidemic. Households with PLWHA need to be assisted with medication subsidies to reduce medical expenses and stress on the households’ capitals among other recommendations.

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Shearer, William T., Mark W. Kline, Stuart L. Abramson, Terence Fenton, Stuart E. Starr, and Steven D. Douglas. "Recombinant Human Gamma Interferon in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children: Safety, CD4+-Lymphocyte Count, Viral Load, and Neutrophil Function (AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 211)." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.3.311-315.1999.

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ABSTRACT Nineteen children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were treated with recombinant human gamma interferon (rIFN-γ) (50 μg/m2 subcutaneously three times each week during weeks 1 through 12 and 100 μg/m2 subcutaneously three times each week during weeks 13 through 24) in a phase I/II clinical trial. All children continued to receive previously prescribed therapy with oral zidovudine or didanosine. Children were assessed clinically and with laboratory studies during 24 weeks of study treatment and for 12 weeks after completion of rIFN-γ therapy. In general, rIFN-γ therapy was well tolerated. There were two clinical or laboratory adverse events thought to be possibly or probably study drug associated. One child developed acute pancreatitis; another child developed granulocytopenia. Median CD4+-lymphocyte counts and plasma HIV RNA concentrations did not change significantly during therapy. In vitro neutrophil bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and superoxide production were not significantly affected by rIFN-γ therapy. We conclude that rIFN-γ therapy in HIV-infected children receiving single-agent antiretroviral therapy is safe and does not produce consistent changes in CD4+-lymphocyte count, plasma HIV RNA concentration, or in vitro neutrophil function.

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Michielsen, Kristien, Marleen Bosmans, and Marleen Temmerman. "Reducing HIV/AIDS in young people in Sub-Sahara Africa: gaps in research and the role of theory." Afrika Focus 21, no. 1 (February 15, 2008): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02101004.

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This paper discusses the role of education in preventing HIV in children and young people in sub-Sahara Africa and presents the results of policy advisory research conducted on behalf of the Belgian Development Cooperation. The research consisted of a literature review and a field study in Rwanda. Relative to the high number of HIV prevention activities in sub-Sahara Africa, there is a limited number of scientific data on HIV risk reduction interventions for young people in this region. Longitudinal studies are especially scarce. Preliminary results show that many interventions have only a marginal impact on reducing sexual risk behaviour. Factors influencing programme effectiveness include the consistency and accuracy of messages and information, the provision of life-skills, social support and access to contraceptives, the intensity and duration of the programme, the training of the facilitators and the age of the target population. The HIV/AIDS pandemic has a potentially devastating impact on the education sector. Because few countries have monitoring systems in place that quantify the absenteeism, morbidity and mortality of teachers and students infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS, there is only anecdotal evidence available for illustrating this impact. The final section discusses the current gaps in research and the important role of theory in increasing the impact and improving the evaluations ofl IIV/AIDS education interventions.

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Gupta, Anil K., Nidhi Rawat, Kuldeep Rai, Surendra Rana, and Sabyasachi Chakraborty. "Orphan and vulnerable children infected or affected by HIV/AIDS in Delhi – situational analysis and state government's initiative of household economic strengthening." Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 8, no. 2 (June 2013): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2012.738949.

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Nigatu, Dessalegn, Negalign Getahun Dinegde, and Endalew Gemechu Sendo. "Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis Treatment Adherence and Associated Factors Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Exposed Children in Public Hospitals in Ilubabor Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2018." Open Public Health Journal 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501912010184.

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Introduction: Africa is the most affected region by HIV/AIDS in the world with about 26 million people living with HIV, of whom 2.3 million are children under the age of 15 years in 2015. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) related estimates and projections for Ethiopia in 2017 revealed that 57,132 under 15 years children were living with HIV with about 1,276 children newly infected. Therefore, this study assessed cotrimoxazole prophylaxis treatment adherence and associated factors among HIV exposed children in public hospitals in Ilubabor zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2018. Methods: The study design was a facility based, both a retrospective and descriptive study that involves a review of the records of children from PMTCT register books over the past 2 years, and the interview of health care workers and parents/guardian of all children at the follow up clinic. The study included a random sample of children born from HIV infected mothers and enrolled in the PMTCT follow up clinic. The total sample size was 293 and 99 for children (parents/guardian interviewed) and health workers, respectively, and the children’s antiretroviral therapy (ART) registration books in each health facility were reviewed. The collected data was entered into the Epi-data software version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 20 for further statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used for analysis. Results: Among the total participants, a considerable number (83.3%) of them did not confirm their HIV status, and the majority (88.8%) of participants indicated that they had indeed suffered from one or more opportunistic infections. The common obstacles encountered in accessing care at the health facility were: lack of drugs (33.8%), long procedures in getting drugs (31.4%), unfriendly hospital staff (26.3%), and long distance to the health facility (8.5%). The study showed a significant association between compliance to cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and unfriendly health worker (OR=0.14, CI=0.03-0.78), follow-up (OR= 0.22, CI = 0.06-0.87) and the long procedure of getting drugs (OR= 0.08, CI= 0.01-0.45). Conclusion: The study revealed that a remarkable number of the participants were found to adhered to cotrimoxazole prophylactic treatment. Unfriendly health workers, follow-up and the long procedure of getting drugs were significantly and independently associated with compliance to cotrimoxazole prophylaxis.

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Ghirwa, Grames. "Structural and social constraints influencing HIV/AIDS teaching in Malawi primary schools." South African Journal of Childhood Education 4, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v4i1.67.

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The Ministry of Education in Malawi introduced a Life Skills Education programwith the intention to empower children with appropriate information and skills to deal with social and health problems affecting the nation including the fight against HIV infections. This study investigated factors affecting the teaching of the Life skills education in four primary schools in the Zomba District, Malawi. Cornbleth’s (1990) notions of the structural and social contexts and Whitaker’s (1993) identification of key role players in curriculum implementation framed the study. Findings suggest that the teaching of Life skills is constrained by a variety of social and structural contextual factors such as the poor conditions under which teachers are working; greater attention given to subjects such as Maths and Languages; the cascade model of training teachers and the short duration of training; the language in teachers guides were not accesibile to teachers; hunger and poverty of learners; lack of community support for sexual education; both teachers and learners being infected or affected by the AIDS/HIV pandemic; teachers felt it is inappropriate to teach sexual education to 9 and 10 year old learners. These findings indicate structural and social barriers to effective life skills education within the current framework.

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Dunaiski and Denning. "Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Namibia." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 3 (August 16, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5030075.

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Namibia is a sub-Saharan country with one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world. Although care and support services are available that cater for opportunistic infections related to HIV, the main focus is narrow and predominantly aimed at tuberculosis. We aimed to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Namibia, currently unknown, based on the size of the population at risk and available epidemiological data. Data were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and published reports. When no data existed, risk populations were used to estimate the frequencies of fungal infections, using the previously described methodology. The population of Namibia in 2011 was estimated at 2,459,000 and 37% were children. Among approximately 516,390 adult women, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (≥4 episodes /year) is estimated to occur in 37,390 (3003/100,000 females). Using a low international average rate of 5/100,000, we estimated 125 cases of candidemia, and 19 patients with intra-abdominal candidiasis. Among survivors of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Namibia 2017, 112 new cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) are likely, a prevalence of 354 post-TB and a total prevalence estimate of 453 CPA patients in all. Asthma affects 11.2% of adults, 178,483 people, and so allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) were estimated in approximately 179/100,000 and 237/100,000 people, respectively. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is estimated to affect 15 patients following leukaemia therapy, and an estimated 0.13% patients admitted to hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (259) and 4% of HIV-related deaths (108) — a total of 383 people. The total HIV-infected population is estimated at 200,000, with 32,371 not on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among HIV-infected patients, 543 cases of cryptococcal meningitis and 836 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia are estimated each year. Tinea capitis infections were estimated at 53,784 cases, and mucormycosis at five cases. Data were missing for fungal keratitis and skin neglected fungal tropical diseases such as mycetoma. The present study indicates that approximately 5% of the Namibian population is affected by fungal infections. This study is not an epidemiological study—it illustrates estimates based on assumptions derived from similar studies. The estimates are incomplete and need further epidemiological and diagnostic studies to corroborate, amend them, and improve the diagnosis and management of these diseases.

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Fawzi, Mary Smith, Susan Holman, and Arlan Fuller. "Children Affected By HIV/AIDS." Health Affairs 29, no. 4 (April 2010): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0243.

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Nyamwange, Monica, and Jackson Nyamwange. "HIV/AIDS." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss2.141.

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Thirty years ago, the typical person knew nothing of HIV/AIDS; and ultimately had no reason to fear it. However, today the vast majority of people around the globe have heard of it and most, if not all, dislike even its mentioning. What happened? To put it in basic context, this global epidemic came and began to change the way we live today (from a medical standpoint). Today, there are millions of people infected by HIV/AIDS, and many more on a daily scale have been affected by it. (Knight, 2008) This potent virus has protracted throughout the human population initially due to the negligence of its existence and the methods of transmission between different parties. So, from a contemporary perspective, what do we know about HIV/AIDS today? Diffusing what medical scholars have told us in rudimentary terms, we know that there is no vaccine that prevents HIV. We know that once infected with this disease, medications can only allow a person to slow-down death for a certain amount of time (much longer today than in the past where life span lasted from five to seven years). We are aware that once someone is diagnosed with AIDS, the infected personâ€™s ailment declines far more promptly and worst of all presently there is no cure. In other words, HIV infection creates much suffering and hardship for those who come into contact.

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Sunarto, Sunarto. "Aids in Infants and Children." Paediatrica Indonesiana 32, no. 11-12 (January 30, 2019): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi32.11-12.1992.332-42.

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Children are infected by HIV, 80% vertically, from HIV infected mothetS mostly near or at delivery. Because heterosexual transmission of HIV among adults is more and more important it is estimated that at the end of this century there will be totally more than 10 million HIV infected children. Three quarters of HIV-infected babies show non specific symptoms at the early phase, including failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea, recurrent bacterial injections, mucocutanous infection. Cytotropism of HIV to neroe cells resul.ts tn inflammation, neroe cell damage and neuronal loss. Progressive neurologic abnormalities and developmental milestone regression or developmental retardation will be the results. Pneumocystics carinii infection has worse prognosis than lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia which more commonly occurred in HIV injected children. Diarrhea is a troublesome problem in children with AIDS. Kaposi's sarcoma and secondary cancer are rare in pediatric AIDS. Anemia and thrombocytopenia is common among AIDS children. In developing countries children with AIDS die within the year following the appearance of the symptoms, whereas asymptomatic HIV-injected children will live longer with high risk of recurrent and opportunistic injections. The hallmark of AIDS in children is the same as in adults,iI.e. the decrease of the number and function of CD4 lymphocytes. This in turn influences the junctions of other immunocompetent cells and loss of immunity is the result. Many things are still unexplainable in children AIDS.

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Morgan, Geoff. "Children Affected by HIV/AIDS: Compassionate Care." Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies 20, no. 1 (January 2003): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026537880302000108.

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Jayapaul, Belinda Joselin, and Dr Albert Relton. "Stigma Among Children Affected by Hiv/ AiDS." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/apr2014/156.

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Jones, Jenny. "Permanency Planning for HIV/AIDS Affected Children." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 9, no. 1-2 (July 7, 2004): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j137v09n01_05.

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Vranda, M. N., and S. N. Mothi. "Psychosocial Issues of Children Infected with HIV/AIDS." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 35, no. 1 (January 2013): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.112195.

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Manerov, F. K., O. I. Andriyanova, E. I. Lyutina, A. V. Shemetov, S. P. Shchepetkov, S. N. Shein, Y. Y. Yakovlev, and A. V. Glushkov. "PNEUMONIA IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN IN AIDS STAGE." Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky 96, no. 4 (August 10, 2017): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24110/0031-403x-2017-96-4-90-95.

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Islam, Mirza Md Ziaul, and M. Mizanur Rahman. "HIV/AIDS in Children: Current Update." Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 39, no. 1 (June 25, 2016): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v39i1.28356.

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Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection leading to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been a major cause of illness and death among children, teens and young adults worldwide. In recent years, HIV infection rates have been increasing rapidly among teens and young adults. The three main ways HIV is passed to a very young child are: intrauterine, at the time of birth and during breast feeding. Among the teens, the virus is most commonly spread through unprotected sex, sharing needles or in very rare cases by direct contact with an open wound of an infected person or through blood transfusion. A baby born with HIV infection most likely will appear healthy. But within 2 to 3 months after birth, an infected baby might begin to appear sick, with poor weight gain, repeated infections, and enlargement of lymph nodes, liver or spleen and neurological problems. Every pregnant woman should be tested for HIV to have a better chance of preventing transmission to her unborn child. Older kids, teens and adults are tested for HIV infection and if found positive should undergo protocolized treatment. There is no vaccine to prevent HIV and AIDS although researchers are working to develop one. Thus, prevention of HIV remains of worldwide importance.Bangladesh J Child Health 2015; VOL 39 (1) :30-37

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Oberdorfer, Peninnah, Thanyawee Puthanakit, Orawan Louthrenoo, Chawanun Charnsil, Virat Sirisanthana, and Thira Sirisanthana. "Disclosure of HIV/AIDS diagnosis to HIV-infected children in Thailand." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 42, no. 5 (May 2006): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00855.x.

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Haugaard, Jeffrey J., Karen Dorman, and Amy Schustack. "Adoption and Children Affected by HIV and AIDS." Adoption Quarterly 2, no. 3 (June 3, 1999): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j145v02n03_05.

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Zhao, Qun, Xiaoming Li, Guoxiang Zhao, Junfeng Zhao, Xiaoyi Fang, Xiuyun Lin, and Bonita Stanton. "AIDS Knowledge and HIV Stigma among Children Affected by HIV/AIDS in Rural China." AIDS Education and Prevention 23, no. 4 (August 2011): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2011.23.4.341.

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Byers, Robert H., M. Blake Caldwell, Susan Davis, Marta Gwinn, and Mary Lou Lindegren. "Projection of AIDS and HIV incidence among children born infected with HIV." Statistics in Medicine 17, no. 2 (January 30, 1998): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980130)17:2<169::aid-sim759>3.0.co;2-8.

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Wati, Dyah Kanya, Bagus Ngurah Putu Arhana, Dewi Kumara Wati, and Tuti Parwati Merati. "AIDS in a three-year old girl." Paediatrica Indonesiana 46, no. 6 (October 18, 2016): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi46.6.2006.281-4.

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The acquired immunodeficiency syndromein children was first recognized in 1982, oneyear after the initial description in adults.WHO estimates that 2 million children hadbeen infected with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) by the year 2000. Pediatric AIDS threatenschild survival in developing countries. At the endof 1999, 34.3 million individuals were estimated tobe infected globally, of which 1.3 million (3.8%)were children below 15 years old. Until September2005, no children with HIV AIDS in Indonesia wasfound.Approximately 80% of children acquired HIV-1infection from vertical maternal transmission; the restare infected from contaminated blood products,infected organs, breastfeeding, or sexual abuse.Two general patterns of congenital infection arerecognized. Twenty percent of infected infants developearly disease, while the rest progress slowly, developinginto AIDS in adolescents. The most successfulapproach in the management of children with HIVrequires a multidisciplinary team approach.

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Sarumi, Rofiah O., and Ann E. Strode. "Using International Law to Protect Children Affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa – An Audit of HIV/AIDS-Specific International Standards Relevant to Children Affected by HIV/AIDS." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 25, no. 1 (February 2017): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2017.0184.

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The protection of children as members of a vulnerable group in the society is important as they represent the future of the society. With the grave impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on global development and stability, the United Nations (UN) has, on several occasions acknowledged the need for member states to take a more progressive role in laying down standards which would ensure that the rights of children living with HIV/AIDS are protected. South Africa as a member of the UN has acknowledged the important role which international law plays in the protection of children generally, and those affected by HIV/AIDS specifically. It is the duty of UN member states to ensure that the standards set out in international instruments are applied in their national legislation and policies. South Africa has ratified a number of the international instruments applicable to the protection of children affected by HIV/AIDS. It is therefore required to adjust its national laws to conform to the standards set out in these instruments. This paper looks at the extent to which international law is applicable to addressing the human rights issues facing children affected by HIV/AIDS. It also suggests ways by which the instruments can be employed for the protection of children affected by HIV/AIDS.

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WIGERSMA, L., S. SINGH, and F. M. L. G. VAN DEN BOOM. "Meeting the needs of those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS." AIDS Care 10, no. 2 (April 1998): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540129850124316.

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The Lancet. "A new agenda for children affected by HIV/AIDS." Lancet 373, no. 9663 (February 2009): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60174-4.

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Zwemstra, Pedro, and Helene Loxton. "Fears of South African children affected by HIV/AIDS." AIDS Care 23, no. 7 (March 10, 2011): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.538659.

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McNutt, Briar. "The Under-Enrollment of HIV-infected Foster Children in Clinical Trials and Protocols and the Need for Corrective State Action." American Journal of Law & Medicine 20, no. 3 (1994): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800007164.

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The incidence of HIV infection and AIDS in children has grown at an alarming rate. Approximately one million children worldwide have HIV infection. By the year 2000, an estimated ten million children will suffer from the disease. Currently, the United States has a population of an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 HIV-infected children. As of June 30, 1993, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 4,710 known AIDS cases in children twelve years-old and younger. At that point, New York City reported 1,124 pediatric AIDS cases which represented twenty-four percent of all cases in the United States.With the rising number of HIV-infected children, the medical community in the United States has begun to search for HIV-and AIDS-related treatments particularized for children. In addition to establishing guidelines for HIV-infected children's frequent check-ups and timely immunizations, the medical community has initiated research studies involving HIV-infected children.

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Kaushal, Ambrish, and Yogesh Upadhyay. "Pediatric HIV Infection." World Journal of Dentistry 4, no. 1 (2013): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1207.

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ABSTRACT Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The pathologic hallmark of AIDS is severe immunosuppression; HIV infected infants and children suffer considerable morbidity and mortality. In addition to the catastrophic medical consequences, HIV infected infants and children along with their families suffer tremendous psychological upheaval owing to this chronic, often devastating illness. Because of the complexity and vast clinical spectrum of HIV infection, this article is limited to a general review of the pediatric HIV manifestations and management. How to cite this article Kaushal A, Upadhyay Y. Pediatric HIV Infection. World J Dent 2013;4(1):77-79.

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Armistead, Lisa, Pete Summers, Rex Forehand, Patricia Simon Morse, Edward Morse, and Leslie Clark. "Understanding of HIV/AIDS Among Children of HIV-Infected Mothers: Implications for Prevention,.." Children's Health Care 28, no. 4 (October 1999): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326888chc2804_1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Children infected and affected by hiv/aids'

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