Journal articles: 'Children living in the slums'

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Razia, B. "Causes of Deprivation of Elementary Education in Children Living in Slums." European Journal of Education and Pedagogy 2, no. 3 (July 21, 2021): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2021.2.3.133.

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Education plays an important role in uplifting the Socio-economic Status of a society. Significant proportions of urban poor population in India live in slum areas and are deprived of education. Large number of children living in slums (age group of 6-14 years) are out of school due to varied reasons. The researcher focused the study on the causes of non-enrolment and dropout of such deprived children. Incidental sampling technique was employed to collect the data from various households of 8 different slum localities of Aligarh city, India. Data collected from the parents through Structured Interview Schedule indicates that 43.06% children between the age group of 6-14 years have never enrolled in schools while 33.57% of total children dropped out due to varied reasons. The causes underlying non-enrolment and dropout of children living in slums have been discussed in detail in this paper.

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Mohana Gayatheri, N., and P. Chennakrishnan. "A Study on Slums Population in India." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 7, no. 4 (August 31, 2019): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v7i4.625.

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Slums are worldwide events and are present in almost all cities throughout the world. Unlucky children and adults living in slums are rejected from the various facilities and services needed by children and other adults, those who live in non-slum areas, so slum children need attention special. Slums provide many geographical constraints for service delivery. Most of them are built-in lowland areas and are prone to flooding; most do not have adequate drainage to avoid standing water during the rainy season including flooding, water lodging, excessive population, and narrow or muddy roads. Houses are usually made of fragile material and are vulnerable to fire and monsoon rains. Very high population density, very bad environmental conditions and very low socio-economic conditions are ubiquitous practical features. This is an important feature that has proven to be an obstacle to the education system for slum residents. Poor drainage, flooding and poor housing are mostly slums.

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Chakraborty, Smarajit. "Vulnerability Assessment of Urban Marginalized Communities." International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change 3, no. 4 (October 2016): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcesc.2016100103.

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The study addresses an improved understanding on the vulnerability of the people living in urban slums and objects to helping in prioritisation of efforts and optimal utilisation of limited resources for better health outcome. The study was conducted in the city of “Bhubaneswar” the state capital of Odisha in India. Focused Group Discussions were conducted in 75 slums of the city followed by a detailed analysis of the data collected. The predominant vulnerability of people living in the slums under the study is water logging and unhygienic locality. This has direct impacts on the general health particularly of children who are prone to allergies resulting in colds, asthma etc. The study also revealed that no slum falling in the category of the most vulnerable while 24 slums falling in least vulnerable and rest of 51 slums are moderately vulnerable out of 75 slums assessed. The study has important implications for the planners, program managers and policy makers of urban health especially for better for the people living in urban slums

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Htwe, Thet, Win M. Oo, Nay Lwin, Kyaw H. Win, and Hlaing T. Dar. "Poverty among households living in slum area of Hlaing Tharyar Township, Yangon City, Myanmar." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 6 (May 27, 2017): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20172435.

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Background: Slums can be regarded as physical manifestations of urban poverty. Although the world has made dramatic improvement in reducing poverty since 1990, poverty still persists at an unacceptable level. Although current situations highlights the importance of slum areas to be given priority in poverty alleviation, there are limited data on poverty level among people living in urban slums of Myanmar.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among households living in slum areas of Hlaing Tharyar Township, Yangon City, Myanmar during 2016. Multi-staged systematic random sampling and face-to-face interview were applied in selecting the samples and collecting the data, respectively. The new global poverty line (1.9 USD per person per day) was used as a threshold in determining the poverty. Chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were utilized in data analysis.Results: Altogether 254 participants were recruited after getting informed consent. The occurrence of poverty among households was 54.3% (95% CI: 48.2%, 60.5%). Head counts of poverty among study population was 58.8%. The education status of household’s head, size of household and the presence of less than 15 years old children in the household were detected as significant determinants of being poor household.Conclusions: Poverty among households living in slum area of Hlaing Tharyar Township, Yangon City was high. Measures to alleviate poverty in urban slums should be intensified. Education level of household’s heads should be improved. Family planning or birth spacing programme should also be strengthened, especially in urban slums.

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VR, Roja, Prakash Narayanan, Varalakshmi Chandra Sekaran, and Ajith Kumar MG. "Living environment and health of under-five children in urban slums of a coastal region in South India." Ghana Medical Journal 54, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v54i4.6.

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Objective: The primary objective of the study was to determine the association between the living environment and morbidity, nutritional status, immunization status, and personal hygiene of under-five children living in urban slums in southern India. Methods: This study included 224 mothers of under-five children living in urban slums of Udupi Taluk, Karnataka. A total of 17 urban slums were selected randomly using random cluster sampling. Results: Undernutrition was high among children of illiterate mothers (63.8%), and the children of working mothers were affected by more morbidity (96.6%) as compared with housewives. Morbidity was also found to be high among children belonging to families with low incomes (66.1%) and low socio-economic backgrounds (93.1%). Safe drinking water, water supply, sanitation, hygiene, age of the child, mother’s and father’s education, mother’s occupation and age, number of children in the family, use of mosquito nets, type of household, and family income were significantly associated with child morbidity, nutritional status, immunization status, and personal hygiene of under-five children living in urban slums. Conclusion: Overall, in our study, family characteristics including parental education, occupation and income were significantly associated with outcomes among under-five children. The availability of safe drinking water and sanitation, and the use of mosquito nets to prevent vector-borne diseases are basic needs that need to be urgently met to improve child health.

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Islam, Ummay Nayeema, and Tasmiah Sad Sutopa. "The Burden of Neonatal Mortality in Urban Slums of Bangladesh: Evidence from Bangladesh Urban Health Survey 2013 Data." Dhaka University Journal of Science 69, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v69i1.54620.

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Children in slums are in a vulnerable situation because of their low living standard and poor access to healthcare services. It is melancholic that newborns are the worst victims of this devastating condition. This paper aims at finding out the potential determinants of neonatal death in urban slums using Bangladesh Urban Health Survey 2013 data. For the purpose of analyses, bivariate analysis has been conducted using chi-square test and multiple logistic regression model is used to assess the adjusted effects of potential determinants of neonatal mortality in slum area. Results indicate that type of birth, mother’s education, working status, NGO membership, migration status, pregnancy complication and water source played significant role in occurring neonatal death in slum areas. In order to reduce neonatal mortality in slums, migrant mothers should get the highest priority; awareness building programs should be held frequently in slums regarding maternal health and health care practices for the pregnant mothers as well as their newborn babies. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 69(1): 31-35, 2021 (January)

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Bezerra de Araujo Filho, Humberto, Mirian Silva Carmo-Rodrigues, Carolina Santos Mello, Lígia Cristina Fonseca Lahoz Melli, Soraia Tahan, Antonio Carlos Campos Pignatari, and Mauro Batista de Morais. "Children Living near a Sanitary Landfill Have Increased Breath Methane andMethanobrevibacter smithiiin Their Intestinal Microbiota." Archaea 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/576249.

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This study evaluated the breath CH4excretion and concentration ofM. smithiiin intestinal microbiota of schoolchildren from 2 slums. One hundred and eleven children from a slum near a sanitary landfill, 35 children of a slum located away from the sanitary landfill, and 32 children from a high socioeconomic level school were included in the study. Real-time PCR was performed to quantify theM. smithii nifHgene and it was present in the microbiota of all the participating children, with higherP<0.05concentrations in those who lived in the slum near the landfill (3.16×107 CFU/g of feces), comparing with the children from the slum away from the landfill (2.05×106 CFU/g of feces) and those from the high socioeconomic level group (3.93×105 CFU/g of feces). The prevalence of children who present breath methane was 53% in the slum near the landfill, 31% in the slum further away from the landfill and, 22% in the high socioeconomic level group. To live near a landfill is associated with higher concentrations ofM. smithiiin intestinal microbiota, comparing with those who live away from the landfill, regardless of their socioeconomics conditions.

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Aggarwal, Tarun, and Shitanshu Srivastava. "Nutritional status and its correlates in under five children of labour population in urban slums of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 4 (June 21, 2017): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20172518.

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Background: Malnutrition has a long-term effect on physical and cognitive development of a child. Addressing nutritional problems of urban poor living in slums is of paramount importance for overall development. Effective measures could be taken if we know their sociodemographic profile, burden of malnutrition and infant feeding practices.Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted in under five children living in urban slums of Lucknow around Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital after taking consent from the parents and approval by institute’s ethical committee. The objective of the study was to know the prevalence of malnutrition and assess the feeding practices, immunization status and morbidities in under five children of labour population in urban slums of Lucknow.Results: 250 children aged 6 months to 5 years were analysed. 34.4%were underweight, 58.8% stunted and 17.6%. Wasted 17.6% infants were exclusively breast fed till 6 months 42.0% fed colostrum. 20.0% children received proper complementary feeding. Education status of mother was significantly associated with the prevalence of underweight children. (p <0.05) Late initiation of breastfeeding in 13.2% infants was significantly associated with underweight (p value <0.05, OR (95% CI=1.58 (0.60-2.72) and stunting OR (95% CI=0.62 (0.29-1.29). 55.6% children were fully immunized and 16% unimmunized. Presence of Morbidities like ARI, diarrhea, worm expulsion, pallor and vitamin A deficiency was high.Conclusions: Burden of malnutrition and poor feeding practices, poor vaccination coverage makes children in this slum susceptible to illnesses. Prompt measures should be taken to address it.

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Chowdhury, Aishani, and Animesh Gupta. "Nutritional status in under five children and their associated risk factors in an urban slum of Mumbai." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20211367.

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Background: Young children living in urban slums are at high risk for acute malnutrition and stunting. Many factors contribute towards it including living conditions, gender, delivery method, or access to nutrition. Malnutrition at a young age can cause morbidity and mortality, and impact further development and educational outcomes of children, and cause lifelong impairment. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status of young children in an urban slum in Mumbai and the factors affecting the health of children.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in the slum community of Dharavi, Mumbai. Data was collected using pre-designed and pre-tested proforma by interview method.Results: The prevalence of wasting (W/H) was found in 48.9% of the population in this study, of which 25.0% had severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and 23.9% had moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). Stunting was found in 39.7% of the population, of which 29.5% were moderately stunted and 10.2% were severely stunted. Wasting was found to be highly correlated with the age of the child and the age of the mother, whereas Stunting was found to be highly correlated with the child, the age of the mother, and complementary feeding.Conclusions: Poor nutritional status of children in the urban slums in Mumbai needs to be addressed by improving education and awareness amid parents and access to Anganwadi, Balwadi, and nutritional supplements.

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De, Indranil, and Tirthankar Nag. "Deprivation in slums and child poverty: study on Kolkata." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 7 (July 11, 2016): 739–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2014-0226.

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Purpose – The study attempts to look into the poverty and deprivation in slums across various social and religious groups and its bearing on the children. It not only analyses income poverty but also looks at derivation of access to basic services including water, sanitation and drainage. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the income and non-income deprivation of childbearing and non-childbearing households. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a survey of 541 sample households selected from 23 slums of Kolkata, India. The authors have adopted a mixture of cluster sampling and systematic sampling technique. The slums of Kolkata have been segregated into three regions and further segregated by overlaying the population and average monthly income of slums. Slums have been selected randomly from these stratums. Households have been selected from the slums by systematic sampling method. Findings – The Muslim and backward caste households are more deprived with respect to income and access to basic services as compared to Hindu general (upper) caste. Deprivations with respect to income and basic services are more pronounced for households having child than for households not having child. Childbearing households are less likely to receive better water supply, sanitation and drainage services as compared to others due to their religious and residential identities. Slum children get affected by the complex political economy of basic service delivery. The study also finds that electoral competition has positive and political clientelism has negative impact on access to basic services. Research limitations/implications – The study is based on results obtained from survey in one city of India. Hence, these results cannot be generalized for India or for the developing countries taken together. Further studies across cities of developing countries are required to arrive at any generalized conclusion. Practical implications – The study suggests that public policies should attempt to disentangle minorities and children from the local political economy. Otherwise, deprivation and disparity even across low income households living in slums would persist. Deprivation of child bearing households would lead to a deteriorating future for the slum children. Social implications – This paper have pave the path for new generation public policy for the urban poor and minorities. Originality/value – This paper highlights the incidence of deprivation of minorities and childbearing households vis-à-vis other households in the slums. It contributes to the overall understanding on urban poverty.

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Roja, V. R., Abhiruchi Galhotra, Ancil V. Rajan, Namesh Malarout, Shilpa Pateria, and Rajesh Kamath. "Health status of under five children living in urban slums." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 9, no. 10 (2018): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2018.01340.2.

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Herruzo, Carlos, Antonio Raya Trenas, María J. Pino, and Javier Herruzo. "Study of the Differential Consequences of Neglect and Poverty on Adaptive and Maladaptive Behavior in Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030739.

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The consequences of physical neglect on retardation in the development of adaptive behaviors and the increased risk of poor physical and mental health are well documented. As physical neglect is a phenomenon found almost exclusively among socially deprived people, it is important to distinguish the health effects caused by neglect from those caused by poverty. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of poverty and physical neglect on the development of problematic externalizing and internalizing behaviors, adaptive skills, and school problems among school children between the ages of 3 and 12. A group of 157 children were chosen from 28 Andalusian schools and classified in three homogeneous groups. Children in group 1 (n = 53) had two target conditions: living in slums (poverty) and suffering from neglect. Children in group 2 (n = 52) had one target condition: living in the same slums as the children in group 1, but not suffering from neglect. Group 3 (n = 52) consisted of children from other (non-slum) neighborhoods who did not suffer from neglect. Adaptive and maladaptive behaviors were evaluated with the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC). Significant differences were found between group 1 and group 2, but there were no important differences between group 2 and group 3. The conclusion was that externalizing and internalizing problems, school problems, and low adaptive skills found in neglected children were associated with neglect rather than with poverty or socially deprived environments.

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Huey, Samantha, David Russell, Jere Haas, Sudha Venkatramanan, Julia Finkelstein, and Saurabh Mehta. "Nutritional Status and Measles Antibody Titer in Children Living in Urban Slums of Mumbai." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa068_009.

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Abstract Objectives To determine a) the prevalence of protective measles IgG titers in young children living in urban slums of Mumbai, and b) the association of nutritional status assessed through a combination of anthropometry and micronutrient biomarker concentrations with these titers at baseline and after 9 months of follow-up. Methods Anthropometry and serum concentrations of vitamins A, B12, D; ferritin, and zinc, and anti-measles immunoglobulin G (IgG) were measured among 12–24-month-old children in urban slums of Mumbai. Demographic data and health history were also collected. The association between baseline predictors and measles titers was assessed using linear regression for continuous measles titer and change in measles titer, and binomial regression for the dichotomous outcome of having a protective titer at baseline and at endpoint (>16.5 AU/mL). Results At baseline (n = 122, median age 14.5 months), 71% of children reported receiving dose 1 of the measles vaccine typically administered at 9 months of age, while 57% of children had protective measles IgG titers (>16.5 AU/mL). After 9 months of follow-up, 73% of children had protective titers. Multivariate models found measles IgG titer at baseline was inversely associated with vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) and vitamin B12 deficiency (< 148 pmol/L), and positively associated with child's age, maternal height, and birth weight. Iron deficiency (serum ferritin <15 ng/ml) at baseline was associated with lower measles IgG titers at endpoint (median age, 23.9 months). Conclusions The prevalence of protective antibody titer against measles virus in this pediatric urban slum population was less than anticipated, and age, maternal height, and birth weight were positively associated with increasing measles IgG titers. Deficiency in vitamins A, B12, and D, as well as iron, were associated with lower measles IgG titers, highlighting the potential role of micronutrient status in vaccine response. Funding Sources HarvestPlus.

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Singh, Sarswoti, Nil P. Dhital, Rajan Paudel, Dipak K. Sah, Arjun Hamal, and Junu Shrestha. "Prevalence of Stunting among 6-59 Months Children and its Association with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practice in Urban Slums of Kathmandu, Nepal." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 42, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiom.v42i3.37590.

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Introduction Childhood malnutrition is a critical public health concern in Nepal. Slums are supposed to have poor water, sanitation and hygiene practices. This study has aimed to examine association between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) variables and stunting among 6 to 59 months children of slums of Kathmandu metropolitan city. MethodsDescriptive cross-sectional study design was employed where 335 households were included in the study. Data were collected using standard questionnaire and observation checklist. Weight and height of children were taken using seca digital weighing scale and wooden height board of UNICEF respectively. Anthropometric analysis was done using WHO Anthro version 3.2.2 software and other statistical analysis was conducted using SPSSversion 22 software. ResultsThe prevalence of stunting was 23%. Four out of five household (80%) in slum used to drink water from unimproved source. Absence of handwashing station (AOR=2.109, 95% CI:1.05-3.27) and absence of water storage covering (AOR=2.46, 95% CI: 1.16–5.23) were found to be significantly contributing to stunting status. ConclusionThis study highlights the importance of good WASH practices, and the potential of WASH interventions, to contribute for the improved childhood stunting living in urban slums in Nepal. Also, the findings recommend the need of strategies on purification of water, improvement of toilets, behaviour change and awareness related activities to improve the stunting among children.

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Chakraborty, Monalisha, and Saswata Ghosh. "Factors Influencing the Nutritional Status Among Children of 6–11 Years of Age: A Case Study from an Indian Megacity." Journal of Health Management 22, no. 1 (March 2020): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063420908394.

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The present study was aimed to assess the effect of socio-demographic, economic and dietary factors on nutritional status among children of 6–11 years of age in an urban megacity of India. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 251 urban children living in slums, non-slums and squatters of North Kolkata. The study reveals that prevalence of underweight was much higher among children of squatters (66.7%), whereas a significant proportion of children belonged to non-slums were found overweight (23.7%). Although the prevalence of both underweight and overweight was more among girls (16.8% and 34.5%), stunting was found marginally higher among boys (18.9%) than girls (17.7%). The risk of being malnourished increases significantly with increasing number of own siblings, low educational status of mother, improper food intake, etc. Multi-pronged strategies are required to implement comprehensive nutrition–education programme for improving dietary habits among children.

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Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Harry S. Shannon, Katholiki Georgiades, and Michael H. Boyle. "Association of Urban Slum Residency with Infant Mortality and Child Stunting in Low and Middle Income Countries." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/604974.

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This study aimed to (i) examine the contextual influences of urban slum residency on infant mortality and child stunting over and above individual and household characteristics and (ii) identify factors that might modify any adverse effects. We obtained data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 45 countries between 2000 and 2009. The respondents were women (15–49 years) and their children (0–59 months). Results showed that living in a slum neighborhood was associated with infant mortality (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.15–1.57) irrespective of individual and household characteristics and this risk was attenuated among children born to women who had received antenatal care from a health professional (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.63–0.99). Results also indicated that increasing child age exacerbated the risk for stunting associated with slum residency (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.16–1.23). The findings suggest that improving material circumstances in urban slums at the neighborhood level as well as increasing antenatal care coverage among women living in these neighborhoods could help reduce infant mortality and stunted child growth. The cumulative impact of long-term exposure to slum neighborhoods on child stunting should be corroborated by future studies.

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Melo, Maria Clotildes N. de, José A. A. C. Taddei, Daniel R. Diniz-Santos, Camilo Vieira, Nadya B. Carneiro, Rita Franca Melo, and Luciana R. Silva. "Incidence of diarrhea in children living in urban slums in Salvador, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 12, no. 1 (February 2008): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-86702008000100019.

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Nurjana, Made Agus, Gunawan Gunawan, Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini, and Olwin Nainggolan. "The Relationship between External and Internal Risk Factors with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children Aged 0-59 Months in Slums in Indonesia, 2013." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 11 (September 16, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n11p116.

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BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (Tb) remains a health problem throughout the world. World Health Organization (WHO) has set it as a “Global Emergency” disease. The difficulty of confirming the diagnosis of it in children, different from it in adults, causes the treatment of it in children often neglected. This problem is exacerbated by the supporting environmental conditions, namely living in slums, which makes the risk of transmission even higher. OBJECTIVE: To identify internal and external factors related to Tb in children aged 0-59 months living in slums in Indonesia. MATERIAL & METHOD: The data source used was the 2013 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) using a sample of children less than five years old who lived in slums in 34 provinces in Indonesia. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis found three risk factors, namely BCG immunization status (age-based), at-risk home environment, and gender (residential area-based). Vaccinated children under one year of age have the best probability of not suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. Those who live in a house inhabited by less than five people, or in that occupied by more than four with no one of which smokes or does not suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis has a probability of not being exposed to it. Likewise, women who live in rural areas have almost two times less probability of suffering from it, compared to men in urban areas. CONCLUSION: Factors contributing to the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants in slums are the status of BCG immunization, air cleanliness in the neighborhood, which can be seen from the differences of risks in rural and urban, and the number of inhabitants per house and their behavior.

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Huriah, Titih, Putri Handayani, Tiwi Sudyasih, and Bambang Edi Susyanto. "The Determinant Factors of Stunting Among Children in Urban Slums Area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, T4 (February 5, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5593.

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BACKGROUND: In Indonesia, health indicators in urban areas are better than in rural areas. It is related to the health services’ accessibility. However, in some regions, the stunting rate among children under five in urban areas is higher than in rural areas, including in Yogyakarta. AIM: The research purpose was to analyze the determinant factor influencing the stunting incidence in children under five in urban slums areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study design employed a case control with a sample of mother and 29 children under five as a case group and 42 children under five as a control group in Yogyakarta District during the December–January 2020 period. The inclusion criteria were children aged 6–59 months living in the urban slum area, while the exclusion criteria were children who had physical and mental disabilities, suffering from illness or were hospitalized, and had congenital diseases. The data collection was conducted by questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Data analysis used central tendency, Chi-square, and logistic regression. RESULTS: The results showed that the majority of children were girls in the case group and boys in the control group with a history of non-exclusive breastfeeding. Most respondents have mothers with low levels of education and work as housewives. The results of the correlation test showed that of the seven variables studied as a risk factor, there are two factors which were birth weight and mother occupation which were related with stunting in children under five with p = 0.041 and 0.047, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that birth weight (AOR = 3.49) and mother’s occupation (AOR = 0.25) are the determinant cause of stunting in children under 5 years of age in urban slums areas. The pregnant women’s health promotion needs to be improved because it will affect birth weight, a risk factor for stunting in children under five.

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Martins, P. A., and A. L. Sawaya. "Evidence for impaired insulin production and higher sensitivity in stunted children living in slums." British Journal of Nutrition 95, no. 5 (May 2006): 996–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20061754.

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The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes in glucose and insulin metabolism in nutritionally stunted children that can be involved in the appearance of chronic diseases in adulthood. For this purpose, sixty-one children were selected, thirty-five boys and twenty-six girls, residents of slums in S˜o Paulo, Brazil. The children were classified according to the height-for-age as stunted (1·5 Z-score; n 21) or non-stunted (≥1·5 Z-score; n 40). The glucose and insulin plasma levels were determined and, from these values, the indexes that evaluate the pancreatic ·-cell function (homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-B)) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S) were assessed. Stunted children showed lower values of fasting insulin than those of the non-stunted group (boys: 29·7 (SD 14·9) v. 5=·4 (SD 29·2) pmol/l, P=·019; girls: 34·4 (SD 12·6) v. 62·3 (SD 28·7) pmol/l, P=·016) but the glucose levels were similar (boys: 4·6 (SD =·3) v. 4·5 (SD =·3) mmol/l; girls: 4·2 (SD =·3) v. 4·4 (SD =·3) mmol/l). Stunted children showed lower HOMA-B values (boys: 83 (SD 22) % v. 115 (SD 36) %, P=·011; girls: 107 (SD 23) % v. 144 (SD 46) %, P=·045) and higher HOMA-S values (boys: 196 (SD 92) % v. 120 (SD 62) %, P=·014; girls: 159 (SD 67) % v· 98 (SD 57) %, P=·016). The results show a decreased activity of μ-cell function and increased insulin sensitivity in stunted children. The decreased b-cell function of this group may strongly predict type 2 diabetes.

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Ondayo, Maureene Auma, Gelas Muse Simiyu, Phillip Okoth Raburu, and Faridah Hussein Were. "Child Exposure to Lead in the Vicinities of Informal Used Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Operations in Nairobi Slums, Kenya." Journal of Health and Pollution 6, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-6.12.15.

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Background. Child exposure to lead from informal used lead-acid battery (ULAB) recycling operations is a serious environmental health problem, particularly in developing countries. Objectives. We investigated child exposure to lead in the vicinities of ULAB recycling operations in the Dandora, Kariobangi and Mukuru slums in Nairobi between January and August 2015. Methods. Top soil (n = 232) and floor dust (n = 322) samples were collected from dwelling units (n = 120) and preparatory schools (n = 44) and analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer at the Mines and Geological Department Laboratory in the Ministry of Mining, Nairobi. From the obtained lead levels in soil and house dust, child blood lead levels were subsequently predicted using the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children (IEUBK), Windows version. Results. Lead loadings in all the floor dust samples from the Dandora, Kariobangi and Mukuru slums exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidance value for lead on floors with a range of 65.2 – 58,194 μg/ft2. Control floor dust samples recorded lower lead loadings compared to the Dandora, Kariobangi and Mukuru slums. Lead concentration in 70.7% of the soil samples collected from waste dumps, industrial sites, residential areas, playgrounds and preparatory schools in Dandora, Kariobangi and Mukuru exceeded the respective USEPA guidance values for lead in soils. Lead concentration in 100% of control soil samples were below the respective USEPA limits. The IEUBK model predicted that nearly 99.9% of children ≤ 7 years old living near informal ULAB recycling operations in Dandora, Kariobangi and Mukuru were at risk of being lead poisoned, with predicted blood lead levels (BLL) above the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reference value for blood lead. A total of 99.9% of exposed children living in the Mukuru slums are likely to have BLL above 34 μg/dL. Conclusions. There is a need for coordinated efforts to decrease lead emissions from informal battery recycling in Nairobi slums and to remediate existing soils, particularly around battery workplaces and dumpsites. The BLL of local children should be clinically tested and appropriate intervention measures taken.

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Das, Mahua, Helen Elsey, Riffat Ara Shawon, Joseph Hicks, J. Ferdoush, Rumana Huque, Fariza Fieroze, Shammi Nasreen, Hilary Wallace, and Saidur R. Mashreky. "Protocol to develop sustainable day care for children aged 1–4 years in disadvantaged urban communities in Dhaka, Bangladesh." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e024101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024101.

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IntroductionLack of safe, stimulating and health-promoting environments for children under-5 hinders their physical, social and cognitive development, known as early childhood development (ECD). Improving ECD impacts on children, and can improve educational attainment for girls, who often care for younger siblings, and employment prospects for mothers. Developing and evaluating the impacts of ECD programmes within childcare needs to assess a range of social, health, educational and economic impacts, including women’s empowerment.Children living in slums are at high risk of poor early development and holistic, sustainable interventions are needed to address ECD in these contexts. This study will be undertaken in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a city where over 8.5 million inhabitants live in slums. In collaboration with government, non-governmental organisations and communities, we are developing and testing a sustainable day-care model for low-income communities in Dhaka.Methodology and analysisA sequential mixed methods approach is being used in the study, with qualitative work exploring quantitative findings. Two hundred households with children under-5 will be surveyed to determine day-care needs and to assess ECD (parent-reported and direct assessment). The feasibility of four ECD measuring tools Caregiver-Reported Early Development Index, Measuring Early Learning Quality and Outcomes, The Early Human Capability Index and International Development and Early Learning Assessment will be assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. Qualitative methods will help understand demand and perceptions of day care while mothers work. Participatory action research will be used to develop a locally appropriate and potentially sustainable model of day care for under-5 children. A ward in the south of Dhaka has been selected for the study as this typifies communities with slum and non-slum households living next to each other, allowing us to explore potential for better-off household to subsidise day care for poorer households.Ethics and disseminationFindings will be published and inform decision makers at the national, regional and the local actors in order to embed the study into the policy and practice on childcare and ECD. Ethical approvals for this study were obtained from the School of Medicine Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Medicine and Health at the University of Leeds (ref: MREC16-106) and the Bangladesh Medical Research Council (ref: BMRCAIREC/20 I 6-20 I 9 I 250).

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Chadha, Shelly K., Kriti Gulati, Suneela Garg, and Arun K. Agarwal. "Comparative prevalence of otitis media in children living in urban slums, non-slum urban and rural areas of Delhi." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 78, no. 12 (December 2014): 2271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.10.032.

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Pryer, Jane A., Stephen Rogers, and Ataur Rahman. "The epidemiology of good nutritional status among children from a population with a high prevalence of malnutrition." Public Health Nutrition 7, no. 2 (April 2004): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003530.

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AbstractObjectives:To identify socio-economic demographic and environmental factors that predict better height-for-age for children under 5 years of age in a Dhaka slum population.Design:A panel survey, conducted between 1995 and 1997. A random sample of households was selected. Socio-economic, demographic and environmental variables were collected monthly by questionnaire and nutritional status was assessed.Setting:Dhaka slums in Bangladesh.Subjects:Three hundred and ninety-two children, surveyed in September–November 1996.Main outcome measures:Height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) above −2.Results:Thirty-one per cent of children had HAZ <−2. Logistic regression adjusted for cluster sampling showed that better nourished children were more likely to have taller mothers, to be from female-headed households and from families with higher income, electricity in the home, better latrines, more floor space and living in Central Mohammadpur. Better nourished children were less likely to have fathers who have taken days off from work due to illness.Conclusions:Interest in ‘positive deviance’ is motivated by the recognition that a focus on the malnourished only – the bottom tail of the distribution – provides indications of how families fail, but not of how they succeed in maintaining child nutrition in the face of adversity. Our analysis provides an alternative perspective on nutrition and vulnerability in an urban slum setting.

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Sharma, Nidhi, Kiran Kumar H. V., and Shivesh Devgan. "A study on utilization of antenatal care services in urban slums of Amritsar city, Punjab, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 3 (February 22, 2017): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170742.

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Background: Rapid urbanization in India is fuelling a growth in urban poverty, particularly in the urban slums where the quality of life is extremely poor. There have been limited efforts to capture the health of population living in urban slums and most severely affected are the women of childbearing age and children. So the present study was carried out to assess the utilization pattern of antenatal care and to identify the factors affecting it in urban slums of Amritsar city.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1600 houses selected randomly in four slum areas of Amritsar city in which 659 married women in the reproductive age group of 15-49 years who had at least 1 child and had delivered the last child in the last 3 years were found. Total 659 women were interviewed using a pre-designed and pre-tested proforma.Results: 58.4% of respondent women attended at least one antenatal visit during last pregnancy. Maximum (43.4%) attended 2 antenatal visits. Majority (64.4%) had their first antenatal visit in 2nd trimester. Majority (57.1%) consumed <100 IFA tablets. Majority (65.6%) were fully immunized with 2 doses/booster of TT. Lack of knowledge about ANC services was the reason given by most of the women (31.0%) for not attending any antenatal visit. The utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services by women was found to be significantly associated with their age, education, birth order, socio-economic status and husband’s education.Conclusions: The utilization of antenatal care services was found to be poor in the study population. Important barriers to service utilization were found to be lack of awareness and lack of felt need. This shows the need for intensive efforts to be made in slum areas to create awareness among women by Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) activities.

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Randhawa, Sonali, and Shomik Ray. "Not covered enough: inadequate age appropriate immunisation in urban slums of Delhi: a community based cross sectional survey." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200947.

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Background: The urban average of childhood immunization coverage rates are partial against children living in slums and mask the disparity within the urban poor. The objective of study was to measure the age appropriate immunization as per India’s Universal Immunization Program (UIP) schedule, explore determinants of coverage and reasons for incomplete immunization in urban slums of New Delhi.Methods: A cross sectional survey was carried out in selected urban slums of West and South East districts of New Delhi. WHO’s coverage cluster survey sampling methodology was used. Three hundred mothers of under five children were selected. Age appropriate immunization status of the children was recorded on physical examination of the vaccination card.Results: Fifty eight percent (56% West; 60% South East district) of sample population was age appropriately immunized. The odds of age appropriate immunization were higher for institutional delivery (OR 10.5, 95% CI 4.27-23.6) and among third born children (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.04-3.30). The odds were equal for people from Delhi or migrated from different state (OR: 1.015, 95% CI: 0.62-1.64). Most common reason for incomplete immunization were obstacles (72.8%) and lack of information (23.2%).Conclusions: There was a consistent drop in coverage among vaccines with more than one dose and by the subsequent dose of vaccine. The difference in coverage estimates among studies emphasise the need for identifying the key reasons of incomplete immunization and finding area specific solutions to improve coverage.

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Dasgupta, Aparajita, Nidhi Shree, Bobby Paul, Lina Bandyopadhyay, Soumit Roy, Neelam Maurya, and Foulisa Pyrbot. "Burden of undernutrition among children of 12-59 months living in a slum of Kolkata: a cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 3927. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213023.

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Background: Children living in slums are often deprived of good health. Their predisposition to malnutrition, makes them vulnerable to various infections and deficiency disorders affecting their growth. The objective of the study was to assess the nutritional status of 12-59 months children using Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure, to find out their morbidity profile, dietary diversity scores and to determine factors associated with CIAF.Methods: Study was conducted among 115 children of 12-59 months age, living in Chetla slum, Kolkata, West Bengal from July to October 2019. A pre-designed, pre-tested schedule containing their sociodemographic characteristics, morbidity profile, dietary diversity and anthropometric measurements were used to collect the data. World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro. Ink 11 software was used to calculate the z scores Data was analysed in Microsoft Excel 2016 and Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16.Results: Mean age (SD) of study participants was 30.77 (7) months. 43.5% children had CIAF. Proportion of underweight, stunting, weight for height and mid upper arm circumference wise malnutrition were 16.5%, 27.8%, 14.8% and 43% respectively. Majority, 87.8% had low dietary diversity and 38% had morbidity.Conclusions: The proportion of CIAF was found high in the study. Low birth weight, single living child, absence of exclusive breastfeeding practice and dietary diversity were significantly associated in univariate analysis. CIAF gives a single convenient complete picture for malnutrition compared to other conventional interpretation methods, this it can be included in child health programmes. Enlightening the care givers of under-five by health education and health promotional programmes can prevent malnutrition from occurring.

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Correia, Larissa Tenório Andrade, Gabriela Rossiter Stux Veiga, Táscya Morganna de Morais Santos, Cristianni Gusmão Cavalcante, Ana Lydia Sawaya, and Telma Maria de Menezes Toledo Florêncio. "Effectiveness of mussels (Mytella falcata) in malnourished children’s recovery living in the slums in Maceió, Alagoas." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 18, no. 1 (March 2018): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042018000100011.

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Abstract Objectives: to assess the efficacy of mussels (Mytella falcata) in malnourished children’s recovery. Methods: 64 chronically malnourished children were accompanied for 12 months and attended at the Centro Recuperação e Educação Nutricional (Recovery Center and Educational Nutrition). The children were paired by age and malnutrition level forming three groups, which they received a balanced diet for nutritional recovery differing only on protein source. The group was offered (1) preparation of red meat, group (2) preparation of mussels and group (3) preparation of mussels in coconut milk. Results: the anthropometric assessment revealed that the children obtained a mean increase in the Z score in A-I indice of 0.70 for the group who red meat, 0.62 for the group who had mussels and 0.57 the group who had mussels cooked in coconut milk (p<0,05). An observation was made on a reduction in the prevalence of anemia with 22,8% (p=0,002), 27.8% (p=0.,007) and 42.4% (p 0.001) in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Conclusion: the preparation of mussels cooked in or not in coconut milk can be an effective substitution for meat in combating child malnutrition and anemia and may be included in the children's institutions menus and in the programs that aim for children’s nutritional recovery.

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Mohamed, Doumbia. "Recours À L’avortement Provoqué Chez Les Femmes En Union Des Quartiers Précaires De Yopougon À Abidjan." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 33 (November 30, 2016): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n33p319.

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In Côte d’Ivoire, 15 % of maternal deaths are related to illegal abortions. Despite the known consequences, abortion practice is increasing more and more in a restrictive legislative context. Few formal studies and national statistics on the phenomenon exist, much less at the level of precarious slums of Abidjan. This article is a contribution to the understanding of abortion practice in the unprivileged urban context of Yopougon in Abidjan. It aims to analyze the logics and conditions of abortion in the precarious slums of Yopougon. A survey of a sample of 309 women aged 15 to 49 years, living in union in six precarious slums and, an investigation in three public health facilities and five private clinics and among traditional healers were conducted. Results indicate an overall prevalence of 11%. Women who aborted are generally young (85.3%), with no education (35.30%) or primary level of education (32.35%). Proportion of women who aborted increase with parity up to three children and decreases from the fourth child. The lack of financial resources (79.41%) and the fear and stigma (47.05%) are the main reasons of abortion. The majority of abortions took place in private clinics (58.82%).

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Nirmolia, Nabanita, Tulika G. Mahanta, Manjit Boruah, Reeta Rasaily, Rita P. Kotoky, and Rituparna Bora. "Prevalence and risk factors of pneumonia in under five children living in slums of Dibrugarh town." Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 6, no. 1 (March 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2017.07.004.

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Goudet, Sophie, Paula Griffiths, Barry Bogin, and Nyovani Madise. "Interventions to tackle malnutrition and its risk factors in children living in slums: a scoping review." Annals of Human Biology 44, no. 1 (July 19, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2016.1205660.

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Chander, Ramesh, Puja Vimesh, and Shyam Singh. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Mothers Regarding 'Oral Rehydration Therapy' in Jammu Slums." JMS SKIMS 15, no. 2 (December 27, 2012): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33883/jms.v15i2.146.

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BACKGROUND: Little information is available among mothers living in Jammu slums regarding oral rehydration therapy(ORT). OBJECTIVE: To study the knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers regarding oral rehydration therapy during diarrhoeal episode in their children? STUDY DESIGN & SETTING : A cross-sectional study, conducted in slums of Jammu city. METHODS: A total of 750 mothers of children below 6 years of age suffering from diarrhoea were recruited for the study. The sample size was selected out of the total 3000 mothers of children suffering from diarrhoea by systematic random sampling technique. Mothers were contacted by house to house visits and in Anganwari centers. RESULTS: Most of the mothers got first information about oral rehydration solution(ORS) from health personals (68.8%) and 17.9% from mass-media. Majority considered it to be a home- made remedy of diarrhoea (40.5%).They were knowing some forms of home-available fluids. The first line of action of mothers at the onset of diarrhoea was to consult health personnels (58%). While 26.9% used ORS and the rest wanted it in combination with medicines. Only 12.54% and 22.33% mothers could prepare Sugar Salt Solution and ORS correctly, respectively. JMS 2012;15(2):111-14

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Silva, Maria Teresa Nascimento, José Valfrido Santana, Gérson Bragagnoli, Alexandre Magno da Nóbrega Marinho, and Elizabeth Malagueño. "PREVALENCE OF Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar IN THE CITY OF CAMPINA GRANDE, IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 56, no. 5 (September 2014): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652014000500015.

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There is a clear need to perform epidemiological studies to find the true prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica around the world. The evaluation of this prevalence has been hindered by the existence of two different species which are morphologically identical, but genetically different, namely E. histolytica, which causes amebiasis, and E. dispar, which is non-pathogenic. In Brazil, the E. dispar has been detected in communities in the Southeastern (SE) and Northeastern (NE) regions with poor sanitation. However, individuals infected with E. histolytica have been identified in other regions. There is an absence of reports on the prevalence of these parasites in the state of Paraíba, which also has areas with poor sanitary conditions where a high prevalence of the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex has been detected in children from urban slums. The present study evaluated the prevalence of E. histolytica and E. dispar in 1,195 asymptomatic children between two and 10 years of age, living in a sprawling urban slum in Campina Grande, in the state of Paraíba, in Northeastern Brazil. These children were examined and their feces samples were analyzed microscopically. A total of 553 children tested positive for the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex, and 456 of the positive samples were tested with the E. histolytica II® ELISA kit. All 456 samples were negative for the presence of the adhesin E. histolytica specific antigen. The evidence suggests that in this community E. histolytica is absent and E. dispar is the dominant species.

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CHANDRASHEKHAR*, Chandrashekhar, and Bornali DUTTA. "Living Environment in Slums and Prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection among Children in Eight Selected Cities of India." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2014, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 2413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2014.p3-629.

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Fothergill, Amy, Samantha Huey, Jere Haas, Shobha Udipi, Padmini Ghugre, Varsha Thakker, Harsha Chopra, Ramesh Potdar, Saurabh Mehta, and Julia Finkelstein. "Anemia and Micronutrient Deficiencies in Young Children in Urban Slums of Mumbai, India." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_033.

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Abstract Objectives To examine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies among young children living in urban slums of Mumbai, India. Methods Participants were children 10–18 months of age (n = 278) residing in urban slums in Mumbai who were screened as part of a randomized feeding trial of biofortified pearl millet. Venous blood was collected by a pediatric phlebotomist and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were assessed via Coulter counter. Samples were processed and stored <−80°C until laboratory analyses. Serum ferritin (SF), vitamin B12, and erythrocyte (RBC) folate concentrations were analyzed via chemiluminescence. C-reactive protein (CRP) was analyzed by nephelometry, α-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) was analyzed by spectrophotometry, and serum retinol was evaluated via HP-LC. Serum ferritin and serum retinol levels were adjusted for inflammation using methods proposed by Thurman. Anemia and severe anemia were defined as Hb < 11.0 g/dL and Hb < 7.0 g/dL. Iron deficiency (ID) was defined as SF < 12.0 µg/L, iron insufficiency was defined as SF < 20.0 µg/L, and inflammation was defined as CRP > 5.0 mg/L. Iron deficiency anemia was defined as Hb < 11.0 g/dL and SF < 12.0 µg/L. Vitamin A deficiency was defined as serum retinol <20.0 µg/L. Vitamin B12 deficiency and vitamin B12 insufficiency were defined as <148.0 pmol/L and <221.0 pmol/L; folate deficiency was defined as RBC folate <340 nmol/L. Linear and binomial regression models were used to examine associations of micronutrient biomarkers with Hb levels and risk of anemia. Results A total of 75.5% of children were anemic and 2.9% had severe anemia. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 61.4% (69.5% after Thurman adjustment), 57.4% of children had IDA, and 9.7% had CRP > 5.0 mg/L. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was 17.0%, 41.8% of children had vitamin B12 insufficiency, and 19.9% had folate deficiency. Among anemic children, 84.5% had ≥1 micronutrient deficiency and 22.7% had ≥ 2 micronutrient deficiencies. Iron deficiency (RR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.55, 2.99; P < 0.001), and vitamin B12 deficiency (RR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.60; P < 0.01) were associated with significantly increased risk of anemia. Conclusions Findings indicate that the burden of anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin B12 insufficiency were high in young children in Mumbai, India. Funding Sources Harvest Plus; AF was supported by the National Institutes of Health.

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Sangra, Sonika, Neha Choudhary, and Akash Narangyal. "A study to assess the contraceptive use among married women of urban slums: a cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200961.

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Background: Family planning services like use of modern contraceptives help the couples to delay pregnancy and avoid the unwanted pregnancies. So, understanding the choice of contraceptives for the underserved couples is a key for provision of family planning services. Objective was to assess the contraceptive use among married women of urban slums using semi-structured questionnaire.Methods: The present observational cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of one month i.e. November 2019 in urban slums of Trikuta Nagar, which is a field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, GMC Jammu. Information was gathered from married females of reproductive age group. 50% of the population was selected randomly by lottery method i.e. 90 females. But at the time of study, only 85 married females could be interviewed.Results: The results show that the maximum females belonged to the 15-25 years age group followed by 26-30 years age group. More than 50% were literate, 42.35% had education upto primary level. More than 50% females were self-employed as they were labourers and rests were home-makers. The duration of marriage of most of the respondent women was 0-5 years and 44.70% of women had three living children. 65.88% women had one year gap between the first two pregnancies.Conclusions: The information, education and communication activities about the advantages of using contraceptives and its side-effects while using these contraceptives need to be increased so as to promote the awareness among females of the urban slums.

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Martins, Vinicius J. B., Andrea P. O. Neves, Maria do C. P. Franco, Ana P. G. Clemente, and Ana L. Sawaya. "Impact of nutritional recovery with linear growth on the concentrations of adipokines in undernourished children living in Brazilian slums." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 6 (July 28, 2014): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514001743.

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Undernutrition in early life has been reported to be closely associated with the development of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. Adequate treatment is important for reversing these effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of undernutrition and anthropometric recovery on the weights and heights of children in relation to the concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). A total of 119 children (aged 6–16 years) from the slums of São Paulo were selected according to their nutritional status and divided into three groups as follows: control (healthy without intervention, n 38) with a height-for-age Z score (HAZ) and a BMI-for-age Z score (BAZ) > − 1·6; undernourished (HAZ and/or BAZ < − 1·6, n 54); recovered from undernutrition (after treatment in a rehabilitation centre; HAZ and BAZ > − 1·6, n 27). Blood samples were collected to determine insulin, glucose, leptin, adiponectin and PAI-1 concentrations. Leptin concentrations in the undernourished group were lower than those in the control and recovered groups (mean 0·92 (95 % CI 0·67, 1·25), 2·03 (95 % CI 1·46, 2·82) and 1·66 (95 % CI 1·15, 2·44) ng/ml, P= 0·003), which had similar leptin concentrations. There were no differences in adiponectin and PAI-1 concentrations among the groups. A positive correlation between waist circumference and leptin concentrations was observed in all the girls and boys of the control group (control: r 0·729, P< 0·01; undernourished: r 0·490, P< 0·05; and recovered: r 0·829, P< 0·01; r 0·673, P< 0·05). Stronger correlations between leptin and insulin concentrations were observed in the recovered group. The results of the present study indicate that normal leptin concentrations are found when normal height and weight are achieved.

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Mostafa, Ishita, Nurun Nahar Naila, Mustafa Mahfuz, Manoj Roy, Abu S. G. Faruque, and Tahmeed Ahmed. "Children living in the slums of Bangladesh face risks from unsafe food and water and stunted growth is common." Acta Paediatrica 107, no. 7 (April 17, 2018): 1230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apa.14281.

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Rajagopalan, Kripa, Samantha Huey, Sudha Venkatramanan, Shobha Udipi, Varsha Thakker, Aparna Thorat, Ramesh Potdar, Jere Haas, Julia Finkelstein, and Saurabh Mehta. "Biomarkers of Inflammation in the Context of Acute Illness Among Children 12–24 Months of Age Living in the Urban Slums of Mumbai." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa068_019.

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Abstract Objectives To examine and compare the concentration of acute phase proteins, including nutritional and inflammation biomarkers, by morbidity status among children 12–24 months old living in urban slums of Mumbai. Methods 12–24-month-old children were screened for participation in a randomized controlled trial involving feeding of iron- and zinc-biofortified pearl millet complementary foods. Information on acute illness including fever, respiratory symptoms, and diarrhea on the day of screening, in the past 7 days, and the last 4 weeks was collected along with blood samples for analysis of concentrations of nutritional (ferritin, retinol) and inflammation biomarkers (C-reactive protein, alpha-1-glycoprotein) involved in the acute phase response. Difference in medians were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis Test. Results The mean age of children was 14.9 months; 51% were males. More than half the children (54%) had at least one or more symptoms such as fever, cough, or diarrhea at any timepoint in the 4 weeks prior to the interview. Among those with symptoms, fever and respiratory symptoms, either alone or in combination, were most common (44.8%), while diarrhea (alone or in combination with fever or respiratory symptoms) was present in only 11% of the population. More than a quarter had some illness in the 7 days before the interview (25.8%) with 2.5% having illness (fever and/or respiratory symptoms) on the day of the interview. Among those reporting no morbidity, 7% had elevated CRP. Among those reporting acute illness on the day of interview or in the past 7 days, 13% had elevated CRP. When compared across different kinds of acute illness and having no symptoms, there was no significant difference in the median concentrations of CRP, ferritin, and retinol. Similar results were observed on comparing the concentration of these acute phase reactants across children with no, one, two, or more symptoms. Conclusions Among this pediatric population, we did not observe any significant difference in the concentration of acute phase reactants by illness type or number of concurrent illnesses compared with apparently healthy children. Funding Sources HarvestPlus.

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Florêncio, Telma M. M. T., Nassib B. Bueno, Ana P. G. Clemente, Fabiana C. A. Albuquerque, Revilane P. A. Britto, Eduardo Ferriolli, and Ana L. Sawaya. "Weight gain and reduced energy expenditure in low-income Brazilian women living in slums: a 4-year follow-up study." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 3 (June 30, 2015): 462–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515001816.

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The present study aimed to investigate the possible changes in anthropometric and biochemical parameters in low-income women living in the outskirts of Maceió (northeast Brazil), and to explore the possible role of dietary intake and physical activity in these changes. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in a cohort of mothers of malnourished children who attended the Center for Nutritional Recovery and Education, an outreach programme of the Federal University of Alagoas. Socio-economic, anthropometric, biochemical and dietary intake data were assessed at baseline and after a follow-up period of 4 years. Energy expenditure (using doubly labelled water) and physical activity (using triaxial accelerometers) were assessed only in a subgroup of women after 4 years. A total of eighty-five women were assessed. Participants showed an altered biochemical profile, increased systolic blood pressure, decreased thyroid hormone levels, and body-weight gain. However, dietary intakes of the participants did not include large quantities of highly processed and high-glycaemic index foods. The energy intake of the participants did not differ from their total energy expenditure (7990·3 (7173·7–8806·8)v. 8798·1 (8169·0–9432·4) kJ, respectively;P= 0·084). Multivariate analyses showed a significant effect of time spent watching television (β = 0·639 (0·003 to 1·275);P= 0·048) and dietary diversity score (β = − 1·039 ( − 2·010 to − 0·067);P= 0·036) on weight gain. The present study indicates that poor women, who are mothers of malnourished children and have a reasonably balanced dietary intake, exhibit weight gain and are at risk of developing chronic diseases.

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Ejaz, Hira, Nirmal Walicha, Saba Rizwan, Sadaf Javeria, Sana Iqbal, Fatima Iqbal, Huma Ahmad, and Iqbal Ahmad Khan. "DETERMINANTS OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDER 5 YEARS CHILDREN." Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46903/gjms/17.01.1681.

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Background: Malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem in developing and underdeveloped countries. The objectives of the study were to determine the determinants of nutritional status of under 5 years children in our population. Materials & Methods: This analytical cross sectional study was conducted by the Department of Public Health, Islamabad, Federal College, Islamabad, from November 2016 to March 2017. Sample size was 200 selected by convenient sampling. Demographic variables were sex, age-groups, socio-economics status, family structure. Research variable was nutritional status. The data collection was done in urban slums of Islamabad on a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS software. Results: Out of 200 children, 117(58.5%) were boys and 83(41.5 %) were girls. One hundred (50%) children were of 6 to 24 months and 100(50%) were of 25 to 59 months of age. Eighty three (41.5%) were rich and 117(58.5%) were poor. One hundred and fifty eight (79%) children were from joint family system and 42(21%) were living in nuclear family system were children. One hundred and fifty one (75.50%) were normal, 39(19.50%) were mild and 10(5%) were having severe malnutrition. Conclusion: Except age all the other factors including sex, socio-economics status and family structure were associated with nutritional status of under 5 year children.

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Houghton, Lisa A., Deborah R. McIntosh, Geeta Trilok-Kumar, Jillian J. Haszard, and Rosalind S. Gibson. "Suboptimal feeding and caring practices among young Indian children ages 12 to 24 mo living in the slums of New Delhi." Nutrition 69 (January 2020): 110553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.110553.

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Kaye, Katherine, and Michael K. Novell. "Health Practices and Indices of a Poor Urban Population in Indonesia Part I: Patterns of Health Service Utilization." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 7, no. 3 (July 1994): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959400700306.

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This first section in a two-part study of health indices and practices among residents living in a Jakarta slum describes the use of public and private primary health care services in relation to socioeconomic and health status. As problems associated with urban poverty rapidly increase in developing countries, it is important to study the ethnic and economic diversity which exists in slums and shanty towns: results of such studies should inform the development of effective strategies for outreach and service delivery. Through a survey of 690 mothers and 593 children, we found that 1) poorer residents were more likely than relatively affluent ones to rely on local government clinics ( posyandus) for primary health care; 2) regular posyanduusers were more likely than non-users to be fully immunized and to use ORT correctly; 3) delivery in hospital w as common among all residents, but especially among the more affluent; and 4) prevalence of contraception was high and not associated with socio-economic status or type of primary health care service used. Strengthening primary health care services at the government's local health posts could benefit all groups in the community if wealthier residents participated more in the posyandus. Standards of care in the private sector should also be improved. Asia Pac J Public Health 1994;7(3):178-82.

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Mathur, Aditya, Devendra Baghel, Jitendra Jaat, Vishal Diwan, and Ashish Pathak. "Community-Based Participatory Research and Drug Utilization Research to Improve Childhood Diarrhea Case Management in Ujjain, India: A Cross-Sectional Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 11, 2019): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091646.

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Childhood diarrhea continues to be a major cause of under-five (U-5) mortality globally and in India. In this study, 1571 U-5 children residing in nine rural villages and four urban slums in Ujjain, India were included with the objective to use community participation and drug utilization research to improve diarrheal case management. The mean age was 2.08 years, with 297 (19%), children living in high diarrheal index households. Most mothers (70%) considered stale food, teething (62%), and hot weather (55%) as causes of diarrhea. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related characteristics revealed that most (93%) households had toilets, but only 23% of the children used them. The study identified ineffective household water treatment by filtration through cloth by most (93%) households and dumping of household waste on the streets (89%). The results revealed low community awareness of correct causes of diarrhea (poor hand hygiene, 21%; littering around the household, 15%) and of correct diarrhea treatment (oral rehydration solution (ORS) and zinc use, 29% and 11%, respectively) and a high antibiotic prescription rate by healthcare providers (83%). Based on the results of the present study, context-specific house-to-house interventions will be designed and implemented.

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Hajare, Rahul. "Assessment of the Depression-Level Effectiveness of the Curse Words in Young Adults in Private Co-Educational Pharmaceutical Institutions in Pune University Pharmaceutical Institutions Living With Poor Sanitation, India: A Pre-planned, Causal-Pathway-Based Analysis." Journal of Gastrointestinal Disorders and Liver function 4, no. 1 (May 14, 2018): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15436/2471-0601.18.1878.

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Depression and substance abuse is on the increase all over the world. The poor and the rich are also involved in this dangerous habit that has impact not only on reproductive health but also has an impact on family, society, increase in health care expense and increased criminal activity. Health care providers are more concerned with treating the victims and less concerned on its prevention. Pregnant women bear greater brunt and there is adverse pregnancy outcome. Low birth weight, preterm labour, increased in miscarriage and raised perinatal mortality is some of the adverse effects. Children of such parents are more likely to inherit this bad trait. Children living in abusive homes where drugs and alcohol abuse occur simultaneously are often deprived of more than just the basics of food and shelter. Depression is defined as, “Any act on the part of the husband, partner or family which causes physical, mental, social or psychological trauma to the woman and prevent sher from developing her personality.” Reason for the increase in depression violence are; urbanization, industrialization, growth of urban slums, co-education and co - working in offices and factories, modern movies, television, obscene and pornographic literature and decreasing religious restrictions.

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Mahjabeen, Riftana, Dilruba Sharmin, Nabila Anwar, Syeda Rubaiya Nawshin, Sejuty Haque, and Mahfujul Haq Khan. "A Study to Explore the Relationship between Dental Caries and Weight of the Slum Living Children in Dhaka." Update Dental College Journal 6, no. 1 (August 13, 2016): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v6i1.29216.

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Background and Objectives: Dental caries or decay is the most significant dental disease of childhood in Bangladesh. It is also reported to affect the anthropometric outcomes of children. So the objective was to assess the relationship between dental decay and weight of the children living in various slum areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the children in a slum area of Mirpur, Dhaka. The children were selected by using simple random sampling technique. A total of 310 children were interviewed and examined on the basis of the questions regarding their age, gender, height, weight, nutrition, socio-economic status and clinical conditions.Results: The study showed an inverse relationship between dental decay and weight among the children. Among 310 children about 40.64% were suffering from dental caries and 95.5% children were underweight. Children with at least one decayed tooth were significantly more likely to be underweight with odds ratios 0.614, 0.763 for the age group of below 6 years and above 12 years.Conclusion: The study depicted an inverse relationship between dental decay and weight among the children of slum dwellers in Dhaka and emphasized on the necessity of implementing proper dental health care policies and programs among those socio-economically deprived people.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2016; 6 (1): 21-29

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Rehman, Aneeqa, Babar Shaikh, and Katrina A. Ronis. "Health care seeking patterns and out of pocket payments for children under five years of age living in Katchi Abadis (slums), in Islamabad, Pakistan." International Journal for Equity in Health 13, no. 1 (2014): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-13-30.

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Challa, Sairam, and Varsha Krosuri. "Danger signs of acute respiratory tract infections in under-five children: awareness among mothers in the urban slums of Hyderabad, its relation to treatment seeking behaviour." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185241.

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Background: Sustainable development goals (SDGs) proposes to all countries an aim to reduce under-five mortality to 25 per 1000 live births by 2030. Acute respiratory tract infections including pneumonia are the leading cause of death among the children less than five years in India. Identification of severe respiratory infections from non-severe forms necessitates that care-givers, especially mothers are aware of danger signs. An attempt is made to study the awareness of danger signs among the Mothers and see its relation to treatment seeking behaviour.Methods: Community based cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 344 mothers of under-five children living in the urban slums of Hyderabad.Results: The awareness of mothers about the danger signs of ARI is poor. Very few knew that fast breathing (11 percent), wheezing (4.7 percent), convulsions (1 percent), lethargy (1 percent) are major danger signs of ARI requiring urgent medical attention. A majority of mothers took the child with ARI to private hospital (42 percent) while few approached Govt. Hospital or dispensary (4.7 percent). Many mothers (77 percent) were aware that vaccination against diseases might protect the children against ARIs. The prevalence of acute respiratory infections among the children in the current study (59.3 percent) is much higher that previous studies elsewhere.Conclusions: A very high proportion (44 percent) of the mothers were ignorant of any danger sign of ARI. The significant association between awareness and positive health care seeking behaviours, like consulting allopathic doctor or govt. hospital or private hospital establishes the evidence that awareness levels are the prerequisite for the positive health care behaviour.

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Ashok Mahajan, Sudhanshu, Jayashree Sachin Gothankar, and Rupesh Balasaheb Deshmukh. "Hygiene related practices amongst school children living in a slum of Pune." Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 7, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfcm.2020.010.

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Abuya, Benta A., and Nelson Muhia. "From the Minds of Adolescents: What Has Worked for Them in an Education Intervention in the Slums of Nairobi." Qualitative Research in Education 9, no. 3 (October 28, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/qre.2020.5144.

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This paper highlights findings from the, ‘Advancing learning outcomes for transformational change (A LOT-Change), whose goal was to increase efforts towards securing the future of children living in urban informal settlements. The intervention was implemented in Korogocho and Site 2 respectively. This paper looks at the narratives from girls, boys and their parents and seeks to answer the question, “From the minds of adolescents: What has worked for them in an education intervention in the slums of Nairobi. Qualitative data comes from the qualitative component of the endline evaluation study that was collected in July and August 2018, by the African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC). Findings from this study done by APHRC show that: scores in numeracy skills and literacy skills improved, improved self-confidence, which enabled girls to model the way in their schools and communities. Aspirations for school and higher education improved as girls and boys wanted to go beyond primary school. Communication improved across the board girls and boys, together with their parents. Girls and boys gained the confidence to speak up due to the knowledge gained out of the motivational talks within the leadership component. Overall, this paper reinforces the importance of young people having a voice to speak up on programs that affect their lives.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Children living in the slums'

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