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Journal articles on the topic 'Children of gay and lesbian parents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Moutinho, A., A. V. Pereira, and G. Jorge. "Children of homosexual parents." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72175-7.

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Like families headed by heterosexual parents, lesbian and gay parents and their children are a diverse group. Unlike heterosexual parents, however, lesbian and gay parents are often subject of discrimination because of their sexual orientation while facing adoption, custody or assisted reproductive technologies, based on stereotypes concerning children psychological development and wellbeing.This work reviews empirical evidence regarding children with gay and lesbian parents. The results of existing research comparing children of homosexual parents with children of heterosexual parents are quite clear: common stereotypes are not supported by the data.

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2

CAMERON, PAUL. "CHILDREN OF HOMOSEXUALS AND TRANSSEXUALS MORE APT TO BE HOMOSEXUAL." Journal of Biosocial Science 38, no. 3 (May 5, 2005): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200502674x.

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Do the sexual inclinations of parents influence those of their children? Of 77 adult children of homosexual parents who volunteered for three different investigations, at least 23 (30%) were currently homosexual: twelve (55%) of 22 daughters and three (21%) of fourteen sons of lesbians; five (29%) of seventeen daughters and three (17%) of eighteen sons of gays; none of six sons with both a gay and a lesbian parent. At least 25 (32%) were currently heterosexual. Of the ten with transsexual parents, one of nine daughters was currently lesbian, one was currently heterosexual, and one was transsexual. The son’s sexual preference was not reported. These findings suggest that parents’ sexual inclinations influence their children’s.

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3

Gold, M. A., E. C. Perrin, D. Futterman, and S. B. Friedman. "Children of Gay or Lesbian Parents." Pediatrics in Review 15, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.15-9-354.

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4

Patterson, Charlotte J. "Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents." Current Directions in Psychological Science 15, no. 5 (October 2006): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00444.x.

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5

Gottman, Julie Schwartz. "Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents." Marriage & Family Review 14, no. 3-4 (December 14, 1989): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j002v14n03_09.

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6

Fitzgerald, Bridget. "Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents." Marriage & Family Review 29, no. 1 (November 1999): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j002v29n01_05.

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7

Patterson, Charlotte J. "Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents." Child Development 63, no. 5 (October 1992): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131517.

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8

Kindle, Peter A., and Stephen Erich. "Perceptions of Social Support among Heterosexual and Homosexual Adopters." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 86, no. 4 (October 2005): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3459.

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Social support is a key variable in adoptive family functioning, however, few have addressed this in reference to gay and lesbian adoptive families. Comparison of responses between gay and lesbian adoptees (n = 47) with heterosexual adoptees (n = 25) on a modified version of the Family Support Scale did not indicate differences in overall levels of family support. Differences did exist between the levels of social support in individual categories with heterosexuals relying on my relatives and my own children and gay and lesbians relying on partners and day care centers. Results supported the hypothesis that heterosexual adoptive parents relied more on family, but did not support the hypothesis that gay and lesbian adoptive parents relied more on friends.

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9

Lytle, Megan C., Pamela F. Foley, and Amanda M. Aster. "Adult Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents." Counseling Psychologist 41, no. 4 (June 25, 2012): 530–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000012449658.

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10

Goldberg, Abbie E., Reihonna L. Frost, and Kaitlin A. Black. "“There is So Much to Consider”: School-Related Decisions and Experiences among Families who Adopt Noninfant Children." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 98, no. 3 (July 2017): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2017.98.24.

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Parents who adopt noninfant children often find that these children have academic and behavioral difficulties and may have experienced trauma—challenges that may have implications for school decision making and experiences. This qualitative study examined school selection processes and experiences among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents who had adopted children over the age of 24 months (N = 18 families) 5 years earlier. Practical factors (e.g., cost and location) and the unique needs of their children (e.g., diagnoses, trauma history) were often more pressing than race and family structure (i.e., lesbian/gay-parent headed) considerations in selecting schools. Parents encountered complex challenges in establishing and maintaining appropriate school supports and services. Parents and school staff should work collaboratively using trauma-sensitive approaches to help adopted children succeed in school.

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11

Jellinek, Michael S., Schuyler W. Henderson, Cynthia J. Telingator, and Charlotte Patterson. "Children and Adolescents of Lesbian and Gay Parents." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 47, no. 12 (December 2008): 1364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e31818960bc.

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12

SCHUMM, WALTER R. "CHILDREN OF HOMOSEXUALS MORE APT TO BE HOMOSEXUALS? A REPLY TO MORRISON AND TO CAMERON BASED ON AN EXAMINATION OF MULTIPLE SOURCES OF DATA." Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no. 6 (July 20, 2010): 721–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932010000325.

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SummaryTen narrative studies involving family histories of 262 children of gay fathers and lesbian mothers were evaluated statistically in response to Morrison's (2007) concerns about Cameron's (2006) research that had involved three narrative studies. Despite numerous attempts to bias the results in favour of the null hypothesis and allowing for up to 20 (of 63, 32%) coding errors, Cameron's (2006) hypothesis that gay and lesbian parents would be more likely to have gay, lesbian, bisexual or unsure (of sexual orientation) sons and daughters was confirmed. Percentages of children of gay and lesbian parents who adopted non-heterosexual identities ranged between 16% and 57%, with odds ratios of 1.7 to 12.1, depending on the mix of child and parent genders. Daughters of lesbian mothers were most likely (33% to 57%; odds ratios from 4.5 to 12.1) to report non-heterosexual identities. Data from ethnographic sources and from previous studies on gay and lesbian parenting were re-examined and found to support the hypothesis that social and parental influences may influence the expression of non-heterosexual identities and/or behaviour. Thus, evidence is presented from three different sources, contrary to most previous scientific opinion, even most previous scientific consensus, that suggests intergenerational transfer of sexual orientation can occur at statistically significant and substantial rates, especially for female parents or female children. In some analyses for sons, intergenerational transfer was not significant. Further research is needed with respect to pathways by which intergenerational transfer of sexual orientation may occur. The results confirm an evolving tendency among scholars to cite the possibility of some degree of intergenerational crossover of sexual orientation.

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13

Park, Nicholas, Rachel M. Schmitz, and Kathleen Slauson-Blevins. "“It Takes a Lot of Planning”: Sexual Minority Young Adult Perceptions of Gay and Lesbian Parenthood." Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 10 (June 6, 2020): 1785–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x20925508.

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Lesbian and gay parents are becoming more prevalent, visible, and accepted in the United States. Despite these shifts, legal and social obstacles continue to shape pathways to parenthood. For many lesbians and gay men, access to parenthood is difficult, uncertain, and varies geographically. Using focus group interviews, this study explores how 36 Midwestern gay, lesbian, and bisexual young adults without children perceive gay and lesbian parenting and their own parenthood prospects. Themes included perceptions of legal and social barriers to parenthood, assumptions of the mounting economic obstacles and constraints surrounding parenthood, and concerns with navigating legal relatedness when establishing their families. This research provides insight into how emerging adulthood is experienced by sexual minority young adults in a shifting legal and social climate full of uncertainty regarding LGBTQ rights and parenthood. Policy implications and future research are discussed surrounding sexually diverse people’s accessibility in pursuing parenthood.

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14

Stacey, Lawrence, and Irene Padavic. "Complicating parents’ gender and sexual expectations for children: A comparison of biological parents and stepparents." Sexualities 24, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2020): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460720906988.

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When social scientists argue that “families” reproduce and sometimes challenge gender and sexual norms, they tend to refer to biological, cisgender, and heterosexual families. We consider how one alternative family form—stepfamilies—might, like gay and lesbian families, challenge these norms. Interviews with 20 biological and stepparents reveal that whereas biological parents held relatively intense feelings about their children’s gender and sexual conformity, stepparents were indifferent and far less inclined to police their children’s behavior. We conclude that stepfamilies, similar to gay and lesbian families, might be a source of less rigid expectations and greater liberty than biological families, and we consider the implications for the future of traditional gender and sexual norms in the face of the proliferation of alternative family forms.

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15

Ariel, Jane, and Dan W. McPherson. "THERAPY WITH LESBIAN AND GAY PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDREN." Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 26, no. 4 (October 2000): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2000.tb00313.x.

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16

Almack, Kathryn. "Out and About: Negotiating the Layers of Being Out in the Process of Disclosure of Lesbian Parenthood." Sociological Research Online 12, no. 1 (January 2007): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1442.

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Discussion of coming out within lesbian and gay academic literature has focussed primarily on the individual process and consequences of disclosing a lesbian/gay identity. Drawing upon data from a qualitative research study of 20 lesbian parent families in the UK, who had planned and had their first child together, this paper considers dimensions of coming out that arise for lesbian parents having children in an openly lesbian relationship. To date little attention has been paid to these dimensions. Women identified how having children revealed new layers of being out as parenthood brought them into contact with a whole new range of people, settings and networks. Negotiating recognition of their parental and familial status involves making decisions about when, where and how to come out in these new settings and women also faced renegotiations of an acceptance of their lesbian identity and parenthood with family members. This paper utilises stigma theory to examine some of the additional complexities related to the decisions and negotiations involved in being out as lesbian parent families.

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17

Amato, Paul R. "The well-being of children with gay and lesbian parents." Social Science Research 41, no. 4 (July 2012): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.04.007.

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18

Patterson, Charlotte J. "Children of lesbian and gay parents: Psychology, law, and policy." Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 1, S (August 2013): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/2329-0382.1.s.27.

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19

Carone, Nicola, Vittorio Lingiardi, Annalisa Tanzilli, Henny M. W. Bos, and Roberto Baiocco. "Gender Development in Children with Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Parents." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 41, no. 1 (January 2020): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0000000000000726.

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20

Patterson, Charlotte J. "Children of lesbian and gay parents: Psychology, law, and policy." American Psychologist 64, no. 8 (2009): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.64.8.727.

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21

Hicks, Stephen. "Lesbian and Gay Foster Care and Adoption: A Brief UK History." Adoption & Fostering 29, no. 3 (October 2005): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857590502900306.

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Stephen Hicks presents a history of foster care and adoption by lesbians and gay men in the UK since 1988. He reviews key research, policy, law and debates about lesbian and gay carers and discusses key changes and developments in this field of practice. The article discusses a number of common arguments that surface in debates about this topic, including the idea that the children of lesbians and gay men will suffer psychosocial damage or develop problematic gender and sexual identity. In addition, the author critiques the notion that children do best in ‘natural’ two-parent, heterosexual families and that lesbian or gay carers should not be considered or should be used only as a ‘last resort’. Although the number of approved lesbian and gay carers has been increasing and there has been a range of positive changes in this field, it is argued that a series of homophobic ideas remain a key feature of this debate. The article asks how much things have changed since 1988 and what social work can do to contribute to an anti-homophobic practice.

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22

Gash, Alison, and Judith Raiskin. "Parenting without Protection: How Legal Status Ambiguity Affects Lesbian and Gay Parenthood." Law & Social Inquiry 43, no. 01 (2018): 82–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12233.

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Through the lens of lesbian and gay parenthood we ask how individuals who experience “legal status ambiguity”—that which emerges when legal fluctuations combine with divided attitudes, ignorance of the law, and autonomous institutional gatekeepers—exercise their legal rights and responsibilities. The results from thirty-one interviews with lesbian and gay parents in Oregon and their six adult children suggest that the state's fluctuating legal and social climates for lesbian and gay parenting between 1985 and 2013 presented significant challenges for two generations of same-sex parents. Although both cohorts created and utilized a range of legal and social mechanisms to assert their legal rights, they found these rights to be controlled as much by gatekeeper perspectives as by legal force. After the 2015Obergefellruling on marriage equality, lesbian and gay parenting status remains a site of ongoing legal and social contestation, providing insight into the risks and challenges of legal status ambiguity.

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23

Ryan, Scott. "Parent-Child Interaction Styles Between Gay and Lesbian Parents and Their Adopted Children." Journal of GLBT Family Studies 3, no. 2-3 (February 6, 2007): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j461v03n02_05.

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24

Welstead, Mary. "THE BRAVE NEW TERRITORY OF GAY PARENTING." Denning Law Journal 25, no. 1 (September 27, 2013): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v25i1.745.

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Many couples in same-sex relationships are as enthusiastic in their desire to become parents as those who are in heterosexual relationships. Adoption, surrogacy, sperm donation, have all enabled same-sex couples to achieve their parental ambitions and create families. For the most part, they have done so without any interference by, or involvement with, the biological parents after the birth of their children.Whilst the majority of lesbian parents tend to use sperm which has been obtained from an anonymous donor, some women have shown a preference to use a sperm donor who is known to them to become the biological father of their children.This may be because they want to know the background, personality and medical history of a potential father before embarking on the procreative process. In some cases, it may also be because some women want their children to have a male role model in their life. Using a known sperm donor can, however, involve risks for would-be-mothers if, contrary to the father’s wishes, they do not want him to play a significant role in the child’s life. Their dreams of creating an autonomous nuclear family may be destroyed and replaced with a new form of extended family, consisting of three or even four parents if the biological father has a partner. The tale recounted in the Appeal Court judgment in A v B and C (Lesbian co-parents: role of father) (2012) is a cautionary one for lesbian would-be-parents and one of hope for potential biological fathers who are known to them. The Court of Appeal emphasised the paramountcy of the welfare principle, contained in s1(1) of the Children Act 1989 in resolving all child contact disputes. It declined to elicit any further principles in these difficult fact specific cases and stated that the sexual orientation of the parents and their pre-conceptual agreements, or understandings, spoken or unspoken are either irrelevant (per Thorpe LJ) or relevant but not determinative (per Black LJ).* Dr Mary Welstead, CAP Fellow, Harvard Law School, Visiting Professor of Family Law, University of Buckingham.[1] Re G; Re Z (Children: Sperm Donors: Leave to Apply for Children Act Orders) [2013] 1 FLR 1334.

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25

Freedman, Linda. "Accepting the Unacceptable: Religious Parents and Adult Gay and Lesbian Children." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 89, no. 2 (April 2008): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3739.

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26

Breshears, Diana, and Rebecca DiVerniero. "Communication Privacy Management Among Adult Children With Lesbian and Gay Parents." Western Journal of Communication 79, no. 5 (August 24, 2015): 573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2015.1070195.

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27

Koerner, Marn E., and Patricia Hulsebosch. "Preparing Teachers to Work with Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents." Journal of Teacher Education 47, no. 5 (November 1996): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022487196047005004.

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28

Lasio, Diego, and Francesco Serri. "The Italian public debate on same-sex civil unions and gay and lesbian parenting." Sexualities 22, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 691–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460717713386.

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After many years of heated debate, in 2016 the Italian parliament approved a law to regulate same-sex civil unions. Although this can be considered a significant step towards the equality of lesbian and gay couples, the law preserves legal differences between heterosexual marriage and homosexual union and does not guarantee the rights of lesbian and gay parents and their children. In this article, we analyze the public debate on same-sex couples and gay and lesbian parenting that occurred in Italy while the parliament was discussing the law. Findings highlight that the ‘natural order’ argument and the irreducible differences between heterosexual marriage and same-sex union are the bedrock of the current expression of heteronormativity in Italy.

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29

Campbell, Melissa, Olya Zaporozhets, and Mark A. Yarhouse. "Changes in Parent–Child Relationships and Religious Views in Parents of LGB Youth Postdisclosure." Family Journal 25, no. 4 (October 2017): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480717741650.

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“Coming out” refers to disclosing one’s nonheterosexual identity to another person. Disclosure to family members is one of the most important and difficult milestones in sexual identity formation. This is a study of the experiences of Christian parents whose children came out as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. The study examined the changes in parent–child relationships and the parents’ Christian beliefs across three time points: before disclosure, in the couple months directly following disclosure, and at the time of the interview.

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30

Schumm, Walter R. "A Review and Critique of Research on Same-Sex Parenting and Adoption." Psychological Reports 119, no. 3 (October 3, 2016): 641–760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294116665594.

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Are the outcomes for children of gay, lesbian, or bisexual parents in general the same as those for heterosexual parents? That controversial question is discussed here in a detailed review of the social science literature in three parts: (1) stability of same-sex parental relationships, (2) child outcomes, and (3) child outcomes in same-sex adoption. Relationship instability appears to be higher among gay and lesbian parent couples and may be a key mediating factor influencing outcomes for children. With respect to part 2, while parental self-reports usually present few significant differences, social desirability or self-presentation bias may be a confounding factor. While some researchers have tended to conclude that there are no differences whatsoever in terms of child outcomes as a function of parental sexual orientation, such conclusions appear premature in the light of more recent data in which some different outcomes have been observed in a few studies. Studies conducted within the past 10 years that compared child outcomes for children of same-sex and heterosexual adoptive parents were reviewed. Numerous methodological limitations were identified that make it very difficult to make an accurate assessment of the effect of parental sexual orientation across adoptive families. Because of sampling limitations, we still know very little about family functioning among same-sex adoptive families with low or moderate incomes, those with several children, or those with older children, including adolescents or how family functioning may change over time. There remains a need for high-quality research on same-sex families, especially families with gay fathers and with lower income.

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31

Lasio, Diego, Jessica Lampis, Roberta Spiga, and Francesco Serri. "Lesbian and gay individual parenting desires in heteronormative contexts." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 16, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 210–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i2.1808.

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The cultural, social and institutional barriers that LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) individuals have to face play crucial roles in their desires and intentions to have children. However, unlike the many studies on the decision-making process in the transition to parenthood, few studies have analysed the origins of parenting desires and intentions among LGBT individuals. This study explores the desires and intentions to have children amongst a sample of childless lesbian and gay Italian individuals. A sample of 285 participants (127 women and 158 men) completed a research protocol composed of items evaluating the strength of their desire to have children, their intentions about having children and their general attitudes towards parenting. The findings revealed how, despite the persisting depth of heteronormativity in the country and the absence of legal protection for lesbian and gay parents, a large percentage of participants expressed the desire and intention to have a child. These parenting intentions would seem to be positively influenced mainly by the negative attitudes towards childlessness and by the value attributed to parenthood.

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32

Perrin, E. C., and B. S. Siegel. "Promoting the Well-Being of Children Whose Parents Are Gay or Lesbian." PEDIATRICS 131, no. 4 (March 20, 2013): e1374-e1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0377.

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33

Farr, Rachel H., M. K. Oakley, and Elizabeth W. Ollen. "School experiences of young children and their lesbian and gay adoptive parents." Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 3, no. 4 (December 2016): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000187.

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34

Wyman Battalen, Adeline, Rachel H. Farr, David M. Brodzinsky, and Ruth G. McRoy. "Socializing Children About Family Structure: Perspectives of Lesbian and Gay Adoptive Parents." Journal of GLBT Family Studies 15, no. 3 (May 29, 2018): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1550428x.2018.1465875.

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35

George, Marie-Amélie. "The Custody Crucible: The Development of Scientific Authority About Gay and Lesbian Parents." Law and History Review 34, no. 2 (March 28, 2016): 487–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248016000018.

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In 1974, gay father Bruce Voeller sought visitation with his three children after divorcing his wife. The New Jersey family court held a six day trial that centered on expert witness testimony as to whether Voeller's homosexuality would be detrimental to his children. Drs. Richard Green and John Money testified on Voeller's behalf, whereas Voeller's ex-wife called Dr. Richard Gardner, who concluded that “‘the total environment to which the father exposed the children could impede healthy sexual development in the future.’” In his opinion, which imposed strict limitations on visitation, the judge focused on the opposition within the American Psychiatric Association (APA) over the decision to declassify homosexuality as a mental illness, reasoning that psychiatrists' inability to agree on how to define or classify homosexuality indicated that it was impossible to know what effect Voeller's homosexuality would have on his children. The court consequently concluded that the medical controversy, combined with “the immutable effects which are engendered by the parent-child relationship, demands that the court be most hesitant in allowing any unnecessary exposure of a child to an environment which may be deleterious.” The court imposed visitation restrictions to prevent the children from being in “any homosexual related activities,” which included prohibiting Voeller from ever introducing his partner to the children.

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36

Perales, Francisco, and Yangtao Huang. "Parental Financial Transfers: Do They Vary by Children’s Sexual Orientation?" Social Forces 98, no. 4 (July 12, 2019): 1465–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz111.

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Abstract Parents often play complex and highly variable roles in the lives of grown-up lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people. Some act as support sources, helping their offspring buffer societal discrimination. Others are unaccepting of—or ambivalent about—their children’s sexual orientation, becoming further stressors. In practice, little research has examined whether parents treat adult LGB children differently than heterosexual children. This study tests this premise in relation to parental financial transfers using two waves of panel data from an Australian national sample (Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, n = 18,448 observations) and random-effect panel regression models. We find that parents send money more often to LGB than heterosexual children, a pattern that persists over the adult life course. This association could not be explained by adult children’s socio-economic disadvantage, fertility intentions, parent-child contact, or parent-child distance. These findings suggest that, all else being equal, parental financial investments contribute to narrowing the social disadvantage experienced by Australian LGB people.

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37

Ryan, Scott D. "Examining Social Workers' Placement Recommendations of Children with Gay and Lesbian Adoptive Parents." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 81, no. 5 (October 2000): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.1053.

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38

Glass, Valerie Q. "Lesbian and Gay Parents and Their Children: Research on the Family Life Cycle." Journal of Family Psychotherapy 22, no. 2 (April 2011): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08975353.2011.578048.

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39

Renee McCann, Brandy. "Lesbian and Gay Parents and Their Children: Research on the Family Life Cycle." Journal of Family Theory & Review 2, no. 3 (August 2, 2010): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00057.x.

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40

Shiller, Virginia M. "Science and advocacy issues in research on children of gay and lesbian parents." American Psychologist 62, no. 7 (2007): 712–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.62.7.712.

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41

Matthews, John D., and Elizabeth P. Cramer. "Parallel Process Issues for Lesbian and Gay Adoptive Parents and Their Adopted Children." Journal of Family Social Work 9, no. 3 (June 21, 2006): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j039v09n03_03.

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42

DiVerniero, Rebecca, and Diana Breshears. "Verbal and Emotional Responses Among Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents’ Coming Out." Qualitative Research Reports in Communication 18, no. 1 (January 2017): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17459435.2017.1294616.

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43

Goldberg, Abbie E., and Randi L. Garcia. "Gender-typed behavior over time in children with lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents." Journal of Family Psychology 30, no. 7 (2016): 854–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000226.

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44

Lo, Rachel Skrlac. "Changing childhoods: Using queer theory and intersectional methods to reconsider the epistemic resources of children with gay and lesbian parents." Global Studies of Childhood 8, no. 1 (February 18, 2018): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043610618758404.

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This article explores contemporary childhoods through a lens of epistemic privileges and injustices in order to consider the experiences of children whose family models may not reflect the heterosexual norm. More than 14 million children in the United States have one or more gay parents. As the legal definition of marriage in the United States now recognizes same-sex partnerships, it is likely that this official number will increase. The experiences of children with gay and lesbian parents are often overlooked due to public sentiment toward gay partnerships and parenting, but the changing legal status of gay marriage around the world may indicate a shift in sentiment toward these family structures. For childhood studies researchers, this shift will provide opportunities to conduct studies with children whose voices largely were silenced or omitted from past and current scholarship. Particularly, young children with gay parents are in a unique position to describe the world since they must navigate between their homonormative private worlds and the heteronormative world of public institutions. Drawing on queer theory and incorporating the concept of intersectionality, I posit that applying Fricker’s concept of epistemic injustice to studies of childhood may reveal new ways to identify systemic and cultural biases including heteronormativity and adult–child power asymmetries. Examining issues of epistemic injustice through a queer lens and using intersectional methods may elucidate aspects of childhood culture that are misunderstood or absent from the scholarship.

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Hicks, Stephen. "‘The Christian Right and Homophobic Discourse: A Response to ‘Evidence’ that Lesbian and Gay Parenting Damages Children’." Sociological Research Online 8, no. 4 (November 2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.851.

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This ‘rapid response’ piece, submitted under the ‘Sexuality and the Church’ theme, examines claims by Christian writers that lesbian and gay parenting is bad for children. The author analyses aspects of what he terms a ‘Christian homophobic discourse’ in order to demonstrate the problematic claim to neutrality made by these writers. In addition, the author shows how the Christian writers’ view of research rests upon a series of positivist assumptions. Claims that research evidence shows children of lesbian or gay parents demonstrate gender or sexual identity confusion are disputed, and the author argues that the Christian writers present their own moral interpretations rather than the ‘facts of the matter’. The author argues that the Christian writers construct a version of homosexuality as highly diseased and dangerous, before concluding that it is both epistemologically and morally misguided to see ‘sexuality’ as an object or variable which influences the development of children.

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Bracken, Lydia. "Strasbourg’s Response to Gay and Lesbian Parenting: Progress, then Plateau?" International Journal of Children’s Rights 24, no. 2 (July 23, 2016): 358–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02402012.

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This article examines the advancement of parenting rights for gay and lesbian persons as established through the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. It notes that, after many years of progress, this advancement has seemingly now reached a plateau. In particular, although the Court has previously been effective in ending discrimination against single gay and lesbian parents, it has been reluctant to find that discrimination against same-sex couples seeking access to joint parenting rights is contrary to the European Convention on Human Rights (echr). This article examines this plateau and it questions whether consideration of the rights and interests of children could be used to overcome it. It is argued that this consideration may ultimately demand that joint parenting opportunities are made available.

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Surtees, Nicola, and Philip Bremner. "Gay and Lesbian Collaborative Co-Parenting in New Zealand and the United Kingdom: ‘The Law Doesn’t Protect the Third Parent’." Social & Legal Studies 29, no. 4 (September 18, 2019): 507–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663919874861.

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In many jurisdictions, legislation reflects, retains and reiterates heteronormative two-parent models of family. Lesbian and gay individuals and an increasing number of heterosexual individuals who choose to parent outside the paradigm of the conjugal couple relationship find neither their interests nor the welfare of their children is sufficiently protected in law. This article is based on the findings of two empirical research projects investigating the procreative autonomy of lesbians and gay men in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It focuses on collaborative co-parenting families formed by lesbian couples and gay men, with reference to the allocation of legal parenthood in these kinds of families and case law across both jurisdictions. Two such families are introduced. Attention is drawn to the ways the law hampers these families’ preferred parenting arrangements. The article highlights the need for legislative change. It concludes that a more flexible, inclusive concept of legal parenthood that honours the intentions of those involved in these arrangements would potentially benefit all people interested in non-traditional parenting.

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Berkowitz, Dana, and Maura Ryan. "Bathrooms, Baseball, and Bra Shopping: Lesbian and Gay Parents Talk about Engendering Their Children." Sociological Perspectives 54, no. 3 (September 2011): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2011.54.3.329.

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Eggebeen, David J. "What can we learn from studies of children raised by gay or lesbian parents?" Social Science Research 41, no. 4 (July 2012): 775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.04.008.

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Bergstrom-Lynch, Cara A. "How Children Rearrange the Closet: Disclosure Practices of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Prospective Parents." Journal of GLBT Family Studies 8, no. 2 (March 2012): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1550428x.2011.623929.

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