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Journal articles on the topic 'Children of gay parents – Fiction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Shaikh, Reshma, A. Harihrasudan, and Nishad Nawaz. "The Portrayal of Discourse of Violence in Fantasy Fiction and Its Impact among Adolescents and Early Teenagers." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n2p36.

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Fantasy fiction is an extremely popular genre that acts as easy and interesting reading material, also mostly acquired by parents or peers as a gift. Its availability may also be promoted by local bookstores or the School library. It has been shown by multiple studies that media that display violence adversely affects the mental health of children. Unlike movies and films, there is no censorship associated with literature. This article is designed to elaborate upon these effects. The media referred to in this article is print media. A large amount of research is focused largely on visual media like television, digital games as well as films. However, the way by which violent acts are projected on the psychology of children through print media still remains to be comprehensively researched. The genre of print media referred to in this article is popular fantasy fiction. This particular genre of fiction is vastly popular and conveniently available to children. The study includes primarily adolescents and early teenagers in the age group 10 years to 16 years. The consumption of media violence through fantasy fiction during the early and impressionable years has been known to predict aggression, aggressive behaviour and stress among children, especially when the children under study are school-going. It also may most likely result in facing peer rejection and socially unwanted consequences. The context of the “General Aggression Model” or GAM is a complex and multifactorial concept that forms the basis of the findings. The purpose of the study is to validate and create a clear awareness about the effect of short-term as well as the long- term exposure of violence, on young children who are of an impressionable mindset. The study also aims to propose some measures of intervention that may be undertaken to reduce the effects of this exposure that lead to aggression and stress, which could be of a long lasting nature. The finding and outcomes of the study undertaken through the data analysis clearly supports its objectives.

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2

Moutinho, A., A. V. Pereira, and G. Jorge. "Children of homosexual parents." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72175-7.

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Like families headed by heterosexual parents, lesbian and gay parents and their children are a diverse group. Unlike heterosexual parents, however, lesbian and gay parents are often subject of discrimination because of their sexual orientation while facing adoption, custody or assisted reproductive technologies, based on stereotypes concerning children psychological development and wellbeing.This work reviews empirical evidence regarding children with gay and lesbian parents. The results of existing research comparing children of homosexual parents with children of heterosexual parents are quite clear: common stereotypes are not supported by the data.

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3

Gold, M. A., E. C. Perrin, D. Futterman, and S. B. Friedman. "Children of Gay or Lesbian Parents." Pediatrics in Review 15, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.15-9-354.

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4

Gold, Melanie A., Ellen C. Perrin, Donna Futterman, and Stanford B. Friedman. "Children of Gay or Lesbian Parents." Pediatrics In Review 15, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.15.9.354.

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There are no data to suggest that children who have gay or lesbian parents are different in any aspects of psychological, social, and sexual development from children in heterosexual families. There has been fear that children raised in gay or lesbian households will grow up to be homosexual, develop improper sex-role behavior or sexual conflicts, and may be sexually abused. There has been concern that children raised by gay or lesbian parents will be stigmatized and have conflicts with their peer group, thus threatening their psychological health, self-esteem, and social relationships. These fears and concerns have not been substantiated by research. Pediatricians can facilitate the health care and development of these children by being aware of these and their own attitudes, by educating themselves about special concerns of gay or lesbian parents, and by being a resource and an advocate for children who have homosexual parents.

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5

Patterson, Charlotte J. "Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents." Current Directions in Psychological Science 15, no. 5 (October 2006): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00444.x.

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6

Patterson, Charlotte J. "Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents." Child Development 63, no. 5 (October 1992): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131517.

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7

Gottman, Julie Schwartz. "Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents." Marriage & Family Review 14, no. 3-4 (December 14, 1989): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j002v14n03_09.

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8

Fitzgerald, Bridget. "Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents." Marriage & Family Review 29, no. 1 (November 1999): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j002v29n01_05.

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9

Lytle, Megan C., Pamela F. Foley, and Amanda M. Aster. "Adult Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents." Counseling Psychologist 41, no. 4 (June 25, 2012): 530–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000012449658.

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10

Jellinek, Michael S., Schuyler W. Henderson, Cynthia J. Telingator, and Charlotte Patterson. "Children and Adolescents of Lesbian and Gay Parents." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 47, no. 12 (December 2008): 1364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e31818960bc.

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11

Perrin, Ellen C., and Heidi Kulkin. "Pediatric Care for Children Whose Parents Are Gay or Lesbian." Pediatrics 97, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.97.5.629.

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Background. A growing number of children have at least one parent who is gay or lesbian. There is no evidence that these children experience any particular difficulties as a result of their parents' sexual orientation. Considerable evidence suggests that the provision of health care may not address the special needs and concerns of gay men and lesbians adequately. No research has been done regarding the pediatric care of children whose parents are gay or lesbian. It is likely that there are predictable challenges and developmental transitions for these children and parents for which pediatricians and other health care providers might be helpful advisers. Objective. This exploratory project sought to describe the experiences that lesbian and gay parents and their children have had with the pediatric health care system. We were interested in describing experiences that had been especially affirming and others that had been troublesome and in gathering suggestions regarding changes in the structure and process of care. Methodology. Two hundred fifty-five parents completed an open-ended questionnaire. Responses were coded and tabulated. Results. Most parents described considerable success in obtaining pediatric care that was affirming, supportive, and satisfactory. On the other hand, many parents noted deficiencies in pediatric offices, clinics, emergency departments, and hospitals, many of which could be corrected easily. Conclusions. We have summarized the accumulated advice to pediatric health care providers and have described some of the developmental transitions that are potentially appropriate opportunities for pediatric intervention.

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12

Carnaghi, Andrea, Joel Anderson, and Mauro Bianchi. "On the Origin of Beliefs about the Sexual Orientation and Gender-role Development of Children Raised by Gay-male and Heterosexual Parents: An Italian Study." Men and Masculinities 23, no. 3-4 (May 13, 2018): 636–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x18775462.

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In three studies, heterosexual participants were presented with descriptions of heterosexual and gay-male parents. Importantly, the level of gender-role conformity of the gay-male parents was experimentally manipulated, resulting in their level of gender-role conformity ranging from high to low. Compared to the son of a heterosexual couple, the son of all gay-male couples had a lower expected likelihood of developing as heterosexual. This result was independent of the level of gender-role conformity of the gay-male couples (study 1–3). The beliefs about the gender-role development of the son, in terms of anticipated masculinity (study 1), gender stereotyping (study 2), and affective adjustment (study 3), mapped onto the level of gender-role conformity of the parents, regardless of their sexual orientation. Also, heterosexual parents were consistently judged more positively than gay-male parents, independently of their level of gender-role conformity (study 1–3). Results were discussed within the theoretical framework of stereotypes about gay-male parenting.

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13

Ariel, Jane, and Dan W. McPherson. "THERAPY WITH LESBIAN AND GAY PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDREN." Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 26, no. 4 (October 2000): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2000.tb00313.x.

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14

Barrett, Helen, and Fiona Tasker. "Growing up with a gay parent:Views of 101 gay fathers on their sons’ and daughters’ experiences." Educational and Child Psychology 18, no. 1 (2001): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2001.18.1.62.

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AbstractWithin the context of a review of the literature on gay male parents and their children, preliminary findings are reported from a postal survey of gay parents recruited through advertisements for volunteers. One hundred and one gay and bisexual parents located in the United Kingdom and Eire provided information about their routes to parenting, partners’ involvement with parenting, successes in meeting common parenting challenges and their eldest sons’ and daughters’ responses to growing up with a gay parent. Results appear to confirm previous findings concerning the diversity of parenting circumstances of gay and bisexual men. Men with cohabiting male partners reported themselves as successfully meeting a variety of parenting challenges. While older children were more likely to know of their father’s sexual identity, few gender differences were reported in response to this knowledge. Issues for further exploration are identified.

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15

Stacey, Lawrence, and Irene Padavic. "Complicating parents’ gender and sexual expectations for children: A comparison of biological parents and stepparents." Sexualities 24, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2020): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460720906988.

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When social scientists argue that “families” reproduce and sometimes challenge gender and sexual norms, they tend to refer to biological, cisgender, and heterosexual families. We consider how one alternative family form—stepfamilies—might, like gay and lesbian families, challenge these norms. Interviews with 20 biological and stepparents reveal that whereas biological parents held relatively intense feelings about their children’s gender and sexual conformity, stepparents were indifferent and far less inclined to police their children’s behavior. We conclude that stepfamilies, similar to gay and lesbian families, might be a source of less rigid expectations and greater liberty than biological families, and we consider the implications for the future of traditional gender and sexual norms in the face of the proliferation of alternative family forms.

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16

Goldberg, Abbie E., Reihonna L. Frost, and Kaitlin A. Black. "“There is So Much to Consider”: School-Related Decisions and Experiences among Families who Adopt Noninfant Children." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 98, no. 3 (July 2017): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2017.98.24.

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Parents who adopt noninfant children often find that these children have academic and behavioral difficulties and may have experienced trauma—challenges that may have implications for school decision making and experiences. This qualitative study examined school selection processes and experiences among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents who had adopted children over the age of 24 months (N = 18 families) 5 years earlier. Practical factors (e.g., cost and location) and the unique needs of their children (e.g., diagnoses, trauma history) were often more pressing than race and family structure (i.e., lesbian/gay-parent headed) considerations in selecting schools. Parents encountered complex challenges in establishing and maintaining appropriate school supports and services. Parents and school staff should work collaboratively using trauma-sensitive approaches to help adopted children succeed in school.

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17

Welstead, Mary. "THE BRAVE NEW TERRITORY OF GAY PARENTING." Denning Law Journal 25, no. 1 (September 27, 2013): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v25i1.745.

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Many couples in same-sex relationships are as enthusiastic in their desire to become parents as those who are in heterosexual relationships. Adoption, surrogacy, sperm donation, have all enabled same-sex couples to achieve their parental ambitions and create families. For the most part, they have done so without any interference by, or involvement with, the biological parents after the birth of their children.Whilst the majority of lesbian parents tend to use sperm which has been obtained from an anonymous donor, some women have shown a preference to use a sperm donor who is known to them to become the biological father of their children.This may be because they want to know the background, personality and medical history of a potential father before embarking on the procreative process. In some cases, it may also be because some women want their children to have a male role model in their life. Using a known sperm donor can, however, involve risks for would-be-mothers if, contrary to the father’s wishes, they do not want him to play a significant role in the child’s life. Their dreams of creating an autonomous nuclear family may be destroyed and replaced with a new form of extended family, consisting of three or even four parents if the biological father has a partner. The tale recounted in the Appeal Court judgment in A v B and C (Lesbian co-parents: role of father) (2012) is a cautionary one for lesbian would-be-parents and one of hope for potential biological fathers who are known to them. The Court of Appeal emphasised the paramountcy of the welfare principle, contained in s1(1) of the Children Act 1989 in resolving all child contact disputes. It declined to elicit any further principles in these difficult fact specific cases and stated that the sexual orientation of the parents and their pre-conceptual agreements, or understandings, spoken or unspoken are either irrelevant (per Thorpe LJ) or relevant but not determinative (per Black LJ).* Dr Mary Welstead, CAP Fellow, Harvard Law School, Visiting Professor of Family Law, University of Buckingham.[1] Re G; Re Z (Children: Sperm Donors: Leave to Apply for Children Act Orders) [2013] 1 FLR 1334.

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18

Cerepanov, M. M. "Alimony from abroad: reality or fiction?" Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 67 (January 16, 2022): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.67.20.

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The work is devoted to the payment of child support, determining the mechanism of child support, if one of the parents is abroad;According to Article 8 of the Law "On Child Protection" in Ukraine, every child has the right to a standard of living sufficient to satisfy his or her physical, intellectual, moral, cultural and spiritual, and social development. 51 part 2 of the Constitution of Ukraine and Article 180 of the Family Code of Ukraine (hereinafter - the IC of Ukraine), Parents are obliged to raise children to adulthood. The child must be in a family whose parents voluntarily fulfill their responsibilities for its upbringing.However, the right to custody of children and parental responsibilities are sacred and inviolable. Ensuring a proper standard of living, nutrition and education for children is not always correctly implemented in our country. The obligation of parents to maintain their children arises from a court decision or agreement between parents . Few unscrupulous parents try to avoid the court's liability for alimony payments, resorting to these techniques,For example: avoiding formal employment or getting a minimum wage. Expenses, transfer of property that can be levied, concealment of the Contractor, travel abroad, etc. Non-universal Demographic agreement between parents on the payment of alimony, in recent years, in order to strengthen the protection of children's rights to proper custody, the IC of Ukraine has undergone fundamental changes in the supervision of alimony obligations.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a scientific analysis of the new legislation. It provides for the obligation of parents to maintain their children. These issues are mainly related to the minimum guaranteed amount of alimony and the recommended minimum amount of alimony, the circumstances listed. The court takes these factors into account when determining the amount of alimony and the amount of income. Alimony payer, which is collected in favor of the child, alimony is indexed.New version of the Law on Enforcement Proceedings of Ukraine Some changes have been made to the procedure for execution of decisions, and the range of measures that affect the executor's alimony payers has been expanded. Enforcement provides alimony through the use of procedural means and methods of coercion to persons who refuse voluntarily perform their alimony duties

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19

Patterson, Charlotte J. "Children of lesbian and gay parents: Psychology, law, and policy." Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 1, S (August 2013): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/2329-0382.1.s.27.

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20

Carone, Nicola, Vittorio Lingiardi, Annalisa Tanzilli, Henny M. W. Bos, and Roberto Baiocco. "Gender Development in Children with Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Parents." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 41, no. 1 (January 2020): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0000000000000726.

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21

Amato, Paul R. "The well-being of children with gay and lesbian parents." Social Science Research 41, no. 4 (July 2012): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.04.007.

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22

Patterson, Charlotte J. "Children of lesbian and gay parents: Psychology, law, and policy." American Psychologist 64, no. 8 (2009): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.64.8.727.

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23

Lo, Rachel Skrlac. "Changing childhoods: Using queer theory and intersectional methods to reconsider the epistemic resources of children with gay and lesbian parents." Global Studies of Childhood 8, no. 1 (February 18, 2018): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043610618758404.

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This article explores contemporary childhoods through a lens of epistemic privileges and injustices in order to consider the experiences of children whose family models may not reflect the heterosexual norm. More than 14 million children in the United States have one or more gay parents. As the legal definition of marriage in the United States now recognizes same-sex partnerships, it is likely that this official number will increase. The experiences of children with gay and lesbian parents are often overlooked due to public sentiment toward gay partnerships and parenting, but the changing legal status of gay marriage around the world may indicate a shift in sentiment toward these family structures. For childhood studies researchers, this shift will provide opportunities to conduct studies with children whose voices largely were silenced or omitted from past and current scholarship. Particularly, young children with gay parents are in a unique position to describe the world since they must navigate between their homonormative private worlds and the heteronormative world of public institutions. Drawing on queer theory and incorporating the concept of intersectionality, I posit that applying Fricker’s concept of epistemic injustice to studies of childhood may reveal new ways to identify systemic and cultural biases including heteronormativity and adult–child power asymmetries. Examining issues of epistemic injustice through a queer lens and using intersectional methods may elucidate aspects of childhood culture that are misunderstood or absent from the scholarship.

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24

Cameron, Paul. "Gay Fathers' Effects on Children: A Review." Psychological Reports 104, no. 2 (April 2009): 649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.104.2.649-659.

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Extrapolating results from studies of lesbians' children to gays' children and assertions of “no risk to children as a result of growing up in a family with 1 or more gay parents” are questioned. A review of 9 studies gave evidence that gays' children were (a) more apt to adopt homosexual interests and activities, (b) more apt to report sexual confusion, (c) more apt to be socially disturbed, (d) more apt to abuse substances, (e) less apt to get married, (f) more apt to have difficulty in attachment and loving relationships, (g) less religious and more unconventionally religious, (h) more apt to have emotional difficulties, (i) more frequently exposed to parental molestation, and (j) prone to more frequent sexual acting out.

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25

Freedman, Linda. "Accepting the Unacceptable: Religious Parents and Adult Gay and Lesbian Children." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 89, no. 2 (April 2008): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3739.

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26

Breshears, Diana, and Rebecca DiVerniero. "Communication Privacy Management Among Adult Children With Lesbian and Gay Parents." Western Journal of Communication 79, no. 5 (August 24, 2015): 573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2015.1070195.

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27

Koerner, Marn E., and Patricia Hulsebosch. "Preparing Teachers to Work with Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents." Journal of Teacher Education 47, no. 5 (November 1996): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022487196047005004.

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28

Kindle, Peter A., and Stephen Erich. "Perceptions of Social Support among Heterosexual and Homosexual Adopters." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 86, no. 4 (October 2005): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3459.

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Social support is a key variable in adoptive family functioning, however, few have addressed this in reference to gay and lesbian adoptive families. Comparison of responses between gay and lesbian adoptees (n = 47) with heterosexual adoptees (n = 25) on a modified version of the Family Support Scale did not indicate differences in overall levels of family support. Differences did exist between the levels of social support in individual categories with heterosexuals relying on my relatives and my own children and gay and lesbians relying on partners and day care centers. Results supported the hypothesis that heterosexual adoptive parents relied more on family, but did not support the hypothesis that gay and lesbian adoptive parents relied more on friends.

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29

CAMERON, PAUL. "CHILDREN OF HOMOSEXUALS AND TRANSSEXUALS MORE APT TO BE HOMOSEXUAL." Journal of Biosocial Science 38, no. 3 (May 5, 2005): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200502674x.

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Do the sexual inclinations of parents influence those of their children? Of 77 adult children of homosexual parents who volunteered for three different investigations, at least 23 (30%) were currently homosexual: twelve (55%) of 22 daughters and three (21%) of fourteen sons of lesbians; five (29%) of seventeen daughters and three (17%) of eighteen sons of gays; none of six sons with both a gay and a lesbian parent. At least 25 (32%) were currently heterosexual. Of the ten with transsexual parents, one of nine daughters was currently lesbian, one was currently heterosexual, and one was transsexual. The son’s sexual preference was not reported. These findings suggest that parents’ sexual inclinations influence their children’s.

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30

Ratcliffe, E. B. "Evening Star." After Dinner Conversation 2, no. 9 (2021): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/adc20212980.

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Which would you prefer, a gay son, or no relationship with your son at all? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Robert and Grace are high school friends. Both are bullied. Robert for his long hair and the rumor he is gay, and Grace, for her short hair, and the rumors she is too. Robert is gay, Grace is not. While preparing their midterm English performance, Robert decides he is going to use the performance as the way to finally come out to the school and tell them about the trauma he has been experiencing from his family the last several years. It does not go well as both are sent to the office, and their parents are called in. Robert escapes with his father’s gun. When Grace finds out she steals her mother’s car and goes looking for him. She finds him at a hotel. They briefly talk and the police show up. Before Grace realizes what has happened, Robert has killed himself.

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31

SCHUMM, WALTER R. "CHILDREN OF HOMOSEXUALS MORE APT TO BE HOMOSEXUALS? A REPLY TO MORRISON AND TO CAMERON BASED ON AN EXAMINATION OF MULTIPLE SOURCES OF DATA." Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no. 6 (July 20, 2010): 721–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932010000325.

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SummaryTen narrative studies involving family histories of 262 children of gay fathers and lesbian mothers were evaluated statistically in response to Morrison's (2007) concerns about Cameron's (2006) research that had involved three narrative studies. Despite numerous attempts to bias the results in favour of the null hypothesis and allowing for up to 20 (of 63, 32%) coding errors, Cameron's (2006) hypothesis that gay and lesbian parents would be more likely to have gay, lesbian, bisexual or unsure (of sexual orientation) sons and daughters was confirmed. Percentages of children of gay and lesbian parents who adopted non-heterosexual identities ranged between 16% and 57%, with odds ratios of 1.7 to 12.1, depending on the mix of child and parent genders. Daughters of lesbian mothers were most likely (33% to 57%; odds ratios from 4.5 to 12.1) to report non-heterosexual identities. Data from ethnographic sources and from previous studies on gay and lesbian parenting were re-examined and found to support the hypothesis that social and parental influences may influence the expression of non-heterosexual identities and/or behaviour. Thus, evidence is presented from three different sources, contrary to most previous scientific opinion, even most previous scientific consensus, that suggests intergenerational transfer of sexual orientation can occur at statistically significant and substantial rates, especially for female parents or female children. In some analyses for sons, intergenerational transfer was not significant. Further research is needed with respect to pathways by which intergenerational transfer of sexual orientation may occur. The results confirm an evolving tendency among scholars to cite the possibility of some degree of intergenerational crossover of sexual orientation.

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32

Perrin, E. C., and B. S. Siegel. "Promoting the Well-Being of Children Whose Parents Are Gay or Lesbian." PEDIATRICS 131, no. 4 (March 20, 2013): e1374-e1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0377.

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33

Farr, Rachel H., M. K. Oakley, and Elizabeth W. Ollen. "School experiences of young children and their lesbian and gay adoptive parents." Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 3, no. 4 (December 2016): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000187.

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34

Wyman Battalen, Adeline, Rachel H. Farr, David M. Brodzinsky, and Ruth G. McRoy. "Socializing Children About Family Structure: Perspectives of Lesbian and Gay Adoptive Parents." Journal of GLBT Family Studies 15, no. 3 (May 29, 2018): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1550428x.2018.1465875.

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35

CRAMER, DAVID. "Gay Parents and Their Children: A Review of Research and Practical Implications." Journal of Counseling & Development 64, no. 8 (April 1986): 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1986.tb01182.x.

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36

Nelson, Margaret K. "The Presentation of Donor Conception in Young Adult Fiction." Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19868751.

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Using a thematic analysis, this study examines the presentation of donor conception in 30 books of fiction written for young adults. Most of the donor-conceived characters in these books live in single mother families, the majority are girls, and most have some kind of status as outsiders. Donor conception is presented differently depending on the type of family in which the teen lives. Children living with single mothers are most often endangered. Children living with lesbian-couple parents are most often marked as outsiders. Among children living with heterosexual-couple parents, donor conception is often presented as a significant issue that can unsettle family dynamics and lead to a search for the donor or donor siblings.

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37

Gash, Alison, and Judith Raiskin. "Parenting without Protection: How Legal Status Ambiguity Affects Lesbian and Gay Parenthood." Law & Social Inquiry 43, no. 01 (2018): 82–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12233.

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Through the lens of lesbian and gay parenthood we ask how individuals who experience “legal status ambiguity”—that which emerges when legal fluctuations combine with divided attitudes, ignorance of the law, and autonomous institutional gatekeepers—exercise their legal rights and responsibilities. The results from thirty-one interviews with lesbian and gay parents in Oregon and their six adult children suggest that the state's fluctuating legal and social climates for lesbian and gay parenting between 1985 and 2013 presented significant challenges for two generations of same-sex parents. Although both cohorts created and utilized a range of legal and social mechanisms to assert their legal rights, they found these rights to be controlled as much by gatekeeper perspectives as by legal force. After the 2015Obergefellruling on marriage equality, lesbian and gay parenting status remains a site of ongoing legal and social contestation, providing insight into the risks and challenges of legal status ambiguity.

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38

Schumm, Walter R. "A Review and Critique of Research on Same-Sex Parenting and Adoption." Psychological Reports 119, no. 3 (October 3, 2016): 641–760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294116665594.

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Are the outcomes for children of gay, lesbian, or bisexual parents in general the same as those for heterosexual parents? That controversial question is discussed here in a detailed review of the social science literature in three parts: (1) stability of same-sex parental relationships, (2) child outcomes, and (3) child outcomes in same-sex adoption. Relationship instability appears to be higher among gay and lesbian parent couples and may be a key mediating factor influencing outcomes for children. With respect to part 2, while parental self-reports usually present few significant differences, social desirability or self-presentation bias may be a confounding factor. While some researchers have tended to conclude that there are no differences whatsoever in terms of child outcomes as a function of parental sexual orientation, such conclusions appear premature in the light of more recent data in which some different outcomes have been observed in a few studies. Studies conducted within the past 10 years that compared child outcomes for children of same-sex and heterosexual adoptive parents were reviewed. Numerous methodological limitations were identified that make it very difficult to make an accurate assessment of the effect of parental sexual orientation across adoptive families. Because of sampling limitations, we still know very little about family functioning among same-sex adoptive families with low or moderate incomes, those with several children, or those with older children, including adolescents or how family functioning may change over time. There remains a need for high-quality research on same-sex families, especially families with gay fathers and with lower income.

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George, Marie-Amélie. "The Custody Crucible: The Development of Scientific Authority About Gay and Lesbian Parents." Law and History Review 34, no. 2 (March 28, 2016): 487–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248016000018.

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In 1974, gay father Bruce Voeller sought visitation with his three children after divorcing his wife. The New Jersey family court held a six day trial that centered on expert witness testimony as to whether Voeller's homosexuality would be detrimental to his children. Drs. Richard Green and John Money testified on Voeller's behalf, whereas Voeller's ex-wife called Dr. Richard Gardner, who concluded that “‘the total environment to which the father exposed the children could impede healthy sexual development in the future.’” In his opinion, which imposed strict limitations on visitation, the judge focused on the opposition within the American Psychiatric Association (APA) over the decision to declassify homosexuality as a mental illness, reasoning that psychiatrists' inability to agree on how to define or classify homosexuality indicated that it was impossible to know what effect Voeller's homosexuality would have on his children. The court consequently concluded that the medical controversy, combined with “the immutable effects which are engendered by the parent-child relationship, demands that the court be most hesitant in allowing any unnecessary exposure of a child to an environment which may be deleterious.” The court imposed visitation restrictions to prevent the children from being in “any homosexual related activities,” which included prohibiting Voeller from ever introducing his partner to the children.

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Ryan, Scott D. "Examining Social Workers' Placement Recommendations of Children with Gay and Lesbian Adoptive Parents." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 81, no. 5 (October 2000): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.1053.

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Glass, Valerie Q. "Lesbian and Gay Parents and Their Children: Research on the Family Life Cycle." Journal of Family Psychotherapy 22, no. 2 (April 2011): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08975353.2011.578048.

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Goldberg, Abbie E., and Randi L. Garcia. "Gender-typed behavior over time in children with lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents." Journal of Family Psychology 30, no. 7 (2016): 854–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000226.

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Shiller, Virginia M. "Science and advocacy issues in research on children of gay and lesbian parents." American Psychologist 62, no. 7 (2007): 712–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.62.7.712.

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Matthews, John D., and Elizabeth P. Cramer. "Parallel Process Issues for Lesbian and Gay Adoptive Parents and Their Adopted Children." Journal of Family Social Work 9, no. 3 (June 21, 2006): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j039v09n03_03.

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Renee McCann, Brandy. "Lesbian and Gay Parents and Their Children: Research on the Family Life Cycle." Journal of Family Theory & Review 2, no. 3 (August 2, 2010): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00057.x.

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DiVerniero, Rebecca, and Diana Breshears. "Verbal and Emotional Responses Among Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents’ Coming Out." Qualitative Research Reports in Communication 18, no. 1 (January 2017): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17459435.2017.1294616.

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Ryan, Scott. "Parent-Child Interaction Styles Between Gay and Lesbian Parents and Their Adopted Children." Journal of GLBT Family Studies 3, no. 2-3 (February 6, 2007): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j461v03n02_05.

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Summers, Nicole Marie, and Falak Saffaf. "Fact or Fiction: Children’s Acquired Knowledge of Islam through Mothers’ Testimony." Journal of Cognition and Culture 19, no. 1-2 (May 2, 2019): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340054.

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AbstractOne way in which information about the unknown is socialized to children is through adult testimony. Sharing false testimony about others with children may foster inaccurate perceptions and may result in prejudicially based divisions amongst children. As part of a larger study, mothers were instructed to read and discuss an illustrated story about Arab-Muslim refugees from Syria with their 6- to 8-year-olds (n = 31). Parent-child discourse during two pages of this book was examined for how mothers used Islam as a talking point. Results indicated that only 50% of mothers and 13% of children shared accurate testimony about Islam. However, while 35% of children admitted uncertainty in their knowledge, only 3% of mothers admitted uncertainty. These results highlight the importance of parents sharing the confidence in their knowledge. If parents teach inaccurate information about other religions, it may create a greater divide between children of different religious backgrounds.

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Davidson, Meghan M., and Susan Ellis Weismer. "A preliminary investigation of parent-reported fiction versus non-fiction book preferences of school-age children with autism spectrum disorder." Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 3 (January 2018): 239694151880610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396941518806109.

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Background & aims Anecdotal evidence suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorder prefer non-fiction books over fiction books. The current study was the first to investigate parent-reports of children with autism spectrum disorder’s fiction and non-fiction book preferences and whether these relate to individual differences in social communication, oral language, and/or reading abilities. Method Children (ages 8–14 years, M = 10.89, SD = 1.17) with autism spectrum disorder diagnoses ( n = 19) and typically developing peers ( n = 21) participated. Children completed standardized measures of social communication, oral language, and reading abilities. Parents reported children’s current favorite book, and from these responses, we coded children’s fiction versus non-fiction book preferences. Main contribution Contrary to anecdotal evidence, children with autism spectrum disorder preferred fiction similar to their typically developing peers. Fiction versus non-fiction book preference was significantly related to social communication abilities across both groups. Children’s oral language and reading abilities were related, as expected, but the evidence for a relationship between social communication and reading comprehension was mixed. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the association of social communication in fiction versus non-fiction book preference, which may be related to children’s comprehension and support the theoretical role of social communication knowledge in narrative/fiction. Implications It should not be assumed that all children with autism spectrum disorder prefer expository/non-fiction or do not read narrative/fiction. Children who prefer non-fiction may need additional social communication knowledge support to improve their understanding of narrative fiction.

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Mazrekaj, Deni, Kristof De Witte, and Sofie Cabus. "School Outcomes of Children Raised by Same-Sex Parents: Evidence from Administrative Panel Data." American Sociological Review 85, no. 5 (September 28, 2020): 830–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122420957249.

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Although widely used in policy debates, the literature on children’s outcomes when raised by same-sex parents mostly relies on small selective samples or samples based on cross-sectional survey data. This has led to a lack of statistical power and the inability to distinguish children born to same-sex parents from children of separated parents. We address these issues by using unique administrative longitudinal data from the Netherlands, which was the first country to legalize same-sex marriage. These data include 2,971 children with same-sex parents (2,786 lesbian couples and 185 gay male couples) and over a million children with different-sex parents followed from birth. The results indicate that children raised by same-sex parents from birth perform better than children raised by different-sex parents in both primary and secondary education. Our findings are robust to use of cousin fixed effects and coarsened exact matching to improve covariate balance and to reduce model dependence. Further analyses using a novel bounding estimator suggest the selection on unobserved characteristics would have to be more than three times higher than the selection on observed characteristics to reduce the positive estimates to zero.

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