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Larraín, Juan, and Reinaldo Vargas. "Chile Earthquake." Evansia 27, no. 3 (December 2010): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0747-9859-27.3.115b.
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Thierer, Peter O., Ernst R. Flueh, Heidrun Kopp, Comte Tilmann, and Sergio Contreras. "Local earthquake monitoring offshore Valparaiso, Chile." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 236, no. 1-2 (May 11, 2005): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/236/2005/173.
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Cahyadi, Mokhamad Nur, Ririn Wuri Rahayu, and Buldan Muslim. "Earthquake Monitoring Using Variometric GPS Data Processing." E3S Web of Conferences 94 (2019): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199404007.
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Variometric Approach for Standalone Engine Displacement Analysis (VADASE) is a technique used in seismology purposes using GPS measurements. VADASE is used to determine the small displacement from the earthquake. The VADASE L1 solution is using the klobuchar ionospheric model. In this study VADASE was used in earthquakes with magnitudes> 7 to> 9 righter scales. In the scale of the earthquake category> 9 used Indian Ocean earthquake of December 26, 2016 with the strength of 9.1 SR by using the closest SAMP station and the Japanese Tohoku earthquake of March 11, 2011 with a power of 9.1 SR using 4 different stations namely MIZU, KMSV, TSK2 and Knii . The earthquake category with a scale of> 8 SR is the offshore earthquake Bio Bio, Chile on February 27, 2010 with a power of 8.8 SR using 2 stations namely ANTC and SANT, the Bengkulu Indonesia earthquake on 12 September 2007 with a power of 8.4 SR using the SAMP station, an illaper earthquake, chile September 16 2015 with 8.3 SR using SANT station, and Tres Piscos earthquake Mexico on September 8, 2017 with a power of 8.2 SR using IENG station. Earthquake with a strength of> 7 SR, namely the amberlay-New Zealand earthquake on November 13, 2016 with a strength of 7.8 SR using MRLL and WGTN stations, Puerto quello-chile earthquake on December 25, 2016 with a strength of 7.6 SR using COYQ station, Java sea earthquake -Indonesia on 8 August 2007 with 7.5 SR power using BAKO station and ayula mexico earthquake on 19 september 2017 with 7.1 SR power using INEG station. From the results of VADASE, the farthest distance from the epicenter to the observation station is 1100 km (INEG station) and the closest distance is 95 km (BAKO station). The highest speed is 0.12 m / s after 5 minutes from the earthquake in the earthquake Offshore Bio Bio-Chile 2010 uses the SANT station and the lowest speed is 0.006 m / s after 10 minutes from the earthquake in the 2007 Bengkulu earthquake using the SAMP station. Whereas in the other earthquakes was the 2011 Tohoku earthquake with a speed of 0.06 m / s after 1 minute using MIZU station, the amberley-New Zealand earthquake 2016 with a speed of 0.015 m / s after 1 minute using the MRLI satellite, Puerto quelloearthquake Chile 2016 with a speed of 0.025 m / s after 40 minutes using the COYQ satellite.
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Posadas, Antonio, Denisse Pasten, Eugenio E. Vogel, and Gonzalo Saravia. "Earthquake hazard characterization by using entropy: application to northern Chilean earthquakes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 5 (May 25, 2023): 1911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1911-2023.
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Abstract. The mechanical description of the seismic cycle has an energetic analogy in terms of statistical physics and the second law of thermodynamics. In this context, an earthquake can be considered a phase transition, where continuous reorganization of stresses and forces reflects an evolution from equilibrium to non-equilibrium states, and we can use this analogy to characterize the earthquake hazard of a region. In this study, we used 8 years (2007–2014) of high-quality Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile (IPOC) seismic data for > 100 000 earthquakes in northern Chile to test the theory that Shannon entropy, H, is an indicator of the equilibrium state of a seismically active region. We confirmed increasing H reflects the irreversible transition of a system and is linked to the occurrence of large earthquakes. Using variation in H, we could detect major earthquakes and their foreshocks and aftershocks, including the 2007 Mw 7.8 Tocopilla earthquake, the 2014 Mw 8.1 Iquique earthquake, and the 2010 and 2011 Calama earthquakes (Mw 6.6 and 6.8, respectively). Moreover, we identified possible periodic seismic behaviour between 80 and 160 km depth.
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Kanamori, Hiroo, Luis Rivera, Lingling Ye, Thorne Lay, Satoko Murotani, and Kenshiro Tsumura. "New constraints on the 1922 Atacama, Chile, earthquake from Historical seismograms." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz302.
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SUMMARY We recently found the original Omori seismograms recorded at Hongo, Tokyo, of the 1922 Atacama, Chile, earthquake (MS = 8.3) in the historical seismogram archive of the Earthquake Research Institute (ERI) of the University of Tokyo. These recordings enable a quantitative investigation of long-period seismic radiation from the 1922 earthquake. We document and provide interpretation of these seismograms together with a few other seismograms from Mizusawa, Japan, Uppsala, Sweden, Strasbourg, France, Zi-ka-wei, China and De Bilt, Netherlands. The 1922 event is of significant historical interest concerning the cause of tsunami, discovery of G wave, and study of various seismic phase and first-motion data. Also, because of its spatial proximity to the 1943, 1995 and 2015 great earthquakes in Chile, the 1922 event provides useful information on similarity and variability of great earthquakes on a subduction-zone boundary. The 1922 source region, having previously ruptured in 1796 and 1819, is considered to have significant seismic hazard. The focus of this paper is to document the 1922 seismograms so that they can be used for further seismological studies on global subduction zones. Since the instrument constants of the Omori seismographs were only incompletely documented, we estimate them using the waveforms of the observed records, a calibration pulse recorded on the seismogram and the waveforms of better calibrated Uppsala Wiechert seismograms. Comparison of the Hongo Omori seismograms with those of the 1995 Antofagasta, Chile, earthquake (Mw = 8.0) and the 2015 Illapel, Chile, earthquake (Mw = 8.3) suggests that the 1922 event is similar to the 1995 and 2015 events in mechanism (i.e. on the plate boundary megathrust) and rupture characteristics (i.e. not a tsunami earthquake) with Mw = 8.6 ± 0.25. However, the initial fine scale rupture process varies significantly from event to event. The G1 and G2, and R1 and R2 of the 1922 event are comparable in amplitude, suggesting a bilateral rupture, which is uncommon for large megathrust earthquakes.
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Astiz, Luciana, and Hiroo Kanamori. "Interplate coupling and temporal variation of mechanisms of intermediate-depth earthquakes in Chile." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 76, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 1614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0760061614.
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Abstract We investigated the temporal variation of the mechanism of large intraplate earthquakes at intermediate depths in relation to the occurrence of large under-thrusting earthquakes in Chile. Focal mechanisms were determined for three large events (1 March 1934: M = 7.1, d = 120 km; 20 April 1949: M = 7.3, d = 70 km; and 8 May 1971: MW = 7.2, d = 150 km) which occurred down-dip of the great 1960 Chilean earthquake (MW = 9.5) rupture zone. The 1971 event is down-dip compressional: θ (strike) = 12°, δ (dip) = 80°, and λ (rake) = 100°. The 1949 earthquake focal mechanisms is θ = 350°, δ = 70°, and λ = −130°. The data available for the 1934 event are consistent with a down-dip tensional mechanism. Thus, the two events which occurred prior to the great 1960 Chilean earthquake are down-dip tensional. Published fault plane solutions of large intermediate-depth earthquakes (28 March 1965 and 7 November 1981) which occurred down-dip of the Valparaiso earthquakes of 1971 (MW = 7.8) and 1985 (MW = 8.0) are also down-dip tensional. These results suggest that before a major thrust earthquake, the interplate boundary is strongly coupled, and the subducted slab is under tension at intermediate depths; after the occurrence of an interplate thrust event, the displacement on the thrust boundary induces transient compressional stress at intermediate depth in the down-going slab. This interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that temporal variations of focal mechanisms of outer-rise events are due to changes of interplate coupling.
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An, Hong Chang. "Outcome-Based Earthquake early Warning." Advanced Materials Research 461 (February 2012): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.461.302.
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Earthquake early warning (EEW) has been popular since 2007, but Wenchuan Earthquake occurred in China in 2008, Haiti Earthquake, Chile Earthquake and Yushu Earthquake occurred respectively in Haiti, Chile and China in 2010, and East Japan Earthquake occurred in Japan in 2011. This paper first illustrates Wenchuan Earthquake, and then introduces successful EEW cases such as Chile Earthquake and East Japan Earthquake and other unsuccessful EEW cases such as Haiti Earthquake and Yushu Earthquake. Furthermore, on the basis of principles of EEW, both outcome-based EEW and comprehensive outcome-based EEW are put forward and some EEW suggestions are given to China according to earthquake and its management in China.
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Hussain, Ekbal, John R. Elliott, Vitor Silva, Mabé Vilar-Vega, and Deborah Kane. "Contrasting seismic risk for Santiago, Chile, from near-field and distant earthquake sources." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 5 (May 29, 2020): 1533–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1533-2020.
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Abstract. More than half of all the people in the world now live in dense urban centres. The rapid expansion of cities, particularly in low-income nations, has enabled the economic and social development of millions of people. However, many of these cities are located near active tectonic faults that have not produced an earthquake in recent memory, raising the risk of losing hard-earned progress through a devastating earthquake. In this paper we explore the possible impact that earthquakes can have on the city of Santiago in Chile from various potential near-field and distant earthquake sources. We use high-resolution stereo satellite imagery and imagery-derived digital elevation models to accurately map the trace of the San Ramón Fault, a recently recognised active fault located along the eastern margins of the city. We use scenario-based seismic-risk analysis to compare and contrast the estimated damage and losses to the city from several potential earthquake sources and one past event, comprising (i) rupture of the San Ramón Fault, (ii) a hypothesised buried shallow fault beneath the centre of the city, (iii) a deep intra-slab fault, and (iv) the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake. We find that there is a strong magnitude–distance trade-off in terms of damage and losses to the city, with smaller magnitude earthquakes in the magnitude range of 6–7.5 on more local faults producing 9 to 17 times more damage to the city and estimated fatalities compared to the great magnitude 8+ earthquakes located offshore in the subduction zone. Our calculations for this part of Chile show that unreinforced-masonry structures are the most vulnerable to these types of earthquake shaking. We identify particularly vulnerable districts, such as Ñuñoa, Santiago, and Providencia, where targeted retrofitting campaigns would be most effective at reducing potential economic and human losses. Due to the potency of near-field earthquake sources demonstrated here, our work highlights the importance of also identifying and considering proximal minor active faults for cities in seismic zones globally in addition to the more major and distant large fault zones that are typically focussed on in the assessment of hazard.
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Emanuel Korstanje, Maximiliano. "Chile helps Chile: exploring the effects of earthquake Chile 2010." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 5, no. 4 (November 4, 2014): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-01-2012-0002.
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Purpose – The purpose of the present paper is to explore the political discourse present in the show Chile Ayuda a Chile [Chile helps Chile] to support the survivors and victims of the last earthquake hit Chile in 2010. Based on the belief that nationalism plays a vital role in cementing the process of recovery by making survivors believe that they, after all, have a new opportunity to be on feet again. Design/methodology/approach – The visual methodology (enrooted in the analysis of content) is the chosen technique to develop five indicators which replicates the nationalist sentiment of Chileans post-disaster context. The archetype of nationalism is activated whenever the community is in danger. Findings – As Baudrillard put it, the post-modernity is witness of a much wider nation-state’s declination. Nonetheless, current information presented in this report very well contrasts a thesis of this caliber. Far-away of being experiencing a decrease of Nationalism, we argue that in contexts of emergency and chaos, nationality plays an important role to maintain a firm bondage and prevent social fragmentation. Five indicators are found in the discourse of Chile helps Chile, beautiness, sport, coercion, stratification and materiality. Research limitations/implications – The outcome of this research, because of its qualitative nature, does not allows statistical or broader inferences. For this, further investigation is needed. Originality/value – Much of disaster-related texts have been influenced by Jean Baudrillard and his thesis of nation state decline. The originality of this research shows the opposite. As a process of resiliency, the national being still plays a crucial role in revitalizing the social tenets of community in context of uncertainness.
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Takada, Youichiro, and Yo Fukushima. "Volcanic Subsidence Triggered by Megathrust Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0373.
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Studies using spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis showed that two megathrust earthquakes – the 2011Mw9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake in Japan and the 2010Mw8.8Maule earthquake in Chile – triggered unprecedented subsidence in multiple volcanoes. There are strong similarities in the characteristics of the surface deformation in Japan and Chile: (1) Maximum subsidence is about 15 cm. (2) Areas of subsidence are elliptically elongated in a north-south direction perpendicular to the principal axis of the extensional stress change. (3) Most of this subsidence is coseismic. These similarities imply that volcanic subsidence triggered by the megathrust earthquakes is a ubiquitous phenomenon. Nonetheless, the mechanism of subsidence is yet to be investigated. Two main hypotheses have been proposed thus far: 1) The localized deformation of hot and weak plutonic bodies. 2) Water release from large hydrothermal reservoirs beneath the volcanoes.
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Kitzberger, Thomas, Thomas T. Veblen, and Ricardo Villalba. "Tectonic influences on tree growth in northern Patagonia, Argentina: the roles of substrate stability and climatic variation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1684–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-182.
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In northern Patagonia, Argentina, we examined the influences of climatic variation and inter-site variation in substrate stability on the dendroecological effects of earthquakes. In association with the great earthquake in 1960 centered off the coast of nearby Valdivia, Chile, extensive tree mortality occurred in northern Patagonia in Nothofagusdombeyi–Austrocedruschilensis stands on unstable debris fans. To examine the effects of the 1960 and earlier earthquakes on tree growth, we developed tree-ring chronologies from samples of the surviving A. chilensis on unstable debris fan sites and at adjacent nonfan sites of more stable substrates. For controlling the effects of regional climatic variation, we also produced a tree-ring chronology from this species in a more distant and undisturbed stand. Strong variations in tree-growth patterns on fan sites were associated with the historically documented major seismic events of south central Chile that occurred in 1737, 1751, 1837, and 1960. Tree-ring chronologies from nonfan sites (i.e., sites of greater substrate stability) showed much less response to these earthquakes. On the fan sites, strong growth suppressions were associated with the former three earthquakes, whereas strong releases followed the 1960 earthquake. The difference in response is explained by the occurrence of the 1960 earthquake during a period of drought, which in combination with the violent shaking of the ground, resulted in extensive tree mortality followed by growth releases of the survivors. However, severe droughts in the absence of earthquakes also can produce tree mortality and subsequent release of the survivors. Consequently, the synergistic effects of climatic variation and earthquake events must be carefully considered in developing records of both climatic variation and earthquakes.
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Lavados, P. M. "Chile: strokes and the earthquake." Practical Neurology 11, no. 2 (March 8, 2011): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2011.241588.
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D'Ayala, Dina, and Gianmario Benzoni. "Historic and Traditional Structures during the 2010 Chile Earthquake: Observations, Codes, and Conservation Strategies." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 425–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000030.
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The Maule, Chile, earthquake of February 2010 affected the Central Valley stretching from north of Santiago to the Rio Bío-Bío in the south. The architectural heritage suffered considerable losses, with some buildings seriously damaged or partially collapsed even in Santiago and Valparaíso, areas less affected by the earthquake. Exposing the vulnerability of Chilean architectural heritage, this event has renewed the debate about the national attitude towards architectural preservation and conservation engineering. From the survey conducted by the authors, it emerged that many retrofit and repair techniques implemented following prior earthquakes in Chile resulted in ineffective performance in the February 2010 earthquake. Safety and preservation requirements that are regulated in countries with similar historic heritage are presented as viable alternatives to past approaches and are compared with the Chilean pre-code for earthen buildings, currently under development, which appears to embrace modern preservation philosophies. Suitable remedial strategies conclude the paper.
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McBrearty, Ian W., Joan Gomberg, Andrew A. Delorey, and Paul A. Johnson. "Earthquake Arrival Association with Backprojection and Graph Theory." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 6 (October 8, 2019): 2510–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190081.
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Abstract The association of seismic‐wave arrivals with causative earthquakes becomes progressively more challenging as arrival detection methods become more sensitive, and particularly when earthquake rates are high. For instance, seismic waves arriving across a monitoring network from several sources may overlap in time, false arrivals may be detected, and some arrivals may be of unknown phase (e.g., P or S waves). We propose an automated method to associate arrivals with earthquake sources and obtain source locations applicable to such situations. To do so, we use a pattern detection metric based on the principle of backprojection to reveal candidate sources followed by graph‐theory‐based clustering and an integer linear optimization routine to associate arrivals with the minimum number of sources necessary to explain the data. This method solves for all sources and phase assignments simultaneously, rather than in a sequential greedy procedure as is common in other association routines. We demonstrate our method on both synthetic and real data from the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile seismic network of northern Chile. For the synthetic tests, we report results for cases with varying complexity, including rates of 500 earthquakes/day and 500 false arrivals/station/day, for which we measure true positive detection accuracy of >95%. For the real data, we develop a new catalog between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2017 containing 817,548 earthquakes, with detection rates on average 279 earthquakes/day and a magnitude‐of‐completion of M∼1.8. A subset of detections are identified as sources related to quarry and industrial site activity, and we also detect thousands of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 1 April 2014 Mw 8.2 Iquique earthquake. During the highest rate of aftershock activity, >600 earthquakes/day are detected in the vicinity of the Iquique earthquake rupture zone.
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Kiser, Eric, and Haiyang Kehoe. "The hazard of coseismic gaps: the 2021 Fukushima earthquake." Geophysical Journal International 227, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab208.
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SUMMARY Subduction zones are associated with significant seismic hazards around the world and determining the future locations of large earthquakes within these systems is a perpetual challenge of the Earth sciences. This study presents back-projection results from the 2021 Mw 7.1 Fukushima earthquake which show that the rupture area of this event filled a previously identified coseismic gap within the rupture area of the 2011 Mw 9.1 Tohoku-oki earthquake. These results, combined with observations of a similar coseismic gap from the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake that was subsequently filled by a Mw 7.1 aftershock, demonstrate that future assessments of seismic hazards following giant earthquakes should include the identification of coseismic gaps left within main shock rupture areas.
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Rahman, Zahid Ur. "Possible Seismo Ionospheric Anomalies before the 2016 Mw 7.6 Chile Earthquake from GPS TEC, GIM TEC and Swarm Satellites." Natural and Applied Sciences International Journal (NASIJ) 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.nasij/1.1.2.
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The recent advances in space based ionospheric measurements can help to investigate seismic precursors before earthquake with multi-parameter observations and more dedicated instrumentations. In this paper, seismo ionospheric anomalies before the December 25, 2016, Mw 7.6, Chile earthquake are investigated in Total Electron Content (TEC) and Global Ionosphere Map (GIM). The temporal TEC from GPS stations and GIM show enhancement during 5- 10 days (local daytime) before main shock. Similarly, spatial TEC confirms abnormal dense cloud at LT=12h-14h on December 21, 2016, that lingers over the epicenter of Chile earthquake. On the other hand, the geomagnetic indices show Dst < -50nT of low intensity variation. Similarly, Kp > 3 on December 21, 2016 within 5-10 days before the Mw 7.6. This study emphasizes that the ionosphere anomalies may not be the possible association of earthquakes induced variation but it is due to the active storm conditions (Kp>3).
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Brunet, Santiago, Juan Carlos de la Llera, Andrés Jacobsen, Eduardo Miranda, and Cristián Meza. "Performance of Port Facilities in Southern Chile during the 27 February 2010 Maule Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 553–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000022.
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This article describes the seismic performance of a group of ports in southern Chile during the 27 February 2010 Maule, Chile, earthquake. Direct costs in damage for these ports have been estimated in slightly less than US$300 million. Similarly to the performance of other ports in previous earthquakes, the most common failures observed were soil related, and include soil liquefaction, lateral spreading, and pile failures. Structural failures were mostly due to short pile effects and natural torsion. This situation is contrasted herein with the performance of the South Coronel Pier, which was seismically isolated in 2007. The isolated portion of this port remained operational after the earthquake, which was the main design goal. Post-earthquake preliminary analyses indicate that the structure was subjected to deformations and forces of approximately 60% to 70% of their design values, respectively. Piles and superstructure remained within elastic range, while the isolators experienced important nonlinear deformations.
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Suquillo, Betzabeth, Fabián Rojas, and Leonardo M. Massone. "Seismic Performance Evaluation of a Chilean RC Building Damaged during the Mw8.8 Chile Earthquake." Buildings 14, no. 4 (April 7, 2024): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041028.
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Chile, recognized as one of the world’s most earthquake-prone nations, has gained valuable insights from significant earthquakes, such as those in 1985 and 2010, which have influenced updates to the nation’s design codes. Although Chile’s seismic design approach has been largely effective in recent earthquakes and demonstrated an “operational” performance level in most structures, performance-based design (PBD) methods have not yet been officially incorporated as valid approaches in the Chilean seismic design codes for buildings. However, in 2017, the Chilean Association on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (ACHISINA) introduced a PBD approach, primarily for verification purposes, based on the Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council (LATBSDC) framework. In this work, firstly, we provide an overview of Chile’s PBD methodology, focusing on the thresholds for various performance levels. These levels are established through experimental and numerical analysis, correlating performance with permissible damage levels. The second part of the paper examines the seismic performance of a residential building, designed before the 2010 Maule earthquake and subsequently damaged, using Chile’s PBD guidelines. This case study highlights the implementation and effectiveness of PBD for assessing seismic resilience in Chilean structures.
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Kanamori, Hiroo. "Seismological Aspects of the December 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2201969.
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The 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake had an average source duration of about 500 sec. and a rupture length of 1,200–1,300 km. The seismic moment, M0, determined with a finite source model, was 6.5×1022 N- m, which corresponds to Mw=9.18. Allowing for the uncertainties in the current M0 determinations, Mw is in the range of 9.1 to 9.3. The tsunami magnitude Mt is 9.1, suggesting that the overall size of the tsunami is consistent with what is expected of an earthquake with Mw=9.1 to 9.3. The short-period body-wave magnitude m^ b is 7.25, which is considerably smaller than that of large earthquakes with a comparable Mw. The m^ b versus Mw relationship indicates that, overall, the Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake is not a tsunami earthquake. The tectonic environment of the rupture zone of the Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake is very different from that of other great earthquakes, such as the 1960 Chile and the 1964 Alaska earthquakes. This difference may be responsible for the unique source characteristics of this earthquake. The extremely large size of the Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake is reflected in the large amplitude of the long-period phase, the W phase, even in the early part of the seismograms before the arrival of the S wave. This information could be used for various early warning purposes.
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Wilches, José, Hernán Santa Maria, Roberto Leon, Rafael Riddell, Matías Hube, and Carlos Arrate. "Evolution of seismic design codes of highway bridges in Chile." Earthquake Spectra 37, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 2174–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293020988011.
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Chile, as a country with a long history of strong seismicity, has a record of both a constant upgrading of its seismic design codes and structural systems, particularly for bridges, as a result of major earthquakes. Recent earthquakes in Chile have produced extensive damage to highway bridges, such as deck collapses, large transverse residual displacements, yielding and failure of shear keys, and unseating of the main girders, demonstrating that bridges are highly vulnerable structures. Much of this damage can be attributed to construction problems and poor detailing guidelines in design codes. After the 2010 Maule earthquake, new structural design criteria were incorporated for the seismic design of bridges in Chile. The most significant change was that a site coefficient was included for the estimation of the seismic design forces in the shear keys, seismic bars, and diaphragms. This article first traces the historical development of earthquakes and construction systems in Chile to provide a context for the evolution of Chilean seismic codes. It then describes the seismic performance of highway bridges during the 2010 Maule earthquake, including the description of the main failure modes observed in bridges. Finally, this article provides a comparison of the Chilean bridge seismic code against the Japanese and United States codes, considering that these codes have a great influence on the seismic codes for Chilean bridges. The article demonstrates that bridge design and construction practices in Chile have evolved substantially in their requirements for the analysis and design of structural elements, such as in the definition of the seismic hazard to be considered, tending toward more conservative approaches in an effort to improve structural performance and reliability for Chilean bridges.
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Wick, E., V. Baumann, and M. Jaboyedoff. "Brief communication "Report on the impact of the 27 February 2010 earthquake (Chile, <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 8.8) on rockfalls in the Las Cuevas valley, Argentina"." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 27, 2010): 1989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1989-2010.
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Abstract. Numerous rockfalls were detected in the Las Cuevas valley, Argentina, after the 27 February 2010 earthquake in Chile. Live rockfalls were observed during aftershocks of 11 March 2010. Many rockfall source areas coincide with known thrust fault and some areas presented a rockfall activity even after the tremors. Some rockfalls crossed the National Road 7 but no damages to houses or vehicles were reported. This study illustrates how the 27 February 2010 earthquake impacted on unstable slopes in a valley far from the earthquakes epicentre. It is an interesting addition to previous studies on landslides caused by earthquakes because of the high magnitude of the event and of its aftershocks.
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Herrera, Carlos, John F. Cassidy, Stan E. Dosso, Nicolás Bastías, and Tuna Onur. "Ground-Motion Evaluation of Moderate and Large Interface Earthquakes along the Chilean Subduction Zone." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 6 (September 1, 2020): 2693–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190265.
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ABSTRACT Strong-motion observations of recent interface earthquakes along the Chilean subduction zone are evaluated with two ground-motion models (GMM). One GMM was developed with Chilean data and the other with global data. The GMM developed with local Chilean data is found to have an overall better prediction performance than the GMM developed using a global data set. Using residual analysis with the Chilean GMM as reference model due to its better performance, clear indications of an increase of short-period radiation for deeper earthquakes in north and central Chile were found, which may be related to frictional features on the interface such as interseismic coupling, as found previously for other regions, such as Japan. Also, the Iquique earthquake, which featured a clear precursory slow-slip event, exhibits mostly negative between-event residuals at short periods for earthquakes before and after the mainshock, indicating predominantly weaker short-period radiation. However, this trend is not observed in the aftershock sequence of the Illapel earthquake, which did not feature a significant slow-slip event nor precursory seismicity in its rupture area. Finally, a poor predictive performance was found for the Chilean GMM in southern Chile, overpredicting most of the observations. Based on these results, it is proposed that future local GMMs should include corrections for depth, regional effects and include earthquakes from southern Chile, as new data are becoming available in this region.
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Hart, MD, Alexander, Álvaro Mardones Rodríguez, MD, José Retamal Carvajal, MD, and Gregory R. Ciottone, MD. "Earthquake response in Chile: A case study in health emergency and disaster risk management." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2021.0413.
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Chile is one of the most seismically active nations in the world. Due to the frequency of earthquakes, the Chilean government has invested heavily in several earthquake mitigation strategies and is able to boast impressively low numbers of deaths after relatively strong earthquakes. These include earthquake-centered building codes, which help prevent collapses, early detection technologies, early warning systems, public awareness campaigns, and unified command of responding agencies. Disaster risk management is a field in need of more evidence-based recommendations, and taking cues from successful programs such as these is vital to decrease global deaths. There is still room for improvement. Individual frontline responders have sought out further training specific to earthquakes, and the frequency of earthquakes in the country has led to impressive institutional knowledge. However, there needs to be more universal, standardized response training. Additionally, although all responders are brought under one umbrella during a disaster, there is a lack of coordinated training, with most responder training occurring in silos. Further investment in preparedness, and a strong focus on mitigation and prevention of disasters is vital across a number of disasters. Fast onset disasters like earthquakes are especially amenable to mitigation strategies such as those in place in Chile.
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Crowell, Brendan W., David A. Schmidt, Paul Bodin, John E. Vidale, Ben Baker, Sergio Barrientos, and Jianghui Geng. "G‐FAST Earthquake Early Warning Potential for Great Earthquakes in Chile." Seismological Research Letters 89, no. 2A (February 7, 2018): 542–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220170180.
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Lupi, M., and S. A. Miller. "Short-lived tectonic switch mechanism for long-term pulses of volcanic activity after mega-thrust earthquakes." Solid Earth Discussions 5, no. 1 (June 27, 2013): 811–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-5-811-2013.
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Abstract. Eruptive rates in volcanic arcs increase significantly after mega-thrust earthquakes in subduction zones. Over short to intermediate time periods the link between mega-thrust earthquakes and arc response can be attributed to dynamic triggering processes or static stress changes, but a fundamental mechanism that controls long-term pulses of volcanic activity after mega-thrust earthquakes has not been proposed yet. Using geomechanical, geological, and geophysical arguments, we propose that increased eruption rates over longer timescales are due to the relaxation of the compressional regime that accompanies mega-thrust subduction zone earthquakes. More specifically, the reduction of the horizontal stress σh promotes the occurrence of short-lived strike-slip kinematics rather than reverse faulting in the volcanic arc. The relaxation of the pre-earthquake compressional regime facilitates magma mobilization by providing a short-circuit pathway to shallow depths by significantly increasing the hydraulic properties of the system. The timescale for the onset of strike-slip faulting depends on the degree of shear stress accumulated in the arc during inter-seismic periods, which in turn is connected to the degree of strain-partitioning at convergent margins. We performed Coulomb stress transfer analysis to determine the order of magnitude of the stress perturbations in present-day volcanic arcs in response to five actual mega-thrust earthquakes; the 2005 M8.6, 2007 M8.5, and 2007 M7.9 Sumatra earthquakes; the 2010 M8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake; and the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku, Japan earthquake. We find that all, but one, the shallow earthquakes that occurred in the arcs of Sumatra, Chile and Japan show a marked lateral component. Our hypothesis suggests that the long-term response of volcanic arcs to subduction zone mega-thrust earthquakes will be manifested as predominantly strike-slip seismic events, and that these future earthquakes will be followed closely by seismic swarms, inflation, and other indications of a rising magma source.
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Lupi, M., and S. A. Miller. "Short-lived tectonic switch mechanism for long-term pulses of volcanic activity after mega-thrust earthquakes." Solid Earth 5, no. 1 (January 6, 2014): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-5-13-2014.
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Abstract. Eruptive rates in volcanic arcs increase significantly after subduction mega-thrust earthquakes. Over short to intermediate time periods the link between mega-thrust earthquakes and arc response can be attributed to dynamic triggering processes or static stress changes, but a fundamental mechanism that controls long-term pulses of volcanic activity after mega-thrust earthquakes has not been proposed yet. Using geomechanical, geological, and geophysical arguments, we propose that increased eruption rates over longer timescales are due to the relaxation of the compressional regime that accompanies mega-thrust subduction zone earthquakes. More specifically, the reduction of the horizontal stress σh promotes the occurrence of short-lived strike-slip kinematics rather than reverse faulting in the volcanic arc. The relaxation of the pre-earthquake compressional regime facilitates magma mobilisation by providing a short-circuit pathway to shallow depths by significantly increasing the hydraulic properties of the system. The timescale for the onset of strike-slip faulting depends on the degree of shear stress accumulated in the arc during inter-seismic periods, which in turn is connected to the degree of strain-partitioning at convergent margins. We performed Coulomb stress transfer analysis to determine the order of magnitude of the stress perturbations in present-day volcanic arcs in response to five recent mega-thrust earthquakes; the 2005 M8.6, 2007 M8.5, and 2007 M7.9 Sumatra earthquakes; the 2010 M8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake; and the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku, Japan earthquake. We find that all but one the shallow earthquakes that occurred in the arcs of Sumatra, Chile and Japan show a marked lateral component. We suggests that the long-term response of volcanic arcs to subduction zone mega-thrust earthquakes will be manifested as predominantly strike-slip seismic events, and that these future earthquakes may be followed closely by indications of rising magma to shallower depths, e.g. surface inflation and seismic swarms.
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Kaneda, Yoshiyuki. "Resilience Science for a Resilience Society in Seismogenic and Tsunamigenic Countries." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 4 (July 28, 2017): 712–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0712.
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The world falls victim to many natural disasters, including disasters from tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornados, hurricanes, floods, landslides, and droughts.Above all, attention has been drawn to destructive tsunamis and earthquakes, such as the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami, the 2010 Chile earthquake, and the 2011 East Japan earthquake and tsunami.My personal experience with disasters, tsunamis, and earthquakes has taught me that they can cause severe damage to buildings, the environment, and people in societies in coastal areas (Fig. 1).Since the East Japan earthquake and tsunami in 2011, restoration and revival from the extensive damage caused by the natural disasters has not progressed rapidly in the coastal areas of East Japan.There are many reasons for this, such as the lead times for restoration and recovery, reconstruction budgets, and the time spent generating consensus among the national government, local governments, and people living in the coastal areas on the restoration plans.Furthermore, mental and economic restoration for each individual affected by the disaster in coastal areas and others is very far from returning to the normal state – the one before the disaster.Therefore, advanced measures for disaster mitigation, restoration, and revival in coastal areas are indispensable in advance of the next destructive earthquake and tsunami.In this paper, I will first present examples of tsunami and earthquake damage in Japan and the rest of the world, and countermeasures, resilience science, and resilience society.
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Qu, Wei, Yaxi Han, Zhong Lu, Dongdong An, Qin Zhang, and Yuan Gao. "Co-Seismic and Post-Seismic Temporal and Spatial Gravity Changes of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Chile Earthquake Observed by GRACE and GRACE Follow-on." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 2768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172768.
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The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-on (GRACE-FO) satellites are important for studying regional gravitational field changes caused by strong earthquakes. In this study, we chose Chile, one of Earth’s most active seismic zones to explore the co-seismic and post-seismic gravitational field changes of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake based on longer-term GRACE and the newest GRACE-FO data. We calculated the first-order co-seismic gravity gradient changes (GGCs) and probed the geodynamic characteristics of the earthquake. The earthquake caused significant positive gravity change on the footwall and negative gravity changes on the hanging wall of the seismogenic fault. The time series of gravity changes at typical points all clearly revealed an abrupt change caused by the earthquake. The first-order northern co-seismic GGCs had a strong suppressive effect on the north-south strip error. GRACE-FO results showed that the latest post-seismic gravity changes had obvious inherited development characteristics, and that the west coast of Chile maybe still affected by the post-seismic effect. The cumulative gravity changes simulated based on viscoelastic dislocation model is approximately consistent with the longer-term GRACE and the newest GRACE-FO observations. Our results provide important reference for understanding temporal and spatial gravity variations associated with the co-seismic and post-seismic processes of the 2010 Maule earthquake.
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Simonov, K. V., V. B. Kashkin, T. V. Rubleva, A. N. Matsulev, A. A. Kabanov, A. V. Malkanova, and R. V. Odintsov. "Methods for interpreting grace system data for solving geodynamic monitoring problems." Informatization and communication, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34219/2078-8320-2021-12-2-69-75.
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The study is devoted to a detailed analysis of observational data from the GRACE space system to clarify the parameters of a catastrophic earthquake with a magnitude of MW = 8.8, which occurred in the subduction zone near the coast of Chile. Digital maps of changes in the EWH parameter over the geoid contour in the investigated seismically active region of the Chilean earthquakes of 2014 and 2015 were constructed. It is shown that there is a negative correlation between the value of the geodynamic parameter H for a strong earthquake with M W = 8.8 (distance from the hypocenter to the position of the Earth-Moon barycenter) and the equivalent water height above the geoid EWH. The highest correlation coefficient between the parameters H and EWH equal to R = -0.61 was noted during the period of registration of the number of postseismic events in the region of Central Chile. In the course of further research study the representative class of earthquakes for a detailed analysis of the variability of the EWH parameter and its relationship with geodynamic processes.
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Wigginton, N. S. "The earthquake that rocked northern Chile." Science 345, no. 6201 (September 4, 2014): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.345.6201.1131-k.
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Booth, Edmund. "The Chile earthquake of March 1985." Disasters 9, no. 3 (September 1985): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00939.x.
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Kaneda, Yoshiyuki, and Shuichi Kodaira. "Structural Research on the Nankai Trough Using Reflections and Refractions." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0067.
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To understand the megathrusut earthquake recurrence system around the Nankai trough southwestern Japan, the structural researches by seismic survey and observations will provide the significant information of megathrust earthquakes seimogenic zone. As previous structural researches, the subducting seamount in the Nankai earthquake seismogenic zone off Shikoku Island, the ridge subducting system in the Tokai earthquake seismogenic zone, splay faults in the Tonankai earthquake seismogenic zone and irregular structure in the boundary between the Tonankai and Nankai seismogenic zone off Kii peninsula.These structures and models are very important, significant and basical information to understand the recurrence system of megathrust earthquakes and rupture propagations.In this project, we will carry out seismic survey and tomography with dense arrays around the Nankai trough extending to off Hyuga sesimogenic zone. By 2004 Sumatra megathrust earthquake, we recognized such the large scale seismic linkage as 1960 Chile megathrust earthquake.Therefore, we will image large detailed large scale structures to understand structural components around the Nankai trough with off Hyuga area. Finally, we will construct the advanced structure model and develop the crustal medium model in close cooperation with other structural researches in this project. Based on these models, simulation and disaster mitigation researches will progress conspicuously.
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Miranda, Eduardo, Gilberto Mosqueda, Rodrigo Retamales, and Gokhan Pekcan. "Performance of Nonstructural Components during the 27 February 2010 Chile Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000032.
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The 27 February 2010 Chile earthquake caused widespread nonstructural damage in practically all types of buildings. While few commercial, residential, office, and industrial buildings suffered structural damage, the functionality of many more facilities was disrupted, and significant economic losses were reported due mainly to nonstructural damage. Design requirements for nonstructural components in Chilean design codes are rarely enforced, unless explicitly requested by owners. In addition, construction predating modern codes has not been upgraded to current standards, even for such critical facilities as hospitals. This earthquake highlights that more attention should be devoted to enforcing regulations and improving the seismic performance of nonstructural components whose failure can lead to injuries, substantial economic losses, and partial or total loss of functionality. This is especially important for facilities critical to the response and recovery, such as hospitals and airports that should remain operational even after strong earthquakes.
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Quezada, Jorge, Edilia Jaque, Nicole Catalán, Arturo Belmonte, Alfonso Fernández, and Federico Isla. "Unexpected coseismic surface uplift at Tirúa-Mocha Island area of south Chile before and during the Mw 8.8 Maule 2010 earthquake: a possible upper plate splay fault." Andean Geology 47, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov47n2-3057.
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The Tirúa-Mocha Island area (38.2°-38.4° S) in southern Chile has been affected by two megaearthquakes in only 50 years: the 1960 Mw=9.5 Valdivia earthquake and 2010 Mw=8.8 Maule earthquake. We studied in the field the vertical ground movements occurred during the interseismic period between both earthquakes and the coseismic period of 2010 Maule earthquake and 2011 Mw=7.1 Araucanía earthquake. During the 1960 earthquake, vertical coseismic ground movements are typical of subduction related earthquakes with Mocha Island, located close to the trench, experienced bigger ground uplift (150 cm) than that occurred in Tirúa (-20 cm), place located in the continental margin at the latitude of Mocha Island. Then during the 1960-2010 interseismic period, the 1960 coseismic uplift remained at Mocha Island unlike the normal interseismic subsidence that occurred northward at Arauco Peninsula and Santa María Island. Also Tirúa experienced the biggest interseismic uplift (180 cm) in all the area affected later by 2010 Maule earthquake. Then during the 2010 Mw=8.8 Maule earthquake an anomalous vertical coseismic ground uplift occurred in the study area, opposite to that of 1960 since Mocha Island experienced lower (25 cm) ground uplift than Tirúa (90 cm). Subsequently, during the Araucanía 2011 earthquake a ground uplift in Mocha Island (50 cm) and subsidence at Tirúa (20 cm) occurred. These unexpected vertical ground movements can be explained by the existence of an upper plate splay fault located below the sea bottom between Tirúa and Mocha Island: the Tirúa-Mocha splay fault. Considering the last seismic cycle, the activity of this fault would have started after the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. During 2010 Maule earthquake, the main slip occurred at Tirúa Mocha splay fault. Finally during 2011 Araucanía earthquake, the slip occurred mainly at the updip of Wadati-Benioff plane with probable normal activity of Tirúa-Mocha splay fault. Simple elastic dislocation models considering the Wadati-Benioff plane and the Tirúa-Mocha splay fault activity, can account for all the vertical ground movements observed during 1960 earthquake, the 1960-2010 interseismic period, the 2010 Maule earthquake and the 2011 Araucanía earthquake.
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Scapini, Valeria, and Cinthya Vergara. "Natural Disasters and Birth Rate: Evidence from the 2010 Chilean Earthquake." Journal of Population and Social Studies 29 (February 3, 2021): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25133/jpssv292021.017.
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A major natural disaster can generate changes in the affected population’s behavior. As Chile is considered one of the countries with the highest seismic activity and has experienced several of the most intense earthquakes on record in the world, this work seeks to identify behavioral changes in the birth rate within an affected population related to a natural disaster in Chile. Based on evidence from the 2010 Chilean earthquake, an empirical study was carried out drawing on birth rate data and social data associated with earthquakes in Chile between 2004 and 2015. Two models were estimated. The first model is a difference-in-differences model for determining the effect of the disaster on the birth rate in the affected area in the post-disaster period. The second model is a triple-difference model that includes the trend of the data over time. The results indicate a positive relationship between the variation in the birth rate and the occurrence of the natural disaster. Studying the relationship between disaster events and fertility contributes to understanding the phenomena of social dynamics. This knowledge could improve public policy decision making for better planning in the face of a natural disaster.
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Acuña, Francisco, Gonzalo A. Montalva, and Daniel Melnick. "How Good is a Paleoseismic Record of Megathrust Earthquakes for Probabilistic Forecasting?" Seismological Research Letters 93, no. 2A (November 10, 2021): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210044.
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Abstract Time-dependent earthquake forecast depends on the frequency and number of past events and time since the last event. Unfortunately, only a few past events are historically documented along subduction zones where forecasting relies mostly on paleoseismic catalogs. We address the role of dating uncertainty and completeness of paleoseismic catalogs on probabilistic estimates of forthcoming earthquakes using a 3.6-ka-long catalog including 11 paleoseismic and 1 historic (Mw≥8.6) earthquakes that preceded the great 1960 Chile earthquake. We set the clock to 1940 and estimate the conditional probability of a future event using five different recurrence models. We find that the Weibull model predicts the highest forecasting probabilities of 44% and 72% in the next 50 and 100 yr, respectively. Uncertainties in earthquake chronologies due to missing events and dating uncertainties may produce changes in forecast probabilities of up to 50%. Our study provides a framework to use paleoseismic records in seismic hazard assessments including epistemic uncertainties.
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Geetha L., Ashwini Satyanarayana, Apeksha S. A. ,. "Conversion of Earthquake Vibrations in to Electricity." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 4 (October 16, 2023): 842–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.941.
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Energy is produced by nature, and humans have always sought to manipulate this source for their own gain. Different strategies for reaching this goal have been developed over time. Due to the underutilized yet significant energy that may be acquired from earthquakes,this article investigates a different source of power. By catching this energy and turning it into electricity, a novel sort of generation could be accomplished. It's not widely understood that seismic mechanical waves can be used as a source of energy, and there isn't much literature on the subject either. The focus of this research paper is to convert earthquake vibrations into electrical signals by using vibration sensor in Servo electric shake table apparatus. The model is tested for El Centro earthquake time history data, Chile earthquake data and for random sine waveforms.
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Connor, Ian N. "The San Antonio, Chile, earthquake of 3 March 1985." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 2 (June 30, 1985): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.18.2.128-138.
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This paper consists of the author8s observations on the damage caused by the earthquake of 3 March 1985, centred near San Antonio, Chile. The damage was inspected approximately four weeks after the earthquake. At that time the overall cost of the damage caused by the earthquake was estimated at NZ$1,750 million.
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Kossobokov, Vladimir G. "Testing an Earthquake Prediction Algorithm: The 2016 New Zealand and Chile Earthquakes." Pure and Applied Geophysics 174, no. 5 (April 8, 2017): 1845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1543-9.
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Hayes, Gavin P., Matthew W. Herman, William D. Barnhart, Kevin P. Furlong, Sebástian Riquelme, Harley M. Benz, Eric Bergman, Sergio Barrientos, Paul S. Earle, and Sergey Samsonov. "Continuing megathrust earthquake potential in Chile after the 2014 Iquique earthquake." Nature 512, no. 7514 (August 13, 2014): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13677.
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Cowan, Hugh, Graeme Beattie, Katherine Hill, Noel Evans, Craig McGhie, Gary Gibson, Graeme Lawrance, et al. "The M8.8 Chile earthquake, 27 February 2010." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 123–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.3.123-166.
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The largest earthquake of 2010 by magnitude (MW8.8), and the subject of this article, struck south-central Chile in the early hours of 27 February 2010. The earthquake was a “mega-thrust” event, involving the rupture of a section of the Nazca-South American plate boundary, where the Nazca plate dips at a shallow angle beneath the Pacific margin of South America.
Understanding this event and its effects, including tsunami is of particular significance to urban centres that share close proximity to “subduction zones”. These include Seattle, Vancouver, Tokyo and Wellington, together with smaller New Zealand towns of the eastern North Island and upper South Island. The tectonic setting of south-central Chile has similarities to the East Coast of the North Island, and the modern built environment of Chile shares attributes with New Zealand. However, New Zealand has not experienced a large subduction earthquake in the North Island region in at least 200 years, so an understanding of the Chile event and its impact is important for bench-marking of local practices and building resilience.
This report summarises the observations of the NZSEE/EQC teams, supplemented by media updates on the Chilean reconstruction experience one year after the earthquake.
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Tomita, Takashi, Kentaro Kumagai, Cyril Mokrani, Rodrigo Cienfuegos, and Hisashi Matsui. "Tsunami and Seismic Damage Caused by the Earthquake Off Iquique, Chile, in April, 2014." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 10, no. 02 (May 18, 2016): 1640003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431116400030.
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On Tuesday, April 1, 2014, at 8:46 p.m. local time in Chile, a subduction earthquake of Mw 8.2 occurred about 100[Formula: see text]km northwest of the city of Iquique, where the Nazca plate subducts beneath the South American plate. This earthquake triggered a tsunami, which hit coastal areas in northern Chile. A joint Japan–Chile team conducted a post-tsunami field survey to measure the height of the tsunami traces and to investigate the damage caused by the earthquake and tsunami. Based on measurements of the tsunami traces, it is estimated that a tsunami 3–4[Formula: see text]m in height hit the coast from Arica, which is near the border between Chile and Peru, to Patache, south of Iquique, a straight-line distance of approximately 260[Formula: see text]km. The tsunami caused only minor inundations near shorelines, and caused no damage to buildings because living spaces were higher than the tsunami run-up height. Seismic damage was more extensive than that caused by the tsunami, especially in Iquique, and included the destruction of houses, buildings, and other infrastructure. It also ignited fires. In the Port of Iquique, a wharf, before earthquake-resistant improvements were implemented, was destroyed by the strong ground motions that resulted from the earthquake.
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Bastías, Nicolas, and Gonzalo A. Montalva. "Chile Strong Ground Motion Flatfile." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 4 (November 2016): 2549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/102715eqs158dp.
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The Nazca-South American plate boundary produces large-magnitude events (Mw > 8) every 20 years on the coast of Chile. This work describes a public ground motion database that contains 3,572 records from 477 earthquakes and 181 seismic stations, which includes the recent 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel earthquake. The data set is controlled by subduction interface and inslab events. The oldest event included is Valparaiso (1985), and the magnitude span is 4.6–8.8 Mw. The source-to-site distance metrics reported are the closest distance to the rupture plane ( R rup), epicentral ( R epi) and hypocentral ( R hyp) distances, with a range for R rup from 20 to 650 km. Site characterization is based on V S30, ranging from 110 to 1,951 m/s. Intensity measures included are peak ground acceleration, spectral acceleration values from 0.01 to 10 s, Arias intensity, and peak ground velocity. Each record was uniformly processed component by component. A flatfile with the related metadata and the spectral accelerations from processed ground motions is available at NEEShub ( http://doi.org/10.17603/DS2N30J ; Bastías and Montalva 2015 ).
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Bambaren, C. "(A3) Health Care Facilities Affected by the Earthquake in Chile." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s1—s2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11000203.
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IntroductionOn February 27, 2010, a 8,8 MW earthquake struck the central and southern coast of Chile, that was followed by a tsunami that destroyed some cities such as Constitution, Ilaco, Talcahuando and Dichato. The national authorities reported 512 dead and 81,444 homes were affected. It was the one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the human modern history. The most affected regions were Maule (VII) and Bio (VIII).ResultsThe impact of the quake in the health sector was enormous especially on the health care infrastructure. The preliminary evaluations showed that 18 hospitals were out of service due severe structural and no-structural damages, interruption of the provision of water or because they were at risk to landslides. Another 31 hospitals had moderate damage. The Ministry of Health lost 4249 beds including 297 (7%) in critical care units. Twenty-two percent of the total number of beds and thirty-nine surgical facilities available in the affected regions were lost in a few minutes due to quake. At least eight hospitals should be reconstructed and other hospitals will need complex repair.ConclusionThe effect of the earthquake was significant on hospital services. It included damages to the infrastructure and the loss of furniture and biomedical equipment. The interruption of the cold chain caused loss of vaccines. National and foreign field hospitals, temporary facilities and the strengthening of the primary health care facilities had been important to assure the continuation of health care services. *Based on information from PAHO – Chile.
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Wen, Rui Zhi, Bai Tao Sun, and Bao Feng Zhou. "Field Survey of Mw8.8 Feb. 27, 2010 Chile Earthquake and Tsunami." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2102.
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In this paper, it is a brief summary for the field survey on the 27 February, 2010 Malue mega-earthquake, Chile by a Chinese scientist team. This mission is to investigate the reason why such a great earthquake caused less causalities, less loss compared with Chinese Wenchuan and Yushu earthquake. This survey was sponsored by China Earthquake Administration and this paper focused on the strong motion data analysis, some building damage observation and tsunami. We gave a preliminary analysis for the strong motions characteristic and some typical building damage. The understanding of this great earthquake could be improved our knowledge for advancing societal resilience.
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Ojeda, Javier, Sergio Ruiz, Francisco del Campo, and Matías Carvajal. "The 21 May 1960 Mw 8.1 Concepción Earthquake: A Deep Megathrust Foreshock That Started the 1960 Central-South Chilean Seismic Sequence." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 1617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190143.
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Abstract One of the most notable seismic sequences in modern times was recorded in May 1960 along the southern Chilean subduction zone. The sequence started on 21 May with the Mw 8.1 Concepción earthquake; 33 hr later the Mw 9.5 Valdivia megathrust earthquake occurred, the largest ever recorded in the instrumental period. These events changed the geomorphology of the coast along more than 1000 km, generated extensive structural damage in the main cities of central-south Chile, and triggered a Trans-Pacific tsunami. Observed land-level changes due to both earthquakes were reported in 1970. These observations were ascribed to both events but have been used to study only the general source properties of the 22 May Valdivia mainshock. Here, we separate these data to constrain for the first time the slip distribution of the 21 May Concepción earthquake, applying a Bayesian approach that considers uncertainties in the data. Our results show that the Mw 8.1 Concepción earthquake ruptured a deep segment of the megathrust, concentrated in a compact zone below the Arauco peninsula between depths of 20 and 50 km. Tsunami generation from this deep source agrees well with the tsunami arrival times and small amplitudes recorded by tide gauges along the Chilean coast. Our study highlights the importance of the 21 May 1960 Concepción earthquake in the context of large historical Chilean earthquakes.
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MATSUTOMI, Hideo, Kenji HARADA, Toshinori OGASAWARA, and Shunichi KATAOKA. "Aspects of the 2010 Chile Earthquake Tsunami." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 67, no. 2 (2011): I_291—I_295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.67.i_291.
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Balcerak, Ernie. "Streamflow changes following the 2010 Chile earthquake." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 93, no. 34 (August 21, 2012): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012eo340010.
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Cisternas, Marco, Brian F. Atwater, Fernando Torrejón, Yuki Sawai, Gonzalo Machuca, Marcelo Lagos, Annaliese Eipert, et al. "Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake." Nature 437, no. 7057 (September 2005): 404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03943.
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Arriagada, César, and Fernando Martínez. "Effects of the 27 February Chile Earthquake." Journal of Structural Geology 32, no. 4 (April 2010): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.04.009.
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