Journal articles on the topic 'Chilula Indians'

Entre 1842 y 1870, la narrativa chilena presenta un paulatino proceso de desarrollo que oscila entre la novela –cuando no el cuento– y el folletín. Lastarria califica su cuento “El mendigo” (1842) como “novela histórica”. A su vez, Alberto Blest Gana luego de publicar folletines en diversos periódicos de la época toma nítida distancia de ese tipo de “novela popular (Eco, 2012) cuando en 1862 reflexiona acerca de la novela propiamente tal y al declarar –en 1864– que solo pretende ser un novelista al estilo de Balzac. No obstante, el folletín de filiación europea presentará –hacia 1870– una precisa fórmula como es la denominada “novela indiana” que critica Zorobabel Rodríguez. Por lo mismo, proponemos que en las instancias fundacionales de la narrativa nacional se anticipa la tendencia de recurrir al folletín poniendo de relieve el motivo del amor imposible que no puede superar obstáculos de diversa índole, sean ellos sentimentales, estamentales, políticos o historiográficos. Nuestra hipótesis es que en el curso de la novela chilena liberal, de sello romántico sentimental, esta estructura modélica no es ajena a la narrativa nacional, hecho que permite dar curso a la narración –entre otros– de acontecimientos propios de la conquista, la independencia y la República.

Siguiendo información de los cronistas y del Archivo General de Indias se analizan el estilo y la calidad de vida del profesional del ejército en la frontera de guerra chilena: vivienda, sueldos, vestido y dieta alimenticia, además del juego y de la camaradería matizan la vida cotidiana en una frontera difícil y poco lucrativa, pero permisiva en cuanto a las costumbres, aunque profundamente religiosa.

Modern benthic foraminiferal assemblages are instrumental in providing information regarding changes in relative sea level as well as prevailing environmental conditions in marine environments. Marginal marine environments are coastal environments that are in most cases characterized by high influx of terrestrially originated nutrients. Inventorizing of modern benthic foraminiferal assemblages from such habitats can act as biotic indicators of water quality variations along with any changes in relative sea level. The present study documents the modern benthic foraminiferal assemblage from three major marginal marine habitats located along the North West coast of Bay of Bengal, in the Indian Ocean. Sediment samples for the purpose were thus collected from the Indian Sundarbans Delta, Chilika lagoon and the Gautami Godavari estuarine zone which encompasses the Kakinada bay. A total of 32 species of benthic foraminifera were documented during the study. The present observations were compared with previous reports of benthic foraminiferal diversity from these habitats and exhibited variability.

Indian milch bovines comprises of 58.56% of total livestock population (512.05 million) in the country and primarily includes native and crossbred cattle (37.28%) and water buffaloes (21.28%). Milk and milk products are essential food items of Indian diet especially in children, old and senile. Milk fat is an important constituent of milk and has an economic value and its percentage in milk varies betweem species and breeds within species. Butyrophilin (BTN1A1) a membrane protein regulates secretion of lipids and size of a fat globule in milk. Present study was conducted in 538 bovines of 11 breeds/populations adapted to different parts of India, with an aim to screen and determine the major allele of BTN1A1 gene using PCR-RFLP based test. Results indicate that exon 8 of BTN1A1 gene is polymorphic in Tharparkar, Sahiwal, Jhari and Belahi populations of native cattle and Holstein Friesian and Jersey crossbreds where as the same exon was monomorphic in Murrah, Chilika, Gojri, Chhattisgarhi and Bargur populations of water buffalo. We conclude that variations in BTN1A1 gene can serve as an excellent genetic marker while selecting cows for higher milk fat and can be applied while formulating their breeding plans.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of red chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) during 2015-16 at the Division of vegetable crops, Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore to determine the effect of different fertigation sources and mulching on growth parameters, yield and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE). Fertigation was done both water soluble fertilizers and normal fertilizers with different doses. The results revealed that significantly higher growth and yield parameters viz., plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, leaf area and leaf area index, number of fruits per plant, length of the fruit (cm), girth of the fruit (cm), fruit weight (g) dry fruit yield per plant (g), dry fruit yield per hectare (t) were observed by the treatments viz., application of water soluble fertilizers 100 per cent (Recommended dose of fertilizers) RDF using urea, 19:19:19 and KNO3 through fertigation with mulching, followed by Normal fertilizers 100 per cent RDF using Urea, DAP, MOP through fertigation with mulching. From this investigation it is concluded that water soluble fertilizers as well as normal fertilizers fertigation with mulching ideal for maximum growth and yield of the chilli crop.

El artículo explora la expansión periférica de la Compañía de Jesús en América. Se analizan, tomando como fragmento de examen el caso chileno, las discusiones, organizaciones y proyecciones de las misiones jesuitas en la frontera sur del virreinato peruano entre 1568 y 1593. En este sentido, se examina un período que la historiografía chilena no ha tomado en consideración, pues antes de la llegada efectiva en 1593, se creó una intensa red epistolar entre Roma, Lima y España que abordó las problemáticas de la entrada de los jesuitas en Chile. Expansión que estaba en una contigüidad entre las directrices romanas y la política imperial de la Monarquía española

AbstractWhen it comes to historical and ethnographic accounts of transport labour outside the West, scholars have only recently intervened to correct the paucity of systematic scholarship in this area. This article is in conversation with scholarship in both labour history and urban anthropology through which it links the modern history of a particular mode of urban transport (the taxi) and the labouring history of those who drive, move, and fix it. Through a focus on a community of hereditary taxi drivers known aschilliain the Indian city of Bombay/Mumbai, this article expands our understanding of labour experiences of the city through the twentieth century and into the present. It moves between historical archives, oral history, and lived experience to illuminate how the labour of transport workers structures circulations, collective identities, and urban space. It explores several dimensions of the history and present of transport labour in India. First, it is concerned with the connection between the work of hereditary motoring and the reconfiguration and constitution of communal identities in contexts of urban labour migration. Second, it is interested how labour practices become embedded in broader social and cultural space. Third, given that chillia have continued in the trade for over 100 years, the article explores the circuits of work and labour surrounding their trade to illuminate intersections between political and cultural shifts in Mumbai, changing conditions of work in contemporary contexts of globalizing capital, and the forms of ‘non-consent’ that emerge out of these networks.

The shoreline adjoining Chilika Lake, situated along India’s east coast, has multiple tidal inlets which connect the lake with Bay of Bengal. The shoreline behavior near such inlets is generally studied with the help of a suitable numerical model. Such models are run on the basis of historical data of waves and other information. However, the waves in future may show different strength and pattern than the past as a result of the climate change induced by global warming. It is thus necessary that the model input should correspond to future or projected data of wind and waves. In this work, we have used the wind information from a state-of-the-art regional climate model, CORDEX RegCM-4, of future 25 years in order to run a shoreline evolution model and have derived the longshore sediment transport rate as well as the shoreline change rate around Chilika inlets. These future values are compared with corresponding ones of the past 25 years. It is found that at the given location, mean wind might go up by 20%, and this could raise the mean significant wave height strongly by 32%. The direction and frequency of occurrence of waves would also change, and this in turn will cause an increase in the net littoral drift by 41% and net accumulated drift over the entire cross-shore width by 84%. Interestingly, the present site where accretion was prevalent in the past may see erosion in future at the rate of about 1 m per year.

El presente artículo pretende dilucidar las razones fundamentales sobre las que Andrés Bello baso su decisión de no incluir y derogar la institución de la restitutio in integrum proveniente del Derecho Indiano al redactar el Código Civil. Se analizará además el significado y las implicaciones de la “Ley sobre el efecto retroactivo” promulgada en 1861- es decir, tan solo cuatro años después de que el código haya entrado en vigencia- la cual hace referencia explícita a esta institución en su Artículo 11, en lo que parece una contradicción al prohibir su ejercicio, una vez que ya había sido derogada por el Código Civil

AbstractDark patches of charnockitic rocks characterized by orthopyroxene occur within garnetiferous granite gneisses (leptynites) in a granulite-migmatite suite around the Chilka Lake, Orissa, within the Eastern Ghats belt in the Indian Precambrian. Analysis of structures of different scales observed in this terrain establishes the presence of three phases of deformation. S1 is pervasive in the metapelitic granulites (mainlykhondalite), while in the migmatite complex composed of leptynites, charnockites and quartzofeldspathic veins, S1 is present exclusively within the charnockite lenses and bands, and shows different stages of obliteration in the associated leptynites. Thus, the charnockite patches must be earlier than the surrounding migmatitic rocks. The charnockite patches and the surrounding leptynitic gneisses are chemically quite different and the two rock types are not related by any prograde or retrograde transformation. The shapes and disposition of charnockite patches in the mixed exposures are found to be largely controlled by the third phase of folding and locally associated shearing. The kinematics of this late deformation are not favourable for fluid ingress from deeper levels.

Jayanta Mahapatra is a well-known, distinguished, Indo-Anglican writer whose poems and short stories are acknowledged worldwide. He was awarded the Sahithya Akademi Award for his work Relationship in 1981, which enabled him to gain the name of one of the doyens of Indian English Poetry. His major themes are all linked with his native place Orissa. His poems mentions Puri, Konarka, Chilika lake, Bhubaneswar recurrently and each of them are pictured in detail. An Ecocritical study on his poems is worth probing as it deserves more attention and consideration in the current state of environmental crisis. His sole inspiration is his interaction with the nature and his intimate relationship to it. As ecocriticism rightly perceives it as the study of the relationship between human and nature, deserves a detailed study with his poems. River daya in his poem takes the role of a bearer of history and is the memory of the past valor and glory of Orissa. The study here focuses on the elements of ecocriticism in his selected poems.

Abstract Prodidominae was recently re-established as a subfamily of Gnaphosidae, comprising 316 species placed in 33 genera. In this study, we conduct a cladistic analysis including 59 species of Prodidominae and 32 outgroup species. The matrix is composed of 291 morphological characters and the data are analysed under the parsimony criterion, using differing weighting regimes. Prodidominae is not recovered as monophyletic, because Anagrina did not arise within the subfamily. Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra arise to form a clade. Thus, we re-establish Molycriinae as a distinct subfamily in Gnaphosidae, sister to Prodidominae. We redefine the limits of Prodidominae to include the genera Austrodomus, Brasilomma, Caudalia, Chileomma, Chileuma, Chilongius, Eleleis, Indiani, Katumbea, Lygromma, Lygrommatoides, Moreno, Namundra, Neozimiris, Nopyllus, Paracymbiomma, Plutonodomus, Prodidomus, Purcelliana, Theuma, Theumella, Tivodrassus, Tricongius, Zimirina and Zimiris. Species of these genera share the presence of anterior lateral spinnerets with pyriform gland spigots associated with patches of long setae and the presence of a large protrusion between coxae IV with erect setae and unsclerotized margins. In addition, we propose three new synonymies: Oltacloea as a junior synonym of Tricongius, and Prodida as junior synonym of Prodidomus. Lygromma ybyguara is transferred to Tricongius.

La sección folletín de la prensa chilena difundida a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, fue el espacio discursivo dentro del cual se publicaron los textos correspondientes a los antecedentes de lo que, a fines del siglo XIX, se conocería como crónica modernista. La motivación de este trabajo radica en la ausencia de estudios que aborden la antesala de la crónica finisecular durante el siglo XIX, por lo que solo es factible encontrar investigaciones que aborden la crónica de Indias y se salten hasta modernista. En vista de este vacío, la hipótesis de este artículo señala que los textos publicados en la sección folletín a partir de 1842, constituyen la pieza clave para comprender el surgimiento de la crónica modernista en Chile, al modo como la entienden J. Ramos (2003), S. Rotker (2005), A. Mateo (2009) y C. Ossandón (1998). El corpus de análisis se concentra en los periódicos chilenos El Progreso (1842), El Huasquino (1856), La Actualidad (1858) y La Brisa de Chile (1875). La metodología de análisis se organiza siguiendo la propuesta histórica de análisis de discurso de Michel Foucault (2007), y de Dominique Maingueneau (2007) sobre la enunciación. La novedad de esta investigación radica en que se analiza el material no narrativo o novelesco de la sección folletín, el cual demuestra un énfasis en el sujeto que enuncia y en el sentimiento de ruptura de la época. Las conclusiones indican que los materiales no narrativos de la sección folletín muestran con claridad la crisis, la caída de las instituciones y la reorganización societal, dando como resultado discursos en fuga que intentan explicarse el status quo de los últimos cincuenta años del 1800, elementos que se condensarán en la crónica modernista.

Remote sensing change detection techniques are extensively used in numerous applications such as land cover monitoring, disaster monitoring, and urban sprawl. The main motive of this paper study the change detection analysis of Land Use / Land Cover (LULC) in different lakes and Reservoirs, such as Chilika Lake, Pulicat Lake, Vembanad Lake, Penna Reservoir, and Nagarjuna Sagar Reservoir located in the Indian subcontinent region. The analyses and changes are evaluated during period of 2008 - 2018 in multi-temporal Landsat-7 (ETM+) data. The major disadvantage in Landsat-7 for data acquired from satellite sensor, is that it includes strips (gaps) in an image. On May 31, 2003 the Scan-Line-Corrector (SLC) failed completely, due to 22% of pixel information lost in the Landsat-7 data. The focal analysis method is applied to the required image for removing all strips (gaps). Change detection using Image Differencing technique, maximum changed area and unchanged area detect the different Lakes and Reservoirs in the period of 2008-2018. The unsupervised classification is used to compute the accuracy assessment analysis. Excellent results are obtained by using accuracy assessment for different Lakes and Reservoirs from 2008 to 2018, with the overall accuracy of 91.59%, and overall kappa statistics of 0.9032. The percentage of a decreased area is more in 2018 as compared to 2008 and it concludes that the percentage of decreased area is more as compared to the percentage of increased area for acquired Landsat-7 data.

Mint (Mentha spp.; family Lamiaceae) is an important essential oil-bearing crop cultivated on the Indian subcontinent as a cash crop for the international market and industrial purposes. Since May 2010, typical symptoms such as yellow vein, leaf yellowing, mosaic, crinkling, and cupping were observed, which led to significant yield loss in spearmint (M. spicata var. Neera) at CIMAP experimental fields and farmers' fields of Badaun, Rampur, and Moradabad regions of Uttar Pradesh province, India. Disease incidence was recorded in the range of 40 to 50%. Mentha spp. has been reported to be affected by many viral diseases (3). Due to the absence of fungal/bacterial infection, lack of mechanical transmission of the pathogen, and presence of whiteflies in the fields, the causal pathogen was suspected to be a begomovirus. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the leaves of naturally infected and healthy samples of Mentha by the CTAB protocol. Eighteen symptomatic samples were collected from different location of fields and screened for the presence of begomovirus. DNA from these samples was used as PCR template to amplify a 771-bp fragment using begomovirus coat protein (CP) gene specific primers. Eleven of 18 (61.1%) samples were found positive. PCR products were cloned into the pGEM-T Easy (Promega) and sequenced using the universal M13F/M13R primers showed sequence similarity with Chilli leaf curl India virus. To amplify the full-length DNA-A/B and a possible β-satellite, a second detection method was used: rolling circle amplification (RCA) using the TempliPhi 100 Amplification System (GE Healthcare). RCA products were digested independently with various restriction enzymes: BamHI, EcoRI, EcoRV, HincII, HindIII, SacI, and KpnI. Digested products were resolved on 1% agarose gel and the bands corresponding to ~2.7 and ~1.3 kb were purified using Nucleospin Gel and PCR Clean-up Kit and cloned into the respective sites of pGreen0029 vector. The sequence of full-length DNA-A (2,749 bp) and β-satellite component (1,347-bp) were obtained and deposited in NCBI GenBank with accession nos. KF312364 and KF364485, respectively. The sequence analysis showed maximum nucleotide identity (99%) with Chilli leaf curl India virus (FM877858) and distant affinities (≤88%) with other begomoviruses. The sequence analysis of isolated β-satellite showed 93% identity with Ageratum yellow vein virus satellite (AJ252072.1). No presence of DNA-B was detected using the universal primer PBL1v2040/PCRc1 (2), thus confirming it to be a monopartite begomovirus (1). Viruliferous whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) proved Koch's postulation by inducing similar symptoms on healthy plants while aphids (Myzus persicae) failed to transmit the virus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Chilli leaf curl India virus infecting M. spicata var. Neera in India. Mint is widely grown together with other reported hosts of begomoviruses, and thus could pose a serious threat as future expansion of begomovirus to new crops. Hence, the development of resistant varieties coupled with the implementation of adapted integrated pest management strategies would be essential for successful production of mint crops. References: (1) Y. Kumar et al. Plant Pathol. 60:1040, 2011. (2) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993. (3) I. E. Tzanetakis et al. Plant Dis. 94:4, 2010.

ABSTRACTThis research analyzes the differences in health in terms of belonging to a native Chilean ethnic group in the region of Arica and Parinacota. This is one of the first investigations in Chile and South America that analyze this dimension in the aging process. This is a quantitative and cross-sectional study. The sample consists of 493 Chilean elderly living in the far north of Chile. The application of the questionnaire was conducted through personal interviews. The study was conducted in urban and rural areas, including villages in the Chilean Altiplano. Scales internationally recognized geriatric research to measure the presence of symptoms of impaired health, dependence and depression were applied. The results of data analysis showed statistically significant differences in depression and health in terms of ethnic belonging, establishing a disadvantage for the elderly Indians. The findings confirm the heterogeneity of the aging process and the importance of the cultural aspects through belonged to a native ethnic group. For the field of social sciences this study confirms the need for gerontological contextualized interventions that positively discriminate against groups at riskRESUMENEsta investigación analiza las diferencias en salud en función de la pertenencia a una etnia originaria chilena en la región de Arica y Parinacota. Se trata de unas de las primeras investigaciones en Chile y en Sudamérica que analizan esta dimensión en el proceso de envejecimiento. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo y transversal. La muestra está conformada por 493 personas mayores chilenas que residen en el extremo norte de Chile. La aplicación del cuestionario se realizó a través de entrevista personal. El estudio fue realizado en zona urbana y zonas rurales, incluyendo poblados del altiplano chileno. Se aplicaron escalas internacionalmente reconocidas en la investigación geriátrica para medir la presencia de síntomas de deterioro en salud, dependencia y depresión. Los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de datos muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en depresión y salud en función de la pertenecía étnica, estableciendo una desventaja para las personas mayores indígenas. Los hallazgos confirman la heterogeneidad del proceso de envejecimiento y la relevancia de los aspectos culturales a través de la pertenecía a una etnia originaria. Para el campo de las ciencias sociales este estudio confirma la necesidad de realizar intervenciones gerontológicas contextualizadas que discriminen positivamente a los grupos en riesgo social.

The objective of the study is to build an instrument that allows to know the acceptance of the population towards a technology for the removal of human excreta by propulsion adapted to the dry toilet instead of the conventional system. The sample consisted of 200 lower-middle class residents. The study was quantitative; a survey was applied based on the Likert scale. The respective validation was carried out applying the methodology of exploratory factor analysis through the method of estimating maximum likelihood factors with reliability estimation and measurement bias analysis. The final questionnaire is made up of 6 dimensions, a factorial structure that includes 14 items and its consistency shows an α of 0.81. The instrument was appropriate for psychometric measurement. It is concluded that the acceptance of the technology is conditioned to factors of functionality, aesthetics and hygiene of the system, and there is a predisposition of the user to promote the technology. Keywords: Instrument, toilet, propulsion, excreta, technology. References [1]H. Moule, “Baño seco ecológico”, Reino Unido Patente Nº 1316, mayo 28, 1860. [2]K. L. Kyung, “Designing a Waterless Toilet Prototype for Reusable Energy Using a User-Centered Approach and Interviews”, Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no.919, pp. 2-11, March 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi:10.3390/app9050919. [3]S. Saxena, B. Ebrazibakhshayesh, S. K. Dentel, D., K. Cha, y P. T. Imhoff, “Drying of fecal sludge in 3D laminate enclosures for urban waste management”, Science of The Total Environment vol. 672, no. 1, pp. 927-937, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.487. [4]O.D. Oluwasola Afolabi y M. Sohail. “Microwaving human faecal sludge as a viable sanitation technology option for treatment and value recovery-A critical review”, Journal of Environmental Management journal, vol.187, no.1, pp.401-415, February 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.067. [5]P. Moya, S. López, J. Guardiola and F. Gómez. “Determinants of the acceptance of domestic use of recycled water by use type”, Sustainable Production and Consumption journal, Research article, vol.27, no.4, pp. 575-586, July 2021. [Online]. Available: doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2021.01.026. [6]C. Sutherland, E. Reynaert, R.C. Sindall, “Socio-technical analysis of a sanitation innovation in a peri-urban household in Durban, South Africa”, Science of The Total Environment, vol.755, Part 2, 143284 , February 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143284-11. [7]H.J. Lease, D.H. MacDonald, and D.N. Cox, “Consumers’ acceptance of recycled water in meat products: The influence of tasting, attitudes and values on hedonic and emotional reactions”, Journal Food Quality and Preference, vol.37, pp. 33-44, October 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.04.002. [8]C. Hou, Y. Wen, H. Fu and X. Liu. “Impacts of regional water shortage information disclosure on public acceptance of recycled water d evidences from China’s urban residents” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 61, October 2020. [Online]. Available: https:// doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102351. [9]K.M. Lamichhane , y J.R. Babcock, “Survey of attitudes and perceptions of urine-diverting toilets and human waste recycling in Hawaii”, Journal Science of The Total Environment, vol.443, no.15, pp.749-756, January 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.039. [10]S. Prithvi, C. Lalander, “what do consumers think about recycling human urine as fertiliser? Perceptions and attitudes of a university community in South India.” Water Research vol.143, pp.527-538, October 2018. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v16n4.46723. [11]Y. Ding, and X. Liu, “The association between emotions and public acceptance of recycled water for urban residents”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, vol.27, no. 2, pp.76–86, February 2021. [Online] Available: doi: https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2021.13754. [12]J. Hennigs, K. Ravndal, T. Blose, “Field testing of a prototype mechanical dry toilet flush”. Journal Science of the Total Environment, vol 668, no. 10, pp. 419-431, July 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.220. [13]J. Tavares, I. Cardoso, B. Alves, J. Barbosa and B. Martini, “TrailCare: An indoor and outdoor Context-aware system to assist wheelchair users”, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.116, pp.1-14, April 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.04.001. [14]S. Lloret, A. Ferreres, A. Hernández and I. Tomas, “El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada”, Anales de Psicología, vol. 30, no.3 , pp.1151-1169 , October 2014. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361. [15]V. Pedrero, M. Bernales, M. Chepo, J. Manzi and M. Pérez, “Development of an instrument to measure the cultural competence of health care workers”, Revista de saude publica. vol.54, no.29, pp. 1-10, March 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001695. [16] M. Salvador, L. Moreno, D. Hernández, A. Martínez and E. Ochoa, “Construcción y validación de un instrumento para medir la satisfacción de los pacientes del primer nivel de atención medica en la Ciudad de México”, Gaceta Medica de México, vol.152, pp. 43-50, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.anmm.org.mx/GMM/2016/n1/GMM_152_2016_1_043-050.pdf. [17] M. Garmendia, “Análisis factorial: una aplicación en el cuestionario de salud general de Goldberg, versión de 12 preguntas”, Rev. Chilena de Salud Pública, vol.11, no.2, pp.57-65, 2007. [Online] Available: https://revistasaludpublica.uchile.cl/index.php/RCSP/article/view/3095/2963. [18]L.M. Zita, G.E. Figueroa, and H.L. Narváez, “Impacto de los atributos determinantes de un sanitario seco urbano en la aceptación del consumidor”, Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental,, vol.33 no. 04, pp. 671-679, March 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2017.33.04.10. [19]L. Zhu, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, Q. Huang, Y. Sun and D. Bi, “Weighting of toilet assessment scheme in China implementing analytic hierarchy process”, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 283, 2021.“tobe published”, [Online].Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111992. [20]V. Kumar, and B. Chandra,” An application of theory of planned behavior to predict young Indian consumers' green hotel visit intention”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol.172, no.20, pp.1152-1162, January 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.047. [21]P.P. Regalado, C.A. Guerrero, and R.F. Montalvo, “Una aplicación de la teoría del comportamiento planificado al segmento masculino latinoamericano de productos de cuidado personal “, Revista EAN Escuela de Administración de Negocios, no.83, pp. 141-163, July-December 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi: 10.21158/01208160.n83.2017.1821.

Abstract Coastal lagoons are high value productive and important systems for different projects. For example, aquaculture, fisheries and tourism are few of them. The quality of coastal waters in the ecosystems of lagoons can be greatly influenced by the growth of unwanted elements, e.g., excessive fisheries, tourism, etc. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed and analysed to study the general and simplified form of an ecosystem of Chilika Lake, India. Chilika Lake (19°28′N–19°54′N and 85°06′E–85°36′E) is the largest wintering ground for migrating water fowl found anywhere on the Indian sub-continent. These migratory birds utilize the Chilika Lake for feeding, resting and breeding. The interaction of birds and small fish in the Chilika Lake is considered to be Leslie–Gower Holling type II. Since big fish are being sourced as income for local fishermen and the population of big fish is highly variable, and hence birds and small fishes are mainly the two types of biomass considered for this study. It must be noted that, in this study, we have considered the case of Chilika lake theoretically only and no practical data is collected for this study, and the name of Chilika is used only for better ecological understanding. Therefore, this theoretical study maybe linked to any such ecosystem. Their interaction is found mathematically, a two-dimensional continuous-time dynamical system modeling a simple predator–prey food chain. The dynamical system is represented in the form of two nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems. The main mathematical results are given in terms of boundedness of solutions, existence of equilibria, local and global stability of the coexisting interior point. An ecosystem in Indian coastal lagoons may suffer immediate environmental perturbations, such as depressions, tropical cyclones, earthquakes, epidemics, etc. To model such situations, the ODE model is further extended to a stochastic model driven by L e ́ $\check{d}{e}$ vy noise. The stochastic analysis includes the existence of the unique global solution, stability in mean, and extinction of the population. The proposed model is numerically simulated with the help of an assumed set of parameters for the possible pictorial behavior of the theoretical model. The proposed model may be used for planning purposes by using the data on meteorological and weather shocks such as heavy rainfall, heat-waves, cold-waves, depressions, tropical cyclones, earthquakes, etc. from India Meteorological Department (IMD).

The inability to develop functional pollen is caused by cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), a maternally inherited trait. Restorer-of-fertility (Rf), a nuclear gene, could cause normal pollen production in CMS plants, resulting in fertility in the plant. This paper aimed to study the inheritance of restoration of fertility traits in both Sweet pepper and Hot pepper. The study was conducted in the Indian agricultural research institute, Katrain regional station, India. Genetic analysis of fertility restoration was performed on the progeny of chilli and sweet pepper. KTCA 5 (cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line-Sweet pepper), KTCA 10 (cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line-Sweet pepper. F2 segregation population and back cross BC1 population obtained from an F1 hybrid between KTCR 15 (a fertility restorer line). The fertility of the test-crossed lines was assessed under open field conditions using pollen related criteria. The fertility restoration trait segregated in 3:1 and 1:1 F2 segregation populations and backcrossed BC1 populations respectively in both Sweet Pepper and Hot pepper backgrounds. This indicates single dominant gene inheritance of the Rfgene. There is no effect of CMS background on the restoration trait inheritance.

Damping off and fruit rot caused by Colletotrichum capsici are the major constraints in production and marketability of chilli. Systemic fungicides are commonly used to control this disease. However, continuous use of chemical fungicides leads to negative impact on environment, soil and human health. Therefore, present studies (blotter and pot experiment) were conducted to explore the bio-fungicides (as an alternative to chemical fungicide) in comparison with carbendazim using chilli seeds infected with Colletotrichum capsici. Experiments were conducted at the CCSHAU, Hisar, India during 2016 in completely randomized design with nine treatments replicated three times. Six months old seeds having germination above the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standard, were infected with Colletotrichum capsici and such infected seeds were treated with Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma viridae, Pseudomonas fluorescens individually and their combinations to control the disease incidence. The infected, un-infected and seed treatment with carbendazim served as controls. Results revealed that the seed germination was significantly higher (94.7%) with Trichoderma viride treatment compared to all other treatments including controls in blotter method. However, the seedling emergence in pot culture was significantly superior with Carbendazim treatment, the seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viridae was on par to that of Carbendazim treatment. The seedling length was significantly superior with Trichoderma viride compared to the carbendazim and other controls both in blotter and pot culture. The seedling dry weight and seedling vigour were significantly higher with carbendazim as compared to the Trichoderma viride treatment or other treatments in both blotter and pot culture. However, the overall seedling vigour obtained with Trichoderma viride was similar to that of carbendazim treatment. The disease incidence was significantly lower with Pseudomonas fluorescens as compared to the Trichoderma viride and carbendazim in blotter method and; T. viride + P. fluorescens treatment was on par to that of carbendazim treatment in pot culture. Therefore, use of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens individually or in combination are suggested as an alternative to carbendazim to control the Colletotrichum capsici.

Introduction The genealogy of Feminist Standpoint Theory in the 1970s prioritised “locationality”, particularly the recognition of social and historical locations as valuable contribution to knowledge production. Pioneering figures such as Sandra Harding, Dorothy Smith, Patricia Hill Collins, Alison Jaggar, and Donna Haraway have argued that the oppressed must have some means (such as language, cultural practices) to enter the world of the oppressor in order to access some understanding of how the world works from the privileged perspective. In the essay “Meeting at the Edge of Fear: Theory on a World Scale”, the Australian social scientist Raewyn Connell explains that the production of feminist theory almost always comes from the global North. Connell critiques the hegemony of mainstream Northern feminism in her pyramidal model (59), showing how theory/knowledge is produced at the apex (global North) of a pyramid structure and “trickles down” (59) to the global South. Connell refers to a second model called mosaic epistemology which shows that multiple feminist ideologies across global North/South are juxtaposed against each other like tiles, with each specific culture making its own claims to validity.However, Nigerian feminist Bibi Bakare-Yusuf’s reflection on the fluidity of culture in her essay “Fabricating Identities” (5) suggests that fixing knowledge as Northern and Southern—disparate, discrete, and rigidly structured tiles—is also problematic. Connell proposes a third model called solidarity-based epistemology which involves mutual learning and critiquing with a focus on solidarity across differences. However, this is impractical in implementation especially given that feminist nomenclature relies on problematic terms such as “international”, “global North/South”, “transnational”, and “planetary” to categorise difference, spatiality, and temporality, often creating more distance than reciprocal exchange. Geographical specificity can be too limiting, but we also need to acknowledge that it is geographical locationality which becomes disadvantageous to overcome racial, cultural, and gender biases — and here are few examples.Nomenclatures: Global-North and Global South ParadigmThe global North/South terminology differentiating the two regions according to means of trade and relative wealth emerged from the Brandt Report’s delineation of the North as wealthy and South as impoverished in 1980s. Initially, these terms were a welcome repudiation of the hierarchical nomenclature of “developed” and “developing” nations. Nevertheless, the categories of North and South are problematic because of increased socio-economic heterogeneity causing erasure of local specificities without reflecting microscopic conflicts among feminists within the global North and the global South. Some feminist terms such as “Third World feminism” (Narayan), “global feminism” (Morgan), or “local feminisms” (Basu) aim to centre women's movements originating outside the West or in the postcolonial context, other labels attempt to making feminism more inclusive or reflective of cross-border linkages. These include “transnational feminism” (Grewal and Kaplan) and “feminism without borders” (Mohanty). In the 1980s, Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw’s concept of intersectionality garnered attention in the US along with Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987), which raised feminists’ awareness of educational, healthcare, and financial disparities among women and the experiences of marginalised people across the globe, leading to an interrogation of the aims and purposes of mainstream feminism. In general, global North feminism refers to white middle class feminist movements further expanded by concerns about civil rights and contemporary queer theory while global South feminism focusses on decolonisation, economic justice, and disarmament. However, the history of colonialism demonstrates that this paradigm is inadequate because the oppression and marginalisation of Black, Indigenous, and Queer activists have been avoided purposely in the homogenous models of women’s oppression depicted by white radical and liberal feminists. A poignant example is from Audre Lorde’s personal account:I wheeled my two-year-old daughter in a shopping cart through a supermarket in Eastchester in 1967, and a little white girl riding past in her mother’s cart calls out excitedly, ‘oh look, Mommy, a baby maid!’ And your mother shushes you, but does not correct you, and so fifteen years later, at a conference on racism, you can still find that story humorous. But I hear your laughter is full of terror and disease. (Lorde)This exemplifies how the terminology global North/South is a problem because there are inequities within the North that are parallel to the division of power and resources between North and South. Additionally, Susan Friedman in Planetary Modernisms observes that although the terms “Global North” and “Global South” are “rhetorically spatial” they are “as geographically imprecise and ideologically weighted as East/West” because “Global North” signifies “modern global hegemony” and “Global South” signifies the “subaltern, … —a binary construction that continues to place the West at the controlling centre of the plot” (Friedman, 123).Focussing on research-activism debate among US feminists, Sondra Hale takes another tack, emphasising that feminism in the global South is more pragmatic than the theory-oriented feminist discourse of the North (Hale). Just as the research-scholarship binary implies myopic assumption that scholarship is a privileged activity, Hale’s observations reveal a reductive assumption in the global North and global South nomenclature that feminism at the margins is theoretically inadequate. In other words, recognising the “North” as the site of theoretical processing is a euphemism for Northern feminists’ intellectual supremacy and the inferiority of Southern feminist praxis. To wit, theories emanating from the South are often overlooked or rejected outright for not aligning with Eurocentric framings of knowledge production, thereby limiting the scope of feminist theories to those that originate in the North. For example, while discussing Indigenous women’s craft-autobiography, the standard feminist approach is to apply Susan Sontag’s theory of gender and photography to these artefacts even though it may not be applicable given the different cultural, social, and class contexts in which they are produced. Consequently, Moroccan feminist Fatima Mernissi’s Islamic methodology (Mernissi), the discourse of land rights, gender equality, kinship, and rituals found in Bina Agarwal’s A Field of One’s Own, Marcia Langton’s “Grandmothers’ Law”, and the reflection on military intervention are missing from Northern feminist theoretical discussions. Moreover, “outsiders within” feminist scholars fit into Western feminist canonical requirements by publishing their works in leading Western journals or seeking higher degrees from Western institutions. In the process, Northern feminists’ intellectual hegemony is normalised and regularised. An example of the wealth of the materials outside of mainstream Western feminist theories may be found in the work of Girindrasekhar Bose, a contemporary of Sigmund Freud, founder of the Indian Psychoanalytic Society and author of the book Concept of Repression (1921). Bose developed the “vagina envy theory” long before the neo-Freudian psychiatrist Karen Horney proposed it, but it is largely unknown in the West. Bose’s article “The Genesis and Adjustment of the Oedipus Wish” discarded Freud’s theory of castration and explained how in the Indian cultural context, men can cherish an unconscious desire to bear a child and to be castrated, implicitly overturning Freud’s correlative theory of “penis envy.” Indeed, the case of India shows that the birth of theory can be traced back to as early as eighth century when study of verbal ornamentation and literary semantics based on the notion of dbvani or suggestion, and the aesthetic theory of rasa or "sentiment" is developed. If theory means systematic reasoning and conceptualising the structure of thought, methods, and epistemology, it exists in all cultures but unfortunately non-Western theory is largely invisible in classroom courses.In the recent book Queer Activism in India, Naisargi Dev shows that the theory is rooted in activism. Similarly, in her essay “Seed and Earth”, Leela Dube reveals how Eastern theories are distorted as they are Westernised. For instance, the “Purusha-Prakriti” concept in Hinduism where Purusha stands for pure consciousness and Prakriti stands for the entire phenomenal world is almost universally misinterpreted in terms of Western binary oppositions as masculine consciousness and feminine creative principle which has led to disastrous consequences including the legitimisation of male control over female sexuality. Dube argues how heteropatriarchy has twisted the Purusha-Prakriti philosophy to frame the reproductive metaphor of the male seed germinating in the female field for the advantage of patrilineal agrarian economies and to influence a homology between reproductive metaphors and cultural and institutional sexism (Dube 22-24). Attempting to reverse such distortions, ecofeminist Vandana Shiva rejects dualistic and exploitative “contemporary Western views of nature” (37) and employs the original Prakriti-Purusha cosmology to construct feminist vision and environmental ethics. Shiva argues that unlike Cartesian binaries where nature or Prakriti is inert and passive, in Hindu Philosophy, Purusha and Prakriti are inseparable and inviolable (Shiva 37-39). She refers to Kalika Purana where it is explained how rivers and mountains have a dual nature. “A river is a form of water, yet is has a distinct body … . We cannot know, when looking at a lifeless shell, that it contains a living being. Similarly, within the apparently inanimate rivers and mountains there dwells a hidden consciousness. Rivers and mountains take the forms they wish” (38).Scholars on the periphery who never migrated to the North find it difficult to achieve international audiences unless they colonise themselves, steeping their work in concepts and methods recognised by Western institutions and mimicking the style and format that western feminist journals follow. The best remedy for this would be to interpret border relations and economic flow between countries and across time through the prism of gender and race, an idea similar to what Sarah Radcliffe, Nina Laurie and Robert Andolina have called the “transnationalization of gender” (160).Migration between Global North and Global SouthReformulation of feminist epistemology might reasonably begin with a focus on migration and gender politics because international and interregional migration have played a crucial role in the production of feminist theories. While some white mainstream feminists acknowledge the long history of feminist imperialism, they need to be more assertive in centralising non-Western theories, scholarship, and institutions in order to resist economic inequalities and racist, patriarchal global hierarchies of military and organisational power. But these possibilities are stymied by migrants’ “de-skilling”, which maintains unequal power dynamics: when migrants move from the global South to global North, many end up in jobs for which they are overqualified because of their cultural, educational, racial, or religious alterity.In the face of a global trend of movement from South to North in search of a “better life”, visual artist Naiza Khan chose to return to Pakistan after spending her childhood in Lebanon before being trained at the University of Oxford. Living in Karachi over twenty years, Khan travels globally, researching, delivering lectures, and holding exhibitions on her art work. Auj Khan’s essay “Peripheries of Thought and Practise in Naiza Khan’s Work” argues: “Khan seems to be going through a perpetual diaspora within an ownership of her hybridity, without having really left any of her abodes. This agitated space of modern hybrid existence is a rich and ripe ground for resolution and understanding. This multiple consciousness is an edge for anyone in that space, which could be effectively made use of to establish new ground”. Naiza Khan’s works embrace loss or nostalgia and a sense of choice and autonomy within the context of unrestricted liminal geographical boundaries.Early work such as “Chastity Belt,” “Heavenly Ornaments”, “Dream”, and “The Skin She Wears” deal with the female body though Khan resists the “feminist artist” category, essentially because of limited Western associations and on account of her paradoxical, diasporic subjectivity: of “the self and the non-self, the doable and the undoable and the anxiety of possibility and choice” (Khan Webpage). Instead, Khan theorises “gender” as “personal sexuality”. The symbolic elements in her work such as corsets, skirts, and slips, though apparently Western, are purposely destabilised as she engages in re-constructing the cartography of the body in search of personal space. In “The Wardrobe”, Khan establishes a path for expressing women’s power that Western feminism barely acknowledges. Responding to the 2007 Islamabad Lal Masjid siege by militants, Khan reveals the power of the burqa to protect Muslim men by disguising their gender and sexuality; women escape the Orientalist gaze. For Khan, home is where her art is—beyond the global North and South dichotomy.In another example of de-centring Western feminist theory, the Indian-British sitar player Anoushka Shankar, who identifies as a radical pro-feminist, in her recent musical album “Land of Gold” produces what Chilla Bulbeck calls “braiding at the borderlands”. As a humanitarian response to the trauma of displacement and the plight of refugees, Shankar focusses on women giving birth during migration and the trauma of being unable to provide stability and security to their children. Grounded in maternal humility, Shankar’s album, composed by artists of diverse background as Akram Khan, singer Alev Lenz, and poet Pavana Reddy, attempts to dissolve boundaries in the midst of chaos—the dislocation, vulnerability and uncertainty experienced by migrants. The album is “a bit of this, and a bit of that” (borrowing Salman Rushdie’s definition of migration in Satanic Verses), both in terms of musical genre and cultural identities, which evokes emotion and subjective fluidity. An encouraging example of truly transnational feminist ethics, Shankar’s album reveals the chasm between global North and global South represented in the tension of a nascent friendship between a white, Western little girl and a migrant refugee child. Unlike mainstream feminism, where migration is often sympathetically feminised and exotified—or, to paraphrase bell hooks, difference is commodified (hooks 373) — Shankar’s album simultaneously exhibits regional, national, and transnational elements. The album inhabits multiple borderlands through musical genres, literature and politics, orality and text, and ethnographic and intercultural encounters. The message is: “the body is a continent / But may your heart always remain the sea" (Shankar). The human rights advocate and lawyer Randa Abdel-Fattah, in her autobiographical novel Does My Head Look Big in This?, depicts herself as “colourful adjectives” (such as “darkies”, “towel-heads”, or the “salami eaters”), painful identities imposed on her for being a Muslim woman of colour. These ultimately empower her to embrace her identity as a Palestinian-Egyptian-Australian Muslim writer (Abdel-Fattah 359). In the process, Abdel-Fattah reveals how mainstream feminism participates in her marginalisation: “You’re constantly made to feel as you’re commenting as a Muslim, and somehow your views are a little bit inferior or you’re somehow a little bit more brainwashed” (Abdel-Fattah, interviewed in 2015).With her parental roots in the global South (Egyptian mother and Palestinian father), Abdel-Fattah was born and brought up in the global North, Australia (although geographically located in global South, Australia is categorised as global North for being above the world average GDP per capita) where she embraced her faith and religious identity apparently because of Islamophobia:I refuse to be an apologist, to minimise this appalling state of affairs… While I'm sick to death, as a Muslim woman, of the hypocrisy and nonsensical fatwas, I confess that I'm also tired of white women who think the answer is flashing a bit of breast so that those "poor," "infantilised" Muslim women can be "rescued" by the "enlightened" West - as if freedom was the sole preserve of secular feminists. (Abdel-Fattah, "Ending Oppression")Abdel-Fattah’s residency in the global North while advocating for justice and equality for Muslim women in both the global North and South is a classic example of the mutual dependency between the feminists in global North and global South, and the need to recognise and resist neoliberal policies applied in by the North to the South. In her novel, sixteen-year-old Amal Mohamed chooses to become a “full-time” hijab wearer in an elite school in Melbourne just after the 9/11 tragedy, the Bali bombings which killed 88 Australians, and the threat by Algerian-born Abdel Nacer Benbrika, who planned to attack popular places in Sydney and Melbourne. In such turmoil, Amal’s decision to wear the hijab amounts to more than resistance to Islamophobia: it is a passionate search for the true meaning of Islam, an attempt to embrace her hybridity as an Australian Muslim girl and above all a step towards seeking spiritual self-fulfilment. As the novel depicts Amal’s challenging journey amidst discouraging and painful, humiliating experiences, the socially constructed “bloody confusing identity hyphens” collapse (5). What remains is the beautiful veil that stands for Amal’s multi-valence subjectivity. The different shades of her hijab reflect different moods and multiple “selves” which are variously tentative, rebellious, romantic, argumentative, spiritual, and ambitious: “I am experiencing a new identity, a new expression of who I am on the inside” (25).In Griffith Review, Randa-Abdel Fattah strongly criticises the book Nine Parts of Desire by Geraldine Brooks, a Wall-Street Journal reporter who travelled from global North to the South to cover Muslim women in the Middle East. Recognising the liberal feminist’s desire to explore the Orient, Randa-Abdel calls the book an example of feminist Orientalism because of the author’s inability to understand the nuanced diversity in the Muslim world, Muslim women’s purposeful downplay of agency, and, most importantly, Brooks’s inevitable veil fetishism in her trip to Gaza and lack of interest in human rights violations of Palestinian women or their lack of access to education and health services. Though Brooks travelled from Australia to the Middle East, she failed to develop partnerships with the women she met and distanced herself from them. This underscores the veracity of Amal’s observation in Abdel Fattah’s novel: “It’s mainly the migrants in my life who have inspired me to understand what it means to be an Aussie” (340). It also suggests that the transnational feminist ethic lies not in the global North and global South paradigm but in the fluidity of migration between and among cultures rather than geographical boundaries and military borders. All this argues that across the imperial cartography of discrimination and oppression, women’s solidarity is only possible through intercultural and syncretistic negotiation that respects the individual and the community.ReferencesAbdel-Fattah, Randa. Does My Head Look Big in This? Sydney: Pan MacMillan Australia, 2005.———. “Ending Oppression in the Middle East: A Muslim Feminist Call to Arms.” ABC Religion and Ethics, 29 April 2013. <http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2013/04/29/3747543.htm>.———. “On ‘Nine Parts Of Desire’, by Geraldine Brooks.” Griffith Review. <https://griffithreview.com/on-nine-parts-of-desire-by-geraldine-brooks/>.Agarwal, Bina. A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1994.Amissah, Edith Kohrs. Aspects of Feminism and Gender in the Novels of Three West African Women Writers. Nairobi: Africa Resource Center, 1999.Andolina, Robert, Nina Laurie, and Sarah A. Radcliffe. Indigenous Development in the Andes: Culture, Power, and Transnationalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009.Anzaldúa, Gloria E. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1987.Bakare-Yusuf, Bibi. “Fabricating Identities: Survival and the Imagination in Jamaican Dancehall Culture.” Fashion Theory 10.3 (2006): 1–24.Basu, Amrita (ed.). Women's Movements in the Global Era: The Power of Local Feminisms. Philadelphia: Westview Press, 2010.Bulbeck, Chilla. Re-Orienting Western Feminisms: Women's Diversity in a Postcolonial World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Connell, Raewyn. “Meeting at the Edge of Fear: Theory on a World Scale.” Feminist Theory 16.1 (2015): 49–66.———. “Rethinking Gender from the South.” Feminist Studies 40.3 (2014): 518-539.Daniel, Eniola. “I Work toward the Liberation of Women, But I’m Not Feminist, Says Buchi Emecheta.” The Guardian, 29 Jan. 2017. <https://guardian.ng/art/i-work-toward-the-liberation-of-women-but-im-not-feminist-says-buchi-emecheta/>.Devi, Mahasveta. "Draupadi." Trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Critical Inquiry 8.2 (1981): 381-402.Friedman, Susan Stanford. Planetary Modernisms: Provocations on Modernity across Time. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015.Grewal, Inderpal, and Caren Kaplan. Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.Hale, Sondra. “Transnational Gender Studies and the Migrating Concept of Gender in the Middle East and North Africa.” Cultural Dynamics 21.2 (2009): 133-52.hooks, bell. “Eating the Other: Desire and Resistance.” Black Looks: Race and Representation. Boston: South End Press, 1992.Langton, Marcia. “‘Grandmother’s Law’, Company Business and Succession in Changing Aboriginal Land Tenure System.” Traditional Aboriginal Society: A Reader. Ed. W.H. Edward. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Macmillan, 2003.Lazreg, Marnia. “Feminism and Difference: The Perils of Writing as a Woman on Women in Algeria.” Feminist Studies 14.1 (Spring 1988): 81-107.Liew, Stephanie. “Subtle Racism Is More Problematic in Australia.” Interview. music.com.au 2015. <http://themusic.com.au/interviews/all/2015/03/06/randa-abdel-fattah/>.Lorde, Audre. “The Uses of Anger: Women Responding to Racism.” Keynoted presented at National Women’s Studies Association Conference, Storrs, Conn., 1981.Mernissi, Fatima. The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Women’s Rights in Islam. Trans. Mary Jo Lakeland. New York: Basic Books, 1991.Moghadam, Valentine. Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003.Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. Feminism without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003.Moreton-Robinson, Aileen. Talkin' Up to the White Woman: Aboriginal Women and Feminism. St Lucia: Queensland University Press, 2000.Morgan, Robin (ed.). Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology. New York: The Feminist Press, 1984.Narayan, Uma. Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third World Feminism, 1997.