Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chin Peng'

Experimental data on the solubility of CO2 in methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) are reported at temperatures from 308 to 333 K and pressures in the range of 1 to 10 MPa. The corresponding measurements of the volumetric expansion of the liquid phase are also presented. The solubility data are correlated with the Peng-Robinson equation of state using two interaction parameters. Solubilities of CO2 as high as 80 mol% can be attained in both monomers in the range of pressure considered. A near-linear relationship is observed between pressure and liquid-phase composition. The Peng-Robinson equation of state provides a satisfactory correlation of the solubility data. The average absolute relative deviations with respect to the calculated values of pressure are less than 2%. For a given monomer, the expansion isotherms coincide when plotted as a function of the liquid - phase composition. Catalytic chain transfer (CCT) polymerisation of CO2-expanded MMA, BMA and styrene is then described. Experimental values of the chain transfer constant are determined at 323 K and 333 K and in the range of pressure from 0.1 to 6 MPa. A cobaloxime complex is used as the chain transfer catalyst. The effect of small quantities of polymer on the volumetric expansion of the corresponding monomer is considered. The chain transfer constants for the expanded monomers are significantly higher than those obtained in the bulk monomers. It is demonstrated that a linear relationship exists between the chain transfer rate coefficient and the inverse of liquid-phase viscosity. These results provide significant evidence that the rate-determining step in the CCT process is diffusion-controlled. Finally, molecular weight evolution in CCT polymerization of CO2-expanded MMA is reported. Experimental molecular weight and polydispersity index data are presented at 323 K in the range of conversion from 1 to 25%, and at pressures of 5 and 6 MPa. Both molecular weight and polydispersity increase with conversion at conditions below the homogeneous expansion limit. Predici simulations suggest that either irreversible catalyst deactivation or cobalt-carbon bond formation is the most likely mechanism for the increase in molecular weight with conversion.

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Biotechnology)
Water deficit is known to be one of the most detrimental environmental factors to affect crop production and growth in South Africa. This factor has become more apparent with increasing cases of drought in the country.

Doutoramento em Ciências Políticas
As Nações Unidas conseguiram criar uma 'janela de oportunidade' em relação a abolição internacional da pena de morte. Este esforço está inserido no 'resgate do indviduo' em matéria de direitos humanos e responsibilidade dos estados que se verificou a partir de 1945. Para além disso, a questão dos direitos humanos ocupa um lugar central na procura de um novo standard de civilização. Todavia, esta procura não tem sido consensual e reflecte o estádio embrionário da sociedade de estados que tenta harmonizar a uma escala universal os seus elementos de sociedade, sistémicos, e comunitários. A institutionalização da abolição da pena de morte não está ainda conseguida e, bem pelo contrário, e um processo que se encontra no inicio. A maix barreira para as Nações Unidas é a de promover a norma abolicionista no domínio das abordagens pluralistas de grandes potências como a China, o país que lidera o número de sentenças capitais e execuções em todo o mundo. O pluralismo metodológico da Escola Inglesa permite-nos compreender os diversos componentes deste debate, i e., a abolição da pena de morte é per se um elemento comunitário desenvolvido numa moldura de sociedade e que enfrenta constrangimentos pluralistas.
The United Nations has been successful in establishing an international abolitionist 'window of opportunitv' regarding the death penalty. This 'window' is included in the wider framework of human rights and statc? accountability that was made possible after the 'rescue of the individual' in the post-1945 world. Human rights are at the core of the search for a new standard of civilisation, a search that has been fc;r from consensual. It reflects the embryonic stage of a truly global society of states that is trying to harmonise its systemic, societal and community elements on a universal scale. The institutionalisation of the abolition of the death penalty is still at the beginning and lacks iriernational consensus. The greatest hurdle is to promote socialisation of the abolitionist norm into retentionist countries such as China, the leading country in death sentences and executions worldwide. The methodological pluralism of the 'English School' enables us to understand what is at work in the death penalty debate, namely that its abolition is a community building block that is being nurtured in a societal framework and faced with pluralist constraints.
FCT
FSE

Dans cette thèse, des particules de polymère fonctionnalisées en surface avec des groupes poly (éthylène glycol) (PEG) ont été synthétisées pour favoriser leur interaction avec les dérivés cellulosique via liaisons hydrogène intermoléculaires. Deux voies de synthèse ont été proposées pour obtenir ses composites cellulose/latex.La première voie est basée sur l'auto-assemblage induit par polymérisation (PISA) pour former des nanoparticules fonctionnalisées avant leur adsorption sur un substrat cellulosique. La PISA tire profit de la formation de copolymères blocs amphiphiles dans l'eau en combinant la polymérisation en émulsion avec les techniques de polymérisation radicalaire contrôlées (RDRP). Ces dernières sont utilisées pour synthétiser des polymères hydrophiles agissant à la fois comme précurseur pour la polymerization en émulsion d'un monomère hydrophobe, et comme stabilisant des particules de latex obtenues. Deux techniques de RDRP ont été étudiées : les polymérisations RAFT et SET-LRP. Des polymères hydrophiles à base de PEG de faible masse molaire ont été synthétisés en utilisant ses deux techniques qui sont ensuite utilisés pour la polymérisation d'un bloc hydrophobe dans l'eau. Le transfert de l'agent de contrôle au site de la polymérisation était difficile en utilisant la SET-LRP en émulsion, conduisant à la formation de larges particules. En utilisant la RAFT en émulsion, des particules nanométriques ont été obtenues, avec un changement morphologique observé en fonction de la taille du segment hydrophobe, puis adsorbées sur des nanofibrilles de cellulose (CNF).La seconde voie utilise la polymérisation en émulsion classique réalisée en présence de nanocristaux de cellulose (CNC) conduisant à une stabilisation Pickering des particules de polymère. L'interaction cellulose/particule est assurée grâce à l'ajout d’un comonomère à type PEG. Une organisation a été visualisé dans laquelle plusieurs particules de polymère recouvrent chaque CNC
In this thesis, polymer particles surface-functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) groups were synthesized to promote their interaction with cellulose derivatives via intermolecular hydrogen bond. Two synthetic routes were proposed to obtain such cellulose/latex composites.The first route was based on the polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) to form functionalized polymer nanoparticles prior to adsorption onto cellulosic substrate. PISA takes advantage of the formation of amphiphilic block copolymers in water by combining emulsion polymerization with reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques. The latter were used to synthesize well-controlled hydrophilic polymer chains, acting as both precursor for the emulsion polymerization of a hydrophobic monomer, and stabilizer of the final latex particles. Two RDRP techniques were investigated: reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), and single electron transfer-living radical polymerization (SET-LRP). Low molar mass PEG-based hydrophilic polymers have been synthesized using both techniques, used for the polymerization of a hydrophobic block in water. The transfer of controlling agent at the locus of the polymerization was challenging for SET-LRP in emulsion conditions leading to surfactant-free large particles. Nanometric latex particles were obtained via RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization, with morphology change from sphere to fibers observed depending on the size of the hydrophobic segment, which were then able to be adsorbed onto cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs).The second route used conventional emulsion polymerization performed directly in presence of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) leading to Pickering-type stabilization of the polymer particles. Cellulose/particle interaction was provided thanks to the addition of PEG-based comonomer. Original organization emerged where CNCs were covered by several polymer particles

Les travaux réalisés portent sur la synthèse de nanoparticules de PVDF à l’aide de la polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée (PRC) par transfert de chaîne réversible par addition-fragmentation (RAFT) en émulsion. Dans un premier temps, un méthoxy poly(éthylène glycol) commercial porteur d’une fonction hydroxyle (PEG-OH) a été employé pour la stabilisation des particules de PVDF. Cette stabilisation est assurée par des réactions de transfert irréversible opérant le long des chaînes de PEG conduisant à la formation in situ d’un stabilisant de type copolymère greffé. Par la suite, un PEG modifié chimiquement à partir du PEG-OH, portant à son extrémité de chaîne une fonction xanthate (macroRAFT, PEG-X), réactive et réactivable, a été utilisé. Les expériences réalisées en présence de ce macroRAFT ont démontré une forte implication de l’extrémité xanthate dans le procédé de polymérisation en émulsion du VDF. En effet, des particules stables de l’ordre de 70 nm de diamètre sont obtenues, alors que l’utilisation de PEG-OH conduit à des tailles beaucoup plus importantes (200 nm). Cette tendance est confirmée lors de l’étude de l’impact de divers paramètres comme la masse molaire de la chaîne PEG ou encore la quantité d’amorceur. Des analyses complémentaires (tension de surface et calorimétrie différentielle à balayage) ont permis de comparer le taux d’ancrage de PEG-X et de PEG-OH. Les quantités en macroRAFT ont ensuite été augmentées dans le but d’obtenir des particules composées de copolymères à blocs. Des analyses RMN approfondies ont été menées pour identifier les espèces créées lors de la polymérisation en émulsion du VDF lorsque PEG-OH et PEG-X sont utilisés en tant que stabilisant. Par comparaison, des PEG portant des fonctions réactives de types (méth)acrylate et thiol ont également été employés comme stabilisant et leurs efficacités comparées à celles de PEG-OH et de PEG-X. Par ailleurs, d’autres architectures à base de PEG ont été évaluées en utilisant un macroRAFT difonctionnel (X-PEG-X) et un polymère greffé (PPEGA-X). Enfin, des latex de PVDF ont été synthétisés en présence de macroRAFT de type poly(acide (méth)acrylique) obtenus par polymérisation RAFT de l’acide acrylique ou méthacrylique en présence d’un trithiocarbonate ou d’un xanthate. Comme précédemment, plusieurs paramètres ont été variés comme la masse molaire des chaînes macromoléculaires, la quantité d’amorceur et la quantité de macroRAFT. Ces études ont encore une fois démontré la forte implication des extrémités RAFT dans la stabilisation des particules de PVDF
This work describes the synthesis of self-stabilized PVDF particles by combining the advantages of emulsion polymerization with those of controlled radical polymerization (CRP) using the RAFT process. First, a commercial methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) carrying a hydroxyl function (PEG-OH) was used for the stabilization of PVDF particles. The stabilization is provided by irreversible transfer reactions occurring along the PEG-OH chains leading to the formation of a grafted copolymer stabilizer in situ. This PEG-OH was then chain-end functionalized to introduce a xanthate group (macroRAFT, PEG-X). The experiments carried out in the presence of this macroRAFT demonstrated a strong implication of the xanthate chain-end in the VDF emulsion polymerization process. Indeed, particle sizes of 200 nm and 70 nm were obtained in the presence of PEG-OH and PEG-X, respectively. This trend was confirmed during the study of the impact of various parameters such as the molar mass of the PEG chain or the initiator amount. Additional analyses (surface tension measurement and differential scanning calorimetry) allowed to compare the anchoring efficiency of PEG-X and PEG-OH. The macroRAFT amount was then increased to form particles composed of block copolymer. In-depth NMR analyses were then conducted to identify the species created during the VDF emulsion polymerization process in the presence of PEG-OH and PEG-X. In comparison, PEGs carrying reactive functions such as (meth)acrylate and thiol were used as stabilizers and their efficiencies compared to those of PEG-OH and PEG-X. The macroRAFT architecture was also varied using a difunctional macroRAFT (X-PEG-X) and a grafted polymer (PPEGA-X). Finally, PVDF latexes were synthesized with poly((meth)acrylic acid) (P(M)AA) functionalized by either a trithiocarbonate or a xanthate. Like previously, several parameters were varied such as the macromolecular chain length, the initiator amount and the macroRAFT amount. Again, these studies demonstrated the strong impact of the RAFT chain-end in the stabilization of PVDF particles

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war die Synthese von thermisch schaltbaren Kammcopolymeren auf Basis von N-(Isopropylacrylamid) (NiPAAm) und Polyethylenglykolmakromonomeren (PEGMA). Die intensive Charakterisierung der aus diesen Copolymeren hergestellten Schichten und deren Anwendung als Zellkultursubstrate war ein weiteres Forschungsziel dieser Arbeit. Die mit Hilfe der neuartigen Schichten erhaltenen Zellkultursubstrate wurden anhand verschiedener adhärenter Zelllinien erfolgreich getestet. Alle getesten Zelltypen (Mausfibroblasten, humane Endothelzellen der Nabelschnurvene und humane korneale Endothelzellen) proliferierten auf den angebotenen Zellkultursubstraten bei 37°C und konnten durch senken der Temperatur geerntet werden.

abstract: In the former British colony of Malaya, communism is a controversial subject that often invites significant scrutiny from government officials and pro-British scholars who describes the radical movement as a foreign conspiracy to dominate the small Southeast Asian nation. The primary goal of this thesis, therefore, is to reinterpret and revise the current established history of Malayan communism in a chronological and unbiased manner that would illustrate that the authoritative accounts of the movement was not only incomplete but was also written with explicit prejudice. The secondary goal of this thesis is to argue that the members of the Malayan Communist Party were actually nationalists who embraced leftist ideology as a means to fight against colonialism. By examining the programs and manifestoes issued by the Party over the years, it is clear that the communists were in fact had been arguing for social reforms and independence rather than a Russian-style proletarian revolution. This research scrutinizes the authoritative texts written by Cold War-era scholars such as Gene Hanrahan as well as newly published historical analysis of the period by Cheah Boon Kheng in addition to memoirs of surviving members of the Party such as Chin Peng and Abdullah C.D. The evidence indicates that early understandings of the Malayan communist movement were heavily influenced by Cold War paranoia and that over time it had become the accepted version of history.
Dissertation/Thesis
M.A. History 2011

碩士
國立臺南藝術大學
應用藝術研究所
95
The motivation of creation comes from my family, and my rumination over the cognitions in my life. I want to retrieve the memory that has been deliberately forgotten, and to search for the undiscovered subconsciousness immerged in the darkness through the reorganization of memory. The purpose of examining my inner self and knowing myself again is achieved by introspection and self-talks during the process of this creation. This article records the description of my creation from 2003 to 2007. Here are the categories: 1. Preface: The hospitalization of a junior schoolmate of mine stirred my emotions that had been long accumulated for many years. I treat creation as an outlet for my emotions and through which I come to know myself. In my thesis “Me and Self-Talk: 2003~2007 Peng Chien-Chuan’s Narration of Creation”, my creation is the dialogue with myself. 2. Description of Work: It is a description of my creation from 2003 to 2007. After exploring a single event deeply, I realize that my personality is the common humanity and to understand it helps me to face the crowd. Besides, creation is a way to learn one’s self more. 3. The Extension of Work: I collect the same words in my work that include the accumulation of amount, the working style of mechanical movements, self-constraint, and the light visual images used in the work, all of which express my deep comprehension of life. I illustrate the technology used in my work. 4. Conclusion: I use one kilogram of cotton and one kilogram of iron to describe my idea of life, that is, the greatness accumulated by small pieces weights more than anything else.

碩士
雲林科技大學
休閒運動研究所碩士班
97
The PengHu “Yuan Siao Chih Gui” is one of the most well-known turtle civil ceremony in the world. In the old time, people ate turtles since it was the main source of animal protein. However, nowadays turtles are no longer the sacrifices but the protected animal instead. In addition, in order to show great respect to the environment, people take the glutinous rice of turtle shape to be the sacrifice of deity and use totem consciousness to present the important symbol of Folk Festival. Moreover, the tradition essenceof “sharing”, “eat for safe and well”, and “consecration to deity” express the culture of “Chih Gui”. The purpose of this research was to investigate the “Wanguei Ceremony” activity and the research method were literature review, in-depth interviews, and participative investigarion. Furthermore, five respondents were interviewed using purposive sampling method and recorded by word-by-word documents. Finally, the activities records were compare and analysed with literature review and then propose suggestion of Chih Gui Ceremony in Pehnhu. This research found that the “Chih Gui” is subject of the activity, and the added value are numerous. The totem consciousness was able to arose people’s respect and care of life. If the traditional fishery, water areas activity and aquacultur were integrated with activity of cultural tourism, the Peng Hu “Chih Gui” should be albe to proceed to the next generation. The suggestion of this research were: to create cultural brand image of Peng Hu Chih Gui, to corporate tradition activities with modern elements, to develop the local features, to integrate cultural tourism resources with efficiency, to give impetus to stratefic alliances of local and central government, to coordinate the promotion by policy, and to improve the economic status of PengHu.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
藝術研究所
99
Use color ink painting to show atmosphere images of traditional markets and local selling activities with humanistic concern including facial expression and body language in bargaining between the buyers and sellers, and by converting the backgrounds of time and of space of the morning markets, afternoon markets, evening markets, night markets and of other types of markets to generate atmosphere images of the markets and through artistic essential functions (thoughts, sentiments, skills) as well as through introducing to elaboration of East West practical impressionism and to philosophy of artistic creative thinking, including painting management, atmosphere or scene, colored or blank, gathering or dispersing, etc.. and through contrasts between new and old and Chinese and Western painting material utilizations to transmit innermost feelings of self-observation on various aspects of market activities. Also personally attempt to interview the sellers who seek livelihoods in the markets to know their backgrounds and aspirations and paint disadvantaged sellers in the market edge corners to make viewers, through the painting scenes, to introspect and meditate. Through a combination of poem and calligraphy in reading-text style is the entire painting management and idea, beginning from the Preface with poem to describe activity scenes as well as with symmetrical couplet (Running Script & Kai-Shu) to introduce the reality of the painting themes collocation with continuous scenes of yellowed background paintings to show the viewers who look at the yellowed background paintings just like look at yellowed photographs brought back personal recollections.

碩士
國立成功大學
地球科學系碩博士班
96
In this study, we collected 69 atmospheric aerosols samples from Peng Chia Yu（PCY）, northeastern Taiwan, from April 1997 to March 2000. Different with previous studies, we used leaching method to get watersoluble ions from aerosols to discuss the source of lead. We measured major and trace elements by ICP-MS and lead isotopes by MC-ICP-MS which set up in NCKU. Compared with chemical data, statistical data, and backward trajectories, the results show the concentration of water- soluble ions have seasonal variation that high values in winter and low in summer. Also, there are three main sources to affect the aerosols in PCY: anthropogenic, marine, crustal materials. Pb isotopic ratios, resembling those observed in Tainjin and Shanghai, China as well as many East Asian countries. The 206Pb/ 207Pb ratios were lower in summer and higher in winter/spring, gradually increased from 1997 to 2000, a trend that suggests that different lead addition in gasoline. Besides, the pathways passed through the industrial areas in China would show high metal concentrations. Otherwise, the pathways passed through the ocean would be observed low metal concentrations. Together with principal components analysis and backward trajectory analysis provide useful and complementary information to identify the contribution of lead sources. Again this demonstrates Peng Chia Yu has already been affected by Chinese pollution of long-range transport during the northeast monsoon season beginning in early fall and ending in late spring. By employing a two end-member mixing model based on the assumption that the summer case represents the local source end-member, the relative contributions of long-range transport for anthropogenic Pb have been estimated to be 27-44% in fall, 60-85% in winter, and 64-92% in spring.

碩士
國立清華大學
外國語文學系
100
This thesis investigates the formation of Taiwanese subject consciousness under the influence of America and the Cold War during the 1960s. Today, subject consciousness has been discussed primarily in the context of Taiwanese colonial history as a national consciousness in resistance to the influence of Chinese culture or Chinese nationalism. But this nationalist view, on one hand, freezes the agency of subject consciousness in intervening in social and historical processes; on the other hand, it also overlooks the influence of the binary Cold War ideology created by the U.S. For this reason, I contend that Taiwanese subject consciousness cannot be properly understood without seeing the domination of the Cold War and that the contextualization of the Japanese colonial memories, the U.S. influence, and Chinese heritage in Taiwanese society is necessary for liberating Taiwanese subject consciousness from the national perspective. In this thesis, I focus on three different texts which were composed during the 1960s and the early 1970s when the social structure in Taiwan began to change. These texts— George Kerr’s Formosa Betrayed, Peng Ming-min’s A Taste of Freedom, and Chen Yingzhen’s short stories, “The Country Village Teacher” and “The Last Day to Summer”— discuss Taiwanese subject consciousness and the Taiwan-U.S. relations in the 1960sto probe into the different cultural positions in imaging Taiwan’s history and the role of America. This thesis concentrates on the political ideologies in these texts, by asking how these ideologies are represented, and what imaginations they provoked to justify their claims. By putting these three positions in conversation with each other, I attempt to manifest the tension and complexity that America imposes on the formation of Taiwanese subject consciousness. Also, this thesis attempts to provide a different set of analytic language to understand Taiwanese subject consciousness as created during the Cold War. Through a historically grounded analysis of these texts, while remaining attentive to the “literary qualities” of their political ideologies, the thesis also suggests the possibility that an examination of Taiwanese subject consciousness can serve as a starting point not only for overcoming the division of China and Taiwan as embedded in the Cold War structure but also for understanding America as a Cold War empire that took Asia as its prey.

碩士
國立屏東大學
中國語文學系碩士班
106
Ti-tsang-pu-sa-pen-yuan-ching（《地藏菩薩本願經》）, Chan-cha-shan-e-yeh-pao ching（《占察善惡業報經》）, along with Ta-cheng-ta-chi-Ti-tsang-shih-lun-ching（《大乘大集地藏十輪經》）are considered as “Three Sutras of Kstigarbha” in China’s Kstigarbha belief system. Among them, Ti-tsang-pu-sa-pen-yuan-ching is well-known in Chinese folk religion. Despite its popularity and importance, a further research has not ever discussed because of possibly apocryphal problems. 　　This thesis will focus on Ti-tsang-pu-sa-pen-yuan-ching, and analyse such questions of authors or translators, circulation, as well as some false texts, by which, firstly, to outline a basic picture of faith in Kstigarbha. Secondly, paying attention to the concept of “hell”, “causes of beings by the sentient”, Alaya-vijnana（阿賴耶識）of Wei-shih（唯識）, and Chong-tzu-hsun-his-yi（種子薰習義）, as the book writes “hell affected by karma” can determine where the sentient to go, similarly, evil the sentient commit, affecting what hell they may see, what karma they may receive, according to Alaya-Vijnana of Wei-shih. Thirdly, through “the aspect of purity and discoloration” to compare with Sutra of Hua-yen（華嚴）, as Ou-yi Chih-hsu（蕅益智旭，1599─1655）said, “hell” and “karma” is immensely related with “the aspect of purity and discoloration”, corresponding to what Hua-yen sect called the theory of San-hsiang-yi-tung（三性異同）. Fourthly, dealing with “The merits of invoke Buddha” and “The way of worship” in “The Ninth Article of Chant Buddh”（〈稱佛名號品第九〉）, to discover the similarities and differences of “Pure Land School” between “Chant Buddh”. 　　Besides of generally acknowledged ideas of Confucian doctrine of filial piety, Ti-tsang-pu-sa-pen-yuan-ching contains some thoughts of Wei-shih school and Hua-yen school which make this book more complicated, and also confirm the concept of “arising from conditional causation” and “hell”. In this book, not only provides interest way of the dead, but also gives the survivors certain rules over worship and merits, in order to free oneself from difficulties.

碩士
國立交通大學
社會與文化研究所
99
China under Victorian Women Travel Writers’ Pen: An analysis on Mrs. Archibald Little’s Intimate China. 維多利亞時期女性旅遊作家筆下的中國：以立德夫人之《親近中國》為例 Abstract: In 1886, Mrs. Archibald Little accompanied her husband to China. During twenty years there, she was active among the Chinese upper society by starting the Unbinding-Foot Association in Shanghai and was devoted in the cause. She also continued her writing career and published ten books related to China. This thesis used Mrs. Archibald Little’s Intimate China: The Chinese as I have Seen Them as main analysis materials. Introduction included research motive and research metholodgy. Chapter One, Roles of Victorian Women, focuses on Victorian womanhood. It is separated into three parts: first, women’s social roles and responsibilities; second, the social values that were presented by other women travel writers; third, the dialogues and interactions between women travel writers and Chinese society, and three different types of women travel writers in China. Chapter Two, The Littles in China, is separated into four sections: first, her life and publications prior to marriage; second, her life and adventures in China; third, her publications related to China; fourth, her life and publications. Chapter Three, Presenting China under the Framework of British Empire, is separated into three parts: first, the analysis of Intimate China; second, culture shock and Mrs. Little’s Chinese experience; third, discussing the Unbinding foot movement and Mrs Little’s views of Chinese women. Conclusion, summarizes Mrs. Little’s life and discusses how others viewed her.

碩士
國立成功大學
資源工程學系碩博士班
96
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the amount of hot spring resources and occurrence of the hot spring in Chih-Pen area. Based on the concept of water balance and base-flow model, the hydro-geological construction in basin is established to evaluate groundwater recharge and investigate the parameter of hydrogeology. First, the geological structure and core sample are collected in order establish the hydro-thermo-geostructure filed model. The 3-D thermal-hydraulic simulation approach is provided by TOUGH2 describe the heat flow field and to occur the fluid sources. Second, the geothermal gradient and the distribution of thermal water flow were used to assess the groundwater recharge of deep circulation in hot spring area. Finally, the allowable exploitation of hot spring was estimated under several constrainted conditions in Chih-Pen area. The simulated results show that unusual high temperature at upper rock layer due to thermo-buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, and thermal water flows along the fault zone in Chih-Pen area. The mainly flow paths of hot spring is affected by high-permeability fracture zones which can give rise to large discharge of hot spring. The results also indicated the shallow and deep groundwater recharges to geothermal system are 9.90 million and 500 thousand ton/yr, respectively. The estimation results for the allowable exploitation of hot spring against the pumping depth are shown that as the deeper well pumpage is produced, the fewer groundwater drawdown and the larger temperature gradient are occurred.

碩士
玄奘大學
宗教與文化學系碩士班
105
This thesis is to explore the relevance of the research landscape aesthetics and Feng Shui theory, because Feng Shui theory of human ancestors to adapt to the environment, and the development out of a science. In the Constitutes part of Chinese culture especially in the garden site selection pattern layout and landscape environment and traditional architecture planning, landscape views are presented for discussion in order to establish the Chinese Feng Shui theory, is the most excellent landscape aesthetics methodology of this study, in order to observe the induction of landscape aesthetics and Feng Shui theory the nature and composition of, by observing the law of dialectics and Feng Shui landscape aesthetics, and to observe the law of causality association with Zen Buddhist mountain fairy landscape aesthetics and Feng Shui. Biological law theory is China's Feng Shui theory. The basic architecture is the connotation of landscape aesthetics, it fits people who live in the natural environment and cultural justice. Ecological nature of human being , is a special contribution to human ecology itself. Religious beliefs, especially commonly called in the ecological system, the role played by those who actually have on the creation and empowerment of our life force of nature. Because of the religious worldview is the root of nature, so it is assimilative which everything is unique, in the most fundamental attitude to the community driven worldview. Providing humanity with all the attention to one, it shows a penetration of imagery, more exposing humans have the ability to think symbolically creatures of the universe, is also consistent with the theory of biological laws. Thus, between God, man and nature are closely intertwined, and became these traditional features, called "Heaven" (anthropocosmic) worldview.

碩士
淡江大學
漢語文化暨文獻資源研究所碩士班
99
“Song Yuan Hua Ben” was one of the literature genres developed in an unique background. Its derivation had close relationship with literature of mixed prose and verse. When speaking to the study of Chinese linguistic, the researchers in the past hindered by the generations of corpora and the formations of excavation; they often paid more attention on the written documents themselves rather than the practical oral language. Not until had the appearance of “Ching-Ping-Shan Hall Hua Ben”, which part of its chapters described in a popular and vivid oral language, colloquial short story could officially be established its genre and started the new phase in the history of Chinses language and literature. The overall language used in “Ching-Ping-Shan Hall Hua Ben” was quite rough, but this work presented the transition of intelligentsia literature to folk literature; it had initial status of the later creation of colloquial stories, and the latest study of Chinese linguistic. This thesis starts from the perspective of genre to proceed the study of the linguistic level of “Ching-Ping-Shan Hall Hua Ben”. As for the second chapter, in the examination of Hua Ben, the researcher may confirm the status of “Ching-Ping-Shan Hall Hua Ben” and the value of its corpora. Next, in the third chapter, the researcher divides the level of this work’s genre. In the analysis of different genres’ penetration and blend, the researcher would generalize a complete and featured genre system of Hua Ben. Finally, as far as the characteristics of the development of Chinese linguistic in “Ching-Ping-Shan Hall Hua Ben” are concerned (i.e. compound forms, pronoun systems, and auxiliary words), the researcher in the fourth chapter analyzes, compiles statistics, and compares other corpora with this work. The findings should prove that “Ching-Ping-Shan Hall Hua Ben” preserves higher proportions of oral language in Song and Yuan Dynasty; and the colloquial story with higher proportions of oral language would be the valuable corpora of studying the development of Chinese linguistic in Song and Yuan Dynasty.

碩士
輔仁大學
宗教學系
99
The Pen­-chi Ching is an important Taoist text of the early T'ang dynasty marking the introduction of a new doctrinal system within Taoism–the Learning of the Twice-­Profound–which exerted considerable influence on the thought of later Taoist texts of the period. On closer inspection, however, it contains an astonishing number of terms and phrases reflecting linguistic conventions of Buddhist scriptures. Thus the present thesis explores the relationship between the Pen-­chi Ching and Buddhist works through an analysis of historical sources, linguistic usage, and doctrinal elements. As far as historical sources are concerned, emphasis is placed on the study of texts dealing with the history of Buddhism and Taoism as well as that of their canonical scriptures. Regarding linguistic usage, the idiom of texts of both traditions is compared and analyzed. In terms of doctrinal elements all Buddhist concepts found in the Pen-­chi Ching are identified and their sources traced. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the compiler(s) and/or editor(s) of the Pen­-chi Ching made heavy creative use of the language and thought of Buddhist scriptures. In addition, an attempt is made to identify along which principles the author(s) tried to structure the text. It was discovered that, following the system of the five periods of the Buddha's teaching proposed by Ven. Hui­-kuan of the Liu Sung dynasty, the entire buddhadharma was incorporated into the Pen­-chi Ching, in other words, all important Buddhist sutras produced in the previous centuries were integrated into the new scripture, which thus became truly a representative work of this specific epoch.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
91
Amphiphilic graft copolymers comprising hydrophobic cholesterol side chains and hydrophilic PEG side chains were investigated. CMC decreases with decreasing hydrophobicity of theae copolymers. The colloidal stability of all polymeric micelles is quite satisfactory, as illustrated by the particle size versus time data. The copolymer-liposome complex also shows good colloidal stability because of the electrostatic and steric repulsion forces associated with the copolymer-modified liposomes. The encapsulation efficiency of copolymers was determined by 1H-NMR. The copolymer comprising more hydrophilic monomeric units has the lower encapsulation efficicency. The reagent 5(6)-CF was used as a model compound to study the permeability of the liposome bilayer. The larger the total amount of hydrophilic side chains, the higher the bilayer permeability. Pyrene loading were used to study the bilayer structure of liposomes. The IE/IM became higher accompanied with lower amount of inserted cholesterol. Small angle neutron scattering is used to analyze the liposome scattering. The polycore-shell model fits the experimental data reasonably well. The shell of the copolymer- liposome complex should contain the monomeric units of HEMA. Attractive and repulsion forces between these colloidal partices,steric repulsion effect was the greatest in the system of polymer micelle suspension. The copolymer-liposome complex can decrease the attractive force between these partices and then reduse the fusion and aggregation in the liposome suspension.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
水土保持系所
98
In the study according to the reference,the mixing ratio to used non-sieve fine and coarse aggregate (the ratio of 1:6,1:9,1:12).The used quantity of cement and aggregate was design by weight method.The water-cement ratio was design between 0.42~0.55.The test-2 is control the coarse aggregate ratio to three group,the coarse aggregate ratio are 30 percent,50 percent,and 70 percent.The test-3 is control the mud content ratio to four group,the mud content ratio are 0 percent, 3 percent, 5 percent,and 10 percent. This paper is now in order to understand the relation between strength of the ratio of on-situ mixing, Some results from the research are as follow: 1.The strength and cement content had the relationship of direct proportion. 2.The strength had medium correlation with the ratio of the coarse and fine aggregate ratio,and the best ratio of coarse aggregate of Chih-Pen Creek is between 50%~60%. 3.The Strength and mud content had the relationship of inverse proportion.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
高分子工程系
93
In this study, first, transesterification was proceeded by Dimethyl-5-sulfoisophthalate salt(SIPM) and Polyethylene glycol(PEG) of different molecular weight for hydrophilic soft segment(PEG-SIPM-PEG). The NCO group terminated hydrophobic PU prepolymer was synthesized by PCL as soft segment, H12MDI as hard segment, and then added the soft segment PEG-SIPM-PEG to produce PU(S PU). On another side, we added the H12MDI and PEG-SIPM-PEG of different content to synthesis PU(SB PU). The PU was applied to the water vapor permeability and water resistance of fabrics. The analysis of thermal properties, when the PEG molecular weight of soft segment increased, the Tg of S PU decreased. The Tg of SB PU type containing PEG400 increased as the content of hydrophilic section increased , but the Tg of SB PU with PEG1000 shows opposite tendency and other with PEG2000 without Tg. The Tm of S PU with PEG1000 was high than S PU with PEG2000, but S PU with PEG400 did not possess the Tm. The △H of S PU with PEG2000 was larger than S PU with PEG1000, but S PU with PEG400 did not possess the △H. The Tm of SB PU with PEG400 and hard segment of the mole above 2 in hydrophilic section, and its Tm increased first but decreased next as increased the content of hydrophilic section. The Tm and △H of SB PU with PEG1000 or PEG2000 increased as the content of hydrophilic section increased. In the properties of finished fabrics, the fabric treated by S PU had good water vapor permeability, tensile strength and elongation as PU containing PEG of large molecular weight. The S PU with PEG of molecular weight 1000 had best water resistance, but PEG400 molecular weight was poorest. The water vapor permeability of treated fabrics increased but the water resistance reduced as hydrophilic section content of SB PU increased. SB PU with PEG of molecular weight 400 shows the increase of tensile strength when the content of hydrophilic section increased, and the elongation of treated fabrics increased first but decreased next. The fabrics treated by SB PU with PEG of molecular weight 1000 showed increase of tensile strength in the low content of hydrophilic section but decreased in high content, but its elongation increased as increasing the content of hydrophilic section. Within the SB PU with PEG of molecular weight 2000 the tensile strength of treated fabrics decreased as increase of hydrophilic section content, but the elongation was reverse. Considering the conditions of finishing and solution, S PU with PEG of molecular weight 2000 had excellent water vapor permeability and water resistance of treated fabrics in predry of low temperature and long time or high temperature and short time. The composition of solution was not obvious effect to the properties of treated fabrics.

Tese de mestrado, Desenho, 2009, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Belas Artes
O trabalho que se apresenta, tem como objectivo dar a conhecer e divulgar os numerosos desenhos que D. Carlos I realizou a Carvão I Lápis e a Pena I Tinta-da-china, de modo a se poder aprofundar o estudo da sua obra artística nomeadamente no que se refere a área do desenho. Após recolha dos elementos nas diferentes fontes, sua organização, tratamento e selecção, redacção do estudo e respectiva explicação numa determinada estrutura organizativa do material investigado, dividimos o material recolhido em seis temáticas diferentes: Marinhas, Paisagens, Retrato, Costumes, Animais e Diversos. Nascido e educado para ser rei, D. Carlos I demonstrou desde pequeno grande vocação e gosto pela área artística, em particular, pelo desenho. Estimulado nesta prática pelo seu pai e seu avô, recebeu também, uma esmerada educação no domínio das artes plásticas que contribuíram para o seu crescimento e reconhecimento individual como artista. Teve os melhores mestres de então como seus professores e destacou-se entre os artistas
da sua época não só pela originalidade e qualidade de muitos dos seus trabalhos, alguns deles até galardoados em diversos certames, como também, pelo facto de ter encontrado e definido a sua própria maneira de estar perante a arte conseguindo adquirir, espontaneamente, um estilo muito próprio. Dedicou-se com entusiasmo a fotografia e realizou muitos apontamentos e desenhos de campo que traduzem bem a sua ligação a natureza e seus efeitos e ao naturalismo enquanto forma de expressão. D. Carlos teve grande paixão pelo mar e pelas paisagens do Alentejo mas teve também vasta predilecção pelo desenho. Embora tenha tido uma vida breve, deixou uma obra artística vasta e perene. E foi, provavelmente, um dos artistas, que melhor soube representar a paisagem portuguesa.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
藝術史研究所
84
Ch''en Hung-shou''s illustrations to Chang Shen-chih Cheng Pei Hsi-hsiang Mi Pen（The Edition of Chang Shen-chih''s Correction of The Northern Western Chamber）is a very important work in Chinese art history. Many scholars discussed that work , including Huang Yung-ch''uan, Wang Po-min, James Cahill, and Hiromitsu Kobayashi. Huang and Wang think Ch''en Hung-shou''s illutrations to the woodcut print can be regarded as the representive of the popular art of his time. However, Cahill thinks that woodcut print in Ming Dynasty is the product of the literati; therefore, Chen''s work betrays the elite''s interpretion of the popular literature. Nevertheless, because Cahill emphasizes the repre- sentitiveness of Ch''en''s work, without taking the difference between his and other editions in consideration, Kobayashi futher compares Ch''en''s illustrations with other Western Chamber editions, and discerns that Ch''en''s creativity lies on creating of a new woman image. My thesis is to penetrate more deeply into the meaning of Ch''en''s illustrations to this edition, and solve the problems as follows : What is his new woman image and how does it mean to Ch''en''s literati class? And what is Ch''en''s artistic achievement in the illutrations? The first charpter of this thesis is a survey on Chang Shen-chi''s and the “Taking Part Correctors”'' roles on editing this edition. The second charpter further discusses the purpose of Ch''en''s activity of illustrating. The third charpter analizes how Ch''en combines archaic style with dramatic pose to express the figures'' inner feelings. The fourth charpter presents the creativeness of the new woman image. After these surveys, my conclusion is that this edition results from Ch''en''s emphasis on love drama, and the woman image represents the pressured women in his time.

Les nanoparticules polymériques biodégradable (NPs) sont apparues ces dernières années comme des systèmes prometteurs pour le ciblage et la libération contrôlée de médicaments. La première partie de cette étude visait à développer des NPs biodégradables préparées à partir de copolymères fonctionnalisés de l’acide lactique (poly (D,L)lactide ou PLA). Les polymères ont été étudiés comme systèmes de libération de médicaments dans le but d'améliorer les performances des NPs de PLA conventionnelles. L'effet de la fonctionnalisation du PLA par insertion de groupements chimiques dans la chaîne du polymère sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des NPs a été étudié. En outre, l'effet de l'architecture du polymère (mode d'organisation des chaînes de polymère dans le copolymère obtenu) sur divers aspects de l’administration de médicament a également été étudié. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, divers copolymères à base de PLA ont été synthétisés. Plus précisément il s’agit de 1) copolymères du poly (éthylène glycol) (PEG) greffées sur la chaîne de PLA à 2.5% et 7% mol. / mol. de monomères d'acide lactique (PEG2.5%-g-PLA et PEG7%-g-PLA, respectivement), 2) des groupements d’acide palmitique greffés sur le squelette de PLA à une densité de greffage de 2,5% (palmitique acid2.5%-g-PLA), 3) de copolymère « multibloc » de PLA et de PEG, (PLA-PEG-PLA)n. Dans la deuxième partie, l'effet des différentes densités de greffage sur les propriétés des NPs de PEG-g-PLA (propriétés physico-chimiques et biologiques) a été étudié pour déterminer la densité optimale de greffage PEG nécessaire pour développer la furtivité (« long circulating NPs »). Enfin, les copolymères de PLA fonctionnalisé avec du PEG ayant montré les résultats les plus satisfaisants en regard des divers aspects d’administration de médicaments, (tels que taille et de distribution de taille, charge de surface, chargement de drogue, libération contrôlée de médicaments) ont été sélectionnés pour l'encapsulation de l'itraconazole (ITZ). Le but est dans ce cas d’améliorer sa solubilité dans l'eau, sa biodisponibilité et donc son activité antifongique. Les NPs ont d'abord été préparées à partir de copolymères fonctionnalisés de PLA, puis ensuite analysés pour leurs paramètres physico-chimiques majeurs tels que l'efficacité d'encapsulation, la taille et distribution de taille, la charge de surface, les propriétés thermiques, la chimie de surface, le pourcentage de poly (alcool vinylique) (PVA) adsorbé à la surface, et le profil de libération de médicament. L'analyse de la chimie de surface par la spectroscopie de photoélectrons rayon X (XPS) et la microscopie à force atomique (AFM) ont été utilisés pour étudier l'organisation des chaînes de copolymère dans la formulation des NPs. De manière générale, les copolymères de PLA fonctionnalisés avec le PEG ont montré une amélioration du comportement de libération de médicaments en termes de taille et distribution de taille étroite, d’amélioration de l'efficacité de chargement, de diminution de l'adsorption des protéines plasmatiques sur leurs surfaces, de diminution de l’internalisation par les cellules de type macrophages, et enfin une meilleure activité antifongique des NPs chargées avec ITZ. En ce qui concerne l'analyse de la chimie de surface, l'imagerie de phase en AFM et les résultats de l’XPS ont montré la possibilité de la présence de davantage de chaînes de PEG à la surface des NPs faites de PEG-g-PLA que de NPS faites à partie de (PLA-PEG-PLA)n. Nos résultats démontrent que les propriétés des NPs peuvent être modifiées à la fois par le choix approprié de la composition en polymère mais aussi par l'architecture de ceux-ci. Les résultats suggèrent également que les copolymères de PEG-g-PLA pourraient être utilisés efficacement pour préparer des transporteurs nanométriques améliorant les propriétés de certains médicaments,notamment la solubilité, la stabilité et la biodisponibilité.
Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising drug delivery carriers for the controlled drug release and targeting. The first part of this study aimed to develop biodegradable NPs from functionalized copolymers of poly (D,L-Lactide) (PLA). Those copolymers were explored as drug delivery systems in attempt to improve the drug delivery performance of conventional PLA NPs. The effect of PLA functionalization (insertion of chemical substituents onto PLA backbone) on the physicochemical properties of the obtained NPs was investigated. Moreover, the effect of polymer architecture (mode of organization of polymer chains in the resultant copolymer) on various drug delivery aspects was also studied. To reach those goals, various PLA based copolymers namely poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted on PLA backbone at 2.5% & 7% mol/mol of lactic acid monomers (PEG2.5%-g-PLA and PEG7%-g-PLA, respectively), palmitic acid grafted on PLA backbone at 2.5% grafting density (palmitic acid2.5%-g-PLA), and multiblock copolymer of PLA and PEG, (PLA-PEG-PLA)n were synthesized. In the second part, the effect of different PEG grafting densities over PLA backbone on the properties of PEG-g-PLA NPs either physicochemical or biological properties was investigated to reveal the optimal PEG grafting density required to develop stealth particles (long circulating NPs). Finally, functionalized PEG/PLA copolymers that showed the most satisfactory results in terms of various drug delivery aspects, such as size and size distribution, surface charge, drug loading, and controlled drug release were selected for encapsulation of itraconazole (ITZ) to improve its aqueous solubility, bioavailability and hence its antifungal activity. NPs were first prepared from functionalized PLA copolymers then analyzed for their major physicochemical parameters such as encapsulation efficiency, size and size distribution, surface charge, thermal properties, surface chemistry, % poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) adsorbed at the surface of NPs, and drug release pattern. Surface chemistry analysis using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase imaging were used to study the chain organization behavior of each functionalized copolymer during NPs formulation. Generally speaking, functionalized PEG/PLA copolymers showed improved drug delivery behavior in terms of narrow size and size distribution, enhanced loading efficiency, less plasma protein adsorption onto their surfaces and less macrophage uptake, and finally better antifungal activity for ITZ loaded NPs. For the surface chemistry analysis, AFM phase imaging and XPS studies revealed the possibility of existence of more PEG chains at the surface of PEG-g-PLA NPs than (PLA-PEG-PLA)n during NPs formation. Our results demonstrate that properties of PLA-based NPs can be tuned by proper selection of both polymer composition and polymer architecture. Results also suggest that PEG-g-PLA copolymers could be used efficiently as a nanocarrier to improve various drug properties e.g. solubility, stability, and bioavailability.

Proteins orchestrate a number of cellular processes either alone or in concert with other biomolecules like nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. They exhibit an intrinsic ability to fold de novo to their functional states. The three–dimensional structure of a protein, dependent on its amino acid sequence, is important for its function. Understanding this sequence– structure–function relationship has become one of the primary goals in biophysics. Various experimental techniques like X–ray crystallography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and site–directed mutagenesis have been used extensively towards this goal. Computational studies include mainly sequence based, and structure based approaches. The sequence based approaches such as sequence alignments, phylogenetic analysis, domain identification, statistical coupling analysis etc., aim at deriving meaningful information from the primary sequence of the protein. The structure based approaches, on the other hand, use structures of folded proteins. Recent advances in structure determination and efforts by various structural consortia have resulted in an enormous amount of structures available for analysis. Innumerable observations such as the allowed and disallowed regions in the conformations of a peptide unit, hydrophobic core in globular proteins, existence of regular secondary structures like helices, sheets, and turns and a limited fold space have been landmarks in understanding the characteristics of protein structures. The uniqueness of protein structure is attained through non–covalent interactions among the constituent amino acids. Analyses of protein structures show that different types of non–covalent interactions like hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, aromatic stacking, cation–π interactions, and solvent interactions hold protein structures together. Although such structure analyses have provided a wealth of information, they have largely been performed at a pair–wise level and an investigation involving such pair–wise interactions alone is not sufficient to capture all the determinants of protein structures, since they happen at a global level. This consideration has led to the development of graphs/networks for proteins. Graphs or Networks are a collection of nodes connected by edges. Protein Structure Networks (PSNs) can be constructed using various definitions of nodes and edges. Nodes may vary from atoms to secondary structures in Synopsis proteins, and the edges can range from simple atom–atom distances to distance between secondary structures. To study the interplay of amino acids in structure formation, the most commonly used PSNs consider amino acids as nodes. The criterion for edge definition, however, varies. PSNs can be constructed at a course grain level by considering the distances between Cα/Cβ atoms, any side–chain atoms, or the centroids of the amino acids. At a finer level, PSNs can be constructed using atomic details by considering the interaction types or by computing the extent of interaction between amino acids. Representation of proteins as networks and their analyses has given us a unique perspective on various aspects such as protein structure organization, stability, folding, function, oligomerization and so on. A variety of network properties like the degree distribution, clustering coefficient, characteristic path lengths, clusters, and hubs have been investigated. Most of these studies are carried out on protein structures alone. However, the interaction of proteins with other biopolymers like nucleic acids is vital for many crucial biological processes like transcription and translation. In this thesis, we have attempted to address this problem by constructing and analyzing combined graphs of the structures of protein and DNA. Also, in almost all of the PSN studies, the connections have been made solely on the basis of geometric criteria. In the later part of the thesis, we have taken PSN a step further by defining the non–covalent connections based on chemical considerations in the form of the energies of interactions. The thesis contains two sections. The first part mainly involves the construction and application of PSNs to study DNA binding proteins. The DNA binding proteins are involved in several high fidelity processes like DNA recombination, DNA replication, and transcription. Although the protein– DNA interfaces have been extensively analyzed using pair–wise interactions, we gain additional global perspective from network approach. Furthermore, most of the earlier investigations have been carried out from the protein point of view (protein centric) and the present network approach aims to combine both the protein centric and the DNA centric view points by construction and analyses of protein–DNA graphs. These studies are described in Chapters 3 and 4. The second part of the thesis discusses the development, characterization, and application of protein structure networks based on non– covalent interaction energies. The investigations are presented in chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 3 discusses the development of Protein–DNA Graphs (PDGs) where the protein–DNA interfaces are represented as networks. PDG is a bipartite network in which amino acids form a set of nodes and the nucleotides form the other set. The extent of interaction between the two diverse types of biopolymers is normalized to define the strength of interaction. Edges are then constructed based on the interaction strength between amino acids and nucleotides. Such a representation, reported here for the first time, provides a holistic view of the interacting surface. The developed PDGs are further analyzed in terms of clusters of interacting residues and identification of highly connected residues, known as hubs, along the protein–DNA interface and discussed in terms of their interacting motifs. Important clusters have been identified in a set of protein–DNA complexes, where the amino acids interact with different chemical components of DNA such as phosphate, deoxyribose and base with varying degrees of connectivity. An analysis of such fragment based PDGs provided insights into the nature of protein–DNA interaction, which could not have been obtained by conventional pair–wise analysis. The predominance of deoxyribose–amino acid clusters in beta–sheet proteins, distinction of the interface clusters in helix–turn–helix and the zipper type proteins are some of the new findings from the analysis of PDGs. Additionally, a potential classification scheme has been proposed for protein–DNA complexes on the basis of their interface clusters. This classification scheme gives a general idea of how the proteins interact with different components of DNA in various complexes. The present graph–based method has provided a deeper insight into the analysis of the protein–DNA recognition mechanisms from both protein and DNA view points, thus throwing more light on the nature and specificity of these interactions (Sathyapriya, Vijayabaskar et al. 2008). Chapter 4 delineates the application of PSN to an important problem in molecular biology. An analysis of interface clusters from multimeric proteins provides a clue to the important residues contributing to the stability of the oligomers. One such prediction was made on the DNA binding protein under starvation from Mycobacterium smegmatis (Ms–Dps) using PSNs. Two types of trimers, Trimer A (tA) and Trimer B (tB) can be derived from the dodecamer because of the inherent three fold symmetry of the spherical crystal structure. The irreversible dodecamerization of these native Ms--Dps trimers, in vitro, is known to be directly associated with the bimodal function (DNA binding and iron storage) of this protein. Interface clusters which were Synopsis identified from the PSNs of the derived trimers, allowed us to convincingly predict the residues E146 and F47 for mutation studies. The prediction was followed up by our experimental collaborators (Rakhi PC and Dipankar Chatterji), which led to the elucidation of the molecular mechanism behind the in vitro oligomerization of Ms--Dps. The F47E mutant was impaired in dodecamerization, and the double mutant (E146AF47E) was a native monomer in solution. These two observations suggested that the two trimers are important for dodecamerization and that the residues selected are important for the structural stability of the protein in vitro. From the structural and functional characterizations of the mutants, we have proposed an oligomerization pathway of Ms–Dps (Chowdhury, Vijayabaskar et al. 2008). The second part of the thesis involves the development, characterization (Chapter 5) and application (Chapter 6) of Protein Energy Networks (PENs). As mentioned above, the PSNs constructed on the geometric basis efficiently capture the topology and associated properties at the level of atom–atom contact. The chemistry, however, is not completely captured by these network representations, and a wealth of information can be extracted by incorporating the details of chemical interactions. This study is an advancement over the existing PSNs, in terms of edges being defined on the basis of interaction energies among the amino acids. This interaction energy is the resultant of various types of interactions within a protein. Use of such realistic interaction energies in a weighted network captures all the essential features responsible for maintaining the protein structure. The methodology involved in representing proteins as interaction energy weighted networks, with realistic edge weights obtained from standard force fields is described in Chapter 5. The interaction energies were derived from equilibrium ensembles (obtained using molecular dynamics simulations) to account for the structural plasticity, which is essential for function elucidation. The suitability of this method to study single static structures was validated by obtaining interaction energies on minimized crystal structures of proteins. The PENs were then characterized using network parameters like edge weight distributions, clusters, hubs, and shortest paths. The PENs exhibited three distinct behaviors in terms of the size of the largest connected cluster as a function of interaction energy; namely, the pre–transition, transition, and post transition regions, irrespective of the topology of the proteins. The pre– transition region (energies<–20 kJ/mol) comprises smaller clusters with mainly charged and polar residues as hubs. Crucial topological changes take place in the transition region (–10 to –20 kJ/mol), where the smaller clusters aggregate, through low energy van der Waals interactions, to form a single large cluster in the post–transition region (energies>–10 kJ/mol). These behaviors reinforce the concept that hydrophobic interactions hold together local clusters of highly interacting residues, keeping the protein topology intact (Vijayabaskar and Vishveshwara 2010). The applications of PENs in studying protein organization, allosteric communication, thermophilic stability and the structural relation of remote homologues of TIM barrel families have been outlined in Chapter 6. In the first case, the weighted networks were used to identify stabilization regions in protein structures and hierarchical organization in the folded proteins, which may provide some insights into the general mechanism of protein folding and stabilization (Vijayabaskar and Vishveshwara 2010). In the second case the features of communication paths in proteins were elucidated from PENs, and specific paths have been extensively discussed in the case of PDZ domain, which is known to bring together protein partners, mediating various cellular processes. Changes in PEN upon ligand binding, resulting in alterations of the shortest paths (energetically most favorable paths) for a small fraction of residues, indicated that allosteric communication is anisotropic in PDZ. The observations also establish that the shortest paths between functionally important sites traverse through key residues in PDZ2 domain. Furthermore, shortest paths in PENs provide us the exact pathways of communication between residues. Although the communication in PDZ has been extensively investigated, detailed information of pathways at the energy level has emerged for the first time from the present study from PEN analysis (Vijayabaskar and Vishveshwara 2010). In the third case, a set of thermophilic and mesophilic proteins were compared to determine the factors responsible for their thermal stability from a network perspective using PENs. The sub– graph parameters such as cluster population, hubs and cliques were the prominent contributing factors for thermal stability. Also, the thermophilic proteins have a better–packed hydrophobic core. The property of thermophilic protein to increase stability by increasing the connectivity but retain conformational flexibility is discussed from a cliques and communities (higher order inter–connection of residues) perspective (Vijayabaskar and Vishveshwara 2010). Finally, the remote homologues from the TIM barrel fold have been analyzed using PENs to identify the interactions responsible for the maintenance of the fold despite low sequence similarity. A study of conserved Synopsis interactions in family specific PENs reveals that the formation of the central beta barrel is vital for the TIM barrel formation. The beta barrel is being formed by either conserved long range electrostatic interactions or by tandem arrangement of low energy hydrophobic interactions. The contributions of helix–sheet and helix–helix interactions are not conserved in the families. This study suggests that the sequentially near residues forming the helix–sheet interactions are common in many folds and hence formed despite non– conservation, whereas formation of beta barrel requires long range interactions, thus more conserved within the families. The thesis also consists of an appendix in which a web–tool, developed to express proteins as networks and analyze these networks using different network parameters is discussed. The web based program–GraProStr allows us to represent proteins as structure graphs/networks by considering the amino acid residues as nodes and representing non–covalent interactions among them as edges. The different networks (classified based on edge definition) which can be obtained using GraProStr are Protein Side–chain Networks (PScNs), Cα/Cβ distance based networks (PcNs) and Protein– Ligand Networks (PLNs). The parameters which can be generated include clusters, hubs, cliques (rigid regions in proteins) and communities (group of cliques). It is also possible to differentiate the above mentioned parameters for monomers and interfaces in multimeric proteins. The well tested tool is now made available to the scientific community for the first time. GraProStr is available online and can be accessed from http://vishgraph.mbu.iisc.ernet.in/GraProStr/index.html. With a variety of structure networks, and a set of easily interpretable network parameters GraProStr can be useful is analyzing protein structures from a global paradigm (Vijayabaskar, Vidya et al. 2010). In summary, we have extensively studied DNA binding proteins using side– chain based protein structure networks and by integrating the DNA molecule into the network. Also, we have upgraded the existing methodology of generating structure networks, by representing both the geometry and the chemistry of residues as interaction energies among them. Using this energy based network we have studied diverse problems like protein structure formation, stabilization, and allosteric communication in detail. The above mentioned methodologies are a considerable advancement over existing structure network representations and have been shown in this thesis to shed more light on the structural features of proteins.

Protestants often think that 1he ROC has no mission just because Orthodoxy pays to more attention to Service life. We tried to understand motives, goals and objectives of the ROC missionary activity. We found out that the ecclesiologic way of thinking was the basis missionary idea of the eastern missionary practice and it showed itself differently in special historical moments. This work divides the whole history of the Orthodox Church in Russia (XI - XX centuries) into 3 periods of mission and makes its brief survey and analysis. In the first period (XI-XVI) only single monks-colonialists realized the Great Commission among Finnish tribes and russifed it Only certain people used the methods of well planned contextualizating mission, like Stephen of Penn. During the second period (1552-middl.XIX) the ROC worked in close combination with the State to the detriment of the deep evangelization of natives. In the third period (the middle of XIX- the beginning of XX) the missionaries of Orthodox Missionary Society used all the achievements of the native and foreign missionary: contextualization, Liturgies in the national languages. enlightenment by schools of all levels, the training of national leaders, social work ets. At the present time, the ROC is renewing its own mission tradition after the sleep of the Soviet period.
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
M. Th. (Missiology)