To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: China. 1958, May 16.
Journal articles on the topic 'China. 1958, May 16'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'China. 1958, May 16.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Ma, Long, Jilili Abuduwaili, Wen Liu, and Zhenjie He. "Variations in Sediment Grain Size from a Lake in the Tianshan Mountain of Central Asia: Implications for Paleoprecipitation Reconstruction." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 6793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196793.
Full textAbstract:
The Tianshan Mountain is the largest mountain range in Central Asia, and the source area of many river systems. Changes in precipitation result in significant alterations to regional hydrological processes. Lake sediment from the Tian Shan representative of the last 90 years was chosen as the object of this research study. The grain-size data were used in conjunction with instrumental data to provide a method for determining changes in paleoprecipitation. The results showed the three-point moving average curve of the silty fraction content with a size of 16 to 32 μm to be significantly consistent with the curve of total precipitation from April to September since 1950. The total content of clay and fine-silty fraction (0–16 μm) was clearly consistent with the monthly precipitation in July. The total precipitation from April to September showed a significant downward trend from 1930 to 1975, and then an overall increasing trend beginning in 1975, which may have been influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation. The change in precipitation reconstructed by the grain size of lake sediments was significantly different from the high-resolution gridded datasets (Climatic Research Unit Time-Series version 4.04) because of the lack of data from meteorological stations in China before 1950. The conclusions of this study are significant for evaluating the validity of climatic research unit (CRU) data in arid areas of Western China. In addition, the results of this study serve as a bridge between modern instrumental records and long time-scale paleoclimate research and provide important reference values for future reconstructions of long time-scale paleoclimate.
2
Zhang, X. Y., Y. Q. Wang, T. Niu, X. C. Zhang, S. L. Gong, Y. M. Zhang, and J. Y. Sun. "Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China: spatial/temporal variability, chemical signature, regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 9 (September 26, 2011): 26571–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-26571-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. During 2006 and 2007, the daily concentrations of major water-soluble constituents, mineral aerosol, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in ambient PM10 samples were investigated from 16 urban, rural and remote sites in various regions of China, and were compared with global aerosol. A large difference between urban and rural chemical species was found, normally with 1.5 to 2.5 factors higher in urban than in rural sites. Optically-scattering aerosols such as sulfate (~16%), OC (~15%), nitrate (~7%) and ammonium (~5%) consist of ~50% of the total aerosols with another ~35% from mineral aerosol also having a certain degree of scattering ability, indicating a dominant scattering feature of aerosols in China. Of the total OC, ~55%–60% can be attributed to the secondary organic carbon (SOC). The absorbing aerosol EC accounts for ~3.5% of the total PM10. Seasonally, maximum concentrations of most aerosol species are found in winter while mineral aerosol also peaks in spring. Second peaks were found for sulfate and ammonium in summer and for OC and EC in May and June. This can be considered as a typical seasonal pattern in various aerosol components in China. Aerosol acidity is normally neutral in most of urban areas, but becomes somewhat acidic in rural areas. Based on the surface visibility from 681 meteorological stations in China during 1957–2005, four major haze areas are also identified with similar visibility changes, namely, (1) Hua Bei Plain in N. China, plus the Guanzhong Plain; (2) E. China with the main body in the Yangtze River Delta area; (3) S. China with most areas of Guangdong and the Pearl River Delta area; (4) The Si Chuan Basin in S. W. China. The degradation of visibility in these areas is linked with the emission changes and high PM concentrations. Such quantitative chemical characterization of aerosols is essential in assessing their role in atmospheric chemistry and weather-climate effects, and in validating atmospheric models.
3
Zhang, X. Y., Y. Q. Wang, T. Niu, X. C. Zhang, S. L. Gong, Y. M. Zhang, and J. Y. Sun. "Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China: spatial/temporal variability, chemical signature, regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 2 (January 17, 2012): 779–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-779-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. From 2006 to 2007, the daily concentrations of major inorganic water-soluble constituents, mineral aerosol, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in ambient PM10 samples were investigated from 16 urban, rural and remote sites in various regions of China, and were compared with global aerosol measurements. A large difference between urban and rural chemical species was found, normally with 1.5 to 2.5 factors higher in urban than in rural sites. Optically-scattering aerosols, such as sulfate (~16%), OC (~15%), nitrate (~7%), ammonium (~5%) and mineral aerosol (~35%) in most circumstance, are majorities of the total aerosols, indicating a dominant scattering feature of aerosols in China. Of the total OC, ~55%–60% can be attributed to the formation of the secondary organic carbon (SOC). The absorbing aerosol EC only accounts for ~3.5% of the total PM10. Seasonally, maximum concentrations of most aerosol species were found in winter while mineral aerosol peaks in spring. In addition to the regular seasonal maximum, secondary peaks were found for sulfate and ammonium in summer and for OC and EC in May and June. This can be considered as a typical seasonal pattern in various aerosol components in China. Aerosol acidity was normally neutral in most of urban areas, but becomes some acidic in rural areas. Based on the surface visibility observations from 681 meteorological stations in China between 1957 and 2005, four major haze areas are identified with similar visibility changes, namely, (1) Hua Bei Plain in N. China, and the Guanzhong Plain; (2) E. China with the main body in the Yangtze River Delta area; (3) S. China with most areas of Guangdong and the Pearl River Delta area; (4) The Si Chuan Basin in S.W. China. The degradation of visibility in these areas is linked with the emission changes and high PM concentrations. Such quantitative chemical characterization of aerosols is essential in assessing their role in atmospheric chemistry and weather-climate effects, and in validating atmospheric models.
4
Zhu, Qiao, Ling-Yan He, Xiao-Feng Huang, Li-Ming Cao, Zhao-Heng Gong, Chuan Wang, Xin Zhuang, and Min Hu. "Atmospheric aerosol compositions and sources at two national background sites in northern and southern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 15 (August 15, 2016): 10283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10283-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Although China's severe air pollution has become a focus in the field of atmospheric chemistry and the mechanisms of urban air pollution there have been researched extensively, few field sampling campaigns have been conducted at remote background sites in China, where air pollution characteristics on a larger scale are highlighted. In this study, an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), together with an Aethalometer, was deployed at two of China's national background sites in northern (Lake Hongze site; 33.23° N, 118.33° E; altitude 21 m) and southern (Mount Wuzhi site; 18.84° N, 109.49° E; altitude 958 m) China in the spring seasons in 2011 and 2015, respectively, in order to characterize submicron aerosol composition and sources. The campaign-average PM1 concentration was 36.8 ± 19.8 µg m−3 at the northern China background (NCB) site, which was far higher than that at the southern China background (SCB) site (10.9 ± 7.8 µg m−3). Organic aerosol (OA) (27.2 %), nitrate (26.7 %), and sulfate (22.0 %) contributed the most to the PM1 mass at NCB, while OA (43.5 %) and sulfate (30.5 %) were the most abundant components of the PM1 mass at SCB, where nitrate only constituted a small fraction (4.7 %) and might have contained a significant amount of organic nitrates (5–11 %). The aerosol size distributions and organic aerosol elemental compositions all indicated very aged aerosol particles at both sites. The OA at SCB was more oxidized with a higher average oxygen to carbon (O ∕ C) ratio (0.98) than that at NCB (0.67). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was used to classify OA into three components, including a hydrocarbon-like component (HOA, attributed to fossil fuel combustion) and two oxygenated components (OOA1 and OOA2, attributed to secondary organic aerosols from different source areas) at NCB. PMF analysis at SCB identified a semi-volatile oxygenated component (SV-OOA) and a low-volatility oxygenated component (LV-OOA), both of which were found to be secondary species and could be formed from precursors co-emitted with BC. Using the total potential source contribution function model, the likely source areas of the major PM1 components at both sites were a on large regional scale in East Asia. The possible sources may include not only emissions from the Chinese mainland but also emissions from ocean-going cargo ships and biomass burning in neighboring countries.
5
Chen, Jau-Ming, and Ching-Feng Shih. "Association between Northward-Moving Tropical Cyclones and Southwesterly Flows Modulated by Intraseasonal Oscillation." Journal of Climate 25, no. 14 (July 15, 2012): 5072–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00264.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Tropical cyclones (TCs) of a particular track type move northward along the open oceans to the east of Taiwan and later pass over or near northern Taiwan. Their northward movement may be associated with intensified monsoon southwesterly flows from the northern South China Sea (SCS) toward Taiwan. Prolonged heavy rainfall then occurs in western Taiwan across the landfall and postlandfall periods, leading to severe floods. Characteristics of this TC–southwesterly flow association and related large-scale regulatory processes of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) are studied. For summers from 1958 to 2009, 16 out of 108 TCs affecting Taiwan exhibit the aforementioned northward-moving track. Among them, four TCs (25%) concur with enhanced southwesterly flows. Intensified moisture supplies from the SCS result in strong moisture convergence and prolonged heavy rainfall in western Taiwan. Both 30–60- and 10–24-day ISOs make positive contributions to the TC–southwesterly flow association. Both ISOs exhibit the northward progress of a meridional circulation pair from the tropics toward Taiwan. During landfall and the ensuing few days, Taiwan is surrounded by a cyclonic anomaly to the north and an anticyclonic anomaly to the south of these two ISOs. The appearance of anomalous southwesterly–westerly flows acts to prolong heavy rainfall in western Taiwan after the departure of a TC. The TC–southwesterly flow association tends to occur during the minimum phase of the 30–60-day ISO featuring a cyclonic anomaly in the vicinity of Taiwan but in various phases of the 10–24-day ISO. Rainfall in western Taiwan increases when these two ISOs simultaneously exhibit a cyclonic anomaly to the north of Taiwan.
6
Sun, Dingwei, Yan Chen, Lu Wang, Ximin Hu, Qun Wu, Ying Liu, Puyu Liu, et al. "Surveillance and Control of Malaria Vectors in Hainan Province, China from 1950 to 2021: A Retrospective Review." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8030131.
Full textAbstract:
Malaria is a serious mosquito-borne tropical disease impacting populations in tropical regions across the world. Malaria was previously hyperendemic in Hainan Province. Due to large-scale anti-malarial intervention, malaria elimination in the province was achieved in 2019. This paper reviews the literature on the ecology, bionomics, and control of malaria vectors in Hainan from 1951 to 2021. We searched PubMed, and the China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) database for relevant articles published and included three other important books published in Chinese or English in order to summarize research on species, distribution, vectorial capacity, ecology, the resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides, and malaria vector control in Hainan Province. A total of 239 references were identified, 79 of which met the criteria for inclusion in our review. A total of six references dealt with the salivary gland infection of Anophelines, six with vectorial capacity, 41 with mosquito species and distribution, seven with seasonality, three with blood preference, four with nocturnal activity, two with flight distance, 13 with resistance to insecticides, and 14 with vector control. Only 16 published papers met the criteria of addressing malaria vectors in Hainan over the last 10 years (2012–2021). Anopheles dirus and Anopheles minimus are primary malaria vectors, mainly distributed in the southern and central areas of Hainan. Indoor residual spraying with DDT and the use of ITNs with pyrethroid insecticides were the main interventions taken for malaria control. Previous studies on ecology, bionomics, and resistance of vectors provided scientific evidence for optimizing malaria vector control and contributed to malaria elimination in Hainan Province. We hope our study will contribute to preventing malaria reestablishment caused by imported malaria in Hainan. Research on malaria vectors should be updated to provide scientific evidence for malaria vector control strategies post-elimination as the ecology, bionomics, and resistance of vectors to insecticides may change with changes in the environment.
7
Wang, Wenjun, Yikai Wang, Xin Zhang, Xiaoli Jia, Yaping Li, and Shuangsuo Dang. "Using WeChat, a Chinese Social Media App, for Early Detection of the COVID-19 Outbreak in December 2019: Retrospective Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): e19589. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19589.
Full textAbstract:
Background A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was identified in December 2019, when the first cases were reported in Wuhan, China. The once-localized outbreak has since been declared a pandemic. As of April 24, 2020, there have been 2.7 million confirmed cases and nearly 200,000 deaths. Early warning systems using new technologies should be established to prevent or mitigate such events in the future. Objective This study aimed to explore the possibility of detecting the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in 2019 using social media. Methods WeChat Index is a data service that shows how frequently a specific keyword appears in posts, subscriptions, and search over the last 90 days on WeChat, the most popular Chinese social media app. We plotted daily WeChat Index results for keywords related to SARS-CoV-2 from November 17, 2019, to February 14, 2020. Results WeChat Index hits for “Feidian” (which means severe acute respiratory syndrome in Chinese) stayed at low levels until 16 days ahead of the local authority’s outbreak announcement on December 31, 2019, when the index increased significantly. The WeChat Index values persisted at relatively high levels from December 15 to 29, 2019, and rose rapidly on December 30, 2019, the day before the announcement. The WeChat Index hits also spiked for the keywords “SARS,” “coronavirus,” “novel coronavirus,” “shortness of breath,” “dyspnea,” and “diarrhea,” but these terms were not as meaningful for the early detection of the outbreak as the term “Feidian”. Conclusions By using retrospective infoveillance data from the WeChat Index, the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in December 2019 could have been detected about two weeks before the outbreak announcement. WeChat may offer a new approach for the early detection of disease outbreaks.
8
Sherman, W. B., and J. Rodriquez-AJcazar. "Breeding of Low-chill Peach and Nectarine for Mild Winters." HortScience 22, no. 6 (December 1987): 1233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.6.1233.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Breeding low-chilling peach and nectarine cultivars began in Florida in 1953. Objectives were to produce low-chilling, early-ripening peach cultivars with fruit qualities equal to temperate-zone cultivars. Low chilling was essential for local adaptation (4). Early ripening was essential to allow production of the earliest-season peaches on the domestic market with little competition from other states and to allow harvest of the crop during the relatively dry period of late April and May. Feral selections descended from Spanish seed introductions through St. Augustine, Fla., seed importations from Okinawa, and ‘Hawaiian’, a South China clone, served as the main sources of low chilling (18). These sources were hybridized with high-chilling U.S. clones having commercial fruit qualities. Resultant seedlings were selected for best adaptation and improvement in fruit qualities above that of the low-chilling parents. Chilling requirements of progeny were near midparent values; chilling requirements of the F2 seedlings ranged from equal to the low parent to equal to the high parent (14), indicating that many genes are involved in chilling. Selections were intermated, and low-chilling progeny were hybridized with other high-chilling U.S. clones, resulting in more progenies for further selection. Commercial fruit size and satisfactory horticultural qualities were obtained after six generations of crosses and backcrosses. Clonal selections made during these six generations and in subsequent generations serve as the basis for most low-chilling cultivars currently grown in Florida, southern Texas, and southern California. Selections from this program are either grown commercially or being evaluated in many tropical and tropical highland areas of the world (11, 16, 19, 24).
9
Yi, Shuhua, Xiong Wenjie, Li Heng, Zhen Yu, Zengjun Li, Yujiao Jia, Yani Lin, et al. "Gene Mutation Signature and Its Pathogenesis Role in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in China: Different from the Western Reports." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 4360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4360.4360.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Recently, the molecular aberration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been widely investigated in the Western population. Genes mutation detecting by next generation sequencing (NGS) provided a fair-new view to explain the pathogenesis of CLL and guide the clinical practices. Limited primary data indicated the mutation signature of CLL in China might be different from the Western reports, which deserved further systematical investigation. Methods A panel with 76 genes was designed to identify mutation status by NGS in 129 CLL patients. This 76 genes panel had been reported as recurrent mutation in CLL and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Whole exomes of each gene were sequenced with a mean read depth of 1957 and a coverage of target region of 99.6%. Results We finally revealed the presence of recurrent mutations (n ≥ 2) in 63 genes. The most frequency of mutational genes were as follow: FAT1, 35 cases (27.1%); KMT2D/MLL2, 29 cases (22.5%); TP53, 26 cases (20.2%); FAT4 24 cases (18.6%); NOTCH1, 22 cases (17.1%); ATM, 19 cases (14.7%); FBXW7, 16 cases (12.4%); SPEN, 16 cases (12.4%); BRAF, 15 cases (11.6%); MYD88 14 cases (10.9%); SF3B1, 14 cases (10.9%); APC, 13 cases (10.1%); CREBBP 13 cases (10.1%); TET2, 13 cases (10.1%); POT1, 11 cases (8.5%); EP300, 10 cases (7.8%); KMT2B, 10 cases (7.8%); MAP3K14, 10 cases (7.8%); TCF3, 10 cases (7.8%); NOTCH2, 9 cases (7.0%); KLF2, 8 cases (6.2%); SMARCA4, 8 cases (6.2%); BIRC3, 7 cases (5.4%); EGR2, 7 cases (5.4%); KLHL31, 7 cases (5.4%); KLHL6, 7 cases (5.4%), et al. We compared the mutated sites of each gene in this study with other established studies, and found that the mutation sites distribution of each recurrent mutated gene were comparable to the well-known mutated sites, which indicated the similar function change. Then, we classified these recurrent mutation genes into different signaling pathway, according to their affected function. We found that chromatin modification pathway was the most affected pathway, accounting for 74 patients (57.4%), followed by NF-κB pathway (58 patients, 45.0%), NOTHC1 pathway (52 patients, 40.3%), Hippo pathway (50 patients, 38.8%), DNA damage pathway (48 patients, 37.2%), Wnt/β-catenin pathway (31 patients, 24.0%) and post-transcriptional modification (19 patients, 14.7%). The IGHV mutation rate in the 115 patients was 67.0%, which was significantly higher than the Western reports. In aspect of prognostic role of these mutation genes, IGHV mutation status, the TP53 abnormality (deletion and mutation) and mutated EGFR impacted both PFS and OS independently, while mutated FAT1 was additional independent prognostic factor for PFS and mutated POT1 and KLF2 were another two independent factors for OS. IGHV mutation status and mutated TRAF2 were both independent factors for TTT. Integrating the function of these high frequency mutated genes, high proportion of IGHV gene mutation and cell-of-origin of CLL model initiated recently, these prevalent mutation genes in this study were supposed to precipitate the pathogenesis of CLL from the initial tumor stem cell to germinal center B cell. Conclusion The gene mutation signature of CLL in China is different from the Western population, which may skew the cell-of-origin of CLL in China towards the germinal center B cell maturation route, other than other maturation way, such as marginal zone B cell origin. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
10
Yang, Su, Xiaolan L. Wang, and Martin Wild. "Homogenization and Trend Analysis of the 1958–2016 In Situ Surface Solar Radiation Records in China." Journal of Climate 31, no. 11 (May 17, 2018): 4529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0891.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper presents a method to homogenize China’s surface solar radiation (SSR) data and uses the resulting homogenized SSR data to assess the SSR trend over the period 1958–2016. Neighboring surface sunshine duration (SSD) data are used as reference data to assess the SSR data homogeneity. A principal component analysis is applied to build a reference series, which is proven to be less sensitive to occasional data issues than using the arithmetic mean of data from adjacent stations. A relative or absolute test is applied to detect changepoints, depending on whether or not a suitable reference series is available. A quantile-matching method is used to adjust the data to diminish the inhomogeneities. As a result, 60 out of the 119 SSR stations were found to have inhomogeneity issues. These were mainly caused by changes in instrument and observation schedule. The nonclimatic changes exaggerated the SSR change rates in 1991–93 and resulted in a sudden rise in the national average SSR series, causing an unrealistically drastic trend reversal in the 1990s. This was diminished by the data homogenization. The homogenized data show that the national average SSR has been declining significantly over the period 1958–90; this dimming trend mostly diminished over the period 1991–2005 and was replaced by a brightening trend in the recent decade. From the homogenized SSR data, the 1958–90 and 1958–2005 dimming rate is estimated to be −6.13 ± 0.47 and −5.08 ± 0.27 W m−2 decade−1, respectively, and the 2005–16 brightening rate is 6.13 ± 1.77 W m−2 decade−1.
11
Ma, Fei, Xinlan Liu, Yanxia Shi, Xiuwen Guan, Huihui Li, Xiaojia Wang, Yuee Teng, et al. "Abstract P1-16-02: A randomized phase II study investigating oral metronomic vinorelbine versus conventional dosage of vinorelbine in HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracycline or taxane:clinical results and biomarker analysis." Cancer Research 82, no. 4_Supplement (February 15, 2022): P1–16–02—P1–16–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p1-16-02.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: Metronomic chemotherapy, defined as frequent administration of. chemotherapeutic agents at a non-toxic dose without extended rest periods, can overcome drug resistance and achieve disease control with reduced toxicity compared to conventional chemotherapy in maximum tolerated dose by shifting the therapeutic target from tumor cells to tumor endothelial cells. Some of the previous studies of oral vinorelbine have shown good data in efficacy and safety in advanced breast cancer. Methods: The multicenter, open-label, non-inferiority, randomized phase 2 study (NCT03854617) aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral metronomic vinorelbine in 13 hospitals in China. Eligible HER2-negative breast cancer patients previously treated with anthracycline or taxane regimens were randomized (1:1) to receive metronomic dosage of oral vinorelbine (50mg/3 times a week) or conventional dosage of oral vinorelbine (60mg/m2 weekly for cycle 1 and 80mg/m2 weekly for subsequent cycles in the absence of grade 3 or 4 toxicity) for first-line/second-line chemotherapy. The primary end point was Disease Control Rate (DCR) and a non-inferiority margin of 6% was defined for DCR. Patient characteristics, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and safety/adverse events (AEs) were among the parameters assessed. The expression of 27 cytokines was profiled longitudinally in these patients at baseline and at regular intervals during therapy. Results: Between February 2019 and September 2020, a total of 171 patients were enrolled and randomized to metronomic dosage group (86 patients) and conventional dosage group (85 patients). 136 patients were hormone receptor(HR)positive and 117 patients (68.4%) had visceral metastases. The DCR was 59.3% (95% CI:48.17% to 69.78%) in the metronomic dosage group and 67.1% (95% CI:56.02% to 76.87%) in the conventional dosage group. Whereas, the 18-month survival rate was higher in the metronomic dosage group than that in the conventional dosage group (68.7% vs 43.0%).The median progression-free survival in the metronomic dosage group was 2.8 months (95% CI:1.40 to 3.50) compared with 4.1 months (95% CI:2.80 to 6.20) in the conventional dosage group. Grade 3 or higher adverse events were significantly less frequent in patients in the metronomic dosage group than patients in the conventional dosage group (19.8% vs 48.2%, P<0.001). By comparing the variation of cytokine profiles at baseline and after 6-week treatment in 122 patients, multilevel partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) suggested the variation of VEGF, MIP-1α, IL-1B, IL-17, MCP-1, IL-13, PDGF-BB, IL-4 and RANTES were significantly different between the metronomic dosage group and the conventional dosage group during the treatment (all VIP values > 1.2). As for the patients in the metronomic dosage group, GM-CSF, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-13 and MIP-1α were potential biomarkers between the response patients and non-response patients (all VIP values > 1.2). Conclusions: Oral metronomic vinorelbine decreased the risk of severe toxicity significantly and may be an option for older patients and for those intolerable to standard chemotherapy with proper predictive biomarkers, though this study couldn’t prove to show the non-inferiority of oral metronomic vinorelbine for first-line or second-line chemotherapy previously treated with anthracycline or taxane in HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. Citation Format: Fei Ma, Xinlan Liu, Yanxia Shi, Xiuwen Guan, Huihui Li, Xiaojia Wang, Yuee Teng, Qiang Liu, Jin Yang, Man Li, Qingyuan Zhang, Weihong Zhao, Caiwen Du, Lili Sheng, Binghe Xu. A randomized phase II study investigating oral metronomic vinorelbine versus conventional dosage of vinorelbine in HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracycline or taxane:clinical results and biomarker analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-16-02.
12
ZHOU, Bing, and Xie SHAO. "The 2015/16 “Super” El Niño Event and Its Climatic Impact." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 05, no. 03 (September 2017): 1750017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748117500178.
Full textAbstract:
Climatic monitoring shows that 2015 has been the warmest year around the globe since the first modern observation was conducted in1880. Asia has witnessed its average land surface temperature reaching the highest level since 1901; China has seen the warmest year since 1951 when it had completed the meteorological records; the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere exceeds 400[Formula: see text]ppm; the ocean thermal capacity sets a new record high; and the global sea surface temperature has also been the highest since 1870. Against the backdrop of global warming, the incidence of strong El Niño and the duration of El Niño in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean have both significantly increased, while the time interval between El Niño and La Niña has shortened. The 2015/16 “Super” El Niño event exceeds previous two “Super” El Niño events in several indexes (e.g. durative event and peak intensity), although the 1982/83 El Niño event keeps the record in terms of the intensity of atmospheric response to the ocean. Influenced by the 2015/16 “Super” El Niño event, the general atmospheric circulation was significantly abnormal with extreme climate events frequently occurring in many places worldwide.
13
Cai, Rongshuo, Hongjian Tan, and Harilaos Kontoyiannis. "Robust Surface Warming in Offshore China Seas and Its Relationship to the East Asian Monsoon Wind Field and Ocean Forcing on Interdecadal Time Scales." Journal of Climate 30, no. 22 (November 2017): 8987–9005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0016.1.
Full textAbstract:
Robust surface warming with distinct interdecadal variations has been observed in the offshore area of China and adjacent seas (hereafter, offshore China) during winter and summer of the period 1958–2014. Acceleration of this warming during 1980–99 at rates greater than the global mean warming rate was accompanied by a weakening of the East Asian monsoon (EAM) and a strengthening of the west Pacific subtropical high (WPSH). It was determined that the sea surface temperature (SST) variation in offshore China correlates very well with changes in the EAM wind on interdecadal time scales. It was also established that the enhanced oceanic lateral heat transfer, mainly attributed to the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF1), weakening EAM wind mode, has a central role in robust interdecadal winter surface warming in offshore China. However, except for the effect of oceanic lateral heat transfer, the increased surface heat flux through radiative heating related to the third EOF (EOF3) strengthening EAM anticyclone wind mode (WPSH) in summer appears to have a greater contribution to interdecadal summer surface warming in offshore China. These results help clarify the relationship between interdecadal SST variations, EAM, oceanic currents, and sea surface flux in offshore China.
14
ZHANG, SHAOQING, XIN SUN, and DONGHUI WU. "A new species of the genus Leeonychiurus Sun & Arbea, 2014 (Collembola, Onychiurinae, Onychiurini) from China, with a checklist of Chinese Onychiurini." Zootaxa 4743, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4743.1.13.
Full textAbstract:
The new species Leeonychiurus zijinensis sp. nov. is described from east China. It is similar to L. fusongensis Sun & Arbea, 2014 and L. mai (Wray, 1950) sensu Bernard (2015) as having the same dorsal pso formula (32/133/33343). However, the new species can be distinguished by pso formula on Abd. sterna II–IV as 111 (112 in L. fusongensis, and 001 in L. mai), presence of the unpaired axial chaetae m0 on Abd. tergum V (absent in L. fusongensis and L. mai), and more vesicles of postantennal organ (18–20 in the new species, 13–16 in L. fusongensis, and 15 in L. mai). A key to the world known species of the genus Leeonychiurus and a checklist of Chinese Onychiurini species are provided.
15
Dimitrijevic, Dusko. "The relations of Serbia and the People’s Republic of China at the beginning of the 21st century." Medjunarodni problemi 70, no. 1 (2018): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1801049d.
Full textAbstract:
The current relations of the Republic of Serbia with the People?s Republic of China (hereinafter: Serbia and China) are conditioned by many political, economic, legal and social factors. The mentioned factors point to the existence of asymmetry in many aspects which, however, is not an issue that implies that the two parties can not develop good and friendly relations. In the historical and international legal sense, the relations of the two countries are characterized by the continuity of diplomatic relations established on January 2, 1955, between the then Federal People's Republic Yugoslavia and the People's Republic of China. Serbia as the successor state of SFR Yugoslavia continues to treat China as one of its most important partners in international relations, which is manifested through the foreign policy course, according to which China is one of the main ?pillars? of Serbia's foreign policy alongside the European Union, Russia and the United States. The mere reference to the main ?pillars? in Serbia's foreign policy orientation indicates that China is a key player in world politics and a great power with which Serbia needs to build relations of a ?comprehensive strategic partnership?. It is not surprising, therefore, that the deepening of the Serbian-Chinese relations on a bilateral and multilateral level (especially within the UN, regional international organizations and political forums such as the 16 + 1 mechanism between China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe) contributed to better strategic positioning of Serbia in modern international relations.
16
Ding, Su, Yunping Xu, Yinghui Wang, Xinyu Zhang, Liang Zhao, Jiaping Ruan, and Weichao Wu. "Spatial and Temporal Variability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Yellow River-Dominated Margin." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/654183.
Full textAbstract:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed for surface sediments and a sediment core from the Yellow River-dominated margin. The concentration of 16 USEPA priority PAHs in surface sediments ranged from 5.6 to 175.4 ng g−1dry weight sediment (dws) with a mean of 49.1 ng g−1 dws. From 1930 to 2011, the distribution of PAHs (37.2 to 210.6 ng g−1 dws) was consistent with the socioeconomic development of China. The PAHs’ concentration peaked in 1964 and 1986, corresponding to the rapid economic growth in China (1958–1965) and the initiation of the “Reform and Open” policy in 1978, respectively. The applications of molecular diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis suggest that PAHs are predominantly produced by the coal and biomass combustion, whereas the contribution of petroleum combustions slightly increased after the 1970s, synchronous with an increasing usage of oil and gas in China.
17
Lu, Hanchao. "More Than Half the Sky: Women and Urban Neighbourhood Workshops in China, 1958–1978." China Quarterly 243 (November 19, 2019): 757–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741019001383.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFrom the Great Leap Forward (GLF) of 1958–1960 onwards, China's urban neighbourhood workshops and services mostly hired women. The GLF marked the beginning of a large-scale and irreversible trend towards near universal employment of women in China's cities. By the end of the Mao era, about 42 per cent of women working in industry were employed in “collectives” that were largely developed from urban neighbourhood industry. This article takes Shanghai as a case study to examine this type of employment for women in China. It documents the origin and development of the institution, explores the nuances of state–labour interactions at its site, and argues that as far as the enduring effects of women's participation in the workforce are concerned, the disastrous GLF was indeed the initiator and in this respect may well be seen as a blessing in disguise.
18
Chu, L. "The 9th Annual Biosimilar Asia 2018 (May 16-17, 2018 - Shanghai, China)." Drugs of Today 54, no. 7 (2018): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dot.2018.54.7.2866120.
Full text
19
Burke, Claire, Peter Stott, Andrew Ciavarella, and Ying Sun. "Attribution of Extreme Rainfall in Southeast China During May 2015." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): S92—S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0144.1.
Full text
20
Gilley, Bruce. "The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin. By ROBERT LAWRENCE KUHN. [New York: Crown Publishers, 2005. 688 pp.+two 16-page photo inserts. $35.00. ISBN 1-4000-5474-5.]." China Quarterly 181 (March 2005): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100521010x.
Full textAbstract:
Robert Kuhn's lengthy biography of Jiang Zemin sets out to tell the inside story of this unlikely leader of China from 1989 to 2004. An American investment banker and television producer with business interests in China, Kuhn was given access to many of Jiang's closest friends, aides and political allies. Yet the long-anticipated result is short of expectations. Much of the book is a dry rehashing of Jiang's official schedule from year to year, with Trollopian chapter subtitles like “How could I not know?” The occasional glimpses into the inner political and personal world of the man are so fleeting as to leave the reader more frustrated than gratified.To be sure, the careful reader will turn up a host of interesting facts here that enhance our understanding of Jiang: for example, he began his life as an anti-drugs protestor not aware that the protests he joined were organized by the CCP. There is also a vivid James Bond-like scene of Jiang speeding a friend to safety in Shanghai at the wheel of an American jeep in 1948. And there are glimpses of real world politics. Jiang's chief mentor, Wang Daohan, commented candidly to Jiang in 1989 on the “many complications and contradictions” of politics in Beijing “especially all the subtle conflicts between different interest groups.” His sister notes of his elevation to Party chief: “We certainly didn't celebrate. His appointment wasn't worth celebrating.” Later, Jiang's wife, Wang Yeping, is quoted as saying she was always dismayed by the files on her husband's desk that suggested a daily crisis of governance. “Explosions here, rioting there. Murders, corruption, terrorism – little that was nice.” Unfortunately, these factional conflicts and governance crises are nowhere to be found in the narrative, which offers instead a steady diet of Jiang's meetings with foreign leaders and “important” speeches.
21
Peng, Zhenwei, Wenzhe Fan, Bowen Zhu, Jiaping Li, and Ming Kuang. "Lenvatinib combined with transarterial chemoembolization as first-line treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A phase 3, multicenter, randomized controlled trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2022): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.4_suppl.380.
Full textAbstract:
380 Background: LAUNCH is a multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase 3 trial, aiming to assess the efficacy and safety of lenvatinib plus TACE compared with lenvatinib alone as first-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Patients with advanced HCC were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either lenvatinib plus TACE (LEN-TACE group) or lenvatinib alone (LEN group). Randomized stratification factors include: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score (0 vs. 1), tumor thrombus (presence vs. absence), body weight (<60 vs. ≥60kg) and site. In both Len group and LEN-TACE group, patients received oral lenvatinib after randomization within 3 days. The initial dose is 12 mg/day for patients weighing ≥ 60 kg, and 8 mg/day for patients weighing < 60 kg. TACE was started one day after initial lenvatinib in LEN-TACE group and then performed on-demand according to the condition of the tumor and liver function. The primary endpoint were overall survival (OS). The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR, the proportion of patients with complete response or partial response according to mRECIST), and adverse events. The deadline for interim analysis of data is September 20, 2021. Results: Overall, 338 patients from 12 hospital in China were randomly assigned to receive either lenvatinib plus TACE (n = 170) or lenvatinib (n = 168). The median follow-up duration was 18.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.7-23.1 months) in the LEN-TACE group and 17.0 months (95% CI 14.2-19.8 months) in the LEN group. The median OS was 17.8 months (95% CI 16.1–19.5) for the lenvatinib-TACE group and 11.5 months (95% CI 10.3–12.7) for the lenvatinib group (stratified hazard ratio [HR] for death = 0.45, 95% CI 0.33–0.61, P<0.001). The median PFS was significantly longer in the LEN-TACE group than in the LEN group (10.6 vs. 6.4 months, HR[hazard ratio]=0.43, P<0.001). Lenvatinib plus TACE improved ORR compared to lenvatinib alone (54.1% vs. 25.0, P<0.001). The following grade 3–4 AEs were more frequently in the lenvatinib-TACE group than in the lenvatinib group: ALT increased (30 [17.6%] vs. 2 [1.2%], P<0.001), AST increased (39 [22.9%] vs. 3 [1.8%], P<0.001), hyperbilirubinemia (16 [9.4%] vs. 5 [3.0%], P=0.014). Conclusions: In conclusion, this trial showed that the combination of lenvatinib plus TACE can improve clinical outcomes and may be the new first-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical trial information: NCT03905967.
22
Yang, Su, Xiaolan L. Wang, and Martin Wild. "Causes of Dimming and Brightening in China Inferred from Homogenized Daily Clear-Sky and All-Sky in situ Surface Solar Radiation Records (1958–2016)." Journal of Climate 32, no. 18 (August 16, 2019): 5901–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0666.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper presents a study on long-term surface solar radiation (SSR) changes over China under clear- and all-sky conditions and analyzes the causes of the “dimming” and “brightening.” To eliminate the nonclimatic signals in the historical records, the daily SSR dataset was first homogenized using quantile-matching (QM) adjustment. The results reveal rapid dimming before 2000 not only under all-sky conditions, but also under clear-sky conditions, at a decline rate of −9.7 ± 0.4 W m−2 decade−1 (1958–99). This is slightly stronger than that under all-sky conditions at −7.4 ± 0.4 W m−2 decade−1, since the clear-sky dimming stopped 15 years later. A rapid “wettening” of about 40-Pa surface water vapor pressure (SWVP) from 1985 to 2000 was found over China. It contributed 2.2% to the SSR decline under clear-sky conditions during the whole dimming period (1958–99). Therefore, water vapor cannot be the main cause of the long-term dimming in China. After a stable decade (1999–2008), an intensive brightening appeared under the clear-sky conditions at a rate of 10.6 ± 2.0 W m−2 decade−1, whereas a much weaker brightening (−0.8 ± 3.1 W m−2 decade−1) has been observed under all-sky conditions between 2008 and 2016. The remarkable divergence between clear- and all-sky trends in recent decades indicates that the clouds played two opposite roles in the SSR changes during the past 30 years, by compensating for the declining SSR under the cloud-free conditions in 1985–99 and by counteracting the increasing SSR under cloud-free conditions in 2008–16. Aerosols remain as the main cause of dimming and brightening over China in the last 60 years, although the clouds counteract the effects of aerosols after 2000.
23
Cheng, Fu, Qingxi Chen, Mengmeng Gu, and Donghui Peng. "Current Status of Agricultural Extension in China." HortTechnology 26, no. 6 (December 2016): 846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03220-16.
Full textAbstract:
Information on the history, legislative background, and current five levels (national, provincial, county, municipal, and township level) of the agricultural extension system in China are presented herein. In addition to the five levels, there are also six administrative agencies involved: Ministry of Agriculture, State Forestry Administration, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, National Agriculture Leadership Working Group, and National Development and Reform Commission. An example (Zhongfang Township, City of Luoyuan, Fuzhou County, Fujian Province) is given to illustrate the intricate network of the agricultural extension system. Major problems of the Chinese extension system include a complex and inefficient extension network, disconnection between the extension service and stakeholders’ needs, and a “two-boss” dilemma for most extension agencies. However, some current success stories in Chinese agricultural extension may be applicable or provide useful tips to other countries including the United States.
24
McCreadie, Robin G. "The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 16. Breast-feeding and schizophrenia: Preliminary results and hypotheses." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 4 (April 1997): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.4.334.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundSchizophrenia may in some cases be a neurodevelopmental disorder. Breast milk is important to the developing brain. Might a lack of breast milk be an environmental risk factor in schizophrenia?MethodMothers of 45 schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale, southwest Scotland, completed a questionnaire about whether or not their offspring had been breast-fed.ResultsThe incidence of breast-feeding in patients was 29% and in sibs 38%. Most patients were born in the 1940s and 1950s. The incidence in patients born in these two decades, 33 and 26%, respectively, was significantly lower than in Scottish surveys in 1946 (81%) and 1958 (51%). Those patients who had not been breast-fed had more schizoid and schizotypal personality traits in childhood and a poorer social adjustment than their sibs; breast-fed patients did not differ from their sibs.ConclusionsFewer schizophrenic patients than normal were breast-fed. Lack of breast milk may be a risk factor in the neurodevelopmental form of schizophrenia.
25
Schollaert Uz, Stephanie, Antonio J. Busalacchi, Thomas M. Smith, Michael N. Evans, Christopher W. Brown, and Eric C. Hackert. "Interannual and Decadal Variability in Tropical Pacific Chlorophyll from a Statistical Reconstruction: 1958–2008." Journal of Climate 30, no. 18 (August 17, 2017): 7293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0202.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Historical understanding of marine biological dynamics has been limited by sparse in situ observations and the fact that dedicated ocean color satellite remote sensing only began in 1997. From these observations, it has become clear that physical oceanography controls biological variability over seasonal to interannual time scales. To quantify how multidecadal, climate-scale patterns impact biological productivity, the strong correlation with sea surface temperature and sea surface height is utilized to reconstruct a retrospective 51-yr time series of surface chlorophyll, the pigment measured by ocean color satellites. The canonical correlation analysis statistical reconstruction demonstrates greatest skill away from land and within about 10° of the equator where chlorophyll variance is greatest and predominantly associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation dynamics. Differences in chlorophyll patterns between east or central Pacific El Niño events are observed, with larger declines east of 180° for east Pacific events and west of 180° for central Pacific events. Additionally, small but significant decadal variations in chlorophyll patterns are observed corresponding to the Pacific decadal oscillation. Decadal changes in chlorophyll west of 180° are consistent with increased stratification, whereas changes between 110°–140°W may be related to long-term shoaling of the nutrient-bearing equatorial undercurrent.
26
Xin, Xiaoge, Rucong Yu, Tianjun Zhou, and Bin Wang. "Drought in Late Spring of South China in Recent Decades." Journal of Climate 19, no. 13 (July 1, 2006): 3197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3794.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Late spring (21 April–20 May) precipitation to the south of the Yangtze River in China along the East Asian front is a salient feature of the global climate. The present analysis reveals that during 1958–2000 South China (26°–31°N, 110°–122°E) has undergone a significant decrease in late spring precipitation since the late 1970s. The sudden reduction of the precipitation concurs with a notable cooling in the upper troposphere over the central China (30°–40°N, 95°–125°E). The upper-level cooling is associated with an anomalous meridional cell with descending motions in the latitudes 26°–35°N and low-level northerly winds over southeastern China (22°–30°N, 110°–125°E), causing deficient rainfall over South China. The late spring cooling in the upper troposphere over the central China is found to strongly link to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the preceding winter. During winters with a positive NAO index, the upper-tropospheric cooling occurs first to the north of the Tibetan Plateau in early–middle spring, then propagates southeastward to central China in late spring. It is suggested that the interdecadal change of the winter NAO is the root cause for the late spring drought over South China in recent decades.
27
Peng, Y., C. Shen, H. Cheng, and Y. Xu. "Modeling of severe persistent droughts over eastern China during the last millennium." Climate of the Past 10, no. 3 (May 28, 2014): 1079–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1079-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We use proxy data and modeled data from 1000 year model simulations with a variety of climate forcings to examine the occurrence of severe event of persistent drought over eastern China during the last millennium and diagnose the mechanisms. Results show that the model was able to roughly simulate most of these droughts over the study area during the last millennium such as those that occurred during the periods of 1123–1152, 1197–1223, 1353–1363, 1428–1449, 1479–1513, and 1632–1645. Our analyses suggest that these six well-captured droughts may caused by the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) weakening. Study on the wavelet transform and spectral analysis reveals these events occurred all at the statistically significant 15–35-year timescale. A modeled data intercomparison suggests the possibility that solar activity may be the primary driver in the occurrence of the 1129–1144, 1354–1365, 1466–1491 and 1631–1648 droughts as identified by the model. However another possibility that these events may be related to internal variability cannot be excluded. Although the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays an important role in monsoon variability, a temporally consistent relationship between the droughts and SST pattern in the Pacific Ocean could not be found either in the modeled or proxy data. Our analyses also indicate that large volcanic eruptions play a role as an amplifier in the drought of 1631–1648 and caused the droughts of 1830–1853 and 1958–1976, which was identified by the model.
28
Jivraj, Stephen, Owen Nicholas, Emily T. Murray, and Paul Norman. "Life Course Neighbourhood Deprivation and Self-Rated Health: Does It Matter Where You Lived in Adolescence and Do Neighbourhood Effects Build Up over Life?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 10311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910311.
Full textAbstract:
There is an overreliance on concurrent neighbourhood deprivation as a determinant of health. Only a small section of the literature focuses on the cumulative exposure of neighbourhood deprivation over the life course. This paper uses data from the 1958 National Child Development Study, a British birth cohort study, linked to 1971–2011 Census data at the neighbourhood level to longitudinally model self-rated health between ages 23 and 55 by Townsend deprivation score between ages 16 and 55. Change in self-rated health is analysed using ordinal multilevel models to test the strength of association with neighbourhood deprivation at age 16, concurrently and cumulatively. The results show that greater neighbourhood deprivation at age 16 predicts worsening self-rated health between ages 33 and 50. The association with concurrent neighbourhood deprivation is shown to be stronger compared with the measurement at age 16 when both are adjusted in the model. The concurrent association with change in self-rated health is explained by cumulative neighbourhood deprivation. These findings suggest that neglecting exposure to neighbourhood deprivation over the life course will underestimate the neighbourhood effect. They also have potential implications for public policy suggesting that neighbourhood socioeconomic equality may bring about better population health.
29
Park, J. H., K. S. Han, J. Y. Kim, and H. D. Shin. "First Report of Leaf Spot of Sweet Basil Caused by Cercospora guatemalensis in Korea." Plant Disease 96, no. 10 (October 2012): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-12-0436-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L., is a fragrant herb belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Originated in India 5,000 years ago, sweet basil plays a significant role in diverse cuisines across the world, especially in Asian and Italian cooking. In October 2008, hundreds of plants showing symptoms of leaf spot with nearly 100% incidence were found in polyethylene tunnels at an organic farm in Icheon, Korea. Leaf spots were circular to subcircular, water-soaked, dark brown with grayish center, and reached 10 mm or more in diameter. Diseased leaves defoliated prematurely. The damage purportedly due to this disease has reappeared every year with confirmation of the causal agent made again in 2011. A cercosporoid fungus was consistently associated with disease symptoms. Stromata were brown, consisting of brown cells, and 10 to 40 μm in width. Conidiophores were fasciculate (n = 2 to 10), olivaceous brown, paler upwards, straight to mildly curved, not geniculate in shorter ones or one to two times geniculate in longer ones, 40 to 200 μm long, occasionally reaching up to 350 μm long, 3.5 to 6 μm wide, and two- to six-septate. Conidia were hyaline, acicular to cylindric, straight in shorter ones, flexuous to curved in longer ones, truncate to obconically truncate at the base, three- to 16-septate, and 50 to 300 × 3.5 to 4.5 μm. Morphological characteristics of the fungus were consistent with the previous reports of Cercospora guatemalensis A.S. Mull. & Chupp (1,3). Voucher specimens were housed at Korea University herbarium (KUS). An isolate from KUS-F23757 was deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession No. KACC43980). Fungal DNA was extracted with DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kits (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 548 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ995781). This showed >99% similarity with sequences of many Cercospora species, indicating their close phylogenetic relationship. Isolate of KACC43980 was used in the pathogenicity tests. Hyphal suspensions were prepared by grinding 3-week-old colonies grown on PDA with distilled water using a mortar and pestle. Five plants were inoculated with hyphal suspensions and five plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water. The plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain a relative humidity of 100% for 24 h and then transferred to a 25 ± 2°C greenhouse with a 12-h photoperiod. Typical symptoms of necrotic spots appeared on the inoculated leaves 6 days after inoculation, and were identical to the ones observed in the field. C. guatemalensis was reisolated from symptomatic leaf tissues, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Previously, the disease was reported in Malawi, India, China, and Japan (2,3), but not in Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. guatemalensis on sweet basil in Korea. Since farming of sweet basil has recently started on a commercial scale in Korea, the disease poses a serious threat to safe production of this herb, especially in organic farming. References: (1) C. Chupp. A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora. Ithaca, NY, 1953. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , May 5, 2012. (3) J. Nishikawa et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 68:46, 2002.
30
PENNEY, DAVID. "A new spider family record for Hispaniolaa new species of Plectreurys (Araneae: Plectreuridae) in Miocene Dominican amber." Zootaxa 2144, no. 1 (June 29, 2009): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2144.1.3.
Full textAbstract:
The Plectreuridae is a relatively small, ecribellate, haplogyne spider family consisting of only two extant genera. Kibramoa Chamberlin has seven described species restricted to the USA and Mexico (Gertsch 1958) and Plectreurys Simon is known from 22 species, with similar distributions (Gertsch 1958, Jiménez 2006), but also including Cuba and Costa Rica (Alayón 1993, 2003). In addition, a single fossil species Palaeoplectreurys baltica Wunderlich, known only from the holotype, has been described from the Eocene Baltic amber of Europe (Wunderlich 2004). Additional fossils are known from the Jurassic of China and these are currently being described by Selden (pers. comm. 2009), who also questions the placement of Palaeoplectreurys Wunderlich in this family. Thus, the extant forms may represent relicts of a family more widespread in the past. Little is known about the biology of this family, although they are unusual among ecribellate haplogynes in possessing eight, rather than six eyes. They are nocturnal, hunting spiders, which live in a silken tube that they seldom leave, rather like the closely related Segestriidae (Gertsch 1958). However, males leave their tube upon maturity to go in search of females, at which point they become more susceptible to entrapment in tree resin seeps (Penney 2002). The tibia of leg 1 in males of Plectreurys has a distinctive stout retrolateral process towards the distal end, which bears a strong spine. These coupling spurs, which are absent in Kibramoa and Palaeoplectreurys are presumed to be used for restraining or positioning the female during mating.
31
Zhang, Hui, Xuewu Fu, Che-Jen Lin, Lihai Shang, Yiping Zhang, Xinbin Feng, and Cynthia Lin. "Monsoon-facilitated characteristics and transport of atmospheric mercury at a high-altitude background site in southwestern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 20 (October 26, 2016): 13131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13131-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. To better understand the influence of monsoonal climate and transport of atmospheric mercury (Hg) in southwestern China, measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM, defined as the sum of gaseous elemental mercury, GEM, and gaseous oxidized mercury, GOM), particulate bound mercury (PBM) and GOM were carried out at Ailaoshan Station (ALS, 2450 m a.s.l.) in southwestern China from May 2011 to May 2012. The mean concentrations (± SD) for TGM, GOM and PBM were 2.09 ± 0.63, 2.2 ± 2.3 and 31.3 ± 28.4 pg m−3, respectively. TGM showed a monsoonal distribution pattern with relatively higher concentrations (2.22 ± 0.58 ng m−3, p = 0.021) during the Indian summer monsoon (ISM, from May to September) and the east Asia summer monsoon (EASM, from May to September) periods than that (1.99 ± 0.66 ng m−3) in the non-ISM period. Similarly, GOM and PBM concentrations were higher during the ISM period than during the non-ISM period. This study suggests that the ISM and the EASM have a strong impact on long-range and transboundary transport of Hg between southwestern China and south and southeast Asia. Several high TGM events were accompanied by the occurrence of northern wind during the ISM period, indicating anthropogenic Hg emissions from inland China could rapidly increase TGM levels at ALS due to strengthening of the EASM. Most of the TGM and PBM events occurred at ALS during the non-ISM period. Meanwhile, high CO concentrations were also observed at ALS, indicating that a strong south tributary of westerlies could have transported Hg from south and southeast Asia to southwestern China during the non-ISM period. The biomass burning in southeast Asia and anthropogenic Hg emissions from south Asia are thought to be the source of atmospheric Hg in remote areas of southwestern China during the non-ISM period.
32
Martínez-Moreno, Fernando, Karim Ammar, and Ignacio Solís. "Global Changes in Cultivated Area and Breeding Activities of Durum Wheat from 1800 to Date: A Historical Review." Agronomy 12, no. 5 (May 8, 2022): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051135.
Full textAbstract:
Durum wheat is grown globally on 13.5 million ha in 2020/2021, which amounts to 6.2% of the wheat area. It is assumed that in the past it was more important, but the extent of that importance is unknown. In this work, a historical estimation of the durum wheat area globally was carried out, based on data of the main cultivating countries. Many of the data from the earliest period were based on percentage to all wheat. During the nineteenth century, the percentage of durum wheat to all wheat globally was around 14–16%. However, throughout the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, in America (USA, Canada, Argentina), Asia (Russia, China, India), and Australia, new land was sown with bread wheat, and therefore the percentage of durum wheat fell steadily to 7–9% from 1950 to 2005, and to 6–7% since then. For many years, Russia was the country with more durum wheat cultivation, with around six million ha in the period 1910–1940. Turkey, Italy, Algeria, and India were also big historical players regarding cultivation of this crop. Currently, Canada, Algeria, Italy, and Turkey have the largest durum wheat acreage. The main breeding activities and the future of durum wheat are discussed.
33
Chen, Tsing-Chang, Jenq-Dar Tsay, Jun Matsumoto, and Jordan Alpert. "Impact of the Summer Monsoon Westerlies on the South China Sea Tropical Cyclone Genesis in May." Weather and Forecasting 32, no. 3 (April 17, 2017): 925–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-16-0189.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract After the onset of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon in mid-May, the South China Sea (SCS) trough is deepened by the intensified monsoon westerlies to facilitate the development of a synoptic cyclonic shear flow. This shear flow forms an environment favorable for the SCS tropical storm (TS)/typhoon (TY) genesis triggered by the surge of this monsoon circulation. This genesis mechanism has not been well documented. Seventeen named SCS TS/TY geneses in May over 1979–2016 occurred under the following environmental conditions/processes: 1) with its maximum located south of 15°N, the intensified monsoon westerlies are extended eastward beyond 120°E, 2) the synoptic SCS cyclonic shear flow is developed by the tropical easterlies fed by a northeast Asian cold surge (or a North Pacific cold-air outbreak) and the intensified monsoon westerlies, and 3) SCS TS/TY genesis is triggered by the surge of monsoon flow. The accuracy of the monthly mean forecasts is limited. However, it is found that SCS TS/TY genesis only occurs after the existence of persistent, strong, monsoon westerlies lasting for at least 5 days. Forecasts from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (2004–16) and the Global Ensemble Forecast System (1985–2003) cover these 15 SCS TS/TY geneses. The requirements for SCS TS/TY genesis in May described above are met by the 5-day-mean Southeast Asian summer monsoon circulation. Based on a statistical analysis of 5-day forecasts for these TS/TY geneses, a four-step forecast advisory is introduced. The forecasts for SCS TS/TY genesis can be made 3 days prior to occurrence.
34
Wang, Xiaopeng, Ke Pang, Zhe Chen, Bin Wan, Shuhai Xiao, Chuanming Zhou, and Xunlai Yuan. "The Ediacaran frondose fossil Arborea from the Shibantan limestone of South China." Journal of Paleontology 94, no. 6 (July 20, 2020): 1034–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2020.43.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBituminous limestone of the Ediacaran Shibantan Member of the Dengying Formation (551–539 Ma) in the Yangtze Gorges area contains a rare carbonate-hosted Ediacara-type macrofossil assemblage. This assemblage is dominated by the tubular fossil Wutubus Chen et al., 2014 and discoidal fossils, e.g., Hiemalora Fedonkin, 1982 and Aspidella Billings, 1872, but frondose organisms such as Charnia Ford, 1958, Rangea Gürich, 1929, and Arborea Glaessner and Wade, 1966 are also present. Herein, we report four species of Arborea from the Shibantan assemblage, including the type species Arborea arborea (Glaessner in Glaessner and Daily, 1959) Glaessner and Wade, 1966, Arborea denticulata new species, and two unnamed species, Arborea sp. A and Arborea sp. B. Arborea arborea is the most abundant frond in the Shibantan assemblage. Arborea denticulata n. sp. resembles Arborea arborea in general morphology but differs in its fewer primary branches and lower length/width ratio of primary branches. Arborea sp. A and Arborea sp. B are fronds with a Hiemalora-type basal attachment. Sealing by microbial mats and authigenic cementation may have played an important role in the preservation of Arborea in the Shibantan assemblage. The Shibantan material of Arborea extends the stratigraphic, ecological, and taphonomic ranges of this genus.UUID: http://zoobank.org/554f21da-5f09-4891-9deb-cbc00c41e5f1
35
Pylypchuk, Oleh, Oleh Strelko, and Yulia Berdnychenko. "PREFACE." History of science and technology 10, no. 1(16) (June 5, 2020): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2020-10-1(16)-7-9.
Full textAbstract:
This issue of the journal “History of Science and Technology” has been prepared in difficult conditions. In difficult conditions for authors… In difficult conditions for reviewers ... In difficult conditions for the editorial board… In difficult conditions for the whole world in general!!! This issue contains ten articles. The first of these articles came in late 2019, when the world did not know yet these terrible words: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19); severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)… COVID-19 was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since spread worldwide, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. As on May 29, 2020, when these lines were written, more than 5 800 000 cases were recorded in 188 countries, killing more than 359 000 people. We hope that humanity will invent a vaccine as soon as possible, and these horrific death statistics will first stop growing and then stop altogether. For this, many events and activities are important, as history shows. Including the history of the development of science and technology, that is the subject area of our publication. In many sources on the history of electric power production the evolution of electric power production was studied both in developed and developing countries and its impact on economy. The growing demand for electric power became the most problem that stood before the power sector of Ghana. This issue begins with an article examining activities that in many ways helped to create a sustainable electricity supply for households and industries in Ghana, especially in the cities of Accra and Kumasi, between 1900 and 1960. Scientific-technical borrowings are one of those types of scientific support for the work of industrial sectors, whose role in the conditions of exiting the crisis to acquiring the particular importance. Since the mid-1920s, they have become the main way of scientific support for the organization of the development of Ukrainian electric machine-building industry in the context of large-scale electrification of the country. That was due to the need for a quick withdrawal of this industry from the previous crisis in the absence in the Ukrainian SSR of its own scientific support system for the electric machine engineering. An example of this measure, which was considered in the study, was an attempt to achieve the fastest possible increase in productivity of the Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant at minimal financial cost. The next article analyzes the activities of the mining industry in the south of the Russian Empire, of which Ukraine was a part of that time. An analysis of the so-called “coal crisis” and the role of large miners in collusion has been made. Market monopolization has been considered. Emphasis is made on the customs policy of the tsarist government, speculation on temporary fuel difficulties. The study shows that in the last quarter of the nineteenth century there was a consolidation and monopolization of the mining industry in the south of the Russian Empire. In the 21st century, every reputable journal also has an online version, which makes the dissemination of scientific information almost instantaneous. We are so accustomed to the conveniences of the information age that it is difficult for us to imagine the difficulties that scientists faced a little over 150 years ago. The genesis of science launched the process of forming branch of scientific communities and demanded stable ways of communication for productive and effective development of the branch. Scientific journals have become an ideal means of disseminating information, and a scientific article has been transformed from an ordinary letter into a modern form and has taken on an ideal form. The importance of international communication between scientists, on the example of consideration of the activities of Valerian Mykolaiovych Lihin, is discussed in the following study. He became the first Russian-speaking member of one of the oldest Mathematical Societies in Europe - the French. V. Lihin broke the tradition of “isolated” science when discoveries in the Russian Empire (and later in the USSR) were made separately from the rest of the world. In the next article an attempt to investigate in a chronological order the historical circumstances on the formation and development of the mainline electric locomotives engineering at the Luhansk diesel locomotives engineering plant (1957–2014) has been made. Historical and biographical research is continued by the article, which considers the factors shaping the scientific worldview of Mykola Pavlovych Petrov - an outstanding scientist and engineer against the background of his initiative and organizational efforts to develop the domestic scientific and technical space of the late nineteenth - early twentieth The article devoted to highlighting the contribution of academician Mariia Vasylivna Pavlova (Gortynska) in the development of palaeozoology science at the end of the XIX – the first third of the XX centuries continues the cycle of historical and biographical researches. We hope that our readers will be interested in scientific work, examining the research of Russian women in the field of human genetics in 1920-1930. The main task of the article was to determine the contribution of women scientists to the development of different fields of human genetics. Particular attention was given to reconstructing women’s geneticists’ research work, reviewing the content of their publications, and analyzing the theoretical and methodological approaches they employed in solving various scientific problems. In the history of Ukrainian archeology, there are many names of outstanding researchers who have devoted their lives to the study of our antiquity. Among them is Yulian Kulakovskyi, a well-known domestic historian and archeologist. In 1883 Yu. A. Kulakovskyi joined the Nestor Chronicler Historical Society. Since that time, his life and career have been closely linked to this scientific union. The analysis of the results of researches in the field of late antique archeology of the Crimea, published on the pages of “Readings of the Historical Society of Nestor the Chronicler”, is discussed in the next article. The development of the spread of COVID-19 shows that in the fight against it in the first place are such measures and actions as unrestricted access to information on methods of combating the spread of the virus; exchange of data at the international level on treatment methods of the disease; communication between scientists from different countries; timely quarantine measures, etc. In this sense, it is important to study the historical experience of mankind in the fight against pandemics. This issue of the journal History of Science and Technology concludes with an article on a critical analysis of nineteenth-century military interventions as the main cause of the spread of infectious diseases internationally. Emerging problems and solutions obtained as a result of a critical analysis of the materials of the International Sanitary Conferences reveal the history of the spread of infectious diseases and the methods of early statistics used for epidemiological purposes. Concluding this Preface, we emphasize once again the importance of a comprehensive study of international historical experience in the development of science and technology. Not limited to any one field or field of science, we are ready to provide the pages of our journal for the opportunity to exchange views with the international scientific community. Let peace and health be with everyone in these hard times!
36
Choo, Jessey J. C., and Alexei Ditter. "“OnMuzhiming”: Inaugural Workshop ofNew Frontiers in the Study of Medieval China. Rutgers University, May 15–16, 2015." Tang Studies 33, no. 1 (November 24, 2015): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0737503415z.00000000018.
Full text
37
Murata, Fumie, Toru Terao, Hatsuki Fujinami, Taiichi Hayashi, Haruhisa Asada, Jun Matsumoto, and Hiambok J. Syiemlieh. "Dominant Synoptic Disturbance in the Extreme Rainfall at Cherrapunji, Northeast India, Based on 104 Years of Rainfall Data (1902–2005)." Journal of Climate 30, no. 20 (September 13, 2017): 8237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0435.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The characteristics of active rainfall spells (ARSs) at Cherrapunji, northeast India, where extreme high rainfall is experienced, and their relationships with large-scale dynamics were studied using daily rainfall data from 1902 to 2005 and Japanese 55-Year Reanalysis from 1958 to 2005. Extreme high daily rainfalls occur in association with ARSs. The extremely large amounts of rainfall in the monsoon season are determined by the cumulative rainfall during ARSs. ARSs start when anomalous anticyclonic circulation (AAC) at 850 hPa propagates westward from the South China Sea and western North Pacific, and covers the northern Bay of Bengal. The AAC propagates farther westward and suppresses convection over central India during ARSs at Cherrapunji, and continues for 3 to 14 days. Consequently, a northward shift of the monsoon trough during the “break” in the Indian core region occurs. The westerly wind, which prevails in the northern portion of the AAC, transports moisture toward northeast India and enhances moisture convergence over northeast India with southerly moisture transport from the Bay of Bengal, and greatly intensifies the orographic rainfall. In the upper troposphere, the Tibetan high tends to extend southward with the onset of ARSs. A linear relationship can be seen between the length and total rainfall of an ARS. Longer ARSs tend to result in greater total rainfall. AACs with a greater zonal scale tend to produce longer and more intense ARSs. This study provides evidence for the effect of western North Pacific AACs on the Indian summer monsoon.
38
An, Qiang, Huaxiang He, Qianwen Nie, Yingjie Cui, Juanjuan Gao, Chuanjiang Wei, Xinmin Xie, and Jinjun You. "Spatial and Temporal Variations of Drought in Inner Mongolia, China." Water 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061715.
Full textAbstract:
Drought has become an important natural disaster, affecting the development of Inner Mongolia, as an important animal husbandry region in China. In this study, the characteristics and trends of the Inner Mongolia drought are thoroughly analysed by calculating the standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at different time scales, based on monthly precipitation and temperature data from 40 national meteorological stations in Inner Mongolia from 1958 to 2019. Subsequently, the area drought intensity (ADI), which is a comprehensive evaluation indicator for evaluating drought intensity within the region, is proposed, taking into account the effects of the persistent drought on drought intensity. The results show that drought has increased during this period, with a remarkable increase in the frequency and the area of drought. The areas with stronger drought intensity are mainly located in the west, north central, and the western area of the east. Since 2000, March to October are identified as drought-prone months and April is characterised as the month with the highest frequency of drought. The inflection points of SPEI and climate conditions both appeared in 1990s and it is speculated that the increase in drought may have been caused by excessive temperature rise. The frequency, coverage area, and continuous duration of drought have increased greatly after climate mutation in this region. According to the changes in the spatial distribution of the ADI and frequency of drought occurrence, the drought-stricken areas shifted from the southeast to the northwest after climate mutations. The findings from this study provide a theoretical basis for the drought management of Inner Mongolia.
39
Zhang, Yan-Lin, Kimitaka Kawamura, Ping Qing Fu, Suresh K. R. Boreddy, Tomomi Watanabe, Shiro Hatakeyama, Akinori Takami, and Wei Wang. "Aircraft observations of water-soluble dicarboxylic acids in the aerosols over China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 10 (May 25, 2016): 6407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6407-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Vertical profiles of dicarboxylic acids, related organic compounds and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracer compounds in particle phase have not yet been simultaneously explored in East Asia, although there is growing evidence that aqueous-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds may be responsible for the elevated organic aerosols (OA) in the troposphere. Here, we found consistently good correlation of oxalic acid, the most abundant individual organic compounds in aerosols globally, with its precursors as well as biogenic-derived SOA compounds in Chinese tropospheric aerosols by aircraft measurements. Anthropogenically derived dicarboxylic acids (i.e., C5 and C6 diacids) at high altitudes were 4–20 times higher than those from surface measurements and even occasionally dominant over oxalic acid at altitudes higher than 2 km, which is in contrast to the predominance of oxalic acid previously reported globally including the tropospheric and surface aerosols. This indicates an enhancement of tropospheric SOA formation from anthropogenic precursors. Furthermore, oxalic acid-to-sulfate ratio maximized at altitudes of ∼ 2 km, explaining aqueous-phase SOA production that was supported by good correlations with predicted liquid water content, organic carbon and biogenic SOA tracers. These results demonstrate that elevated oxalic acid and related SOA compounds from both the anthropogenic and biogenic sources may substantially contribute to tropospheric OA burden over polluted regions of China, implying aerosol-associated climate effects and intercontinental transport.
40
Wang, Xiaoyu, Zaifei Ma, and Chunan Wang. "A Longitudinal Study on the Addictive Behaviors of General Population before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 14, 2022): 5979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105979.
Full textAbstract:
By using nationally representative longitudinal data, this study investigates the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the addictive behaviors (smoking and drinking) of the general population in China. From the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2018 and 2020, we extract a sample of individuals over 16 years of age in China, consisting of 14,468 individuals and 28,936 observations. We decompose the sample into three age groups, that is, ages between 16 and 39, ages between 40 and 59 and ages above 60. The bootstrap method is used to estimate the confidence interval of the difference in the mean of addictive behaviors, and logit models are used in the regression analysis. Our results show that the COVID-19 pandemic reduces the smoking behavior of individuals above 40 years of age, and that it reduces the drinking behavior of individuals above 16 years of age. However, the pandemic increases the smoking behavior of individuals between 16 and 39 years of age. These results may be closely related to the characteristics of COVID-19 (that is, a respiratory system disease), the working and economic pressures of young Chinese and the role of drinking alcohol in building and maintaining social networks in China.
41
Nishiura, Hiroshi, Tetsuro Kobayashi, Yichi Yang, Katsuma Hayashi, Takeshi Miyama, Ryo Kinoshita, Natalie Linton, et al. "The Rate of Underascertainment of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection: Estimation Using Japanese Passengers Data on Evacuation Flights." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020419.
Full textAbstract:
From 29 to 31 January 2020, a total of 565 Japanese citizens were evacuated from Wuhan, China on three chartered flights. All passengers were screened upon arrival in Japan for symptoms consistent with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection and tested for presence of the virus. Assuming that the mean detection window of the virus can be informed by the mean serial interval (estimated at 7.5 days), the ascertainment rate of infection was estimated at 9.2% (95% confidence interval: 5.0, 20.0). This indicates that the incidence of infection in Wuhan can be estimated at 20,767 infected individuals, including those with asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic infections. The infection fatality risk (IFR)—the actual risk of death among all infected individuals—is therefore 0.3% to 0.6%, which may be comparable to Asian influenza pandemic of 1957–1958.
42
Jing, Xiaojuan. "Nonbelievers' Beliefs About Religion in China." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 42, no. 7 (August 14, 2014): 1221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.7.1221.
Full textAbstract:
In China nonbelievers are showing an increasing interest in religion whereas believers in the rest of the world are being less influenced by religion. I investigated what nonbelievers know about religion within Chinese society. Data collection was via random sampling among university students across 16 provinces in China. I evaluated data from 638 respondents about their self-reported beliefs using the religiosity subscale of the Social Axiom Survey. The results indicated that Chinese nonbelievers take a neutral stance as to the existence of a Supreme Being or the positive consequences of having religious beliefs. The neutrality of nonbelievers' beliefs about religion may be affected by the coincidence of the development of religion and Chinese religious culture. The findings in this study will enrich understanding of nonbelievers' views regarding religion in the Chinese culture and help to generate more, and more meaningful, dialogue between believers and nonbelievers.
43
Yang, Xinlin, Jianhua Sun, and Yongguang Zheng. "A 5-yr Climatology of Severe Convective Wind Events over China." Weather and Forecasting 32, no. 4 (June 8, 2017): 1289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-16-0101.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A method using cloud-to-ground lightning was developed to retrieve severe convective wind (SCW) events from significant weather report data over China during the period 2010–14. The results showed that SCW events were a feature of local weather activity, and their distribution showed clear seasonal and diurnal variations. The SCW events mainly occurred over eastern China during the midafternoon in the warm season and rarely occurred over western China. The highest frequency of SCW events was recorded in north China and Guangdong Province. There was also a high frequency of SCW events in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The most frequent occurrence of SCW events was in Guangdong Province in spring, while a high frequency of SCW events was observed in both north China and Guangdong Province during the summer months. The peak month for SCW events was July over the whole of China and June in north China. The pattern in Guangdong Province had a bimodal distribution, with the peak months being May and August. The majority of SCW events occurred between 1200 and 2000 local time.
44
Feng, Yan Hui, Yu Jiang, Ying Ning Qiu, Da Wei Su, Hai Feng Li, Zhi Huang, Jin Liu, and Yu Cui. "Performance Analysis of Coastal Wind Farms in Jiangsu, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1858.
Full textAbstract:
The operational performances of coastal wind farms, located at the east coast of Jiangsu Province of China, are reported in this paper. The result shows that although a rich wind resources predicted in this area, a strong variation of wind resources characteristics are observed between wind farms. Annual averaged wind speeds of five wind farms at hub height range from 4.8 to 6.6 m/s. In addition, the wind shear coefficient shows largely different although they appear to agree with coastal region characteristics. Ru Dong not only has the highest wind shear coefficient but also a largest range of wind shear coefficient variation amplitude. The Capacity Factors of the selected wind farms range from 16% to 27%. Ru Dong shows a lowest Capacity Factor of 16% which may due to the low average wind speed and high wind shear coefficient. On the contrary, Da Feng has a lower Capacity Factor with sensible wind resources indicating either an improved wind turbine technology or an optimized wind farm operational maintenance is needed to increase wind farm efficiency. The result obtained in this paper provides valuable information for future offshore wind farm development in China.
45
Chen, Jim, V. Dondeti, and Steven Papamarcos. "EXPLORING THE REAL MOTIVATION BEHIND CHINA�S DEVALUATION OF THE YUAN: WHY THE USUAL SUSPECTS MAY MASK A LONGER-TERM STRATEGY." Journal of International Finance and Economics 16, no. 3 (October 1, 2016): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/jife-16-3.7.
Full text
46
Yang, L., W. Wei, L. Chen, F. Jia, and B. Mo. "Spatial variations of shallow and deep soil moisture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 9 (September 10, 2012): 3199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3199-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Soil moisture in deep soil layers is an important relatively stable water resource for vegetation growth in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. Characterizing the spatial variations of deep soil moisture with respect to the topographic conditions has significant importance for vegetation restoration. In this study, we focused on analyzing the spatial variations and factors influencing soil moisture content (SMC) in shallow (0–2 m) and deep (2–8 m) soil layers, based on soil moisture observations in the Longtan watershed, Dingxi, Gansu province. The vegetation type of each sampling site for each comparison is same and varies by different positions, gradients, or aspects. The following discoveries were captured: (1) in comparison with shallow SMC, slope position and slope aspect may affect shallow soil moisture more than deep layers, while slope gradient affects both shallow and deep soil moisture significantly. This indicates that a great difference in deep soil hydrological processes between shallow and deep soil moisture remains that can be attributed to the introduced vegetation and topography. (2) A clear negative relationship exists between vegetation growth condition and deep soil moisture, which indicates that plants under different growing conditions may differ in consuming soil moisture, thus causing higher spatial variations in deep soil moisture. (3) The dynamic role of slope position and slope aspect on deep soil moisture has been changed due to large-scale plantation in semi-arid environment. Consequently, vegetation growth conditions and slope gradients may become the key factors dominating the spatial variations in deep soil moisture.
47
Leonov, Sergey. "Cooperation of Russia and China in the Arctic." Russian and Chinese Studies 3, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2019.3(3).7-16.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, the Arctic is becoming part of a complex system of political and economic relations both within and outside the region. Although not an Arctic nation, China seeks to obtain the maximum benefit from the exploitation of potential natural resources and Arctic transport routes on the planet. To achieve these goals, China is trying to actively cooperate with the Russian Federation, which has the world's largest Arctic shelf and controls the Northern sea route (NSR), which is the shortest sea transport artery from Asia to Europe. An example of the collaboration between the two countries in the Arctic is the Yamal LNG liquefied gas project, the willingness of Chinese investors to invest in the construction of a new deep-water port in Arkhangelsk and the Belkomur railway. The article considers the prerequisites for the activation of China's activities in the Arctic zone of the planet, identifies the problems facing the Russian Federation in terms of the implementation of a coordinated state policy throughout the Arctic zone of Russia, the development of the icebreaker fleet and improving the transport accessibility of the Arctic, assesses the consequences of a potentially possible situation where Russian positions on the NSR may weaken, due to external or internal reasons.
48
Sun, Zhengrong, Gaowei Ren, Xin Cui, Weiqiang Zhou, Chao Liu, and Qiang Ruan. "Genetic Diversity of HPV-16E6,E7, andL1Genes in Women With Cervical Lesions in Liaoning Province, China." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 21, no. 3 (April 2011): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0b013e3182112023.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionHigh-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) play a cardinal role in the etiology of cervical cancer. The most prevalent type, HPV-16, shows intratypic sequence variants that are known to differ in oncogenic potential and geographic distribution. Intratype variations in oncogenic E6/E7 and capsid L1 proteins of HPV-16 are associated with risk of viral persistence and progression.MethodsThis study was designed to analyze sequence variations inE6,E7, andL1genes of HPV-16 in patients with cervical lesion to identify the most prevalent and novel HPV-16 variants in northern China.ResultsOur results showed that HPV-16 variants with respect to E6 and E7 were high prevalence of the Asian lineage: 48.3% and 51.4%, respectively. Sequences of theE6gene revealed 4 amino acid changes of variants D25E and L83V, with 48.3% (69/143) and 11.2% (16/143), respectively, and variants H78Y and E113D in this study. The results also showed the prevalence of 4 hot spots of E7 nucleotide variations leading to N29H, N29S, and 2 silent variations, nucleotide G666A and nucleotide T846C, with 4.2% (6/142), 43% (61/142), 32.4% (46/142), and 43% (61/142), respectively. The following L1 variations were found in this study: L103F, P104K, P104Y, P104S, D105G, P106S, N108P, F109V, C172S, H228D, and T292A. It was also found that 448S was inserted and 465D was deleted in the L1 amino acid sequences of all the samples. No significant relationship between HPV-16 variants and high-grade lesions was found.ConclusionsThe study provides some new data on the genetic diversity of HPV-16, which may help to understand the oncogenic potential of the virus and design the diagnosis reagents and vaccine of HPV in China. Furthermore, in-depth studies are needed to determine the clinical and biological effects of these variants.
49
Li, Yang, Guisheng Song, Philippe Massicotte, Fangming Yang, Ruihuan Li, and Huixiang Xie. "Distribution, seasonality, and fluxes of dissolved organic matter in the Pearl River (Zhujiang) estuary, China." Biogeosciences 16, no. 13 (July 12, 2019): 2751–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2751-2019.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in the Pearl River estuary (PRE) of China was measured in May, August, and October 2015 and January 2016. Chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (CDOM and FDOM) in the latter three seasons were characterized by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. CDOM and FDOM exhibited negligible seasonal variations, while DOC displayed a significant seasonality, with the average concentration being highest in May (156 µmol L−1), lowest in November (87 µmol L−1), and comparable between January (118 µmol L−1) and August (112 µmol L−1). Although DOC, CDOM, and FDOM in surface water were generally higher than in bottom water, the difference between the two layers was statistically insignificant. DOC showed little cross-estuary variations in all seasons, while CDOM and FDOM in January were higher on the west side of the estuary than on the east side. All three variables showed rapid drawdowns in the head region of the estuary (salinity <5); their dynamics in the main estuary were primarily controlled by conservative mixing, leading to linearly declining or relatively constant (for DOC in May and November only) contents with increasing salinity. The decrease in FDOM with salinity was 5 %–35 % faster than that of CDOM, which in turn was 2–3 times quicker than that of DOC. Salinity and CDOM absorption coefficients could serve as indicators of DOC in August and January. Freshwater endmembers in all seasons mainly contained fresh, protein-rich DOM of microbial origin, a large part of it likely being pollution-derived. Protein-like materials were preferentially consumed in the head region but the dominance of the protein signature was maintained throughout the estuary. Exports of DOC and CDOM (in terms of the absorption coefficient at 330 nm) into the South China Sea were estimated as 195×109 g and 266×109 m2 for the PRE and 362×109 g and 493×109 m2 for the entire Pearl River Delta. The PRE presents the lowest concentrations and export fluxes of DOC and CDOM among the world's major estuaries. DOM delivered from the PRE is, however, protein-rich and thus may enhance heterotrophs in the adjacent coastal waters. Overall, the PRE manifests lower abundance and smaller spatiotemporal variability of DOM than expected for a sizable estuary with a marked seasonality of river runoff due supposedly to the poorly forested watershed of the Pearl River, the rapid degradation of the pollution-derived DOM in the upper reach, and the short residence time of freshwater.
50
Ma, Ming, Dingyong Wang, Hongxia Du, Tao Sun, Zheng Zhao, Yongmin Wang, and Shiqiang Wei. "Mercury dynamics and mass balance in a subtropical forest, southwestern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 7 (April 13, 2016): 4529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4529-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The mid-subtropical forest area in southwest China was affected by anthropogenic mercury (Hg) emissions over the past 3 decades. We quantified mercury dynamics on the forest field and measured fluxes and pools of Hg in litterfall, throughfall, stream water and forest soil in an evergreen broadleaved forest field in southwestern China. Total Hg (THg) input by the throughfall and litterfall was assessed at 32.2 and 42.9 µg m−2 yr−1, respectively, which was remarkably higher than those observed from other forest fields in the background of North America and Europe. Hg fluxes across the soil–air interface (18.6 mg m−2 yr−1) and runoff and/or stream flow (7.2 µg m−2 yr−1) were regarded as the dominant ways for THg export from the forest field. The forest field hosts an enormous amount of atmospheric Hg, and its reserves is estimated to be 25 341 µg m2. The ratio of output to input Hg fluxes (0.34) is higher compared with other study sites. The higher output / input ratio may represent an important ecological risk for the downstream aquatic ecosystems, even if the forest field could be an effective sink of Hg.