Academic literature on the topic 'China. 1980 Sept. 17'
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Journal articles on the topic "China. 1980 Sept. 17"
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Li, Xiaofei, Qinghong Zhang, Tian Zou, Jipei Lin, Hoiio Kong, and Zhihua Ren. "Climatology of Hail Frequency and Size in China, 1980–2015." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 4 (2018): 875–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0208.1.
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AbstractThe hail day climatology from 1961 to 2005 was previously studied based on hundreds of surface stations in China. Recently, both hail occurrence and maximum hail diameter (MHD) data from more than 2000 surface stations were released by the National Meteorological Information Center of China. These data enable hail climatology to be explored using both hail frequency (HF), which is defined as annual mean hail occurrence, and MHD records from more stations over the entire country. Following quality control, hail data from 2254 stations were selected for the period of 1980–2015. In general, HF increased with station topography height, with a maximum of more than 30 events per year in the Tibetan Plateau and a minimum of less than 1 event per year in southern China, whereas the station mean MHD decreased with topography height. The highest peak of the 80th-percentile cumulative distribution function of the annual MHD cycle in southern China occurred in May but was delayed to July in the north. Severe hail (MHD ≥ 20 mm; 5.32% of all cases) mainly occurred along the edge of the plain, near the mountainsides, and was most likely to develop in the afternoon.
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Zhao, Deming, and Jian Wu. "Contribution of Urban Surface Expansion to Regional Warming in Beijing, China." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 6 (2017): 1551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0019.1.
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AbstractThe contribution of urban surface expansion to regional warming as detected from meteorological observational station data may vary with considerable uncertainty because of the spatial heterogeneity of such data—a situation that promotes a requirement for numerical model-based investigations. Satellite-based images from 1980 to 2016 that have fine resolution over three city clusters and that display the urban surface expansion in China from rapid economic development and anthropogenic activity were used to perform 37-yr nested dynamical downscaling using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. The urban surface areas in Beijing, China, expressed marked expansion in the last 37 years. The contribution of urban surface expansion to regional warming was approximately 22% of the overall warming in Beijing and was stronger in the plains areas of Beijing (42%). The contributions to land-use grids that changed from nonurban (in 1980) to urban (in 2016; N2U) were much stronger than those to grids that were classified as urban in both time periods (U2U), which were closer to the values of urban areas (including N2U and U2U) because of the intense increase in urban surface areas. Urban-related warming expressed marked annual variation and was greater in the warm seasons and smaller in the cold seasons. The greater increase in surface air temperature (SAT) minimum and the weaker SAT maximum accounted for the decreased diurnal temperature range.
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Liu, Lei, Xiuying Zhang, Wen Xu, et al. "Temporal characteristics of atmospheric ammonia and nitrogen dioxide over China based on emission data, satellite observations and atmospheric transport modeling since 1980." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 15 (2017): 9365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9365-2017.
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Abstract. China is experiencing intense air pollution caused in large part by anthropogenic emissions of reactive nitrogen (Nr). Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are the most important precursors for Nr compounds (including N2O5, HNO3, HONO and particulate NO3− and NH4+) in the atmosphere. Understanding the changes in NH3 and NO2 has important implications for the regulation of anthropogenic Nr emissions and is a requirement for assessing the consequence of environmental impacts. We conducted the temporal trend analysis of atmospheric NH3 and NO2 on a national scale since 1980 based on emission data (during 1980–2010), satellite observation (for NH3 since 2008 and for NO2 since 2005) and atmospheric chemistry transport modeling (during 2008–2015).Based on the emission data, during 1980–2010, significant continuous increasing trends in both NH3 and NOx were observed in REAS (Regional Emission inventory in Asia, for NH3 0.17 and for NOx 0.16 kg N ha−1 yr−2) and EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, for NH3 0.24 and for NOx 0.17 kg N ha−1 yr−2) over China. Based on the satellite data and atmospheric chemistry transport model (CTM) MOZART-4 (Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4), the NO2 columns over China increased significantly from 2005 to 2011 and then decreased significantly from 2011 to 2015; the satellite-retrieved NH3 columns from 2008 to 2014 increased at a rate of 2.37 % yr−1. The decrease in NO2 columns since 2011 may result from more stringent strategies taken to control NOx emissions during the 12th Five Year Plan, while no control policy has focused on NH3 emissions. Our findings provided an overall insight into the temporal trends of both NO2 and NH3 since 1980 based on emission data, satellite observations and atmospheric transport modeling. These findings can provide a scientific background for policy makers that are attempting to control atmospheric pollution in China. Moreover, the multiple datasets used in this study have implications for estimating long-term Nr deposition datasets to assess its impact on soil, forest, water and greenhouse balance.
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Du, Jizeng, Kaicun Wang, Jiankai Wang, Shaojing Jiang, and Chunlüe Zhou. "Diurnal Cycle of Surface Air Temperature within China in Current Reanalyses: Evaluation and Diagnostics." Journal of Climate 31, no. 11 (2018): 4585–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0773.1.
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Abstract Diurnal cycle of surface air temperature T is an important metric indicating the feedback of land–atmospheric interaction to global warming, whereas the ability of current reanalyses to reproduce its variation had not been assessed adequately. Here, we evaluate the daily maximum temperature Tmax, daily minimum temperature Tmin, and diurnal temperature range (DTR) in five reanalyses based on observations collected at 2253 weather stations over China. Our results show that the reanalyses reproduce Tmin very well; however, except for Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2), they substantially underestimate Tmax and DTR by 1.21°–6.84°C over China during the period of 1980–2014. MERRA-2 overestimates Tmax and DTR by 0.35° and 0.81°C, which are closest with observation. The reanalyses are skillful in reproducing the interannual variability of Tmax and Tmin but relatively poor for DTR. All reanalyses underestimate the warming trend of Tmin by 0.13°–0.17°C (10 yr)−1 throughout China during 1980–2014, and underestimate the warming trend of Tmax by 0.24°–0.40°C (10 yr)−1 in northwestern China while overestimating this quantity by 0.18°–0.33°C (10 yr)−1 in southeastern China. These trend biases in Tmax and Tmin introduce a positive trend bias in DTR of 0.01°–0.26°C (10 yr)−1 within China, especially in the north China plain and southeastern China. In the five reanalyses, owing to the sensitivity discrepancies and trend biases, the surface solar radiation Rs and precipitation frequency (PF) are notable deviation sources of the diurnal cycle of air temperature, which explain 31.0%–38.7% (31.9%–37.8%) and 9.8%–22.2% (7.4%–15.3%) of the trend bias in Tmax (DTR) over China, respectively.
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Di, Zhiyong, and Sha Qiao. "Euscorpiops lii sp. nov. and a key of the genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae) from China." ZooKeys 968 (September 16, 2020): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.48723.
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A new species, Euscorpiops liisp. nov., from Xizang (Tibet) in southwest China is described herein. Adult scorpions in this species are principally characterized by yellow-brown colour, a length of less than 40 mm, 17 trichobothria on the external surface of the pedipalp patella and usually six trichobothria on the ventral surface of the pedipalp patella in both sexes. With the description of this new species, the number of known species of the genus Euscorpiops from China is raised to 13 (five species found in Xizang, including the new species, and eight other species in Yunnan). A key to the species of the genus Euscorpiops from China is presented.
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Jiang, Shanhu, Liliang Ren, Bin Yong, Congbin Fu, and Xiaoli Yang. "Analyzing the effects of climate variability and human activities on runoff from the Laohahe basin in northern China." Hydrology Research 43, no. 1-2 (2012): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2011.133.
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The runoff from the Laohahe basin in northern China has been greatly influenced by climate variability and human activities, and it is very important to quantitatively analyze these effects. Three methods, the Mann–Kendall test, ordered clustering and double cumulative curve were used to detect the trend and change points in annual precipitation and runoff for the period from 1964 to 2008, and the runoff series were divided into a ‘natural period’ (1964–1979) and a ‘human-induced period’ (1980–2008). Then the three-layer Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC-3L) model was used to quantitatively evaluate the effects of climate variability and human activities on runoff. The results show that compared with the ‘natural period’, the annual precipitation varied by −10, 10 and −10% during the periods of 1980–1989, 1990–1999 and 2000–2008, respectively, while the corresponding yearly runoff changed by −57, 17 and −72%, respectively. It was found that the range of yearly runoff percentage change is much larger than the range of annual precipitation variation. Additionally, the computing effects of human activities on runoff decreasing are more evident during the two drier periods of 1980–1989 and 2000–2008 with the contribution of 70 and 78%, respectively, while that of the wetter period of 1990–1999 is only 21%. It is suggested that within the Laohahe basin human activities are the main reason that runoff decreased during the two drier periods of 1980–1989 and 2000–2008, while the increasing of the runoff during the wetter period of 1990–1999 is mainly attributed to the climate variability.
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Wang, Ning, Xin-Min Zeng, Yiqun Zheng, Jian Zhu, and Shanhu Jiang. "The Atmospheric Moisture Residence Time and Reference Time for Moisture Tracking over China." Journal of Hydrometeorology 19, no. 7 (2018): 1131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0204.1.
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Abstract This paper studies the atmospheric moisture residence times over China for the period 1980–2009 using the dynamic recycling model (DRM). We define both the residence times for atmospheric moisture of precipitation (backward tracking) and evaporation (forward tracking) and show that each has significant spatial and seasonal variations. The area-averaged precipitation-moisture residence time is approximately 8.3 days, while the evaporation residence time is approximately 6.3 days. In addition, we investigate the concept of “tracking time” or time selected for moisture tracking in numerical source–sink studies. The area-averaged backward and forward tracking times at the 90% threshold (i.e., when 90% of initial moisture is attributed for tracking) are approximately 22 and 15 days, respectively. Finally, we theoretically deduced the explicit expressions for residence and tracking times for idealized cases and found the analytical proportional relationship between these times. In this way, the analytical link between residence time and e-folding time was reestablished. This proportional relationship was further verified against the DRM-derived values. In the DRM results, the proportional relation generally fluctuates along the trajectory, which leads to the differences between the theoretical and the DRM-derived values. These results can enhance our understanding of water cycling, and they are likely to help choose tracking times in relevant studies.
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Bo, Y., H. Cai, and S. D. Xie. "Spatial and temporal variation of emission inventories for historical anthropogenic NMVOCs in China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (2008): 11519–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-11519-2008.
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Abstract. Multiyear emission inventories of anthropogenic NMVOCs in China for 1980–2005 were compiled based on time-varying statistical data, literature surveyed and model calculated emission factors, and were gridded at a high spatial resolution of 40 km×40 km using the GIS methodology. Chinese NMVOCs emissions had increased by 4.3 times at an annual average rate of 10.7% from 3.92 Tg in 1980 to 16.5 Tg in 2005. Vehicles, biomass burning, industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, solvent utilization, and storage and transport generated 5.49 Tg, 3.91 Tg, 2.76 Tg, 1.98 Tg, 1.87 Tg, and 0.55 Tg of NMVOCs, respectively. Motorcycles, biofuel burning, heavy-duty vehicles, synthetic fibre production, biomass open burning, and industrial and commercial consumption were primary emission sources. Besides, from 1980 to 2005, vehicle emission increased notably from 6% to 33%, along with a slight increase for fossil fuel combustion from 9% to 12% and for industrial processes from 11% to 17%. Meanwhile, biomass burning emission decreased from 41% to 23%, along with the decrease of storage and transport and solvent utilization from 9% to 3% and from 28% to 11%, respectively. Varieties of NMVOCs emissions coincided well with China's economic growth. Conversions in economic structure and adjustment of fuel consumption structure in China during the period were the reasons for conspicuous variation of source contributions. The developed eastern and coastal regions produced more emissions than the relatively underdeveloped western and inland regions. Particularly, southeastern, northern, and central China covering 35% of China's territory, generated 59% of the total emissions, while the populous capital cities covering merely 4.5% of China's territory, accounted for 25% of the national emissions. Moreover, rural areas also experienced emission growth during the past two and a half decades, the reason of which was transfer of emission-intensive plants from city to county, inefficient fuel utilization, and biomass burning.
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SUN, DONG, and MING-SHENG ZHU. "One new species of scorpion belonging to the genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 from Yunan, China (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae, Scorpiopinae)." Zootaxa 2399, no. 1 (2010): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2399.1.6.
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A new species of the genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 is described, based on specimens collected from Menglian County, Yunnan Province, China. It is characterized by the following characters: (1) pectinal teeth number 7–7 in females and 8–8 in males; (2) cheliceral movable finger with 6–7 basal teeth on ventral edge; (3) chela ratio of length to width over 3.5 in females and over 4.1 in males; (4) a slight lobe on movable finger and corresponding notch on fixed finger in both males and females, with no marked sexual dimorphism; (5) patella with 19 external trichobothria (6eb, 2esb, 2em, 4est, 5et), and with 10 ventral trichobothria. With the species described in the present publication, the number of known species of Euscorpiops is raised to 17.
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Pang, Kevin D., Kevin K. Yau, and Hung-Hsiang Chou. "Astronomical Dating and Statistical Analysis of Ancient Chinese Eclipse Data." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600018591.
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All 13 Shang dynasty oracle bone eclipse records have been uniquely matched to 6 solar and 7 lunar eclipses in the 14-12th centuries B.C. The King Zhong Kang 5th year autumnal (Oct. 16, 1876 B.C.) and King Yu 3rd year “double sunset” (Sept. 24, 1912 B.C.) eclipses confirm the accuracy of the revised Bamboo Annals Xia dynasty chronology (Nivision and Pang, Early China 15, 1990, 87). The eclipse dates are plotted against the number of generations before 841 B.C. (earliest accurate date), the respective kings ruled. The curve of benefit has both the strengths of verified royal genealogy – continuity – and eclipse dating – accuracy. It is 99% accurate, and can be confidently used as a foundation for building a detailed absolute chronology for the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, an important project in China’s new 5-Year Plan (Song, Sci. Tech. Daily, May 17, 1996; Newsweek, July 7, 1997).
Books on the topic "China. 1980 Sept. 17"
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Kho, Stephen. A study of the Consular Convention between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China. University of Maryland School of Law, 1996.
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China. Aviation, transport services: Agreement between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, amending the agreement of September 17, 1980, as amended, effected by exchange of notes, signed at Beijing February 10, 1992 with attachments. Dept. of State, 1998.
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China. Consular relations, additional consulates general: Agreements between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, effected by exchange of notes, signed at Washington September 17, 1980 and exchange of notes, dated at Beijing June 16, 1981 with annex and related letter. Dept. of State, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "China. 1980 Sept. 17"
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Taber, Douglass. "The Takayama Synthesis of (-)-Cernuine." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0094.
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(-)-Cernuine 3 falls in the subset of the Lycopodium alkaloids that feature a bicyclic aminal core. There had not been a total synthesis of this class of alkaloids until the recent (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 1987) work of Hiromitsu Takayama of Chiba University. The key step in this synthesis was a diastereoselective intramolecular reductive amination, converting 1 to 2. As is apparent from the 3-D projection, (-)-cernuine 3 has a tricyclic trans-anti-trans aminal core, with an appended six-membered ring, both branches of which are axial on the core. While the branch that is part of the aminal could be expected to equilibrate, the other branch had to be deliberately installed. The synthesis began with (+)-citronellal 4, each enantiomer of which is commercially available in bulk. After protection and ozonolysis, the first singly-aminated stereogenic center was installed by enantioselective, and therefore diastereoselective, addition of 5 to the azodicarboxylate 6, mediated by the organocatalyst 7. Reductive cleavage of the N-N bond followed by acetal methanolysis converted 8 to 9. Ionization followed by allyl silane addition then delivered 11, having the requisite axial alkyl branch. The next two tasks were the assembly of the second of the four rings of 3, and the construction of the second single-aminated stereogenic center. The ring was assembled by deprotection of 11 followed by acylation with acryloyl chloride, to give 12. Grubbs cyclization followed by hydrogenation then led to 13. Homologation of 13 to the aldehyde 14 set the stage for condensation with the camphor-derived tertiary amine 15, following the protocol developed by Kobayashi. Sequential imine formation, aza-Cope rearrangement, and hydrolysis led to 1 in 94% de. One could envision reduction of the lactam carbonyl of 1 to an aldehyde equivalent, that would then, under acidic conditions, condense to form the desired aminal 2. This approach was, however, not successful. As an alternative, conditions were developed to convert 1 to the amidine 16. Reduction then proceeded with the expected high diastereocontrol, to give the cis 1,3-fused aminal 2. This was not isolated, but was directly acylated with acryloyl chloride, to 17.
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"No. 26723. Agreement on maritime transport between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Republic of China. Signed at Washington on 17 September 1980." In United Nations Treaty Series. UN, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/7c8acaec-en-fr.
Full textConference papers on the topic "China. 1980 Sept. 17"
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Sawa, Takao, Takafumi Kasaya, Tadahiro Hyakudome, and Hiroshi Yoshida. "Natural Resource Exploration With Sonar on Underwater Vehicle." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83819.
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Occurring as a set of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table, rare earth elements such as neodymium are necessary for the development of mobile phones and magnet motors. Although securing rare earth elements is essential for economic growth of all nations, their demand is rapidly expanding among global powers such as Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Rare earth element deposits were discovered in the seafloor near hydrothermal vents in the 1980s. Japan has the sixth largest exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and is abundant in underwater natural resources such as a cobalt and a manganese mine. Because underwater exploration of rare earth elements was deemed unprofitable, the practice was suspended. Current advancements in underwater robotics, however, have led to economic viability in this venture. Such developments have resulted in the increased use of remote sensing with sonars on unmanned underwater vehicles. The Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) developed a cruising autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) known as Urashima. This AUV performed its first sea trial in 2000, and cruise for 317 km without recharging or refueling in 2005 as a world record at the time. The first mission of Urashima was a vast sea exploration to investigate worldwide environmental crises such as global warming. However, the purpose of these missions has since then shifted primarily to the exploration of underwater natural resources. In addition, JAMSTEC developed a synthetic aperture sonar on a neutral buoyancy towfish in 2010. This underwater exploration system, known as Kyouryuu, scanned Wakamiko caldera at the sea bottom in Kagoshima Bay where volcanic activity was evident. Numerous hot-water flows from hydrothermal vents were clearly recorded. In addition, many dormant chimneys were detected. These features provide important data for estimating the distribution of hydrothermal vents and chimneys in addition to their transitions.