Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'China Civil War'

This thesis argl:les that the foreign interventions in the Taiping civil war were a key turning point in. nineteenth century Sino-foreign relations. The interventions shaped foreign ideas about the application of international law to China. When the prospect of intervention was raised foreign observers and foreign officials discussed how such involvement was justified under 'the law of nations'. The direct collaboration between the Qing and foreign states in suppressing the Taiping, however, led to a change in foreign perceptions about China's place in the state system. Noting what they perceived to be deficiencies in Qing statecraft, foreign observers began to suggest that Qing China was outside of the international system comprised of 'civilised' states. As a result, they suggested that international law was not applicable in China. This revises our understanding of the development of international law in the nineteenth century by suggesting that it was structured as much at sites of empire by foreign officials and communities as it was in the work of European . jurists. Secondly, the thesis takes the Taiping interventions as a case study for exploring the 'negotiation of sovereignty' in China. Sovereignty in China was fractured by the foreign right to extraterritoriality, or exemption from Qing law. The various foreign interventions against the Taiping, including the interventions of British and French state armies and foreign mercenaries, as well as foreign projects to transfer technology to China, raised questions about the extent of foreign sovereignty within the Qing empire. For example, were foreign mercenaries in the service of the Qing still foreign subjects and hence exempt from Qing law? In order for the Qing and foreign agents and states to collaborate in suppressing the Taiping the limits of foreign sovereignty had to be negotiated and these disputes had to be resolved.

As a so-called Old China Hand, I would suggest to the new administration that it study with great sincerity of purpose the idea that we "lost" China. It has been a phony idea all along peddled by the China Lobby. Let's drop it. Then and only then can the administration ... begin to evolve and pursue an objective and, we hope, effective policy regarding China.

Just prior to the Japanese invasion, the Hong Kong Government embarked on an extensive program of building public shelters by tunneling into hillsides to protect the civilian population against bombing raids. Those air raid precaution tunnels that survive World War II have become part of the very few remaining physical witnesses to the history of Hong Kong in preparation of civil defence against Japanese attack. Tucked away inconspicuously in the bustling parts of the city, the disused shelter tunnels are the 'outsiders' of societal interaction, rarely catching the attention of the people of Hong Kong. Bored deep into the hills leaving only the portals exposed to air, this 'hidden' heritage continues to be lost or damaged without drawing public attention. Ironically, the damage is not from the ravages of war but from redevelopment projects above ground, geotechnical strengthening works and road improvement works, all of which have been carried out post-war, resulting in tunnels being partially or wholly filled in, dug up or forgotten and neglected. As little wartime architecture purposely built for preparation of World War II remains in Hong Kong, there is a need to preserve/ conserve this wartime heritage that once helped shape the city’s history. It is hoped that through this dissertation, both heritage and contemporary values of this forgotten example of wartime architecture be recognized and that a consensus be agreed upon conservation of this World War II heritage, in order to prevent further losses and damages that may only be fully appreciated when it is too late. The dissertation will examine the issues related to the conservation of air raid tunnels through answering the following questions: 1. Where were/ are the tunnels, what purpose did they serve and what are the stories behind them? 2. Are the tunnels a significant heritage, and if so, what are their heritage values? 3. Are the tunnels adequately protected as a heritage in terms of current legislation and policies? 4. What are the threats against the conservation of the tunnels? 5. What are the opportunities for the conservation of the tunnels?
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 triggered many responses amongst the American public, including a number of private initiatives in medical aid that occupied a borderland between traditional humanitarian relief and political activism. This study is interested in the stories of three organisations arising in this tradition: the American Medical Bureau to Aid Spanish Democracy (AMBASD), the American Bureau for Medical Aid to China (ABMAC), and the China Aid Council (CAC). While three separate initiatives in terms of who was responsible for their creation in the United States, and the communities they sought to help abroad, all three demonstrate parallels in their foundation and development that merit a joint historical consideration. Emerging from the backdrop of isolationism in U.S. foreign policy, the AMBASD, ABMAC, and CAC became a means of voicing both political and humanitarian ideals through the medium of medicine. In many ways, this thesis becomes a study of lost causes. As political campaigns, none of the organisations in this study succeeded in changing U.S. policy, although the ABMAC and CAC benefitted from interests that overlapped with larger changes in U.S. military alliances. As humanitarian organisations, only one (the ABMAC) lived past the conflict to which it owed its foundation. Their story, however, retains its historical interest in challenging both the way in which we examine the mythology of humanitarian idealism, and our understanding of the balance between internationalism and isolationism in the 1930’s United States. For the medical activists of these organizations, medical aid offered both a tangible outlet for personal ethical and political beliefs, but also promised an alternative means of diplomacy that brought greater agency to more popular levels.

In the past three decades, the Chinese news media has experienced great leaps from a propaganda machine to market-oriented industry. Although the state has managed to strengthen the information control, heterogeneity in journalistic value orientations has constructed different media discourses. This thesis discusses the diversity within different news organizations in China, and the influence of state-media dynamics on the quality and role of journalism. Previous literature in the area of media-power relations fQ us on the general landscape of Chinese media shaped by the three forces: the state, the market and the professionalism while neglecting individual cases which contribute for the complexity of the intertwined mechanisms. Supported by the sociological theory of news production and concepts from international relations, this study uses a micro approach to examine the process of international news making in two newspapers. The arguments in this study are based on in-depth interviews with 25 journalists, participant observation, and textual analyses of news reports on Libya Crisis. This study has three major findings. Firstly, the intricate power relations of social forces within China's social context produces much space, as well as obstacles, for the professional practice of journalism. The liberal newspapers keep challenging the state and pushing the boundary of media autonomy while the party organs still serve for maintaining CCP's legitimacy but package the "old wine" in a new way. Secondly, the old Chinese ideology dominated by official communism has been broken up by the emergence of neo-conservatism, old and new-leftism, liberalism and other intellectual discourses which influence the government's decision-making on domestic and international issues. Accordingly, international news reports in newspapers with various interests are manifestations of the divides. Thirdly, the different value preference of newspapers decides the media behaviors. Some choose to speak for the party and help maintain existing social order, while some others serve for public interests. Although both of them practice self-censorship, the former enjoy commercial benefits from seeking refuge from the authority and the latter promote social development by using tactics in news reports. The discrepancy creates space for diversified discourses that added to the complexity of power structures in Chinese media.

The thesis deals with the analysis of the oil industry in Sudan and South Sudan in the 21st century. The first part follows up the role of oil in the African continent; the history of oil production, the rest is devoted to a more detailed analysis of the oil sector in Sudan or South Sudan after 2011. Then the characteristics of future scenarios are realized. The scenarios are affected by the civil war in the South Sudan and border disputes between the North and the South.

This thesis sets out to offer an alternative reading of the socio-cultural history of Hong Kong - a dependent Crown Colony acquired during the second British Empire - by examining the two City Halls qua civic centres and the construction of colonial identity produced by the British Hong Kong Government and colonial elites. In this account, concepts and ideas concerning urban landscape and configurations, civic pride, autonomy, European identity, colonial civic architecture, and the practices of colonial urban planning will be elucidated through the immediacy of the two City Halls - the two particular architectural responses of their respective times. In the attempt to decipher the trajectory of the civilising mission of the British Empire and provide a different perspective with regard to civic materialism, the thesis will deploy a historical approach by studying and prioritising first hand materials in the Public Record Office of Hong Kong, special attention will be paid to non-published archives and private correspondence. What made the study of the two city halls peculiar is that it is a rare but emerging subject in the global context, one that deserves an in-depth interrogation. The architecture and spatial practices are not only products of their contemporary milieu, but also a reflection of the autonomy and civic identity of the Hong Kong Government and her civilising mission from the 1860s to 1960s.

Kein anderes Thema hat die nigerianische Literatur so dominiert wie der nigerianische Bürgerkrieg, in dessen Verarbeitung sich verstärkt auch Autorinnen einmischen. Die Dissertation evaluiert 34 Texte von 16 nigerianischen Autorinnen - 12 Romane und 22 Kurzgeschichten - und analysiert sie als Gesamtkorpus, in dem die Texte miteinander und mit der Männerliteratur einen Dialog um den Bürgerkrieg führen. Die Autorinnen wenden bei ihrem "war talk" literarische Strategien wie "re-reading" und "re-writing" an, das Neu-Lesen, Fort- und Umschreiben der Texte und Diskurse des "Zentrums", durch die nicht nur die Blindstellen eines von Männern dominierten literarischen Diskurses sichtbar werden, sondern durch die auch der Prozess des Aushandelns der Geschlechterverhältnisse sowie des Krieges selbst erfolgt, seiner Ursachen, Auslöser und Folgen. Die Autorinnen stellen den Krieg als "sexuelle Unordnung" dar, als Geschlechterkrieg. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass bei der Verortung der Perspektive der Autorinnen neben Geschlecht, ethnischer Zugehörigkeit auch andere Faktoren, wie Alter, Race, Grad der Distanz oder Nähe etc. berücksichtigt werden müssen, um vorschnelle Festschreibungen zu vermeiden. Hierbei spielen die Paratexte eine wichtige Rolle, in denen die Autorinnen sich persönlich zum Krieg äußern. Die Arbeit bewegt sich an den Schnittstellen mehrerer Disziplinen: Literatur, Historiographie und Geschlechterstudien. In der Einleitung werden die theoretischen Prämissen im Kontext von Krieg, Geschlecht und literarischer Repäsentation behandelt. Das 1. Kapitel ist dem historischen Kontext des Bürgerkrieges, einschließlich der Rolle der Frauen darin gewidmet. Im 2. Kapitel geht es um die Darstellung des Krieges, des Selbst- und Feindbildes sowie der Zukunft. Das dritte Kapitel handelt von der Beziehung zwischen Bürger- und Geschlechterkrieg, vermittelt durch das Medium literarischer Text. Die Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und der Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschung erfolgt im Schlussteil. Der Anhang enthält ein vorläufiges Verzeichnis der gesamten Frauenliteratur über den nigerianischen Bürgerkrieg.
No other topic has dominated the Nigerian literature as much as the Nigerian Civil War and female authors increasingly interfere in its literary representation. The thesis evaluates 34 literary texts by 16 female Nigerian authors - 12 novels and 22 short stories - and analyses them as distinctive corpus whose individual texts are in a state of dialogue both with each other and with texts from male authors. The female authors use, in their "war talk", literary strategies like "re-reading" and "re-writing" of texts from the "Centre". On the one hand, these strategies enable them to make the blind spots of a male dominated literary discourse apparent/visible on the other hand, they facilitate the negotiation of gender relations and of the war itself, its causes, trigger points and consequences. The female authors represent war as "sexual disorder", as gender war. The study shows that in order to be able to locate an author''s perspective (and to avoid rash conclusions) it is essential to consider the different factors determining it - besides ethnicity and gender, also age, race, the grade of emotional involvement or distance etc. It is in this regard, where the paratexts play an important part, as in these authors express their personal views and comments on the war. The thesis is located at the interfaces of several disciplines: literary, historical and gender studies. The introduction deals with the theoretical backgrounds in the context of war, literary representation and gender. The first chapter is dedicated to the historical context of the Nigerian Civil War including the role of women. The second chapter looks at the paratexts, different representations of the war''s causes, the self-image, the enemy''s image and the future. The third chapter finally deals with the question how the relationship between Civil War and gender war is negotiated/conveyed through the medium of the literary texts. In the conclusion the results are summarized and prospects for future research are discussed. The appendix contains a preliminary bibliography of all literary texts on the Nigerian Civil War written by female authors.

碩士
國立中央大學
歷史研究所
98
This dissertation focuses on Civil Air Transport (CAT) a civil aviation corporation founded by Claire Lee Chennault, General of American Volunteer Group(1893-1958) after the Chinese Civil War. This dissertation discusses its process of establishment and of development, and its changing role after the War. Since its inauguration, the CAT was a temporary unit of air transportation in the China Relief and Rehabilitation plan. The purpose was to rapid deliver aids and personnel by air. However, because of the Civil War, land transportation was forced to stop . The ROC government, the military and the private sectors had an urgent need of air transportation. The CAT met this need and provided the ROC government with adequate help so that the temporary CAT could transform to a civil aviation. Furthermore, standing on the opposite stance against the US government’s China policy, Chennault strongly supported the government by his public anti-communist speeches and practical actions. This also clearly examines the difficulties of post-war Sino-American relations. The CAT still transported aids for the ROC army, after the China White Paper was announced. The CAT history could illustrate Chennault’s anti-communist stance and his firm support to the ROC government. The primary materials of this dissertation are from several major historical archives in the US, mainland China and Taiwan. This dissertation contributes the historical field by the following new research results. Firstly, although the CAT was a sub-project in the China Relief and Rehabilitation plan originally, its influence covered the entire air transportation. Secondly, the main reason why the CAT became an official ratified civil aviation corporation was its air transportation for the wartime ROC government. Thirdly, although the government could not stop the Chinese Communists’ aggression, Chennault still firmly stood on anti-communist stance and endeavoured to maintain the constant transportation capacity for military and economic expense in north-western and south-western China.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
歷史學系
85
The subject of this treatise is to investgate the Chinese Civil War in Manchuria after the second World War. Especially, the battle of Liao-Shen (Sep.1948 to early Nov.1948) is the emphasis. The first two chapters describe the war situationfrom Aug.1945, Japan surrendered and the Soviet Red Army invaded Manchuria, to the early days of 1948. The following two chapters analyse and compare the fighting power of two sides in seven directions,which are (1) Thehighest leadership; (2) Troops and field general; (3) The harmony between military and politics; (4) The resources of soldiers; (5) The training, moral, and discipline of the soldiers; (5) Officers, strategies, and tactics; (7) Firepo-wer, logistics, and intelligence. The last three chapters describe the Liao-Shen Battle itself including how Nationalist Army surrendered under the starving siege in Changchun, how PLA (People Libration Army) invaded Chinchow, how the main force of Nationalist Army was destroyed in the western corridor of Liaoning province, and how Nationalist pulled out its remainder from Yingkow by sea. In the author''s point of view, Nationalist Government (KMT) received lots of materials from U.S. which was very helpful to their armybut also misled KMT authorities intoover-estimating their strength. Contrarily, Chinese Communist used its military power very carefully and built up the revolution fever among soldiers by all sorts of ways, and won the final victory.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
政治學研究所
93
Madame Chiang Soong Mey-ling spent all her life over three centuries; she witnessed the worst wars: World War I and World War II, she also played an important role during World War II. In another words, madam Chiang’s life was related to modern history. She married with Chiang Kai-shek in 1927, he started his revolutionary age. Madame Chiang was not only his intimate companion in private, but revolutionary partner. In 1943, Madame Chiang made speeches on American Congress and all over American; she encouraged Americans to fight for democracy and freedom by fluent English, she changed the impression that how America saw China. She strived for American’s support successfully during Sino-Japanese War. The second time that madam Chiang tried to get support from America was 1948, she hoped that American government would help getting perished Kuomintang to solve The Chinese Civil War. However, she didn’t achieve her political target this time. This thesis puts emphasis on comparing the two times of Soong’s visiting to America, and figures out how she influenced the relationship between U.S. and China. This thesis uses the methods of Historic research, Political Analysis, tries to integrate related articles, first hand documents and makes an objective view about 1936-1950.

碩士
東吳大學
歷史學系
105
Abstract The article aims to investigate the role of China trade plays in the expansion of American territory from early period to the late nineteenth century. In the past, the discussion of the beginning of American Far East expansion usually started from annexation of in 1898 acquiring Philippines in the Spanish-American war, and the Open Door Notes in 1899. From the Cooperation Policy by Anson Burlingame in the 1860s, to the introduction of Open Door Policy, the U.S benefited from China only a few studies mentioned the foundation of America overseas expansion before Civil War. The relationship between America and Asia began as early as the beginning of nation funding. The America-China relationship before Civil War was separated by the treaty of Wangxia in 1844. Before the treaty, the called Canton system limited foreigners running their business at Canton port in China, and American traders built up a unique model of trading in self-contained China accordingly. Following by China opening her market to foreigners, more and more American merchants and foundations devoted themselves to China trading and with investing in Chinese government enhancing American influence on the Pacific. The article is divided into three parts. First, it expounds on America traders’ activities in American west coast in the early period. Second, it enquires changes and differences in U.S-China trading environment before and after the Treaty of Wangxia. Third, it analyzes various of plans provided by American politicians and merchants between the treaty of Wangxia to the Civil War, which aimed to develop markets in China and Pacific.

This thesis focuses on the Huaihai Campaign (Nov. 6 1948 - Jan.10 1949) in the Chinese Civil War (1927-1936, 1949-1950). This war involved the Republic of China’s (ROC) Kuomintang Party (KMT) and the emerging Communist Party of China (CPC). Over the course of a few months and around one million combatants, the Communists pulled off a resounding victory dealing the final blow to the KMT which led to the CPC’s governance over mainland China. This case study of two key turning points in the Huaihai Campaign is analyzed using Sun Tzu’s five net assessments from The Art of War. Although the KMT appeared the much superior force on paper, they were dealt a decisive blow during the Huaihai Campaign. This thesis uses Sun Tzu’s five net assessments to explain the root cause of KMT decision failings. The KMT failures stemmed from ignorance of the most basic and vital military axioms of assessing advantages and disadvantages before going into battle.