Relevant bibliographies by topics / China. Department of National Debt

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'China. Department of National Debt'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "China. Department of National Debt"

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Chen, Pengjun, and Lunhui Shang. "Does Reduction of Contribution Rate Affect the Sustainability of China’s Basic Endowment Insurance Fund?—Based on the Background of National Pooling and Collection Responsibility Transformation." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 8757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168757.

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Sustainability is an urgent issue in the basic endowment insurance system in China. The advancement of the national pooling and the transfer of collection responsibility from the social security department to the taxation department are the policy measures taken to ensure the sustainable development of the endowment insurance system. In this circumstance, this paper discusses the solvency of the national pooling account fund of basic endowment insurance when the enterprise contribution rate drops to 16% by constructing an improved theoretical actuarial model. The conclusion shows that under th
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Chen, Cheng, Dan Li, and Caixia Man. "Toward Sustainable Development? A Bibliometric Analysis of PPP-Related Policies in China between 1980 and 2017." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010142.

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This article aims to fill the void in the literature regarding the sustainable development of public–private partnerships (PPPs) by answering the following research questions: (1) Between 1980 and 2017, what were the PPP-related policy priorities in the three different historical phases of the Chinese national agenda that we have identified herein? (2) Have the PPP-related policies shown a pattern of moving toward sustainable development, and if so, to what extent? Against a criteria framework of evaluating how PPP-related policies could contribute to sustainable development, this article cond
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Zhafarina Jauza Az Zahro, Faris Al-Fadhat, and Andy Prasetiawan Hamzah. "Analisis Hubungan Politik Utang Indonesia dan China Untuk Menghindari Debt Trap Diplomacy." Journal of Accounting and Finance Management 5, no. 4 (2024): 820–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v5i4.785.

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The analysis of the political relationship of Indonesia's debt to China to avoid debt trap diplomacy discusses the political debt relationship between Indonesia and China, particularly considering the intensive cooperation and debt assistance that China has provided to Indonesia, as well as the establishment of loan condition regulations that threaten the use of the state budget as a payment tool. This writing aims to understand the development of Indonesia's debt to China, whether Indonesia is trapped in a Debt Trap, and how Indonesia can avoid Debt Trap Diplomacy. This research employs a qua
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Mochamad Reza Irdiansyah and Aris Soelistyo. "Analysis of Indonesia - China Bilateral Economic Sector in the Joko Widodo Era Against Indonesia's GDP." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi JIE 8, no. 03 (2024): 294–302. https://doi.org/10.22219/jie.v8i03.35482.

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The research aims to analyze the effect of Foreign Debt, Investment, Exports, and Imports on Indonesia's GDP in the era of President Joko Widodo. The research here uses a quantitative approach, so it is done to collect only the object of research. Indonesia and China are the objects of research. The results of this study can conclude that foreign debt and exports are significantly positive in the rate of national GDP. At the same time, China-Indonesia investment and imports are insignificantly negative in Indonesia's GDP. In Indonesia-China, bilateral cooperation in the investment and import s
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Matt, Zhou Ming, Wang Man Cang, and Ni Ming Ming. "Local Government Debt, a Time-Bomb for China’s Economy?" Journal of Finance Issues 14, no. 2 (2015): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v14i2.2283.

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China's national audit office reported huge debt accumulated at all levels of local governments in recent years. This paper aims to explain the factors contributing to the local government debt in China with empirical study on the economic development data. The relationship of government debt and economic ratios is examined with the auto regressive linear equation constructed between the local government debt, fiscal income, GDP growth rate and CPI. Granger causality test is performed to find the granger cause of local government debt from previous year’s data. From the analysis, the risk of l
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Rakhman, Reza Aulia. "Di Balik Ketergantungan Zimbabwe terhadap Investasi Tiongkok Pasca Nasionalisasi Yuan sebagai Mata Uang Zimbabwe." Jurnal Sentris 1, no. 1 (2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v1i1.4191.30-39.

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On December 22nd 2015, President Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe officially declared that Zimbabwe will nationalize Yuan as official national currency. This policy is being done in order to solve default against Zimbabwe's debt to China. In return, China will pay off Zimbabwe's debt. By having this policy, foreign direct investment (FDI) as a foreign aid given by China will impact the economy development of Zimbabwe. This paper will examine Zimbabwe’s interdependence to China’s investment after nationalize Yuan as Zimbabwe’s currency with Theory of Foreign Capital Dependence and Development: A New Dire
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Pan, Fenghua, Fengmei Zhang, Shengjun Zhu, and Dariusz Wójcik. "Developing by borrowing? Inter-jurisdictional competition, land finance and local debt accumulation in China." Urban Studies 54, no. 4 (2016): 897–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098015624838.

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Although the investment-oriented development model for economic growth adopted by Chinese governments has generated spectacular results, the risks of debt-financed urbanisation and economic development have recently become evident in mounting local debts that are undermining the financial system, triggering concerns with respect to local governments’ indebtedness, financial stability and sovereign risk in China. In this paper, we portray the uneven spatial and temporal dynamics of local government debt in China, and examine the ways in which it is intertwined with institutional, political and
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Gang, Fan. "China's Nonperforming Loans and National Comprehensive Liability." Asian Economic Papers 2, no. 1 (2003): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/153535103322022931.

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The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of China's financial situation. The main conclusion is that the financial risk of the Chinese economy is less serious than one might have predicted based on the level of the banks' nonperforming loans (NPLs), which is equivalent to 40 percent of China's GDP. If government debt (amounting to 16 percent of GDP) and short-term foreign commercial debt (amounting to 1 percent of GDP) are taken into consideration, China's overall financial risk can be regarded as still manageable, given current growth rates. This explains why China continues to enjoy finan
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Grewal, Bhajan, Enjiang Cheng, and Bruce Rasmussen. "Local Government Debt in China: Implications for Reform." Public Finance and Management 15, no. 4 (2015): 358–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397211501500404.

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Since the 1994 fiscal reforms, China's national public finances have been in a strong position, but public finances of local governments (including provincial, city and county governments) have been always under stress. This is because local governments in China are responsible for financing the provision of basic economic and social services, as well as for urban infrastructure, but they have limited access to tax revenues, have no power to introduce new taxes or to increase rates of existing taxes, and are prohibited under the 1994 Budget Law from borrowing. Consequently, local governments a
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Hryhoriev, Hennadii. "Debt-deflation theory and middle-income trap: system dynamics approach." Scientific Papers NaUKMA. Economics 9, no. 1 (2024): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2519-4739.2024.9.1.24-31.

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The article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of the theory of the relationship between national debt and deflationary processes using the example of the impact of the economic recession in China on the decline in global economic growth, and determines the systemic effects of the national economy falling into the middle income debt trap and exiting it. With the help of simulation models, which are based on the methodology of system dynamics, the interrelationship of economic processes of global and national economies is presented. It was found that deflation leads to an increase i
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "China. Department of National Debt"

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Leong, Chi Ian. "National power, international interdependence and state socialization : explaining China's diplomatic behaviour in climate change politics." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2554612.

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Shih-LinlLiu and 劉世林. "A Study on the Strategy of Police Organizational Reform of the Republic of China from the Perspective of National Security Viewpoint---an enlightenment from the establishment of the US Department of Homeland Security." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54861387784901247061.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>高階公共管理組<br>93<br>National security is a conceptual term and has limits on its time perspective. Its relative definition and connotation stem from the impacts of the development of international relations and advance of technological civilization. Ever since the beginning of the Cold War and the post-Cold War periods, up to the outbreak of the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, it is evident that the concept of national security has different meaning in each phases of modern history. It has been conventional practice to rely on the military, diplomacy and intelligence for p
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Books on the topic "China. Department of National Debt"

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Office, General Accounting. Export controls: Sale of telecommunications equipment to China : report to the Chairman, Committee on National Security, House of Representatives. The Office, 1996.

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Office, General Accounting. Export controls: Sale of telecommunications equipment to China : report to the Chairman, Committee on National Security, House of Representatives. The Office, 1996.

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Office, General Accounting. Export controls: Sensitive machine tool exports to China. The Office, 1996.

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China National Academy of Fine Arts. Department of print faculty. A selection by the Faculty of the Department of Print: China National Academy of Fine Arts. China National Academy of Fine Arts, 2002.

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China. Guo min jing ji he suan si., ed. Zhongguo guo nei sheng chan zong zhi he suan li shi zi liao, 1996-2002: Data of gross domestic product of China, 1996-2002 / Department of National Accounts National Bureau of Statistics of China. Zhongguo tong ji chu ban she, 2004.

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Office, General Accounting. [Impoundment control--deferral of budget authority in the Department of Veterans Affairs]. The Office, 1991.

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Office, General Accounting. [Impoundment control--deferral of budget authority in the Department of Veterans Affairs]. The Office, 1991.

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United States. General Accounting Office., ed. Department of Energy: DOE needs to improve controls over foreign visitors to its weapons laboratories : statement of Keith O. Fultz, Assistant Comptroller General, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, House of Representatives. The Office, 1998.

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United States. General Accounting Office., ed. Department of Energy: DOE needs to improve controls over foreign visitors to its weapons laboratories : statement of Keith O. Fultz, Assistant Comptroller General, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, House of Representatives. The Office, 1998.

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Zhongguo guo nei sheng chan zong zhi he suan li shi zi liao, 1952-2004: Data of gross domestic product of China, 1952-2004 / Department of National Accounts National Bureau of Statistics of China. Zhongguo tong ji chu ban she, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "China. Department of National Debt"

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Nanda Kumar, T., Anisha Samantara, and Ashok Gulati. "Poultry Value Chain." In India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4268-2_7.

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AbstractIn the livestock sector in India, poultry farming holds a prominent position owing to its impressive growth led by the private sector. Poultry sector has shown rapid growth, with chicken meat growing at an average annual growth rate of 9% and eggs growing at 6% from 2000–01 to 2018–19 (DAHD DAHD (2020) Basic animal husbandry statistics 2020. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries. Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers Welfare. Government of India). The recent steady growth in domestic demand for chicken meat has made it possible to increase production with a ready marke
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Wilcox, Phill. "Aggravation des difficultés économiques et menaces immédiates du changement climatique." In L’Asie du Sud-Est 2025. Institut de recherche sur l’Asie du Sud-Est contemporaine, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4000/13g8b.

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For Laos, 2024 has been a year marked by two major problems: the ongoing and deepening financial crisis and growing environmental concerns. The economic crisis has continued to push many Lao people into very difficult circumstances, with basic living costs being unaffordable to many, with rising prices and high inflation. Difficulties with the national economy have impacted all areas of Lao life, and much of the population is struggling to make ends meet. The country weathered the covid-19 pandemic, in many respects, remarkably well, but the more recent economic problems arriving just after th
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von Weizsäcker, Carl Christian, and Hagen M. Krämer. "Land." In Saving and Investment in the Twenty-First Century. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75031-2_5.

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AbstractPrivate wealth is comprised in part of capitalized future land rents. The Golden Rule of Accumulation is preserved even if we introduce land into our meta-model. Urban land is far more valuable than agricultural land. The risk tied to land leads to a reduction in its value in the form of a “risk premium” α &gt; 0. Land rents can be taxed without any possibility of the tax being passed on to tenants and without loss of efficiency. If the tax is offset by a reduction in income tax, their taxation can even give rise to efficiency gains and positive distributive effects. The possibility of
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Reich, Simon, and Richard Ned Lebow. "China and Custodial Economic Management." In Good-Bye Hegemony! Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691160429.003.0004.

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This chapter documents the embryonic shift in custodial economic functions from the United States to Asia. Whether measured in terms of the purchasing of government and private debt, or the provision of foreign direct investment and overseas aid, the United States plays a diminishing role in sustaining global capitalism. Asian countries—most notably China, and to a lesser extent, Japan—have increasingly assumed this role because their leaders see it in their national interest. As holders of trillions of dollars of U.S. debt, these countries arguably provide more stability to the global system
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Wilmarth Jr., Arthur E. "Frenzy." In Taming the Megabanks. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190260705.003.0003.

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Large commercial banks and their securities affiliates helped to finance an unsustainable credit boom and stock market bubble during the 1920s. Charles Mitchell of National City Bank and Albert Wiggin of Chase National Bank pioneered a new universal banking (“financial department store”) business model for large commercial banks. The rise of universal banks resulted in frenzied competition between those institutions and private investment banks. That rivalry resulted in the widespread marketing and sale of speculative, high-risk securities to unsophisticated, poorly informed investors. More th
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Ferling, John. "1790–1793 “Prosperous at Home, Respectable Abroad”." In A Leap in the Dark. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195159240.003.0010.

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Abstract Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who had just turned thirty-two, worked tirelessly each day in the autumn of 1789 to complete his Report on Public Credit by the January deadline set by Congress. The First Congress thought its principal objective was to solve the national debt problems. It had lavished money on the Treasury Department, providing Hamilton with funds to hire a comptroller and an assistant secretary, as well as thirty clerks, eight times the number that either the State or War Department employed. The Treasury clerks conducted research for their boss, but Hamilton a
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Kitchin, Rob. "How to Lose (and Regain) 3.6 Billion Euros." In Data Lives. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529215144.003.0006.

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This chapter imagines a conversation between two senior civil servants when they realize that the Irish government has lost 3.6 billion euros through a spreadsheet error. The Assistant Secretary of the Department of Finance reports to the General Secretary that the accountant was not sure how to classify a loan to the Housing Finance Agency (HFA) from the National Treasury Management Agency (NTMA). They had assumed that it might be adjusted for elsewhere in the General Government Debt calculations, but it was not. As such, the government debt appears twice in the national accounts, once as an
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Tunsjø, Øystein. "Conclusion." In Strategic Adjustment and the Rise of China. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501709180.003.0011.

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This concluding chapter offers thoughts regarding the rise of China and the prospects for U.S.–China cooperation and regional stability. There is considerable uncertainty regarding China's long-term trajectory. In 2014–15, China's economic growth rate was in decline and institutional reforms and macroeconomic rebalancing continued to pose significant challenges to China's leaders. Similarly, there is uncertainty regarding the United States' ability to reduce its national debt and restrain its intervention in local conflicts outside of East Asia. But should China continue to rise and the United
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Chambers, Travis. "Disillusioned Diplomacy." In Sino-American Relations. Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463726368_ch03.

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This chapter interprets and lays bare a new perspective on US-China relations by analyzing official American policy towards Wang Jingwei’s Reorganized National Government from 1938–1945. It examines the intricate diplomatic network present in World War II China and narrates the evolution of US policy towards Wang Jingwei, from the initiation of his relations with Japan, to the establishment of the Reorganized Government, and to the official policy formulation of the US State Department. Analysis and interpretation of US policy towards Wang Jingwei completes a piece of missing history in US-Chi
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Baisu, Zhang, Qiao Mengyi, Jin Xiaoling, and Wang Lixin. "What Are the Experiences of College English Teaching in Heilongjiang Province, China?" In Advances in Early Childhood and K-12 Education. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9775-9.ch006.

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Teaching reform is an important part of addressing teaching standards in China in order to ensure quality in faculty performance and implementation of student outcomes is delivered at the highest degree of excellence in colleges and universities throughout China. This chapter makes a comprehensive investigation in the field of English teaching in 20 colleges and universities in Heilongjiang Province. This chapter will focus on aspects of English teaching reform. The College English Test (CET) is a large-scale standardized test administered nationwide by the National College English Testing Com
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Conference papers on the topic "China. Department of National Debt"

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Liu, Fan-Yong. "The fuzzy term structure of interest rates of the National Debt Market in China." In 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence for Financial Engineering (CIFEr). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cifer.2009.4937497.

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Nikonov, Vladimir Igorevich. "DEVELOPMENTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF ATHLETICS RUS "SCOLIPE" AIMED AT IMPROVING THE TRAINING AND COMPETITIVE PROCESS." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign international scientific conference «Joint innovation - joint development». Part 1. by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with PS of UA. October 2023. - Harbin (China). Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/231024.2023.10.35.011.

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The article presents the results of a study conducted to identify the most convenient and informative methods of control of special physical readiness of athletes at the stage of sports perfection the example jumps.
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Jovanović, Snežana. "The good side of the recent pandemic: Improvement of microbiological diagnostics." In Proceedings of the International Congress Public Health - Achievements and Challenges. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/batutphco24008j.

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Background: On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) warned of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is crucial for the control of epidemic. Methods: In order to introduce a diagnosis and increase COVID-19 testing capacity, on March 27, 2020, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia was reorganized in staff and equipment. We started with molecular and serological diagnostics, and months later with tests for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen (Ag-RDT). On May 22, 2020, mass molecular testing at the N
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Wu, Han, Guoxin Yu, Keyan Teng, and Xiangyang Zheng. "Analysis on the Nuclear Safety Supervision Mode of the World’s Major Nuclear Power Countries and Its Enlightenment to the Improvement of China’s Nuclear Safety Supervision Technical Support Ability." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-91379.

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Abstract In the view of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the decision-making of safety supervision of civil nuclear facilities needs independence. In order to deeply evaluate and review a series of issues related to the safety of civil nuclear facilities, national regulatory authorities usually need to consult independent institutions or external committees with professional capabilities. Such organizations providing technical services are called Technical Support Organizations (TSO), which can be national laboratories, research institutions or consulting units. In some cases, su
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Chen, Fangqiang, Yang Zhang, Wei Jia, Zhaotong Li, and Guanyi Wang. "Research on the Practice Qualification System of Registered Nuclear Safety Engineer From the Perspective of Access Professional Qualification." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92500.

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Abstract In order to improve the professional and technical level of China’s nuclear and radiation safety practitioners, enhance their safety literacy, China established Registered Nuclear Safety Engineer Qualification License System (hereinafter referred to as RNSES). Registered nuclear safety engineers not only need to master the knowledge of nuclear safety professional technology, but also need to master the knowledge of nuclear safety laws and regulations, department rules, nuclear safety guidelines, relevant national standards and industry standards, nuclear safety culture, etc. RNSES has
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Wan, Lei, Guiyong Li, Min Rui, Yongkang Liu, and Jue Yang. "Study on Supervision Mode of Floating Nuclear Power Plant With Small Modular Reactor." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82138.

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A floating nuclear power plant (FNPP) with small modular reactor (SMR) is a combination of a civilian nuclear infrastructure and an offshore installation, which is defined as a floating nuclear facility. The article draws the lessons from studying of the engineer combination like Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) under the regulation of several government departments. It puts forward recommendations for license application and government regulation as follows in consideration with current license application for nuclear power plant and ship survey. A FNPP shall follow the requi
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Zhang, Ye, Xiangya Xie, and Jie Zhang. "Exploring transformation of small and medium-sized historical towns in China with network analysis and user-generated open data." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6000.

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Ye ZHANG1, Xiangya XIE2, Jie ZHANG2 1 Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore 117566 2 School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China E-mail: akizy@nus.edu.sg; xiexy15@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn; zjzhangjie@tinsghua.edu.cn Keywords (3-5): urban transformation, small and medium-sized historical Chinese cities, big data While an increasing number of research on transformation and conservation of historical areas of major Chinese cities have been witnessed in recent years (e.g. Whitehand et
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Chen, Chih-Hung, and Chih-Yu Chen. "From City-like Settlement to Industrial City: A Case of Urban Transformation in Huwei Township." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5923.

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From City-like Settlement to Industrial City: A Case of Urban Transformation in Huwei Township. Chih-Hung Chen¹, Chih-Yu Chen¹ ¹ Department of Urban Planning, National Cheng Kung University No.1, University Rd., East Dist., Tainan City 70101, Taiwan ROC E-mail: chihhungchen@mail.ncku.edu.tw Keywords (3-5): Industrial City, City-like Settlement, Morphological Process, Town-Plan Analysis, Sugar Refinery Conference topics and scale: City transformations City-like Settlement (German: Teilweise Stadtähnliche Siedlungen) (Schwarz, 1989; Sorre, 1952) plays an important role in the course of civilizat
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Reports on the topic "China. Department of National Debt"

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Delbridge, Victoria, Astrid Haas, Oliver Harman, Anthony Venables, and Khady Dia-Sarr. Enhancing the financial position of cities: Evidence from Dakar. UNHabitat, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-igc-wp_2022/3.

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The city of Dakar is one of the only cities in Africa to come close to taking a municipal bond to market. The US$40 million bond, set to launch in 2014, was designed to fund a new market hall for informal traders in the city. The market would relocate more than 4,000 street vendors, with the aim of moving them from side streets into a safe and central place to sell their goods, with access to credit agencies and other market services. Development partners, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the World Bank’s Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), Cities Alliance,
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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Juan Jose Ospina-Tejeiro, Carlos Alfonso Huertas-Campos, et al. Monetary Policy Report - April de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2021.

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1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lowe
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.

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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 p
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Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of Latin American and Caribbean Public Debt Management Specialists: Río de Janeiro, March 17-19, 2005. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005992.

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The First Annual Meeting of the Latin American and Caribbean Public Debt Management Specialists took place in Rio de Janeiro on March 17, 18 and 19, 2005. This Meeting was organized and funded by the Inter-American Development Bank (Infrastructure and Financial Markets Division of the Bank's Sustainable Development Department) and the Brazilian National Treasury. Senior officials from the Debt Management Offices (DMOs) and Central Banks of nineteen LAC countries, Spain, Italy, Portugal and Denmark participated in this meeting, as well as experts from the OECD, IMF, UNCTAD, The World Bank, and
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5

Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, July 2024. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.04-2024.

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In the first quarter of 2024, the figures of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE in Spanish) showed that the economy achieved annual growth of 0.9%. Although this result was moderate, it confirmed the economy's recovery path. Monetary policy has played a critical role in containing inflationary pressures. This has allowed inflation to trend downwards, continuing into the first half of 2024. Net foreign reserves totaled USD 60,901 million as of 30 June 2024, a slight increase over the course of the year. For 2024, the profit of Banco de la República (the Central Bank of C
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