Academic literature on the topic 'China. Min zheng bu'

A new species of the family Lyctocoridae, Lyctocoris ichikawai Yamada & Yasunaga sp. nov., is described from Shikoku and Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The species was found to inhabit near the sap-exuding parts on the trunk of Sawtooth Oak, Quercus acutissima Carruth. (Fagaceae). Lyctocoris ichikawai is considered to be most closely related to L. zhangi Bu & Zheng, 2001 from continental China and L. variegatus Péricart, 1969 from the Caucasus. The unique biology of the new species, including its habitat use, feeding activities, and phenology, is documented and discussed. A key is provided to distinguish among the three Japanese species of Lyctocoris.

The Muslim Calendar spread into China in 1385 where it was immediately translated into Chinese by the astronomer Yuan Tong and came into use. In 1477, it was further translated by the astronomer Bei Lin and compiled into the “Qi Zheng Tui Bu”, a work more or less the same in substance with the Muslim Calendar recorded in the “Ming Shi Li Zhi”, both being works of the same source. They left for us the valuable data of the results of research of ancient Arabian astronomers.On different occasions in the Muslim Calendar, values different with one another are used for the same kind of data. In that case, which of them are used for them are accurate values surveyed and calculated by people who originally worked out the Muslim Calendar? And how are these values calculated from data now available?

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is an economically important tropical fruit in Hainan Province, China. During September to November 2011, heart rot disese of pineapple was found in Ledong and Wangning of Hainan Province. A survey of 150 ha producing areas of pineapple revealed that the fields were affected at an incidence ranging from 25% to 30%. Infected plants showed water-soaked lesions and soft rot on the base of heart leaves near the soil surface. Heart leaves of infected plants were easily pulled out. As the disease progressed, plants collapsed and died. Diseased tissue fragments (2 × 2 mm) were surface-disinfected for 10 min with 0.3% NaClO, then rinsed three times in sterile water, and plated to 10% V8 juice agar (4). Inoculated dishes were incubated at 26°C in the dark. After 5 days, Phytophthora (identified by the presence of coenocytic hyphae and papillate sporangia) were isolated from the tissue cultures, which has aseptate hyphae. Sporangia were papillate, noncaducous, oval or spherical, and 34.5 to 58.2 μm. Clamydospores, both terminal and intercalary, were also spherical, and were 23.4 to 34.0 μm (2). The ITS region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS5, and the 927-bp product of the ITS showed 99% sequence identity to Phytophthora nicotianae (GenBank Accession No. JF792540), and the sequence was accessed to NCBI (JX978446). Pathogenicity tests were confirmed by irrigating the wounded stem bases of 10 2-month-old pineapple plants with 50 ml of P. nicotionae zoospore solution (15,000 zoospores/ml), and another 10 plants of the same cultivar inoculated with sterile water served as controls. Plants were placed in pots in a greenhouse at 28°C and 90% relative humidity. After 9 days, soft rot was observed clearly on the base of heart leaves of all 10 inoculated plants, while the control plants appeared normal. P. nicotianae was reisolated from the infected pineapple plants, and confirmed to be the same as the inoculated pathogen by conducting a ITS rDNA sequence comparison and morphological characteristics. P. nicotianae was previously reported as the causal agent of heart rot of pineapple in Hawaii, U.S.A. (3) and Guangdong Province of China (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. nicotianae on pineapple in Hainan Province, China. References: (1) J. Z. Chen et al. J. Yunnan Agric. Univ. 8:134, 2003. (2) H. H. Ho. Mycologia 73:705, 1981.(3) K. W. Howard et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 48:848, 1964. (4) X. B. Zheng. Page 81 in: Phytophthora and its Research Technology. China Agricultural Press, Beijing, 1997.

BackgroundTyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is an intracellular kinase that mediates signaling of key cytokines (eg, interleukin [IL]-23 and Type I interferons) involved in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases including plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Deucravacitinib is a novel, oral, selective, allosteric inhibitor of TYK2 that achieves high selectivity by uniquely binding to the regulatory domain of the enzyme, rather than to the more conserved active domain. Deucravacitinib showed superior efficacy compared with placebo at 16 weeks in a Phase 2 trial in patients with PsA (NCT03881059). Results from the 16-week, placebo-controlled periods of two 52-week, Phase 3 trials in psoriasis (POETYK PSO-1 and POETYK PSO-2) previously showed that deucravacitinib was significantly more efficacious than placebo and apremilast based on the coprimary endpoints of ≥75% reduction from baseline in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 75) and a static Physician’s Global Assessment (sPGA) score of 0 or 1 (clear or almost clear) at Week 16.ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of deucravacitinib over 52 weeks in the POETYK PSO-1 and POETYK PSO-2 trials.MethodsPOETYK PSO-1 (NCT03624127) and PSO-2 (NCT03611751) were double-blinded trials that randomised patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (body surface area involvement ≥10%, PASI ≥12, sPGA score ≥3) 2:1:1 to deucravacitinib 6 mg once daily, placebo, or apremilast 30 mg twice daily. Patients receiving placebo were switched to deucravacitinib at Week 16 in both trials. Patients randomised to deucravacitinib in PSO-1 received deucravacitinib continuously through Week 52. PSO-2 included a randomised withdrawal phase in which patients originally randomised to deucravacitinib who had achieved PASI 75 response at Week 24 were rerandomised 1:1 to placebo or deucravacitinib, whereas those who did not achieve PASI 75 response at Week 24 continued receiving deucravacitinib. The proportions of patients achieving PASI 75 and sPGA 0/1 responses were evaluated up to Week 52. Secondary efficacy endpoints evaluated over this period included PASI 90, PASI 100, percentage change from baseline in PASI, sPGA 0 (clear), change from baseline in the Psoriasis Symptoms and Signs Diary (PSSD) symptom score, and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) 0/1 (no impact on patient’s life).ResultsA total of 666 and 1020 patients were randomised in PSO-1 and PSO-2, respectively. Demographic and baseline disease characteristics were balanced across treatment groups; mean age was 46.6 years, mean disease duration was 18.6 years, 18.4% of patients had PsA, and 34.8% had previously used biologic therapy. PASI 75, PASI 90, and PASI 100 responses were maintained from Week 16 to Week 52 in PSO-1 (Figure 1). Additionally, sPGA responses were maintained during this period (sPGA 0/1: 53.6% to 52.7%; sPGA 0: 17.5% to 23.5%, respectively). Patients who switched from placebo to deucravacitinib at Week 16 demonstrated PASI 75 and sPGA 0/1 responses at Week 52 (68.3% and 53.8%, respectively) comparable to those observed in patients who received continuous deucravacitinib treatment from Day 1 (65.1% and 52.7%, respectively). In PSO-2, among deucravacitinib-treated patients who achieved PASI 75 at Week 24 and were rerandomised to continue treatment, responses were maintained at Week 52 in the majority of patients (PASI 75, 80.4% [119/148]; sPGA 0/1, 70.3% [83/118]). Results for percentage change from baseline in PASI, change from baseline in the PSSD symptom score, and DLQI 0/1 were consistent with those reported for PASI and sPGA responses.ConclusionResults from the Phase 3 POETYK PSO-1 and PSO-2 trials demonstrated that deucravacitinib was efficacious through 52 weeks in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Clinical responses were maintained in patients who received continuous deucravacitinib treatment and were improved in patients who switched from placebo at Week 16 to deucravacitinib treatment.AcknowledgementsThis study was sponsored by Bristol Myers Squibb. Professional medical writing assistance was provided by Julianne Hatfield, PhD at Peloton Advantage, LLC, an OPEN Health company, Parsippany, NJ, USA, and funded by Bristol Myers Squibb.Disclosure of InterestsRichard B. Warren Consultant of: Consulting fees: AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, DiCE, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB, Biogen, and UNION., Grant/research support from: Research grants: AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB;, April Armstrong Grant/research support from: Grants and personal fees: AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, and Novartis; Personal fees: Boehringer Ingelheim/Parexel, Celgene, Dermavant, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Menlo Therapeutics, Merck, Modernizing Medicine, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Science 37, Sun Pharma, and Valeant; Grants: Dermira, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, and UCB, outside the submitted work., Melinda Gooderham Consultant of: Advisory board, principal investigator, and lecture fees: Arcutis, Galderma, Leo Pharma, Pfizer, and Regeneron; Principal investigator and consulting fees: Akros Pharma and Kyowa Kirin; Advisory board, principal investigator, lecture fees, and consulting fees: AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, and Valeant; Principal investigator: Aslan, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Dermira, GlaxoSmithKline, MedImmune, Merck, Roche Laboratories, and UCB., Bruce Strober Consultant of: Consultant (honoraria): AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Arcutis, Arena, Aristea, Asana, Boehringer Ingelheim, Immunic Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Connect Biopharma, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Equillium, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Maruho, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mindera, Novartis, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Ortho Dermatologics, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, UCB, Ventyxbio, and vTv Therapeutics; Speaker: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, and Sanofi Genzyme; Co-Scientific Director (consulting fee): CorEvitas’ Psoriasis Registry; Investigator: AbbVie, Cara, CorEvitas’ Psoriasis Registry, Dermavant, Dermira, and Novartis., Diamant Thaçi Speakers bureau: Advisory board, principal investigator, and lecture fees: AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen Idec, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, DS Pharma, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Galderma, Janssen-Cilag, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche-Posay, Samsung, Sandoz-Hexal, Sanofi, and UCB., Shinichi Imafuku Grant/research support from: Grants and personal fees: AbbVie, Eisai, Kyowa Kirin, Taiho, Maruho, Tanabe Mitsubishi, Leo Pharma, Janssen, Sun Pharma, Torii, and Yakuhin; Personal fees: Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Novartis, and UCB., Howard Sofen Consultant of: Clinical Investigator: AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Novartis, and Sun Pharma., Lynda Spelman Consultant of: Consultant, paid investigator, and/or speaker: AbbVie, Amgen, Anacor, Ascend, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Blaze Bioscience, Boehringer Ingelheim, Botanix, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Hexima, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Mayne, Medimmune, Merck, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Otsuka, Pfizer, Phosphagenics, Photon MD, Regeneron, Roche, Samumed, Sanofi Genzyme, SHR, Sun Pharma, Trius, UCB, and Zai Lab., Neil J Korman Speakers bureau: Advisory board, consulting fees: AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Principia, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, and UCB; Speaker: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Regeneron, and Sanofi Genzyme., Consultant of: AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Principia, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, and UCB, Grant/research support from: Grant support/principal investigator: AbbVie, Amgen, Argenx, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chemocentryx, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Leo Pharma, Menlo, Principia, Prothena, Rhizen, Syntimmune, Trevi, and Xbiotech., Min Zheng Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly China, Leo Pharma China, Novartis China, Pfizer, Sanofi China, and Xian-Janssen., Consultant of: AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly China, Leo Pharma China, Novartis China, Pfizer, Sanofi China, and Xian-Janssen., Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly China, Leo Pharma China, Novartis China, Pfizer, Sanofi China, and Xian-Janssen., Elizabeth Colston Shareholder of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol Myers Squibb, John Throup Shareholder of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Sudeep Kundu Shareholder of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Renata Kisa Shareholder of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Subhashis Banerjee Shareholder of: Employees and shareholders: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Employees and shareholders: Bristol Myers Squibb, Andrew Blauvelt Consultant of: Scientific advisor and/or clinical study investigator: AbbVie, Abcentra, Aligos, Almirall, Amgen, Arcutis, Arena, Aslan, Athenex, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, EcoR1, Eli Lilly, Evommune, Forte, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, Landos, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Rapt, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, UCB, and Vibliome.

La investigación acerca del covid-19 centra en la actualidad la actividad de la comunidad científica internacional. En el contexto de la pandemia, adquiere relevancia producir conocimiento sobre la incidencia del SARS-CoV-2 en el proceso gestacional, el embarazo, los efectos en la paciente obstétrica durante el parto, puerperio y el recién nacido. Es sabido que la mujer embarazada, debido a los cambios por los que atraviesa, es propensa a enfermedades respiratorias, y eso la hace particularmente sensible a la COVID-19. Se hace útil conformar un estado de la cuestión a partir de la revisión sistemática de la literatura acerca del tema, tomando como fuente principal los informes emanados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, así como otras comunicaciones científicas, con el objetivo de describir algunas propuestas para la atención de pacientes embarazadas contagiadas o no. En la mayoría de las fuentes consultadas, se manifestó un acuerdo en la necesidad de estudiar y establecer un protocolo de atención a la mujer en estado de gestación y al feto, incluso al neonato. Palabras Clave: proceso gestacional, parto, puerperio, COVID-19, embarazo. Referencias [1]Ministerio de Sanidad, «Enfermedad por Nuevo Coronavirus, COVID-19,» 8 Mayo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov-China/documentos/Informacion_inicial_alerta.pdf. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [2]T. Li, «Diagnosis and clinical management of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: an operational recommendation of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (V2.0),» Emerg Microbes Infec, vol. 9, nº 1, 2020. [3]S. Rosales y S. Cubas, «El rol del médico en la transmisión nosocomial del SARSCoV-2,» Revista Médica de Costa Rica , vol. 85, nº 629, 2020. [4]D.Di Mascio, A. Khalil, G. Saccone, G. Rizzo, D. Buca, M. Liberati y et al, «Outcome of Coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID 1 -19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis,» Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2020. [5]H. Zhu, L. Wang, C. Fang y et al, «Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia.,» Transl Pediatr, nº 9, pp. 51-60, 2020. [6]P. Dashraath, W. Jing Lin Jeslyn, L. Mei Xian Karen, L.Li Min, L. Sarah, A. Biswas y e. al, «Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic and Pregnancy,» Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, vol. 9378, nº 20, pp. 30343-4, 2020. [7]C.Huang, Y. Wang, X. Li, L. Ren, J. Zhao, Y. Hu y et al, «Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China,» The Lancet, vol. 395, nº 10223, pp. 497-506, 2020. [8]L. Poon, H. Yang, J. Lee, J. Copel, T. Leung, Y. Zhang, D. Chen y F. Prefumo, « ISUOG Interim Guidance on 2019 novel coronavirus infection during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals,» 11 Marzo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/uog.22013. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [9]H.Chen, J. Guo, C. Wang, F. Luo, X. Yu, W. Zhang y et al, «Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records,» The Lancet, vol. 395, nº 10226, pp. 809-815, 2020. [10]P.Mehta, D. McAuley, M. Brown y et al, «COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression,» The Lancet, nº 395, pp. 1033-1034, 2020. [11]M.Mardani y B. Pourkaveh, «A Controversial Debate: Vertical Transmission of COVID-19 in Pregnancy,» Arch Clin Infect Dis, vol. 15, nº 1, p. e102286, 2020. [12]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, «Frequently asked questions and answers: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy. CDCP,» 2020.[En línea]. Disponible: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [13]Y.Li, R. Zhao, S. Zheng, X. Chen, J. Wang, X. Sheng y et al, «Lack of vertical transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, China,» Emerg Infect Dis, vol. 26, nº 6, 2020. [14]Word Health Organization (WHO), «Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) situation report 46,» 06 Marzo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200306-sitrep-46covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=96b04adf_2. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [15]Servicio de medicina materno fetal Clinic Barcelona, «Protocolo: Coronavirus (COVID-19) y gestación,» 24 Marzo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://medicinafetalbarcelona.org/protocolos/es/patologiamaterna-obstetrica/covid19-embarazo.html.[Último acceso: enero 2020] [16]European Centre for Disease Control, «Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: increased transmission in the EU/EEA and the UK–seventh update,» 8 Mayo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-seventh-update-Outbreak-of-coronavirus-disease-COVID-19.pdf. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [17]Gobierno de España, Manejo de la mujer embarazada y el recién nacido con COVID-19, Ministerio de Sanidad, 2020. [18]Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), «SALUD MATERNO-PERINATAL y COVID-19,» Abril 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: www.paho.org/clap/images/PDF/presentacionparteras/Presentacin_CLAP_COVID19_abril_2020.pdf?ua=1.[Último acceso: enero 2020] [19]S. Lapinsky, «Acute respiratory failure in pregnancy,» Obstet Med, vol. 8, pp. 126-32, 2015. [20]C. Burlinson, D. Sirounis, K. Walley y A. Chau, «Sepsis in pregnancy and the puerperium,» Int J Obstet Anesth, vol. 36, pp. 96-107, 2020. [21]L.Plante, L. Pacheco y J. Louis, «SMFM Consult Series#47: Sep-sis during pregna regnancy and the puerperium,» Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol. 220, pp. B2-10, 2020. [22]H.Liu, F. Lui, J. Li, T. Zhang, D. Wang y W. Lan, «Clinical and CT imaging features of the COVID-19 pneumonia: Focus on pregnant women and children,» J Infect, 2020. [23]D.Schwartz y et al, «Potential maternal and infant outcomes from coronavirus 2019-nCov (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women: Leassons fron SARS, MERS, and other human coronavirus infections,» Viruses, vol. 12, nº 194, 2020. [24]Y.Liu, H. Chen, K. Tang y Y. Guo, «Clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy,» Journal of Infection, 2020. [25]G.Favre, L. Pomar, D. Musso y D. Baud, «2019-nCoV epidemic: what about pregnancies?,» Lancet, Vols. %1 de %2S0140-6736, nº 20, pp. 30311-1, 2020.

Zusammenfassung Als Antwort auf die seit der Industrialisierung zunehmende materielle Produktion wird die Reflexion über die Dinge zusehends intensiviert. In der Literatur etabliert sich vor allem seit Rilke als neue Gattungsform das Dinggedicht, das Aufmerksamkeit auf die Dinge als Erfahrungsmöglichkeiten lenkt. Die Rezeption der westlichen Literatur, einschließlich der Werke Rilkes in China, trägt dazu bei, eine literarische Moderne, die mit der Tradition bricht, einzuleiten, bevor eine Industrialisierung stattfindet. Die Adaption der Dinggedichte von Rilke durch die Dichterin Min Zheng markiert zum einen den Bruch mit der klassischen Dinggedichttradition und antizipiert zum anderen Repräsentationsmöglichkeiten von Erfahrungen, die durch die Wahrnehmung der Dinge gewonnen werden.

Tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) are an important cash crop and are cultivated worldwide for their commercial value (Palanisamy et al. 2014). Tea gray blight is an important tea plant disease as it can cause a decline in tea quality and reduce yields by 20–30% (Sanjay et al. 2008). In August 2018, a disease survey was conducted on 400 ha of organic tea plantations in the Pu'er area of Yunnan Province (22.48° N, 100.58° E). The survey found that widespread disease was causing damage to 40% of the tea plantations and that the most seriously affected tea variety was Yunkang No. 10, which had an average disease incidence of 30–35%. The affected leaves grew small yellow-green spots on their tips or margins in the early stage that expanded into round or irregular brown spots with distinct concentric whorls and black conidial disks arranged in whorls when the humidity was high (Fig. 1A–B), which is consistent with tea gray blight disease (Zheng et al. 2021). Twenty-four diseased leaf samples were collected from four different tea plantations and transported to the Pu-Erh Tea Research Laboratory. Leaves with disease spots were cut into 4 mm ×4 mm square pieces, surface-sterilized with 75% alcohol for 1 min, disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, and washed thrice with sterile water. The tissue pieces were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates containing 100 µg ml−1 of chloramphenicol (Wang et al. 2021). After 3 d of culturing in the dark at 28 C, twenty pure cultures with similar morphology were obtained, and two representative isolates were selected and transferred into new PDA media. After 7 d, circular fungal colonies with dense aerial mycelium produced black, wet spore masses that grew on the PDA media (Fig. 1C–D). The conidia were spindle-shaped with four septa, measuring 25.0 (21.0–26.0) × 6.0 (4.5–7.0) µm (n=15). The conidia had three median cells, two of which were dark brown in color with unclear separations, with a single basal hyaline appendage 3.8 (3.5–4.5) µm (n=30) in length and 2–3 apical hyaline appendages 31 (27–35) µm in length (n=30) (Fig. 1E), similar to the conidial characteristics of Neopestalotiopsis piceana (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). Two isolates were selected for DNA extraction. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) gene, and partial β-tubulin (tub2) gene were amplified using the ITS1F-ITS4 primer set (White et al 1990), the EF-1α-F and EF-1α-R primer sets (Li et al. 2018), and the tub1 and tub2 primers, respectively (Chauhan et al. 2007). The ITS (OP535632 to OP535632), tef1-α (OP589285,OP589287), and tub2 (OP589286,OP589288) sequences were submitted to NCBI GenBank. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis demonstrated that these sequences were 100% similar to those of N. piceana isolates available in GenBank. The sequences were compared using the Mafft software package, and sequences with the same ID were concatenated using scripts. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed using the MEGA (ver. 5.1) software package based on the concatenated sequences (ITS, tef1-α, and tub2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that C-5 and B-3 showed 95% bootstrap support with N. piceana isolates in references (Fig. 2). According to the morphology and molecular characterization, C-5 and B-3 were identified as N. piceana. Pathogenicity tests on these two isolates were conducted using 36 healthy tea plants. The leaves were scratched slightly with sterile toothpick tips, after which pathogen cakes (6 mm diameter) were placed on the wounds with the mycelial side facing down and covered with sterile absorbent cotton to maintain a moist environment. Control leaves were wounded and covered with sterile PDA plugs (three replicates per treatment, three plants per replicate). Seven days later, the inoculated leaves exhibited similar symptoms observed under natural conditions, whereas the control leaves exhibited no symptoms. The same isolates as the introduced strains were isolated from the diseased tea leaves, completing Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. piceana causing gray blight on tea leaves in China. These results provide valuable information for the prevention and management of gray blight on tea leaves. References: Chauhan, J. B., et al. 2007. Indian J Biotechnol. 6: 404–406 Li, D. X., et al. 2018. J. Trop. Crops. 39:1827–1833. Maharachchikumbura, S. N., et al. 2014. Stud. Mycol. 79:121–186. Palanisamy, S., et al. 2014. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 172:216–223. Sanjay, R., et al. 2008. Crop Protect. 27(3-5): 689–694. Wang, Q. M., et al. 2021. Front. Microbiol. 12:774438. White, T. J., et al. 1990. Academic, San Diego. 315–322 Zheng, S., et al. 2021. Plant Dis. 105:3723–3726.

Platanus acerifolia Willd. is one of the world famous urban greening trees, known as “the king of street trees” (Loretta et al. 2020). In August 2021, severe leaf spot disease was observed on P. acerifolia with 15% incidence on a street of Haidian district (116°29′E, 39°95′N), Beijing municipality, China. Typical symptoms were small and irregular brown spots with or without yellow haloes, which gradually expanded, coalesced and became necrotic lesions. For pathogen isolation, the leaf lesions were cut into small tissue pieces, disinfected by 0.3% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min and 70% ethanol for 40 s, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and then incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. After incubation at 28°C for 4 days, three fungal isolates (FTDX2, FTDX3, and FTDX6) with similar colony characteristics were obtained after single spore isolation. Colonies were white with fluffy aerial mycelia, abundant pycnidia with black stomata appeared and cream-white liquid oozed after 20 days. Alpha conidia were 7.9 ± 0.6 × 2.5 ± 0.3 μm (n = 30), aseptate, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoidal, and often biguttulate, while beta conidia were 22.7 ± 1.3 × 1.1 ± 0.1 μm (n = 30), aseptate, hyaline, linear, curved or hamate. The morphological characteristics were consistent with those of Diaporthe sp. (Udayanga et al. 2014). For further identification, total DNA was extracted from the three isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), beta-tubulin (TUB), calmodulin (CAL) and histone (HIS) genes were amplified and sequenced with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), BT2a/BT2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), CL1/CL2A (O’Donnell et al. 2000) and CYLH3F/H3-1b (Crous et al. 2014), respectively. The sequences were all deposited in GenBank (accession nos. OL870615 - OL870617 for ITS, OL870618 - OL870620 for EF1-α, OL870621 - OL870623 for TUB, OL870624 - OL870626 for CAL, and OL870627 - OL870629 for HIS) and aligned using BLASTn, obtaining 99-100% homology with the corresponding sequences of known Diaporthe eres strains in NCBI. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined sequences attributed the three isolates to the Diaporthe eres clade. Pathogenicity tests were performed on three healthy one-year-old P. acerifolia plants using the randomly selected isolate FTDX2. The leaves were inoculated with 20 µl of spore suspension (106 conidia/ml), with or without wound pretreatment, sterilized water inoculation under the same condition was used as control. All the treated plants were incubated in the greenhouse at 25°C and 90% RH with a 12-h photoperiod. After 8 days, the inoculated plants showed spot symptoms on leaves similar to those previously observed, whereas the control leaves remained symptomless. Lesions on the wounded leaves were much larger in size compared with those unwounded. The same pathogen was re-isolated and identified based on morphological characteristics and gene sequencing data, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Diaporthe eres has been reported to cause leaf spot on many horticultural plants, such as Photinia fraseri (Song et al. 2019) and Podocarpus macrophyllus (Zheng et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. eres causing leaf spot on Platanus acerifolia in China. This finding is a valuable contribution to the knowledge on leaf spot disease development in horticultural plants.

Rhizopus soft rot occurs on the succulent tissues of vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants throughout the world (Cui et al. 2019). When the garlic is in the seedling stage in the fields (Fig. S1) in November 2021, a disease outbreak on garlic bulbs suspected as Rhizopus soft rot occurred in Daming County, Handan City, Hebei Province of China (N 36°17', E 115° 13'). This disease symptom was first found in the garlic seedling stage in China. Disease incidence was 10% to 30% in cultivated garlic bulbs. There were soft water-soaked lesions on the surface of diseased garlic bulbs and the interiors were brown and soft. In the disease severe field, white to gray mycelia were observed on the diseased garlic bulbs. Infected garlic bulbs were sampled to isolate and determine the identity of the disease-causing organism. Symptomatic bulbs were surface sterilized with 1% NaClO for 2 min, dipped in 75% ethanol for 3 min and rinsed three times with autoclaved distilled water. Small pieces of the inner decayed tissue were removed and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28°C for 2 to 3 days. Five white colonies grew on PDA and then they became brownish gray to blackish-gray mycelium. The fungal strains were purified by hyphal-tip isolation method. To determine the identity of the five isolated fungi, we analyzed their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences (Jung et al. 2012). BLAST analysis of the ITS sequences from DSF-0-2 (accession no. ON706022), DSF-0-3 (accession no. ON706021), DSF-0-4 (accession no. ON706020), DSF-0-5 (accession no. ON706019) and DSF-0-6 (accession no. ON706018) were all 100% identical with Rhizopus arrhizus (syn. Rhizopus oryzae). Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining method of MEGA11 based on the sequences of ITS rRNA gene (Walther et al. 2013). Phylogenetic trees indicated that isolates were most likely Rhizopus arrhizus (syn. Rhizopus oryzae) (Fig. S2). We selected one isolated strain, DSF-0-2, for characterize the morphology and test its ability to cause garlic bulb soft rot. Under the microscope, nonseptate rhizoids, sporangia, and sporangiospores were observed (Fig. S1). Sporangiospores were unequal, subglobose, numerous irregular, or oval, and 9.7 (6.2 - 12.5) × 6.5 (4.1 - 8.5) μm (n = 50) in diameter. The sporangia were globose, black, 121.5 (65 - 198) μm (n = 50) in diameter. Based on the rDNA-ITS sequencing and the morphological characteristics, the DSF-0-2 isolate was identified as Rhizopus arrhizus (syn. Rhizopus oryzae) (Zheng et al. 2007; Abeywickrama et al. 2020). To complete Koch’s postulates, surface-sterilized healthy garlic bulbs were inoculated with R. arrhizus isolate DSF-0-2. A 1.0-ml sterile syringe was used to inject 50 μl of a 106 conidia/ml suspension into each of five healthy bulbs. As a control, garlic bulbs were treated with sterile distilled water. The inoculated and control bulbs were incubated at 28°C for 7 days. The bulbs inoculated with R. arrhizus DSF-0-2 showed symptoms of water soaking, and the tissues were brown and soft throughout the bulb at 7 days (Fig. S1). Results of the three trials were the same. No symptoms were observed in the control group. R. arrhizus was reisolated from the symptomatic garlic bulb and confirmed as such based-on colony and sporangia morphology and ITS sequence. There were some reports that R. arrhizus infects cassava tubers and potato tubers (Amadioha and Markson 2007; Cui et al. 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. arrhizus (syn. Rhizopus oryzae) associated with soft rot on garlic bulb in the seedling stage in China. This disease has posed a potential threat during garlic seedling stage in the field. Management measures should be considered before this disease outbreaks widely. Garlic bulbs died in the seedling stage, which caused production reduction, serious economic loss and soil pollution. This finding may help to take effective control measures for this disease.

Originally presented as the author's thesis (Ph. D.--University of Hong Kong) under the title: Tang dai shou du Chang'an de ju min sheng ji yu cheng shi zheng ce yan jiu.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 330-390).

何致遠.
"2002年8月"
論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002.
附參考文獻.
附中英文提要.
"2002 nian 8 yue"
He Zhiyuan.
Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002.
Fu can kao wen xian.
Fu Zhong Ying wen ti yao.
前言 --- p.01-05
Chapter 第一章： --- 西南執行部的政治宣傳措施 --- p.06-36
Chapter 第二章： --- 西南的抗曰言論一一環繞中國對日整體方針的討論 --- p.37-51
Chapter 第三章： --- 西南的抗日言論´ؤ´ؤ從九一八事變至長城抗戰 --- p.52-80
Chapter 第四章： --- 西南的抗日言論一一從塘沽善後談判至胡漢民逝世 --- p.81-100
總結 --- p.101-102
參考書目

張時飛.
論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2001.
參考文獻 (p. 338-366)
中英文摘要.
Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Zhang Shifei.
Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001.
Can kao wen xian (p. 338-366)
Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.