Journal articles on the topic 'China. Yu shi tai'

Late Tang Shi Jing-tang called on Kithan to aid after the rebellion.
 As a result, Kithan dispatched troops to destroy Late Tang and help Shi Jing-tang to establish Late Jin. Shi Jing-tang gave Yan-yun-shi-liu-zhou to Kithan in return for this support and paid a huge regular payment of property every year.
 Shi Jing-tang devoted himself to Kithan's Tai-zong through his reign; the provision of supplies was also faithful. Due to this attitude of Shi Jing-tang, no problems occurred between Kithan and Late Jin during his reign.
 However, change occurred in 942 when Shi Jing-tang died. Late Jin refused to call himself a servant to Kithan. Kithan then angered and decided on the policy of the invasion of Late Jin. Kithan began the invasion in 946 and destroyed Late Jin. In 947, Tai-zong of Kithan entered Kaifeng, the capital of Late Jin. Since then, Tai-zong has also tried to stabilize order immediately.
 Tai-zong, after stabilizing Kaifeng's situation, performed a ceremony to be crowned emperor. His emperor's ceremony followed thoroughly Chinese conventions. The country's name was also changed to Liao.
 Tai-zong hoped to be accepted as a Chinese monarch by the people of North China.
 He was directed toward Chinese domination and Chinese monarchy, but lacked understanding of the principles of Chinese administrative organizations, and thus the domination of Liao caused resentment of the people in various places. In this situation, in March 947, Tai-zong of Kithan abandoned direct rule of North China and returned to the north. The withdrawal of Tai-zong was apparently an arbitrage of failures over North China's rule.

Abstract This article explores the lexical field of “text” in early China. It argues that words pertaining to it should not be understood as referring to textual genres, but as conveying an abstract notion of “(written) text.” In particular, it treats the word shi 事 in Liu Xiang’s 劉向 (79–8 BCE) editorial reports as well as yu 語 in many different early sources. Especially the second term has been understood as denoting a certain textual genre. This is incorrect as can be shown by analyzing occurrences of this word in relevant contexts. Rather, yu first referred to short proverbs and later, by way of semantic derivation, came to acquire the meaning “text” in general. This meaning also applies to the word’s usage in designations of early compilations such as Lunyu. Accordingly, the latter title should simply be understood as “compiled texts.”

“Zouyi” is a kind of official document written by court officials and submitted to the emperor in ancient China, which serves the purpose of persuading. Aristotle’s “three appeals”, which consist of ethos, pathos and logos, perform the rhetorical function of persuading. Based on this, some correlation between China’s classics and Western classic thought comes into view. This paper selects three representative Zouyi: “qian chu shi biao”, “zhi an ce” and “jian Tai Zong Shi si shu” and gives primary attention to analyzing the “three appeals” presented in the selected discourses. This analysis will gain a glimpse into the rich political and cultural codes hidden within ancient China’s memorials, the relationship between the emperor and his ministers/officials, and the deep patriotism of the ministers in ancient China.

This article will briefly describe the features, methods, goals of family education in ancient China, as well as the relevant educational roles of the father and mother in the family. The article will also analyze one of the most unique characteristics of ancient Chinese family education: in each family fixed a tablet with the words 天地君亲 Tian Di Jun Qin Shi (Heaven, land, rulers, ancestors, sages). In ancient China, people believed that teachers and relatives, and heaven, earth, and monarchs, were objects that people should respect and worship. Obviously, this clearly differs from the traditions of most other countries. The idea of Tian Di Jun Qin Shi first appeared in Guo Yu (国语), and in Xunzi (荀子) you can see the initial form of this thought. Over the next 2000 years, these five words penetrate deeply into people's minds, and people often mention them in their daily lives. Their importance and value in Chinese culture and Chinese life are very important and indispensable. The role played by the idea of Tian Di Jun Qin Shi in ancient Chinese family education is more effective than any classical legal practice.

At present, there are abundant researches and writings on a Dream of Red Mansions. It is also common to study the mythological structure in it. However, the imagists pay little attention to the “bird”, which is rich in connotation, and there are few works to explain it from the perspective of archetypal criticism. This paper aims to enrich the mythological structure of A Dream of Red Mansions, using archetypal criticism and mythological criticism methods, to study the formation mechanism of the god bird worship in ancient China and its influence on the collective unconsciousness of Cao Xueqin, author of A Dream of Red Mansions, and through analyzing characters such as Hsi-feng, Pao-yu, Tai-yu, and Lady Dowager, this paper confirms the existence of the god-bird worship psychology, which believes that a large number of bird images in A Dream of Red Mansions are rooted in the consciousness of Chinese ancestors, and they have unique connotations at the same time.

The article gives a overview of translations of I.A. Krylov’s fables in China. The first of them appeared more than 120 years ago, but the real acquaintance of Chinese readers with his work took place in the 1950s because of the translations of Meng Hai and Wu Yan. From the late 1970s to the present, the number of translations and editions of Krylov’s fables has been constantly increasing. Now in China there are more than 300 separate editions of his selected fables and 33 complete collections. At various times, at least 64 translators worked on translations of Krylov’s fables into Chinese, and 15 of them translated all nine books of the collection of his fables (these are Wu Yan, He Shiying, Feng Jia, Gu Yu, Xin Weiai, Han Guiliang, He Maozheng, Pei Jiaqin, Qu Hong, Yue Yan, Shi Guoxiong, Ding Lu, Zhu Xiansheng, Qiu Jingjuan and Yang Jianfeng). Some translations are made in prose, but some in poetry. The article summarizes the history of translations of Krylov’s fables in China and provides information about the most important translations and translators.

The extant Keteleeria is endemic to east and southeast Asia, while Keteleeria-like trees were widely distributed in the northern hemisphere in Earth’s history. In this paper, we reported a novel wood fossil of Keteleerioxylon changchunense Shi, Sun, Meng et Yu sp. nov., collected from the middle part of the Yingcheng Formation, Yingcheng Coal Mine, Changchun City, Jilin Province, northeast China. The quantitative growth-ring analyses of K. changchunense indicate that it was evergreen with a leaf longevity of 1–3 years, which is consistent with the foliar retention of extant Keteleeria. Its high ring-markedness index (RMI) indicates that the climate seasonality was pronounced during the Early Albian period in the Songliao Basin, northeast China. The fossil records of Keteleeria and closely related taxa indicate that this group might have originated from high latitudes in the northern hemisphere, then spread and migrated southward during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, gradually decreased in the Cenozoic period, and so far only survives in east and southeast Asia.

Wen Xin Diao Long is a classical literary commentary in ancient China, which has both Chinese traditional literary thoughts and educational values. Based on the vigorous development of Chinese traditional literature translation study and the present situation of English translation research on Wen Xin Diao Long, this paper aims to study the commonality and differences between the three translators Shi Youzhong[Vincent Yu-chung Shih], Huang Zhaojie and Yang Guobin in dealing with the phenomenon of creative treason and cultural imagery transmission in the English translation of Cheng Qi in Wen Xin Diao Long from the perspective of Medio-translatology, explores the different ways of dealing with the original text and the translation of traditional cultural elements in the three translators’ translation, and discusses the role and influence of translators’ subjectivity and cultural factors, with a view to promoting its overseas translation and English translation studies.

Hagiographical tales tell us that some Buddhist monks who lived during the Early Medieval China (220–589) possessed considerable medical skills. Some were proficient in foreign medicine, while others had mastery over traditional Chinese medicine. The outstanding medical practitioners among these monks included Yu Fakai 于法開, Zhi Facun 支法存, Sengshen 僧深, and Shi Daohong 釋道洪. In addition to having a background in traditional Chinese medicine, these individuals are said to have had access to foreign medical knowledge due to their status as monks. However, the literature on these physician-monks’ medical skills is limited, which is why the present paper aims to explore this matter further, especially by introducing and elaborating upon some modern Chinese research which has generally gone unnoticed in international scholarship. To this end, this paper critically analyzes various historical records detailing these monks’ lives. It shows that, in addition to having extraordinary medical skills, some of these physician-monks mastered methods to cure specific diseases (such as beriberi [jiaoqi bing 腳氣病] (This is the name of the disease in traditional Chinese Medicine. It refers to a disease characterized by numbness, soreness, weakness, contracture, swelling, or muscle withering in the legs and feet.)). It also shows that they were usually more accurate in syndrome differentiation, while the treatments they prescribed were unique. However, given the lack of information, further research is required to clarify how these physician-monks learned methods as well as the impact of their foreign medicine knowledge on their methods.

Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. 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Abstract Zhipeng Zhang (left) received his B.S. degree from Shandong University (China) in 2004, and his Ph.D. degree from the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC) in 2010 under the supervision of Professor Kuiling Ding. In 2011, he began his postdoctoral studies with Professor Benjamin List at the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany. After three years of research on asymmetric organocatalysis, he joined the group of Professor Jin-Quan Yu at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California as a postdoctoral research associate in 2014. He subsequently worked at the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF) from 2016, before he began his independent career as a professor at the East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) in 2017. His current research interests include asymmetric catalysis and synthetic methodology, focusing on the design and development of novel chiral ligands and catalysts. Baoguo Zhao (right) received his B.S. degree from Wuhan University in 1996, his M.S. degree from Nanjing University under the supervision of Professor Jianhua Xu in 2002, and his Ph.D. degree from the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC) under the supervision of Professor Kuiling Ding in 2006. He subsequently worked with Professor Yian Shi for five years as a postdoctoral fellow at the Department of Chemistry of Colorado State University. In 2011, he joined Shanghai Normal University at the Department of Chemistry as a full professor. His current research interests are in the area of biomimetic asymmetric catalysis, including the development of bioinspired chiral catalysts and synthetic methodologies.

Zvi Ben-Dor Benite has contributed an important piece to the history ofMuslims in imperial China, centered on a seventeenth-century Muslimgenealogy known as the Jing Xue Xi Chuan Pu (hereinafter Genealogy),which has been recently discovered, punctuated, and printed as the Jing XueXi Chuan Pu (Xining: Qinghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1989). His book followsSachiko Murata’s study of Confucian Muslim texts and teachers (namely,Chinese Gleams of Sufi Light: Wang Tai-Yu’s Great Learning of Pure andReal and Liu Chih’s Displaying the Concealment of the Real Realm [Albany,NY: State University of New York, 2000]) and illuminates many aspects ofthe Muslims’ cultural life in imperial China.The book consists of an introduction, four chapters, and a conclusionwith tables and illustrations. The first chapter decodes the Genealogy andoutlines the trajectory of the Chinese Muslims’ educational network in centraland coastal China. The second chapter explores the “social logic”behind the practices of the Muslim literati (p. 74) – that is, how they envisionedand understood the educational system, their roles, and Islam in referenceto imperial China’s existing sociocultural categories. This chapterreveals how Muslim educational institutions enabled and empoweredMuslim intellectuals to convert “Islam” and “Muslim” into valid social categoriesof school (xuepai) and to envision themselves as “literati” (shi) thatwere as much Chinese as Muslim.The third chapter analyzes the transformation of Islamic knowledge from“orality” to “texuality” (p. 158) and the formation of the Chinese Islamicschool, which was patterned on contemporary Chinese schools of scholarship.The fourth chapter explains how Confucian Muslims interpreted Islam,Prophet Muhammad, and Islamic canons as equivalents and counterparts ofConfucianism (enumerated in the Han Kitab as “Dao,” “Sage,” and “Classic”),and how the Muslim literati embraced Confucianism. In the ...

In the second half of the 20th century, numerous tales belonging to the “Open Sesame” type (AaTh 676) were recorded in China. Many of them contain some elements that can also be found in medieval Chinese narrative prose. In this context, the article examines some contemporary records of an 11th – 12th centuries urban legend associated with a rock near the Huanghelou, or Yellow Crane Tower in Ezhou (a prefecture within the boundaries of modern Wuhan city in Hubei province), including a short monorhymic poem written by the poet Su Shi (1037–1101). It has been argued that this urban legend combines motifs found in two different groups of medieval mythological stories. The first group is based on the motif of the treasure hidden in the mountain, while the second has as its main motif an underground Daoist paradise full of immortals that can be reached by means of an acoustic signal. A possible connection between the legend and the local tradition of aurifiction (the imitation of gold) is noticed. The article discusses also an early Chinese written source that contains both an occurrence of the motif “Door opens in mountain” (D1552.0.1 according to S. Thompson), common to both groups, and a mention of the acoustic signal required to enter a magical cave. This source is “Xi yu ji”, or “Records on the Western Regions”, the travelogue written in the 7th century by the Buddhist monk and traveller Xuanzang. However, neither a treasure nor a Daoist paradise is mentioned in this text.

There are no completely grammatical studies in Chinese scholarly tradition prior to 1898. Mainly commentary orientation of linguistic works and the general tendency towards the lexicographic form of presentation of philological researches determined function words’ dictionaries to be the leading way of describing linguistic phenomena in the field of grammar. Turning to treatises of this kind contributes to the study of linguistic traditions’ generation and grammatical researches’ formation in China. Special attention is paid to the description of grammatical meanings’ development from lexical one’s and to method of exegesis based on such description, used in《助字辨略》 «Zhu Zi Bian Lüe» (1711) by 刘淇 LiuQi. The structure of the dictionary entries of this work was analyzed, as well as the interpretations in which LiuQi refers to the significant meanings of the described units. Examples of dictionary entries are given, or excerpts from them, provided with translations into Russian. The analysis of the material showed that dictionary entries can vary significantly in length, their internal structure is also not the same, however, in general, it includes an explanation of the meaning of the described unit (from authoritative sources such as 《尔雅》 «Erya», 《广韵》 «Guangyun» and/or a comment made by the author of «Zhu Zi Bian Lüe») and illustrative material from classical works (such as 《论语》 «Lun yu», 《大学》 «Da xue», 《中庸》 «Zhong yong», 《孟子》 «Mencius», 《诗经》 «Shi jing», 《汉书》 «Han shu», etc.). In a number of dictionary entries, LiuQi demonstrates the mechanism of grammatical meanings’ development from the significant one, emphasizing that the grammatical meaning is determined by the significant meaning and is closely connected with it.

Abstract Background: Eribulin is a halichondrin non-taxane inhibitor of microtubule dynamics approved in China for advanced breast cancer patients who have received at least two prior chemotherapy treatments. The combination of eribulin and gemcitabine has demonstrated a similar progression-free survival (PFS) benefit as paclitaxel plus gemcitabine, with less neurotoxicity, for patients with MBC who have not received prior cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, the effect of eribulin plus gemcitabine on PFS in second line or beyond remains unclear. Methods: This open-label, single-arm, phase II study (NCT05263882) was conducted at 13 institutions in China. Eligible patients had histologically confirmed HER2-negative MBC and had received at least one prior taxane-containing chemotherapy regimen for advanced disease, and anthracycline-containing regimens in the adjuvant setting. Patients received intravenous infusions of eribulin (1.4 mg/m2) and gemcitabine (1.0 g/m2) on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. Efficacy outcomes, including PFS, objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR), were assessed using RECIST v1.1. Adverse events (AEs) were graded according to NCI-CTC version 5.0. Results: A total of 65 patients were enrolled from November 2021 to May 2023; 47 (72.3%) had HR+/HER2- and 18 (27.7%) had triple-negative MBC. The median patient age was 50 years (range: 31-68), and the sites of metastasis were the bone (70.8%), liver (58.5%), lymph nodes (50.8%), lung (43.1%) and brain (10.8%). Patients had received a median of 3 prior lines of systemic treatment, 2 lines of chemotherapy, and 1 line of endocrine treatment. Among all patients, the ORR was 52.3%, the DCR was 92.3% and the median PFS was 7.6 months (Table). For the HR-positive subgroup, the median PFS was 8.4 months, while for the triple-negative subgroup, it was 7.6 months. Among patients who had received prior CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment, the median PFS was 7.2 months. In the subgroup of patients who had not received CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment, the median PFS had not been reached. The most common grade 3-4 AEs were hematological, including neutropenia (41.6%), leukopenia (33.9%), anemia (23.1%), and thrombocytopenia (15.4%). No grade ≥3 perceived AEs were reported. Conclusion: Eribulin plus gemcitabine was effective in heavily pretreated patients with HER2- MBC, while maintaining a predictable and manageable safety profile. Table. Summary of efficacy outcomes Citation Format: PeiJian Peng, Xiao-Lu Xu, Jin-Cai Zhong, Jin-Hui Ye, Zhi-Hui Wang, Hong Wang, Hong Lin, Cai-Wen Du, Guorong Zou, Jie Ouyang, Ying-Ying Shi, Fei Xu, Geng-Sheng Yu, Yong-Kui Lu, Yong-Xia Wang, Shi-En Cui, Lu-Zhen Li. Efficacy and safety of eribulin plus gemcitabine in second-line or beyond for patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC): A multi-center, open-label, single-arm, phase II study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO3-05-10.

Statement of the problem. The twentieth century marked an increased interest in polyphonic music. The geography of polyphonic works for piano expanded significantly and a creative development of many Chinese composers, writing polyphonic piano pieces, took place. Today, polyphonic pieces make up a significant part of the piano repertoire in China, but they are little studied by musicologists and performers. The objective of this study – to reveal the contribution of Chinese composers to the creation of polyphonic piano repertoire of the XX – early XXI century. Analysis of the research and publications on the theme. А large number of modern authors study polyphony from the point of physical and mathematical research methods (Igarashi, Yu. & Ito, Masashi & Ito, Akinori, 2013; Weiwei, Zhang & Zhe, Chen, & Fuliang, Yin, 2016; Li, Xiaoquan et al. others, 2018). This approach does not reveal the factual musical component of polyphonic genres. In the 20th century, musicologists explored polyphony in musical folklore (Wiant, 1936; Fan Zuyin, 2004; Li Hong, 2015) and in professional Chinese composing (Sun Wei-bo, 2006, Winzenburg, 2018). The scientific novelty. This article studies the role of Chinese composers in the development of the world polyphonic piano repertoire of the XX – early XXI century. The methodological basis for the analysis of polyphonic works was the theoretical concepts of P. Hindemith, Peng Cheng, Fang Zuin, Li Hong, Sun Wei-bo. The results of the study. The research outcomes demonstrate the evolutionary development of the genre diversity of Chinese piano polyphony as well as those composers who created magnificent musical pieces. Conclusions. Chinese composers have fully mastered the art of modern counterpoint, represented by the genres of polyphonic program pieces (He Lu Ting), invention (Xiao Shu Xian, Du Qian, Sun Yun Yin, Chen Chen Quang), polyphonic suite (Ma Gui), large polyphonic cycle ( He Shao, Chen Hua Do, Xiao Shu Xian), fugue (Li Jun Yong, Yu Su Yan, Chen Gang, Tian Lei Lei, Duan Ping Tai, Zheng Zhong, Xiao Shu Xian) and small cycle “Prelude and Fugue” (Ding Shan Te, Chen Zhi Ming, Wang Li Shan). Creatively assimilating and rethinking the experience of Western polyphonists, Chinese composers have filled their polyphonic works with national features, firmly linking them with the origins of Chinese traditional and folk music. The polyphonic way of transmitting musical material becomes the most expressive at the moments of profound creativity and musical dramatization.

Abstract: After the reign of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty, as the Japanese pirates’ problem became more and more serious, books devoted to the study of Japan began to be published. Among them, the most important ones are A Brief Survey of Japan (Ri Ben Kao Lue), A Compilation of Japanese Maps (Ri Ben Tu Zuan), A Mirror of Japan (Ri Ben Yi Jian), A Survey of Japan (Ri Ben Kao), A Record of Japanese Customs (Ri Ben Fen Tu Ji), and A Biography of Japanese Pirates in Qiantai (Qian Tai Wo Zhuan). Out of these, A Mirror of Japan is a special one. In addition, there are also special books that depict the general ambiance of Japan, such as A Collection of Coastal Military Maps (Chou Hai Tu Bian), Resistance to Japanese Pirates in Ming Dynasty (Huang Ming Yu Wo Lu), the Compilation of Coastal Defense (Hai Fang Zuan Yao) and the Continuation of Coastal Defense Category in Zhedong and Zhexi Regions (Liang Zhe Hai Fang Lei Kao Xu Bian). Zheng Shungong, the author of the book A Mirror of Japan, visited Japan twice, so many contents in the book are based on his own experience and knowledge. Therefore, the breadth and scope of his research on Japan had gone beyond the similar literature of the Ming Dynasty. Moreover, the Japanese pirates’ record and analysis in the book are of great research value. Before the publication of Huang Zunxian’s Annals of Japan (Ri Ben Tu Zhi), A Mirror of Japan was one of the highest levels of monographs on Japan in ancient China.

Abstract Objective: Benign breast disease (BBD), especially benign proliferative breast disease (BPBD), is related to increased breast cancer risk. However, few studies have examined whether conventional breast cancer risk factors influence risk of breast cancer among women with BBD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of lifestyle factors with risk of breast cancer among women biopsied for BBD within a multi-center, hospital-based, case-control study in China, in order to provide scientific basis of health guidance for BBD patients and lay the foundation for primary prevention of breast cancer. Methods: A multi-center, hospital-based, case-control study was conducted. Patients with BPBD (n=608) and patients with non-proliferative breast disease (NPBD) (n=366) were collected from 23 hospitals in 11 provinces during April 2012 to April 2013. A face-to-face survey, baseline data and fasting blood was collected with all study subjects. Serum adiponectin levels were assayed using ELISA. After 10 years, the cumulative incidence rate of breast cancer in the two groups was counted through follow-up. Logistic regression analysis was used to obtain the association between specific factors and risk of breast cancer. Results: After 10 years’ follow-up, 388 BPBD and 240 NPBD cases were included in the final analysis (Table 1), of which 16 (4.12%) and 3 (1.25%) developed breast cancer, respectively. The cumulative incidence of breast cancer between the two groups was significant difference (P=0.041). Compared with women in the NPBD group, BPBD group were more likely to be central obesity (with higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) (OR 24.98, 95% CI 1.845-336.203, P=0.015) and less likely to have physical activity (OR 0.626, 95% CI 0.416-0.943, P=0.025) and less often to eat carrots (OR 0.616, 95% CI 0.398-0.953, P=0.030) (Table 2). Subgroup analyze indicated that, physical activity, eat carrots and ham sausage, body weight, BMI, waist circumference and WHR were statistical differences in premenopausal BPBD patients, while only physical activity (OR 0.423, 95% CI 0.269-0.665 P < 0.001) was the independent risk factors. Meanwhile, among the factors of Tea consumption, Glycemia, Body weight, BMI, Waist circumference, WHR and HMW/total adiponectin ratio in postmenopausal group, only HMW/total adiponectin ratio (OR 0.041, 95% CI 0.002-0.820 P=0.037) was statistically significant factor. These stratified multivariate logistic regression analysis results are shown in Table 3. Conclusion: In patients with BBD, physical activity may be the protect factor for breast cancer carcinogenesis in premenopausal women while lower HMW/total adiponectin ratio is a risk factor for postmenopausal women, which can provide direction for primary prevention of breast cancer. Table 1. Pathological types of all subjects. Table 2. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Table 3. Stratified multivariate Logistic regression analysis by menopause status. Citation Format: Chao Zheng, Dandan Ma, Linfeng Zhao, Maolin Guo, Shude Cui, Fuguo Tian, Zhimin Fan, Cuizhi Geng, Xuchen Cao, Zhenlin Yang, Xiang Wang, Hong Liang, Shu Wang, Hongchuan Jiang, Xuening Duan, Haibo Wang, Guolou Li, Qitang Wang, Jianguo Zhang, Feng Jin, Jinhai Tang, Liang Li, Shi-Guang Zhu, Wenshu Zuo, Fei Wang, Lixiang Yu, Fei Zhou, Yujuan Xiang, Mingming Guo, Yongjiu Wang, Wenzhong Zhou, Shuya Huang, Zhaohui Li, Yajie Zhou, Lijuan Hou, Xinyi Yang, Xuan Zhang, Liyuan Liu, Zhigang Yu. Lifestyle factors are associated with breast cancer risk in women biopsied for benign breast diseases in China: 10-year results of a multi-center, hospital-based, case-control study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-03-31.

Abstract Background: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is a malignant tumor with less than 5% of 5-year overall survival. Although immunotherapy has shown excellent and lasting efficacy in many solid tumors, immunomonotherapy is ineffective in PAC. The combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with radiotherapy/chemotherapy has shown encouraging results. Identifying predictive biomarkers is of great sense for PAC patients to benefit from immunotherapy. Methods: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissues and matched blood samples of 83 Chinese PAC patients were collected from Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of targeted-450 cancer genes was performed in OrigiMed (Shanghai, China), a College of American Pathologists (CAP) accredited and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) certified laboratory. Genomic alterations, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI) were assayed. PD-L1 expression was determined using Combined Positive Score (CPS). Results: A total of 83 PAC patients were enrolled in this cohort, including 50 (60.2%) males and 33 (39.8%) females. Among them, 79.5% (66/83) and 20.5% (17/83) were primary and metastatic lesions, respectively. The most common mutant genes were KRAS (84.3%, 70/83), TP53 (75.9%, 63/83), CDKN2A (27.7%, 23/83), SMAD4 (26.5%, 22/83) and ARID1A (12.0%, 10/83). In addition, some gene alterations associated with immune hyperprogression (HP) were detected in 9.6% (8/83) patients, including 11q13 amp (2.4%, 2/83), and CDKN2A/B gene loss (7.2%, 6/83). There are 32 (38.6%) PD-L1 positive patients, including 25 patients with CPS 1-10 and 7 patients with CPS≥20. We found that SPTA1 mutations were specifically detected in PD-L1 positive group, while OBSCN and ATM mutations were specifically detected in PD-L1 negative group. The median TMB value was 3.3 muts/Mb and only 4 (4.8%) patients had TMB-values higher than 10 muts/Mb (TMB-H). There are 3 patients (3.6%) showed MSI-H. Interestingly, all 3 MSI-H patients were TMB-H, and 2 of them also showed PD-L1 positive without any HP related mutations. Both patients received immunotherapy and were benefited for more than 11 months, including one of whom had received immunomonotherapy. Conclusions: We described the characteristics of TMB, MSI and PD-L1 expression in Chinese patients with PAC. In the absence of HP related mutations, comprehensive consideration of TMB, MSI and PD-L1 status may guide PAC immunotherapy and benefit PAC patients. Citation Format: Yu Wang, Yantian Xu, Alei Feng, Qiang Wen, Xiaoliang Shi, Shanshan Zhang, Fei Pang. Comprehensive analysis and potential clinical applications of immunotherapy-related biomarkers in Chinese patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5753.

BackgroundBaricitinib, an orally selective inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2, was approved for adult patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China. The recommended dose is 2mg once daily and 4mg once daily in patients who have inadequately responded to baricitinib 2mg once daily (for 3 months) or TNF inhibitors. A single-arm, prospective, non-interventional post-marketing safety study (PMSS) was conducted in Chinese RA patients to describe the safety and effectiveness of baricitinib at 24 weeks.ObjectivesTo describe the safety and effectiveness of baricitinib in real-world setting of treating patients with moderate to severe active RA.MethodsThis PMSS (starting July 2020) included 667 patients with RA treated with baricitinib (2 mg or/and 4mg/day) and followed up for 24 weeks. Safety and effectiveness (disease activity) were assessed for 24 weeks. All statistical analyses are descriptive.ResultsSafety analyses included 667 patients (females=82.3%, mean age=53.3 years, mean RA duration 86.9 months). 106 (15.9%) were ≥65 and <75years and 19 (2.8%) were ≥75 years. 29 (4.3%) had previously received biologic therapy. Baricitinib dose regimen was as follows: 2 mg/day, n = 580 (87.0%); 4 mg/day, n = 53 (7.9%); 2/4 mg, n = 34 (5.1%). Concomitant use of MTX and leflunomide occurred in 54.3% and 35.5%, respectively. The overall exposure of baricitinib was 262.1 patient-years; 197 (29.5%) patients withdrew from the study, mostly for patient’s decision (n = 101). Adverse events (AEs) occurred in 250 (37.5%) patients [serious: 28 (4.2%)]. Two patients (0.3%) died: one of pneumonia and one with no cause reported. The incidence of serious infection, herpes zoster and hepatotoxicity was 0.6%, 1.0%, and 3.4%, respectively. No case met laboratory criteria for potential Hy’s Law (ALT/AST ≥3 x ULN and TBL ≥2 x ULN). Malignancy occurred in one patient (thyroid cancer). No venous thromboembolism (VTE) or major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) were reported during the study observation period (Table 1).In the effectiveness analysis at Week 24, the proportions of patients achieving remission/ low disease activity were 66.6% (235/353) for DAS28-CRP, 64.6% (228/353) for SDAI, and 63.5% (242/381) for CDAI (Figure 1).ConclusionIn conclusion, the safety and effectiveness profile of baricitinib in this Chinese PMSS was generally similar to that in the global RA population with no VTEs or MACE reported and no new safety signals.ReferencesNIL.Table 1.Safety summary among patients with RA treated with baricitinibn (%) PYE [EAIR]Safety Population (N=667)12 weeks24 weeksAE214 (32.08)124.04 [172.52]250 (37.48)198.58 [125.89]AEs related to study treatmentas judged by the investigator95 (14.24)139.99 [67.86]120 (17.99)236.65 [50.71]Death/2 (0.30)261.30 [0.77]SAE22 (3.30)147.03 [14.96]28 (4.20)256.72 [10.91]SAEs related to study treatmentas judged by the investigator8 (1.20)148.32 [5.39]10 (1.50)260.30 [3.84]Treatment discontinuation due to AEs20 (3.00)148.18 [13.50]24 (3.60)260.79 [9.20]AESISerious infection3 (0.45)148.52 [2.02]4 (0.60)260.99 [1.53]Hepatotoxicity16 (2.40)147.13 [10.87]23 (3.45)256.76 [8.96]VTE0148.63 [0.00]0261.30 [0.00]Herpes zoster, n (%)3 (0.45)7 (1.05)Malignancy, n (%)1 (0.15)1 (0.15)MACE, n (%)00Abbreviations: AE= adverse event; AESI= adverse event with special interest; EAIR= exposure-adjusted incidence rate; MACE= major adverse cardiovascular events; N= number of patients in the safety analysis set; n= number of patients in the specified category; PYE= patient-years of exposure; RA= rheumatoid arthritis; SAE= serious adverse event; VTE= venous thromboembolismUsed EAIR per 100 PYE (patient exposure censored at the event).AESI was based on the judgement of investigator recorded in eCRF (electronic case report form)MACE included myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death, and stroke.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsChan-yuan Wu: None declared, Qian Wang: None declared, Jian Shi: None declared, XIUYING ZHANG: None declared, Rong Du: None declared, Jieruo Gu: None declared, Qi-huan Liu: None declared, Jiao Yu Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Jia-wei Xu Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Yan-jie Zhang Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Hao Zhu Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Mengtao Li: None declared, Xiaofeng Zeng: None declared.

В парках и на общественных площадях китайских городов коллективная практика разнообразных музыкальных практик за последние три десятилетия сформировала одно из самых слышимых и видимых проявлений совместного бытия и деятельности в Китайской Народной Республике. Многообразные по своему содержанию, эти занятия имеют много общих черт. Будь то тайцзи, цигун или другие упражнения, танцы «на площади» или танцы «этнических меньшинств», чтение, пение и игра на музыкальных инструментах, они еженедельно или ежедневно (во множестве) собирают мужчин и женщин, в основном пенсионеров, которые собираются в одном уголке. из парка. Эти взаимодействия в общественном пространстве могут быть расположены в непрерывном диапазоне от первых встреч, первоначально спонтанных, а затем стабилизировавшихся за счет их повторения с течением времени, до создания более организованных групп (туан), где определенные участники берут на себя определенные роли и обязанности. В том числе и в последней форме, эти собрания часто остаются открытыми для новичков. Деятельность, наблюдаемая в этих пространствах, заслуживает анализа на предмет выразительности, которую несет каждое из них. Но в этой статье меня особенно заинтересуют собрания, которые дают возможность заново услышать песни, первоначальный контекст создания и исполнения которых восходит к эпохе маоизма (1949-1976). Хотя пропаганда в этот период принимала высокоэстетизированные и основанные на участии формы, те, кто в то время сталкивался с этим ежедневно, продолжают заставлять звучать через микрофоны и громкоговорители или в шуме хоров произведения для хорового пения и другие арии из образцовых революционных опер (гэмин янбаньси), выученные в юности. Это явление не единично: коммерциализация с начала 1990-х годов многочисленных сборников была частью этого возрождения маоистских музыкальных постановок. К этому следует добавить кампанию по продвижению «красных песен», начатую в 2008 году Бо Силаем, тогдашним главой муниципалитета Чунцин и членом Центрального комитета Коммунистической партии. Тем не менее, хоры и выступления пенсионеров настолько же вписываются в эти процессы, насколько и выделяются из них. Как и другие мероприятия, которые можно увидеть в этих общественных местах, участники описывают их как zifa, «спонтанные», в отличие от тех, которые «находятся в ведении частной организации ю цзужи дэ» и, следовательно, относятся к официальной структуре, такой как государство или партия. In the parks and public squares of Chinese cities, the collective practice of a variety of musical practices over the past three decades has formed one of the most audible and visible manifestations of shared being and doing in the People's Republic of China. Diverse in content, these classes have many common features. Whether it's tai chi, qigong or other exercises, dances "in the square" or dances of "ethnic minorities", reading, singing and playing musical instruments, they gather weekly or daily (in large numbers) men and women, mostly pensioners, who gather in one corner. from the park. These interactions in public space can be located on a continuum from initial meetings, initially spontaneous and then stabilized through repetition over time, to the creation of more organized groups (tuan), where certain participants take on specific roles and responsibilities. Even in the latter form, these meetings often remain open to newcomers. The activities observed in these spaces deserve analysis for the expressiveness that each brings. But in this article I will be particularly interested in collections that offer the opportunity to hear anew songs whose original context of creation and performance dates back to the Maoist era (1949-1976). Although propaganda during this period took on highly aestheticized and participatory forms, those who experienced it on a daily basis at the time continue to force choral works and other arias from exemplary revolutionary operas (gemin yangbanshi) to be heard through microphones and loudspeakers or in the noise of choirs. , learned in youth. This is not an isolated phenomenon: the commercialization of numerous compilations since the early 1990s has been part of this revival of Maoist musical productions. Added to this is the “red song” campaign launched in 2008 by Bo Xilai, then Chongqing municipal chief and member of the Communist Party Central Committee. However, choirs and performances by pensioners fit into these processes as much as they stand out from them. Like other events that can be seen in these public spaces, participants describe them as zifa, "spontaneous", as opposed to those that are "run by the private organization Yu Zuzhi De" and therefore belong to an official structure such as state or party.

Abstract The association of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression with the activity of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy setting has encouraged us to study the prevalence of PD-L1 in muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIUBC) patients. Since, the prevalence of PD-L1 expression and its prognostic role in MIUBC is unclear in China, we conducted a multi-center, prospective, epidemiological study to investigate prevalence of high PD-L1 expression and its correlation with other exploratory biomarkers including CD8+ T cells and tumor mutation burden (TMB) in Chinese MIUBC patients (NCT03433924). The study enrolled newly diagnosed, untreated MIUBC patients from 17 hospitals in China. High PD-L1 expression by Ventana PD-L1 [SP263] assay was defined as 1) ≥25% tumor cell (TC) + or 2) tumor associated immune cell (IC) area >1%: ≥25% IC+; 3) IC area=1%: 100% IC+. The primary outcome was prevalence of high PD-L1 expression; secondary outcome was PD-L1 expression profile in TC or IC in patients. An exploratory study was conducted to investigate the percentage of patients with high infiltration of CD8+ T cells and elevated TMB using immunohistochemistry and next generation sequencing, respectively. High CD8+ and TMB status was considered if it refers to ˃ median value (3%) and ˃10 mut/Mb, respectively. Association of PD-L1 expression with demographic and baseline characteristics was evaluated by logistic regression model while PD-L1 with tumor biomarkers were evaluated by spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Overall, 248 MIUBC patients were enrolled and 229 patients with PD-L1 data were included. High PD-L1 expression was observed in 52.4% patients. High PD-L1 expression was positive in 59 (25.8%) patients of TC and 82 (35.8%) patients of IC. CD8+ T cell and TMB showed high expression in 44.5% and 54.1% patients, respectively, with mean TMB of 14.14 mut/Mb. The exploratory analysis showed no significant association of PD-L1 expression with age, gender, primary tumor site, metastatic disease, regional lymph node, tobacco use or AJCC stage. Further a weak and positive correlation was observed between percentage of TC with membrane PD-L1 positivity and CD8+ T cells (0.34, 95%Cl, 0.22 - 0.45, p˂0.001), IC with membrane PD-L1 positivity and CD8+ T cells (0.44, 95%Cl, 0.33 - 0.54, p˂0.001), TC with membrane PD-L1 positivity and TMB (0.05, 95%Cl, -0.08 - 0.19, p=0.441), IC with membrane PD-L1 positivity and TMB (0.16, 95%Cl, 0.02 - 0.29, p=0.020). In conclusion, our study showed high prevalence of PD-L1 expression in patients with MIUBC along with their weak, positive correlation with CD8+ T cells and TMB. These findings are consistent with other studies that show that PD-L1 and TMB stand as the most robust predictive biomarkers, but may be uncorrelated. With subsequent follow-up time, the effect of biomarkers on survival will be assessed in future study. Citation Format: Yu Fan, Tao Dai, Dahong Zhang, Hongqian Guo, Fangjian Zhou, Benkang Shi, Shaogang Wang, Zhigang Ji, Chunxi Wang, Xudong Yao, Qiang Wei, Nanhui Chen, Jinchun Xing, Jinjian Yang, Chuize Kong, Jian Huang, Dingwei Ye, Liqun Zhou. Prevalence of PD-L1 expression and its correlation with tumor biomarkers in the Chinese muscle invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6658.

Abstract Background: Dual HER2 targeted therapy with pyrotinib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting HER1, HER2, and HER4) and trastuzumab plus chemotherapy has been approved as neoadjuvant therapy for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer in China based on the results from phase 3 PHEDRA study. However, the optimal chemotherapy partner still needs exploration. This multicenter phase 2 trial (ChiCTR1900022293) aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of epirubicin, cyclophosphamide and pyrotinib followed by docetaxel, trastuzumab and pyrotinib (ECP-THP) as neoadjuvant therapy for patients with stage II-III HER2-positive breast cancer. Methods: Patients received intravenous epirubicin (90 mg/m2) and cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2) on day 1 of each cycle for four 21-day cycles, followed by intravenous docetaxel (75 mg/m2) and trastuzumab (8 mg/kg loading dose, followed by 6 mg/kg) on day 1 for 4 cycles. Pyrotinib 400 mg was given orally once daily throughout the neoadjuvant therapy period. Surgery was performed within 16-20 days after the last neoadjuvant therapy. The primary endpoint was total pathological complete response (tpCR, ypT0/is ypN0) rate. Results: Between May 2020 and May 2022, a total of 175 patients enrolled. As of May 31, 2022, 144 patients had undergone surgery; the median age was 51 years (range, 26-67). Sixty-seven (46.5%) of 144 patients had hormone receptor (HR)-negative disease, and 77 (53.5%) had HR-positive disease. The tpCR rate was 67.4% (97/144; 95%CI, 59.3%-74.5%). Patients with HR-negative disease had numerically higher tpCR rate than those with HR-positive disease (73.1% [95%CI, 61.5%-82.3%] vs. 62.3% [95%CI, 51.2%-72.3%]), but without statistical significance (P=0.230). Miller-Payne grade 4 and 5 pathological responses were found in 22 (15.3%) and 97 (67.4%) of 144 patients, respectively. Regarding clinical response to neoadjuvant therapy before surgery, 31 (21.5%) of 144 patients achieved complete response and 99 (68.8%) achieved partial response, with an objective response rate of 90.3% (95%CI, 84.3%-94.1%). Of 161 patients with available safety data, the most common grade ≥3 adverse events included diarrhea (57.1%), white blood cell count decreased (8.7%), and neutrophil count decreased (5.6%). No treatment-related deaths occurred. Conclusions: Patients with stage II-III HER2-positive breast cancer show favorable clinical and pathological response to this ECP-THP neoadjuvant regimen, with an acceptable safety profile. Citation Format: Qiyun Shi, Xiaowei Qi, Peng Tang, Linjun Fan, Li Chen, Shushu Wang, Guozhi Zhang, Mengyuan Wang, Hongying Che, Pengwei Lv, Dejie Chen, Jinhui Hu, Qiuyun Li, Yanwu Zhang, Qiao Yu, Kunxian Yang, Yuan Zhong, Chuang Chen, Zemin Zhou, Liyuan Qian, Jingwei Zhang, Mingde Ma, Yi Sun, Jiangbo Liu, Yi Zhang, Jun Jiang. Epirubicin, cyclophosphamide and pyrotinib followed by docetaxel, trastuzumab and pyrotinib as neoadjuvant therapy for stage II-III HER2-positive breast cancer: a single-arm, multicenter phase 2 trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr OT2-22-01.

Abstract Background Around 30-40% of early breast cancer (EBC) patients relapse after curative surgery and systemic treatment. However, it is very difficult to identify the patients with high risks of relapse. Recently, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is shown to be a sensitive method to evaluate the minimal residual disease (MRD) of solid tumors after surgery. Here, we explored the prognostic value of ctDNA in a large real-world study of EBC patients. Method 346 invasive EBC patients from three hospitals in China were enrolled in this study. All patients received radical surgery and were followed up for a median of 13.1 months from surgery. 17 patients developed local and/or distant relapse during the follow-up. Primary breast cancer samples (n=346) and plasma samples (n=1059) were subjected to deep targeted sequencing using a large next-generation sequencing panel that covers 1,021 cancer-related genes. Results Among the 346 patients, 153 patients had detectable ctDNA in at least one of the plasma samples and 15 of them relapsed. Only two of the 193 patients with consistent negative ctDNA relapsed, demonstrating the value of positive ctDNA in predicting RFS (p< 0.0001; HR=13.09; 95%CI: 2.98-57.45). Of 334 patients who had postoperative plasma samples tested, 108 patients with positive ctDNA in at least one of the postoperative plasma samples had 11 relapse during follow-up, which had a significantly worse RFS than the 226 patients with negative postoperative ctDNA and 4 relapse (p< 0.0005; HR=5.98; 95%CI: 1.90-18.79). In this study, 176 patients received neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) and 59 of them had twice or more ctDNA tests before surgery. Among them, 12 patients with negative ctDNA before NAT remained negative before surgery and had no relapse, 36 patients with positive ctDNA before NAT turned negative before surgery and had 4 relapse, while 11 patients kept positive ctDNA before surgery and had 2 relapse. 165 patients received NAT and had postoperative ctDNA tests. Of the 31 patients achieved pCR, 21 patients with negative postoperative ctDNA did not relapse and 10 patients with positive postoperative ctDNA had 1 relapse. Of the 134 non-pCR patients, 90 patients with negative postoperative ctDNA had 4 (4.4%) relapse, which is significantly better than the 44 patients with positive postoperative ctDNA and 8 (18.2%) relapse (p< 0.05), indicating the feasibility to further distinguish the real high-risk patients among the patients with non-pCR after NAT. Among the 17 patients with relapse or metastasis, 11 patients had positive ctDNA after surgery before relapse and the median lead time was 74 days and a maximum of 526 days. Four patients had negative ctDNA before relapse and two patients did not test after surgery. Conclusions Circulating tumor DNA is a sensitive assay to predict the relapse in early breast cancer, especially in the patients who received NAT and did not achieve pCR. This may provide a window of opportunity to personalize the escalated adjuvant treatment in patients with high relapse risk. Table 1. The association between patients’ characteristics and ctDNA positivity Citation Format: Qiang Liu, Mengzi Wu, Shunying Li, Yudong Li, Liang Jin, Qianfeng Shi, Yu Zhang, Chang Gong. A large real-world study of circulating tumor DNA in early breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-07.

Introdução: A COVID-19 tornou-se uma emergência de saúde pública no ano de 2020, sendo caracterizada como pandemia no mês de março. Os idosos compõem o grupo de risco dessa doença. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da pandemia de COVID-19 sobre os idosos. Material e Método: A busca pelos artigos foi realizada através da plataforma Pubmed, com a inclusão de 17 estudos. Resultados: Os resultados ressaltaram a prevalência da doença entre a população idosa, e evidenciaram que esse grupo apresenta sintomas atípicos e com duração ligeiramente mais longa desde o início da sintomatologia até a sua admissão, tornando-se mais difícil a identificação da infecção de forma precoce. As manifestações clínicas mais relatadas foram: febre, tosse, produção de escarro, diarreia, fadiga, pneumonia e lesão cardíaca aguda. Também se observa que comorbidades, como hipertensão e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, levam a uma disfunção cardíaca e pulmonar devido a mudanças fisiológicas e anatômicas dos pulmões, agravando o quadro clínico dos pacientes. Os exames de imagem se mostraram grandes aliados ao diagnóstico das alterações pulmonares decorrentes da infecção, além da realização do exame RT-PCR. Conclusão: Os idosos compõem o grupo de risco da COVID-19, sendo indivíduos com comorbidades os mais susceptíveis à agravamentos clínicos. Há necessidades em seguir as recomendações da OMS por não haver um tratamento específico destinado a essa patologia.
 Descritores: Infecções por Coronavírus; Idoso; Diagnóstico Clínico.
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Parents play an important role in the development of their children. This research reflects the role of parents in developing children. Through four stages of identification, screening, eligibility, and acceptable results, this method uses a systematic literature review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) method. The findings from the fourteen articles examined show that parenting skills play an important role in a child's growth and development from birth to death. The determining factor in the development of physical, motoric, moral, language, social-emotional, and life skills aspects is the role of both parents as important teachers for children from birth to adulthood. Parents can also use a variety of parenting strategies and skills, many of which they have learned throughout their lives and passed on to their children, to help their children grow.
 Keywords: Role of Parents, Child Development, first education for children
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 本文考訂楊伯峻《春秋左傳注》（以下簡稱《左傳注》），以《左傳》成公二年爲範圍，討論“無能爲役”“詰朝”、“朝食”、“大户”四則。經詞例分析，“無能爲役”之“役”當爲名詞，應從《左傳》襄公十七年《春秋左傳集解》（以下簡稱《集解》）釋爲“役事”，較《左傳注》解作“僕役”適洽。《左傳》四見“詰朝”，《集解》於三處釋“平旦”、一處釋“明朝”，《左傳注》解作明日早晨。本文讀“詰”爲“佶”而訓爲“正”，先秦典籍“正”字常有“平”義；至於“朝”與“旦”皆有“早”義，故“詰朝”即“平旦”。《左傳注》謂“朝食”爲早上進食，《史記》則將“朝食”寫爲“會食”。然就《左傳》載齊頃公“余姑翦滅此而朝食”語，顯是自認可在早上結束戰争，故“朝食”仍應解爲在早上進食。《集解》釋“大户”爲“閲民户口”而《左傳注》解作“清理户口”，“大户”之“大”應讀爲“汏”。《説文》謂“汏”字本義爲“淅㶕”，即後世所謂淘洗，沙汏、淘汏皆自“汏”字本義引申。從另一角度言，“淅㶕”亦有清理、計算義；且《左傳》“閲”字亦有“計算”義，故《集解》釋“大户”爲“閲民户口”即計算户籍，乃讀“大”爲“汏”。 This article examines four phrases in Yang Bojun’s Commentary on the Zuo Tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals (hereafter Yang’s Commentary), namely “wu neng wei yi” 無能爲役, “jie chao” 詰朝, “zhao shi” 朝食, and “da hu” 大户, which are found in the second year of Duke Cheng of Lu (589 B.C.) in the Zuozhuan. According to the analysis of a register of example phrases, the word “yi” in the phrase “wu neng wei yi” should be regarded as a noun, which refers to “service matter” as seen in Duke Xiang 17 in Collective Exegeses on the Zuo Tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals (hereafter, Collective Exegeses). This reading makes more sense than Yang’s Commentary, in which the word is glossed as “servant.” The phrase “jie chao” occurs four times in Zuozhuan. In Collective Exegeses it is glossed as “dawn” three times and as “the next morning” once. In Yang’s Commentary, however, all four occurrences are glossed as “the next morning.” The present article reads “jie” 詰 as “ji” 佶 and glosses it as “zheng” 正 (“the horizon”). In pre-Qin texts, the character “zheng” often carries the meaning of “the horizon.” The characters “chao” and “dan” both mean “dawn.” Therefore, the phrase “jie chao” refers to “dawn.” In Collective Exegeses, the phrase “zhao shi” is glossed as “eating a meal in the morning.” In the Shiji, “zhao shi” is written as “hui shi” 會食; however, the Zuozhuan records a sentence said by Duke Qing of Qi, “Yu gu jian mie ci er zhao shi” 余姑翦滅此而朝食, which clearly refers to a statement to himself that the battle could be over in the morning. Therefore, “zhao shi’ should still be understood as “eating a meal in the morning.” The Collective Exegeses glosses the phrase “da hu” as to “check on” (“yue” 閲) household occupants, while Yang’s Commentary glosses it as “canceling one’s residence registration.” Therefore, “da” should be read as “tai” 汏. According to the Shuowen, the original meaning of “tai” is “to wash in a pan or basket” (“xi jian” 淅㶕); referring to weeding out something/someone in today’s parlance. Moreover, several other phrases such as “sha tai” 沙汰 and “tao tai” 淘汰 were derived from the same original meaning. From another angle, the phrase “xi jian” also carries the meanings of “checking” or “calculating.” In the Zuozhuan, the word “yue” also means “calculating”; therefore, the phrase “da hu” means “checking on (“yue”) the household occupants or, in other words, to calculate household registries. The word “da” should be read as “tai”.

In the article cited above, there was an error in the author affiliation list. The affiliation “Department of Endocrinology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China” has been removed; the correct affiliation list is below. Yanyan Chen,1 Hongmei Jia,2 Xin Qian,1 Jinping Wang,3 Meng Yu,2 Qiuhong Gong,1 Yali An,1 Hui Li,3 Sidong Li,4 Na Shi,1 Zhongmei Zou,2 and Guangwei Li1,5 1Endocrinology Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 2Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 3Department of Cardiology, Da Qing First Hospital, Da Qing, China 4Medical Research and Biometrics Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China 5Department of Endocrinology, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China The online version of the article (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1520) has been updated with the correct affiliation list.

This essay argues that the succession of the thrones possibly originated from Confucius, then it was developed by his seventy famous disciples, and later it faded when confronted by Xunzi’s strong assertion in the Rites system. This process reflects the arduous exploration of the pre-Qin Confucianist School into traditional Chinese political system from both theory and practice. The succession of the thrones is not only an innovation based on the historical facts in early ancient China, but also a reconciliation for the chaos back then. The scene of societal prosperity brought by the succession of the thrones is depicted at the beginning of chapter Yao Code, the Book of History. Also, in the Analects, the praise of the Kings Yao, Shun and Yu can be regarded as the praise of the succession of the thrones, yet it has an inner tension with the Rites system. The strong relationship between the primitive Confucianist School and the Way of Tang and Yu as well as Rong Cheng Shi, the bamboo slips unearthed in Hubei Province, negates the possibility that the latter are the works of the Mohist School. The succession of the thrones proposed by the pre-Qin Confucianist School was strongly suppressed both by the feudal lords for the sake of their vested interests and the traditional Rites system, which are the genuine reasons for the disappearance of the fore-mentioned and related literature. At the very core of the succession of the thrones, there exists a spirit of criticism on the reality at the time, which showed strong sympathy towards the masses who lived in adversity, and it is an important national resource in the process of China’s modern construction of its political system.

The organoleptic profile and quality of wine are affected by the presence of different non-Saccharomyces species and strains. Therefore, the identification and characterization of non-Saccharomyces yeasts are the first step to understand their function, and to develop a better strain selection program for winemaking. This study investigated the biodiversity of non-Saccharomyces yeasts associated with spontaneous fermentation of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from five sub-regions (Shi Zuishan, Yinchuan, Yu Quanying, Qing Tongxia and Hong Sibu) in Ningxia, China. Yeast species were identified by sequencing the 26S rRNA D1/D2 region, and strains at the subspecies level were discriminated using tandem repeat-tRNA (TRtRNA) PCR analysis. A total of 524 yeast colonies were isolated, and 19 non-Saccharomyces yeast species belonging to 10 genera were identified, including Aureobasidium pullulans, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus sp., C. flavescens, C. terrestris, C. magnus, Cystofilobasidium ferigula, Candida zemplinina, Filobasidium magnum, Filobasidium sp., F. elegans, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Metschnikowia pimensis, M. pulcherrima, Naganishia albida, Pichia kluyveri, P. kudriavzevii, Rhodotorula glutinis and R. graminis. Hanseniaspora uvarum, C. zemplinina, and M. pulcherrima were the three most dominated species, while other non-Saccharomyces species were only present in the early stage of spontaneous fermentations at different levels. Further, for the yeast discrimination at strain level, 34 profiles were obtained by amplification with primer pairs TtRNASC/5CAG, while 40 profiles were obtained with primer pairs TtRNASC/ISSR-MB. This study explored the diversity of non-Saccharomyces species in Ningxia, China, and made an important contribution of genetic resources for further strain development.

Introduction & Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant complication in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), leading to increased morbidity and mortality. SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have shown promise for improving renal outcomes. This prospective observational study (NCT05047471) aimed to evaluate the influence of SGLT2i, alone or in combination with other antidiabetic agents, on the progression of renal dysfunction. Methods: Rate ratios and their confidence intervals were used to evaluate the results. Results: A total of 9,672 patients with T2D were evaluated at baseline at 45 hospitals, with 6,707 reaching the 26-week endpoint. The SGLT2i group showed a significantly higher HbA1c improvement rate compared to the non-SGLT2i group with a rate ratio (RR) of 1.09 (95% CI 1.03-1.15). In addition, the SGLT2i group showed a significantly lower risk of eGFR decrease (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.78-0.87) and urinary albuminine ratio increase (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.98). The combined endpoint of HbA1c reduction with stable renal function showed a significantly higher RR in the SGLT2i group at 1.17 (95% CI 1.11-1.23) compared to the non-SGLT2i group. Various hierarchical and results can be found in Figure 1. Conclusion: These results highlight the potential benefits of SGLT2i in the treatment of CKD and support consideration of these agents in the treatment of patients with T2D and renal complications. Disclosure Y. Xue: None. L. Shi: None. X. Yu: None. Y. Wang: None. T. Hong: None. X. Li: None. J. Ma: None. D. Zhu: None. Y. Mu: None.

In post-socialist China, gender norms are marked by rising divorce rates (Kleinman et al.), shifting attitudes towards sex (Farrer; Yan), and a growing commercialisation of sex (Zheng). These phenomena have been understood as indicative of market reforms unhinging past gender norms. In the socialist period, the radical politics of the time moulded women as gender neutral even as state policies emphasised their feminine roles in maintaining marital harmony and stability (Evans). These ideas around domesticity bear strong resemblance to pre-socialist understandings of womanhood and family that anchored Chinese society before the Communists took power in 1949. In this pre-socialist understanding, women were categorised into a hierarchy that defined their rights as wives, mothers, concubines, and servants (Ebrey and Watson; Wolf and Witke). Women who transgressed these categories were regarded as potentially dangerous and powerful enough to break up families and shake the foundations of Chinese society (Ahern). This paper explores the extent to which understandings of Chinese femininity have been reconfigured in the context of China’s post-1979 development, particularly after the 2000s.The popular television dramas Chinese Style Divorce (2004, Divorce), Dwelling Narrowness (2009, Dwelling), and Divorce Lawyers (2014, Lawyers) are set against this socio-cultural backdrop. The production of these shows is regulated by the China State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT), who has the power to grant or deny production and distribution permits. Post-production, the dramas are sold to state-owned television stations for distribution (Yu 36). Haiqing Yu summarises succinctly the state of Chinese media: “Chinese state manipulation and interference in the media market has seen the party-state media marketized but not weakened, media control decentralized but not reduced, and the media industry commercialized but not privatized” (42). Shot in one of the biggest cities in Shandong, Qingdao, Divorce focuses on Doctor Song Jianping and his schoolteacher wife Lin Xiaofeng and the conflicts between Song and Lin, who quits her job to become a stay-at-home mom after her husband secures a high-paying job in a foreign-invested hospital. Lin becomes paranoid and volatile, convinced that their divorced neighbour Xiao Li is having an affair with Song. Refusing to explain the situation, Song is willing to give her a divorce but fights over guardianship of their son. In the end, it is unconfirmed whether they reconcile or divorce. Divorce was recognised as TV Drama of the Year in 2004 and the two leads also won awards for their acting. Reruns of the show continue to air. According to Hui Faye Xiao, “It is reported that many college students viewed this TV show as a textbook on married life in urban settings” (118). Dwelling examines the issue of skyrocketing housing prices and the fates of the Guo sisters, Haizao and Haiping, who moved from rural China to the competitive economically advanced metropolis. Haiping is obsessed with buying an apartment while her younger sister becomes the mistress of a corrupt official, Song Siming. Both sisters receive favours from Song, which leads to Haiping’s success in purchasing a home. However, Haizao is less fortunate. She has a miscarriage and her uterus removed while Song dies in a car accident. Online responses from the audience praise Dwelling for its penetrating and realistic insights into the complex web of familial relationships navigated by Chinese people living in a China under transformation (Xiao, “Woju”). Dwelling was taken off the air when a SARFT official criticised the drama for violating state-endorsed “cultural standards” in its explicit discussions of sex and negative portrayals of government officials (Hung, “State” 156). However, the show continued to be streamed online and it has been viewed and downloaded more than 100 million times (Yu 34). In Lawyers, Luo Li and Chi Haidong are two competing divorce lawyers in Beijing who finally tie the knot. Chi was a happily married man before catching his wife with her lover. Newly divorced, he moves into the same apartment building as Luo and the drama focuses on a series of cases they handle, most of which involve extramarital affairs. Lawyers has been viewed more than 1.6 billion times online (v.qq.com) and received the China Huading award for “favourite television drama” in 2015. Although these dramas contain some conventional elements of domestic melodramas, such as extramarital affairs and domestic disputes, they differ from traditional Chinese television dramas because they do not focus on the common trope of fraught mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationships.Centred on the politics of family ethics, these hugely popular dramas present the transformation in gender norms as a struggle between post-socialist and pre-socialist understandings of femininity. On the one hand, these dramas celebrate the emergence of a post-socialist femininity that is independent, economically successful, and sexually liberated, epitomising this new understanding of womanhood in the figures of single women and mistresses. On the other hand, the dramas portray these post-socialist women in perpetual conflict with wives and mothers who propound a pre-socialist form of femininity that is sexually conservative and defined by familial relationships, and is economically less viable in the market economy. Focusing on depictions of femininity in these dramas, this paper offers a comparative analysis into the extent to which gender norms have been reconfigured in post-socialist China. It approaches these television dramas as a pedagogical device (Brady) and pays particular attention to the ways through which different categories of women interrogated their rights as single women, mistresses, wives, and mothers. In doing so, it illuminates the politics through which a liberal post-socialist femininity unleashed by market transformation is controlled in order to protect the integrity of the family and maintain social order. Post-Socialist Femininity Unleashed: Single Women and Mistresses A woman’s identity is inextricably linked to her marital status in Chinese society. In pre-socialist China, women relied on men as providers and were expected to focus on contributing to her husband’s family (Ebrey and Watson; Wolf and Witke). This pre-socialist positioning of women within the private realm of the family, though reinterpreted, continued to resonate in the socialist period when women were expected to fulfil marital obligations as wives and participate in the public domain as revolutionaries (Evans). While the pressure to marry has not disappeared in post-socialist China, as the derogatory term “leftover women” (single women over the age of 27) indicates, there are now more choices for single women living in metropolitan cities who are highly educated and financially independent. They can choose to remain single, get married, or become mistresses. Single women can be regarded as a threat to wives because the only thing holding them back from becoming mistresses is their morals. The 28-year-old “leftover woman” Luo Li (Lawyers) is presented as morally superior to single women who choose to become mistresses (Luo Meiyuan and Shi Jiang) and therefore deserving of a happy ending because she breaks up with her boss as soon as she discovers he is married. Luo Li quits to set up a law firm with her friend Tang Meiyu. Both women are beautiful, articulate, intelligent, and sexually liberated, symbolising unleashed post-socialist femininity. Part of the comic relief in Lawyers is the subplot of Luo’s mother trying to introduce her to “eligible” bachelors such as the “PhD man” (Episodes 20–21). Luo is unwilling to lower her standards to escape the stigma of being a “leftover woman” and she is rewarded for adhering to her ideals in the end when she convinces the marriage-phobic Chi Haidong to marry her after she rejects a marriage proposal from her newly divorced ex-lover. While Luo Li refuses to remain a mistress, many women do not subscribe to her worldview. Mistresses have existed throughout Chinese history in the form of concubines and courtesans. A wealthy and powerful man was expected to have concubines, who were usually from lower socio-economic backgrounds (Ebrey and Watson; Liu). Mistresses, now referred to as xiaosan, have become a heated topic in post-socialist China where they are regarded as having the power to destroy families by transgressing moral boundaries. Some argue that the phenomenon is a result of the market-driven economy where women who desire a financially stable life use their sexuality to seek rich married men who lust for younger mistresses as symbols of power. Ruth Y.Y. Hung characterises the xiaosan phenomenon as a “horrendous sex trade [that is] a marker of neoliberal market economies in the new PRC” (“Imagination” 100). A comparison of the three dramas reveals a transformation in the depiction of mistresses over the last decade. While Xiao Li (Divorce) is never “confirmed” as Song Jianping’s mistress, she flirts with him and crosses the boundaries of a professional relationship, posing a threat to the stability of Song’s family life. Although Haizao (Dwelling) is university-educated and has a stable, if low-paying job, she chooses to break up with her earnest caring fiancé to be the mistress of the middle-aged Song Siming who offers her material benefits in the form of “loans” she knows she will never be able to repay, a fancy apartment to live in, and other “gifts” such as dining at expensive restaurants and shopping at big malls. While the fresh-faced Haizao exhibits a physical transformation after becoming Song’s mistress, demonstrated through her newly permed hair coupled with an expensive red coat, mistresses in Lawyers do not change in this way. Dong Dahai’s mistress, the voluptuous Luo Meiyuan is already a successful career woman who flaunts her perfect makeup, long wavy hair, and body-hugging dresses (Episodes 12–26). She exudes sexual confidence but her relationship is not predicated on receiving financial favours in return for sexual ones. She tells Dong’s wife that the only “third person” in a relationship is the “unloved” one (Episode 15). Another mistress who challenges old ideas of the power dynamic of the rich man and financially reliant young woman is the divorced Shi Jiang, Tang Meiyu’s former classmate, who becomes the mistress of Tang’s husband (Cao Qiankun) without any moral qualms, even though she knows that her friend is pregnant with his child. A powerful businesswoman, Shi is the owner of a high-end bar that Cao frequents after losing his job. Unable to tell his wife the truth, he spends most days wandering around and is unable to resist Shi’s advances because she claims to have loved him since their university days and that she understands him. In this relationship, Shi has taken on the role traditionally assigned to men: she is the affluent powerful one who is able to manipulate the downtrodden unemployed man by “lending” him money in his time of need, offering him a job at her bar (Episode 17), and eventually finding him a new job through her connections (Episodes 23–24). When Cao leaves home after Tang finds out about the affair, Shi provides him with a place to stay (Episode 34). Because the viewers are positioned to root for Tang due to her role as the female lead’s best friend, Shi is immediately set up as one of the villains, although she is portrayed in a more sympathetic light after she reveals to Cao that she was forced to give up her son to her ex-husband in America (who cheated on her) in order to finalise her divorce (Episode 29).The portrayal of different mistresses in Lawyers signals a transformation in the representation of gender compared to Divorce and Dwelling, because the women are less naïve than Haizao, financially well-off because of their business acumen, and much more outspoken and determined to fight for what they want. On the surface these women are depicted as more liberated and free from gender hierarchies and sexual oppression. Hung describes xiaosan as “an active if constrained agent . . . whose new mode of life has become revealingly defensible and publicly acceptable in socioeconomic terms that reflect the moral changes that follow economic reforms” (“State” 166). However, the closure of these storylines suggest that although more complex reasons for becoming a mistress have been explored in the new drama, mistresses are still regarded as a threat to social stability and therefore punished, challenging Hung’s argument about the “acceptability” of mistresses in post-socialist China. Post-Socialist Femininity Restrained: Wives and MothersCountering these liberal forms of post-socialist femininity are portrayals of righteous wives and exemplary mothers. These depictions articulate a moral positioning grounded in pre-socialist and socialist understandings of a woman’s place in Chinese society. These portrayals of moral women check the transgressive powers of single women and mistresses with the potential to break families up. More importantly, they remind the audience of desired gender norms that retain the integrity of the family and anchor a society undergoing rapid transformation.The three dramas portray wives who are stridently righteous in their confrontations with women they perceive as a threat to their families. These women find moral justification for the violence they inflict on transgressors from cultural understandings of their rights as wives. Lin Xiaofeng (Divorce) repeatedly challenges Xiao Li to explain the “logic” underlying her actions when she discovers that Xiao accompanied Song Jianping to a wedding (Episode 14). The “logic” Lin refers to is a cultural understanding that it is her right as wife to accompany Song to public events and not Xiao’s. By transgressing this moral boundary, Xiao accords Lin the moral authority to cast doubt on her abilities as a doctor in a public confrontation. It also provides moral justification for Lin to slap Xiao when she suggests that Lin is an embarrassment to her husband, an argument that underscores Lin’s failure and challenges her moral authority as wife. Jiang Miaomiao (Dwelling) draws on similar cultural understandings when she appears at the apartment Haizao shares with Song Siming (Episode 33). Jiang positions herself in the traditional role of a wife as a household manager (Ebrey) whose responsibilities include paying Song’s mistresses. She puts Haizao into a subordinate position by arguing that since Haizao is less than a mistress and slightly better than a prostitute, she is not worth the money Song has given her. When Haizao refuses to return the money a tussle ensues, causing Haizao to have a miscarriage. Likewise, Miao Jinxiu (Lawyers) draws on similar cultural understandings of a wife’s position when she laments popular arguments that depict mistresses such as Luo Meiyuan as usurping the superior position of wives like herself who are less attractive and able to navigate the market economy. Miao describes these arguments as “inverting black into white” (Episode 19). She publicly humiliates Luo by throwing paint on her at a charity event (Episode 17) and covers Luo’s car with posters labelling Luo a “slut,” “prostitute,” and “shameless” (Episode 18). Miao succeeds in “winning” her husband back. The public violence Miao inflicts on Luo and her success in protecting her marriage are struggles to reinforce the boundaries defining the categories of wife and mistress as these limits become increasingly challenged in China. In contrast to the violent strategies that Lin, Jiang, and Miao adopt, Tang Meiyu resists Shi Jiang’s destructive powers by reminding her errant husband of the emotional warmth of their family. She asks him, “Do you still remember telling me what the nicest sound is at home?” For Cao, the best sounds are Tang’s laughter, their baby’s cries, the sound of the washing machine, and the flushing of their leaky toilet (Episode 43). The couple reconciles and even wins a lottery that cements their “happy ending.” By highlighting the warmth of their family, Tang reminds Cao of her rightful place as wife, restrains Shi from breaking up the couple, and protects the integrity of the family. It is by drawing on deeply entrenched cultural understandings of the rights of wives that these women find the moral authority to challenge, restrain, and control the transgressive powers of mistresses and single women. The dramas’ portrayals of mothers further reinforce the sense that there is a need to restrain liberal forms of post-socialist femininity embodied by errant daughters who transgress the moral boundaries of the family. Lin Xiaofeng’s mother (Divorce) assumes the role of the forgiving wife and mother. She not only forgives Lin’s father for having an affair but raises Lin, her husband’s love child, as her own (Episode 23). On her deathbed, she articulates the values underlying her acceptance of this transgression, namely that one needs to be “a little kinder, more tolerant, and a little muddleheaded” when dealing with matters of the family. Her forgiveness bears fruit in the form of the warm companionship and support she enjoys with Lin’s father. This sends a strong pedagogical message to the audience that it is possible for a marriage to remain intact if one is willing to forgive. In contrast, Haizao’s mother (Dwelling) adopts the role of the disciplinary mother. She attempts to beat Haizao with a coat hanger when she finds out that her daughter is pregnant with Song Siming’s child (Episode 31). She describes Haizao’s decision as “the wrong path” and is emphatic that abortion is the only way to right this wrong. She argues that abortion will allow her daughter to start life anew in a relationship she describes as “open and aboveboard,” which will culminate in marriage. When Haizao rejects her mother’s disciplining, her lover dies in a car accident and she has a miscarriage. She loses her ability to speak for two months after these double tragedies and pays the ultimate price, losing her reproductive abilities. Luo Li’s mother (Lawyers), Li Chunhua, extends this pedagogical approach by adopting the role of public counsellor as a talk show host. Li describes Luo’s profession as “wicked” because it focuses on separating the family (Episode 9). Instead, she promotes reconciliation as an alternative. She counsels couples to remain together by propounding traditional family values, such as the need for daughters-in-law to consider the filial obligations of sons when managing their relationship with their mothers-in-law (Episode 25). Her rising ratings and the effectiveness of her strategy in bringing estranged couples like Miao Jinxiu and Dong Dahai back together (Episode 26) challenges the transgressive powers of mistresses by preventing the separation of families. More importantly, as with Haizao’s and Lin’s mothers, the moral force of Li’s position and the alternatives to divorce that she suggests draw on pre-socialist and socialist understandings of family values that underscore the sanctity of marriage to the audience. By reminding errant daughters of deeply embedded cultural standards of what it means to be a woman in Chinese society, these mothers are moral exemplars who restrain the potentiality of daughters becoming mistresses. ConclusionMarket reforms have led to a transformation in understandings of womanhood in post-socialist China. Depictions of mistresses and single women as independent, economically successful, and sexually liberated underscores the emergence of liberal forms of post-socialist femininity. Although adept at navigating the new market economy, these types of post-socialist women threaten the integrity of the family and need to be controlled. Moral arguments articulated by wives and mothers restrain the potentially destructive powers of post-socialist womanhood by drawing on deeply embedded understandings of the rights of women shaped in pre-socialist China. It is by disciplining liberal forms of post-socialist femininity such that they fit back into deeply embedded gender hierarchies that social order is restored. By illuminating the moral politics undergirding relationships between women in post-socialist China, the dramas discussed underscore the continued significance of television as a pedagogical device through which desired gender norms are popularised. These portrayals of the struggles between liberal forms of post-socialist femininity and conservative pre-socialist understandings of womanhood as lived in everyday life serve to communicate the importance of protecting the integrity of the family and maintaining social stability in order for China to continue to pursue development. ReferencesAhern, Emily. “The Power and Pollution of Chinese Women.” Women in Chinese Society. Eds. Margery Wolf et al. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1975. 193–214. Brady, Anne-Marie. Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. China Huading Award. “Top 100 TV Series Satisfaction Survey.” 9 Aug. 2015. Chinese Style Divorce. Writ. Wang Hailing. Dir. 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