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Journal articles on the topic 'Chinese and Indian'
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1
Shen, Simon. "Exploring the Neglected Constraints on Chindia: Analysing the Online Chinese Perception of India and its Interaction with China's Indian Policy." China Quarterly 207 (September 2011): 541–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741011000646.
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AbstractIn recent years, the governments of China and India have initiated a strategic partnership. Talks of creating an integrated “Chindia” economic hub have been commonplace. Many studies have been undertaken from conflicting perspectives on bilateral relations at the high level, but how ordinary Chinese people view their contemporary Indian counterparts and how this provides a civic dimension to the partnership remains under-explored. In an authoritarian nation where exhibiting sentiments contrary to the party-state's policy is not encouraged and remains uncommon, the Chinese have increasingly relied upon the internet to express their views on various aspects of policy, including that towards India. Using systematic, qualitative research on the online community, this article categorizes the various opinions expressed by Chinese internet users about India, the Indians and Beijing's Indian policy; analyses the apparent huge gap between these perceptions and the official rhetoric of Beijing; and forecasts how such perceptions might influence future Sino-Indian relations.
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Garver, John. "The Unresolved Sino–Indian Border Dispute." China Report 47, no. 2 (May 2011): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944551104700204.
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This paper posits that China’s insistence on the ‘return’ to China of the territory constituting Arunachal Pradesh, and even China’s insistence on Indian cession of a salient of territory in the Tawang area of that region, is a form of Chinese deterrence of what Beijing takes to be potentially dangerous ‘anti-China’ behaviour by India. Deep divergence of Chinese and Indian perceptions of Tibet, plus the history of Indian support for unarmed and armed Tibetan resistance to Chinese Communist rule of Tibet, makes Beijing fearful that India might again, someday, work to undermine Chinese rule in Tibet. An open territorial dispute serves as a standing threat to ‘teach India a lesson’, underlining for New Delhi the need for great circumspection in dealing with China. Indian strategic alignment with the United States exacerbates Chinese fears. The intensity of China’s implicit threat can be turned up or down by Beijing as the perversity of Indian policy indicates. Keeping the border issue open dovetails with China’s continuing entente with Pakistan and may even be based on an understanding between Beijing and Islamabad. A premise of this argument is that mainstream Indian opinion is willing to translate the line of actual control into an international border.
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Jaiteley, Rudra. "A comparative Study of Chinese and Indian Stock Markets." Journal of Management and Strategy 12, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jms.v12n2p18.
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Both China and India are developing countries with large population and low revenue. This article mainly makes a comparative analysis of the macro environment of Chinese and Indian stock markets and their perspective features. The aim is to investigate the relationships between Indian stock markets and Chinese stock markets. Using Indian and Chinese stock price daily data over the period 1991 to 2019, we found price and spillovers effect from Indian stock market to Chinese stock market and vice versa.
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Sankar, Amal. "Creation of Indian–Chinese cuisine: Chinese food in an Indian city." Journal of Ethnic Foods 4, no. 4 (December 2017): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2017.10.002.
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Galistcheva, Natalia Valerievna, and Elena Vakhtangovna Nebolsina. "The U.S. and China in India’s Foreign Economic Policy: In Quest of Balance for Maintaining Strategic Autonomy." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 304–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-2-304-324.
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The paper investigates trade and investment relations between India and its two major trading partners, viz. the U.S. and China in the 2000-2010s. On the basis of mixed method research with equal use of quantitative and qualitative, as well as historical and statistical methods, the authors estimate the possibilities for expanding interstate interactions and the difficulties the countries might face. By comparing the scale and particulars of the product structure of Indo-American and Indo-Chinese trade, the authors reveal that intra-industry trade between India and the United States is at a fairly high level, which, in turn, is not typical for the trade between India and China, which is mostly inter-industry due to the sluggish cooperation of Indian and Chinese entrepreneurs. The authors assess the intensity of the Indo-American and Indo-Chinese bilateral trade between 2000-2018 by means of indices of intensity of Indias exports and imports to / from the USA and China, as well as indices of intensity of exports and imports of its partners to / from India. The obtained results outline the upward trend of the share of Indian exports to the U.S. relative to other countries, which indicates that India is successfully conquering the U.S. market, and Indian goods are becoming increasingly competitive. Meanwhile, the volume of Indian-Chinese trade remains on a much lower level than it could be expected with the current share of India in the world trade. In the meantime, neither for the United States nor for China, India is a dominant partner. The article also investigates major obstacles hindering the development of both Indo-American and Indo-Chinese bilateral relations. The obtained results enable the authors to predict that in the short- and mid-term economic cooperation between India and its leading partners is likely to strengthen, with India keeping striving for standing neuter while building the two most crucial vectors of its foreign economic policy.
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Hong, Yanyan. "The power of Bollywood: A study on opportunities, challenges, and audiences’ perceptions of Indian cinema in China." Global Media and China 6, no. 3 (June 14, 2021): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20594364211022605.
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India has long been known for its prestigious Mumbai-based film industry, namely Bollywood, and remains by far the largest producer of films in the world. With the growing global reach of Indian cinema, this study looks at an intriguing Indian-film fever over the last decade in the newly discovered market of China. Through examining key factors that make Indian films appealing to Chinese and exploring the opportunities and challenges of Indian cinema in China, this article draws upon insights gained from the narratives of local audiences. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with 32 Indian-film audiences residing across 14 different cities in mainland China. Thematic analysis identified the following five appealing factors, which explain why the Chinese enjoy Indian films: content-driven story, social values, star power, audience reviews and cultural connections. While a comprehensive list of opportunities was derived showing the potential future of Bollywood in China, results found that China’s unique institutional context and an ongoing India–China geopolitical tensions also present challenges, which in turn add to the overall complexity of films’ success in the Chinese market. This article argues the powerful role of Bollywood in bridging cultures and improving India–China ties, as Indian films have made Chinese people more aware of India in a favourable way.
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Groffman, Nicolas. "Indian and Chinese espionage." Defense & Security Analysis 32, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2016.1160486.
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Bhama, Vandana, P. K. Jain, and Surendra S. Yadav. "Pecking Order among Select Industries from India and China." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262916681255.
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The present article tests the pecking order of various industries from India and China. Firms in each industry have been segregated into deficit and surplus groups. The empirical findings indicate that a large number of industries from India and China adhere perfectly to the pecking order during deficiency. Borrowings through long-term debt are more among Indian deficit industries, whereas Chinese industries borrow more short-term debt. The debt issues are considerably large among Indian construction, metal and transport industries, and Chinese electrical and metal industries. During deficiency, Indian industries do not redeem debt with significant amount, while most of the Chinese industries utilize a significant portion of new debt issues to retire existing debt due to heavy reliance on short-term debt and therefore, industries perforce are to redeem more debt. In a surplus situation, the pecking order results indicate mixed evidence pertaining to the pecking order behaviour of Indian as well as Chinese industries. The results are robust for Indian chemicals and information and communications technology (ICT) surplus industries and Chinese metal, pharmaceutical and chemicals industries.
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Garver, John W. "The Restoration of Sino-Indian Comity following India's Nuclear Tests." China Quarterly 168 (December 2001): 865–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009443901000511.
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Indian justification of its May 1998 nuclear tests in terms of Chinese threats to India prompted a multifacited Chinese campaign pressuring New Delhi to retract its offensive statements. One significant element of Chinese concerns with Indian statements was apprehension over an Indian drift toward alignment with the United States. Beijing's efforts were successful and within two years New Delhi had given Beijing the requisite assurances and the normal state of Sino-Indian amity was restored. Sino-Indian interactions in the period after India's May 1998 tests demonstrates the extreme sensitivity of both powers to the other's alignment with the United States in the post-Cold War world.
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Kourousis, Kyriakos I., and Anthony Comer. "Indian and Chinese aviation industry: the EASA framework option." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 90, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-03-2017-0083.
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Purpose This viewpoint aims to increase the awareness on the demand faced by the technical sector of the Indian and Chinese aviation industry and how this can be met by the adoption of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulatory framework. Design/methodology/approach A brief overview of the challenges that the Indian and the Chinese aviation industry is facing is provided, in terms of meeting the demand for sustainable growth. A description of the structure of the EASA framework and its main characteristics is presented, along with a focussed discussion on the framework’s applicability to the Indian and the Chinese aviation maintenance and broader continuing airworthiness sector. Findings The EASA regulatory framework can offer a safe and business-effective solution for the Indian and the Chinese aviation industry, aligning with world’s best practice. Practical implications A discussion in adopting the EASA framework in India and China can be helpful in increasing awareness and assisting decision makers realise that this is a possible option. Originality/value This viewpoint can be useful in provoking discussion, by summarising the key issues and points surrounding aviation regulation standardisation in India and China, along the lines of the EASA framework. Moreover, some possible ways to increase awareness around EASA in India and China are discussed from the point of view of influencing tomorrow’s decision makers.
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DALE, STEPHEN F. "“Silk Road, Cotton Road or . . . . Indo-Chinese Trade in Pre-European Times”." Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (January 2009): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x07003277.
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AbstractIndia and China were the most important producers of textiles in the world prior to the industrial revolution. However, whereas the Western historiography usually discusses Indian cotton and Chinese silk in connection with European imports, or with their sales in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East, cotton and silk were also exchanged between India and China. Indeed, Indian cotton and Chinese silk were probably the principal manufactured goods exchanged between these civilizations. Although Indian records are fragmentary, especially when compared with the voluminous Chinese sources, Indian cotton goods are known to have reached the Indianized states in Xinjiang in the early Common Era (CE), and may have been produced there, in Khotan and the neighbouring states, by the time that indigenous silk production was known to exist in India in the fourth and fifth centuries CE. Yet, while in later centuries large amounts of cotton cloth were produced in China while indigenous centres of silk production developed in India, exchanges of the finest types of cotton and silk cloth continued, usually driven by cultural and social factors in each civilization.
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Warrich, Haseeb Ur Rehman, Rooh Ul Amin Khan, and Salma Umber. "Reporting Sino-Indian Border Conflict Through Peace Journalism Approach." Global Mass Communication Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2020(v-iii).01.
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The study attempts to analyze the coverage of recent Sino-Indian border conflict through peace and war journalism along with understanding how peace journalism ideals can be translated into conflict reporting. The descriptive analysis of news stories published from May 5, 2020, to October 5, 2020, in the mainstream contemporary English press of China (China Daily and Global Times) and India (Times of India and The Hindu) is carried out through content analysis. The period is significant because of the recent border conflict between China and India at Ladakh. The approach of peace and war journalism is explored through in-depth interviews of Indian and Chinese journalists. The study concluded that both Indian and Chinese press employed war framing more dominantly than peace framing while reporting on-going border conflict. A higher instance of peace journalism was recorded in the Chinese press in comparison to the Indian press. The ideals of peace journalism can be achieved by refraining from becoming part of the propaganda paradigm.
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Liu, Zongyi. "Boundary Standoff and China-India Relations: A Chinese Scholar’s Perspective." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 06, no. 02 (January 2020): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740020500141.
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The China-Indian boundary and territorial dispute is one of the major issues affecting Sino-Indian bilateral relations. This issue was a legacy of the British colonialists, but unfortunately, it has been fully inherited by the Indian ruling class. Over the past 60 years, China and India have missed three opportunities to resolve this issue. The Indian ruling class wanted to achieve “absolute security” and therefore introduced a “forward policy”, which led to the 1962 conflict. After the war, India occupied almost all of the strategic commanding heights in the border area between the two countries by continuously encroaching on Chinese territory and pushing the Line of Actual Control (LAC) toward the Chinese side. After Prime Minister Modi came to power in 2014, he adopted the Doval Doctrine and “offensive defense” policy in the border area, with a view to continuing the encroachment on Chinese territory and occupying the strategic commanding heights. The aim was to force China to resolve the border issue in accordance with India’s intentions, so that India can then shift its strategic focus to the Indian Ocean. China-U.S. strategic rivalry and Hindu nationalism have fueled India’s behavior in the border region, and the peaceful resolution of the 2017 Donglang/Doklam standoff has emboldened India, making the bloodshed in Galwan Valley an inevitable incident. That India’s Home Minister Amit Shah categorically declared in August 2019 in Parliament that Aksai Chin was part of new Ladakh Union Territory shows that the Indian government has restored its position on the western sector boundary that the Vajpayee Administration had abandoned in 2003. India is using the Galwan conflict as an excuse to pursue its policy of economic de-Sinicization and strategic alliance with the U.S. and other Western countries. In the future, China-Indian border conflict is likely to become commonplace due to India’s expansionism.
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Berning, Sue Claire. "The rise of Asian elephants and tigers: what makes Indian and Chinese firms competitive?" Journal of Asia Business Studies 13, no. 2 (March 21, 2019): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-05-2016-0074.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to critically analyze the resources and determinants of capabilities and attributes which enable Indian and Chinese firms to develop competitive advantages. The leading research question asks whether the traditional concept of competitiveness can capture Indian and Chinese firms’ competitiveness.Design/methodology/approachA systematic and comprehensive literature review of 62 studies published between 1994 and 2016 with focus on Indian and Chinese firms is conducted to examine the nature and contextual conditions of their competitiveness, as well as the research methods and underlying theories.FindingsTurning disadvantages into advantages and shifting the points of take-off are the most outstanding findings. Moreover, the majority of 88 per cent of the examined studies concludes that Indian and Chinese firms built nontraditional competitive strengths.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the unconventional competitiveness of Indian and Chinese firms, existing theoretical perspectives and research settings need revisions and extensions.Originality/valueUnlike most extant research on India and China, which studies country- or industry-level variables using aggregate data, this paper reveals distinct patterns and similarities and differences of firm-level characteristics. In addition, by exclusively focusing on Indian and Chinese firms’ competitiveness, conclusions about their uniqueness and generalizability can be drawn.
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Zhou, M., F. Tian, U. Lall, and H. Hu. "Insights from a joint analysis of Indian and Chinese monsoon rainfall data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 29, 2011): 2709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2709-2011.
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Abstract. Monsoon rainfall is of great importance for agricultural production in both China and India. Understanding the features of the Indian and Chinese monsoon rainfall and its long term predictability is a challenge for research. In this paper Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method was adopted to analyze Indian monsoon and Chinese monsoon separately as well as jointly during the period 1951 to 2003. The common structure of Indian monsoon and Chinese monsoon rainfall data was explored, and its correlation with large scale climate indices and thus the possibility of prediction were analyzed. The joint PCA results gives a clearer correlation map between Chinese monsoon rainfall and Indian monsoon rainfall. The common rainfall structure presents a significant teleconnection to Sea Surface Temperature anomaly (SSTa), moisture transport and other climate indices. Specifically, our result shows that Northern China would garner less rainfall when whole Indian rainfall is below normal, and with cold SSTa over the Indonesia region more rainfall would be distributed over India and Southern China. The result also shows that SSTa in the previous winter months could be a good indicator for the summer monsoon rainfall in China.
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Mahdihassan, S. "Indian and Chinese Cosmologies Reconsidered." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 13, no. 01n04 (January 1985): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x85000034.
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Indian and Chinese cosmic elements are five. They originate from a common source, Bralrma in Indian and Thai-chi in Chinese. The first created element is Mu = Tree, not wood, and life-form itself, immovable but moves everything else - Akaska in Indian cosmology. Dryness = Metal in Chinese, Moisture = Earth. Fire as Heat and Water as Cold, are common to both systems.
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Garver, John W. "Chinese-Indian Rivalry in Indochina." Asian Survey 27, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 1205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2644723.
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Garver, John W. "Chinese-Indian Rivalry in Indochina." Asian Survey 27, no. 11 (November 1987): 1205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1987.27.11.01p01057.
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Ray, Harprasad, and N. Das. "Indian Images in Chinese Literature." China Report 22, no. 1 (January 1986): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944558602200106.
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Jin, Byoungho, Jin Yong Park, and Jay Sang Ryu. "Comparison of Chinese and Indian consumers' evaluative criteria when selecting denim jeans." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 14, no. 1 (March 2, 2010): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13612021011025492.
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PurposeUS apparel firms have been relatively slow exploring Chinese and Indian apparel markets, despite the countries' tremendous growth potentials. To help US apparel firms successfully enter these promising markets, this study aims to compare evaluative attributes that Chinese and Indian consumers utilize when purchasing denim jeans.Design/methodology/approachData were collected in Shanghai, China and Bangalore, India.FindingsThe results of the study confirmed that Chinese and Indian consumers ranked attributes differently. Chinese consumers placed the highest importance on price, followed by fitting, brand country of origin, quality, and design, whereas Indian consumers placed importance on fitting, brand country of origin, design, price, and quality, in descending order.Research limitations/implicationsCaution needs to be exercised in generalizing the findings since the data for this study were collected from one city in each country. The study tested the idea that the importance of attributes would be different between Chinese and Indian consumers as their cultures and retail development stages differ. This idea was supported in conjoint analysis.Practical implicationsThe findings indicate that a regional approach, assuming that all Asian markets are the same, is inappropriate. Thus, US apparel firms need to pay careful attention to differences in each Asian market.Originality/valueChina and India have been compared frequently in various ways: growth potential, market size, and population. Surprisingly, however, no study has attempted to compare Chinese and Indian consumers' evaluative criteria for apparel products. This is the first empirical study to show the differences between Chinese and Indian consumers in evaluating apparel products.
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Nguyen, Thanh Pham Thien. "Comparison of efficiency and technology across the banking systems of Vietnam, China and India." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 9 (November 29, 2018): 3809–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-04-2017-0078.
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Purpose Given some similarities in the banking industry and economic condition across Vietnam, China and India, the purpose of this paper is to estimate and compare the cost and revenue efficiency of banks across these three countries over the period 1995–2011. Design/methodology/approach This study employs the meta-frontier of Battese et al. (2004) and O’Donnell et al. (2008) which envelops the three country-frontiers to measure the cost and revenue efficiency of banks in these three countries. Findings This study finds that Chinese banks adopt the most advanced cost-reducing and revenue-increasing technology when providing banking products to their customers, followed by Indian banks. Indian banks are as cost-efficient as Chinese banks, but more cost-efficient than Vietnamese banks. Indian banks are as revenue-efficient as Vietnamese banks, but less revenue-efficient than Chinese banks. Over the analysis period, banks in the three countries have employed the more advanced technology in reducing costs, and they have become more cost-efficient. Nonetheless, for revenue side, the improvement in revenue efficiency and adopted technology are observed only in Chinese banks. The main source of meta-cost and meta-revenue inefficiency of these banking systems stems from undertaking inferior technology rather than managerial ability. Results from comparison across bank types show that state-owned banks (SOBs) are more cost and revenue-efficient than privately owned banks, with Indian and Chinese SOBs being the most cost- and revenue-efficient, respectively. Practical implications To improve meta-cost efficiency, Chinese and Indian banks would constitute a relevant benchmark for Vietnamese banks, while to improve meta-revenue efficiency, Chinese banks would be considered as a relevant benchmark for Vietnamese and Indian banks. Originality/value This is the first study which utilizes meta-frontier to compare cost and revenue efficiency and technology across banks in Vietnam, China and India.
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Kumar, Suneel. "China’s Revisionism and Cessation of the Doklam Impasse." Mezinárodní vztahy 56, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32422/mv-cjir.1779.
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In the light of the Chinese and Indian perspectives on the cessation of the Doklam impasse, the present article analyses China’s role and status in international politics. The Chinese perspective described China as a status quo power and never accepted Doklam as a disputed territory. While accusing India of aggression on Chinese territory, it portrayed China as a “responsible power” that ensured the cessation of the Doklam impasse with India through multiple diplomatic and military measures. Opposite to this, the Indian perspective viewed China as a revisionist power and termed the PLA’s activities in Doklam as a source of consternation for its national security. From the Indian perspective, China’s declining growth rate, increasing internal conflicts, the potential threat to its peaceful image, its apprehension regarding the BRI’s derailment, the Korean crisis, the strategically advantageous position of the Indian military in Doklam and New Delhi’s strategic relevance for Beijing in promoting its new economic and political groupings forced China to resolve the standoff peacefully.
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Bhattacharya, Poulomi, and Badri Narayan Rath. "Innovation and Firm-level Labour Productivity: A Comparison of Chinese and Indian Manufacturing Based on Enterprise Surveys." Science, Technology and Society 25, no. 3 (May 22, 2020): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971721820912902.
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This article examines the impact of innovation on labour productivity by using latest World Bank Enterprise Surveys data and compares the results between Chinese and Indian manufacturing sector. The article uses cross-section data based on two surveys that were conducted by the World Bank in 2012 and 2014 for China and India, respectively. By employing simple ordinary least squares (OLS) regression technique, we find that innovation affects the labour productivity positively for Chinese as well as Indian manufacturing firms, but its impact on firm productivity is relatively weak in case of India as compared to China. Second, other factors such as average wage of the workers, education of production workers and training do significantly boost the labour productivity of Chinese manufacturing firms as well as for Indian firms. Third, our results based on firm size also indicate that the impact of innovation activities on labour productivity is higher in case of large firms as compared to medium firms. However, innovation does not affect the labour productivity of small manufacturing firms for both China and India. In terms of policy, it is important for both Chinese and Indian manufacturing firms to keep pursuing innovation activities, in order to spur productivity, which would strengthen firms’ growth.
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Jan, Inamullah, Tariq Mehmood, and Shabir Hussain. "American, Indian and Chinese Media on “Belt and Road Initiative”." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. IV (December 30, 2018): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-iv).03.
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This research treats contents of newspapers from America, China and India reporting on "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI) with respect to US, India and China's foreign policies. The study investigates if unlike China, American and Indian press relatively report more 'risk' than 'opportunity' frames on BRI. Detailed literature on risks and opportunity frames is produced through media lenses, underpins regional and global significance and future status of BRI. Comparing framing techniques of The New York Times, Times of India and China Daily, contents of total 60 news articles are quantitatively analyzed. Finally, comparative research paradigm found both Indian and American press framing more risks than opportunities in news, therefore highlighting respective concerns of staying away from the signatory summit of BRI held in Beijing in May 2017.
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Chakravorty, PK. "Sino-Indian War of 1962." Indian Historical Review 44, no. 2 (December 2017): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983617726649.
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More than half a century has elapsed since China and India fought a War in October–November 1962. The War saw the Chinese Army coming out with flying colours. India as a nation was shocked and had to strain every sinew to reorganise itself to win the ensuing wars with Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. There are many questions as regards the causes of the War, the events which preceded the conflict and what actually happened that led to the debacle. The article addresses these issues comprehensively and analyses the War in detail. Overall it was a failure to assess the Chinese threat in correct perspective. The Indian government did not expect China to fight a War against India. The obvious question to ask is what is the way ahead? The concluding portion of the article deals with the current situation and measures to be taken to deter China from undertaking a military adventure. There is a need to have a National Security Strategy as also leave no stone unturned to build our Comprehensive National Power. In this, our Armed Forces must be modernised to meet the Chinese forces. The Chinese Navy has of late gained strength and is making forays into the Indian Ocean. We should be prepared for this aspect and build our military diplomacy with the United States, Japan and Vietnam. Last of all to understand China, we must create nodes of excellence in our country.
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Sherman, Peter, Meng Gao, Shaojie Song, Alex T. Archibald, Nathan Luke Abraham, Jean-François Lamarque, Drew Shindell, Gregory Faluvegi, and Michael B. McElroy. "Sensitivity of modeled Indian monsoon to Chinese and Indian aerosol emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 3593–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3593-2021.
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Abstract. The South Asian summer monsoon supplies over 80 % of India's precipitation. Industrialization over the past few decades has resulted in severe aerosol pollution in India. Understanding monsoonal sensitivity to aerosol emissions in general circulation models (GCMs) could improve predictability of observed future precipitation changes. The aims here are (1) to assess the role of aerosols in India's monsoon precipitation and (2) to determine the roles of local and regional emissions. For (1), we study the Precipitation Driver Response Model Intercomparison Project experiments. We find that the precipitation response to changes in black carbon is highly uncertain with a large intermodel spread due in part to model differences in simulating changes in cloud vertical profiles. Effects from sulfate are clearer; increased sulfate reduces Indian precipitation, a consistency through all of the models studied here. For (2), we study bespoke simulations, with reduced Chinese and/or Indian emissions in three GCMs. A significant increase in precipitation (up to ∼20 %) is found only when both countries' sulfur emissions are regulated, which has been driven in large part by dynamic shifts in the location of convective regions in India. These changes have the potential to restore a portion of the precipitation losses induced by sulfate forcing over the last few decades.
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Arapova, E. "The RIC Potential Amid Growing Indian-Chinese." Journal of International Analytics, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2018-0-3-59-70.
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The article aims at assessing the potential of trilateral cooperation of Russia, China and India amid growing geopolitical and economic contradictions between India and China in recent years, as well as the role of Russia in strengthening trilateral partnership. Despite the unfavorable dynamics in latent conflicts resolution, the high economic interdependence and importance of the three countries for each other push them to search for opportunities for mutually beneficial constructive partnership on an equal footing.The study demonstrates the low potential of trilateral cooperation. At the same time, cooperation at the multilateral level can be much more effective: within the SCO, BRICS and, quite possibly, "BRICS+", if this initiative is implemented in accordance with the Russian approach, with the participation of all members of the BRICS-driven integration blocks. At the same time, Russia can take on the role of moderator of the Indian-Chinese contradictions, concentrating efforts primarily in the economic area to achieve higher efficiency in the short- and medium term.
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Yurinov, Vladimir Yurievich, and Artur Ravilevich Karimov. "Principle of Number Six in Ancient Indian and Chinese Philosophy." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2020.9.10.
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The paper discusses the role of the principle of the number six in the Vedic corps of ancient Indian phi-losophy and in the philosophy of ancient China. It is shown that number, counting, numerology in the culture of Ancient India and Ancient China played an important, metaphysical role. It justifies why in an-cient Indian philosophy there could be exactly six darshanas, since they exhausted the body of Vedic philosophy (astics). The rest of the schools of an-cient Indian philosophy, therefore, could not claim the status of darshan. The special significance of the number six for Chinese philosophy is also asso-ciated with the presence of six schools and with the Yin symbolism. Since the link «yin» – «yang» is im-portant for the ancient Chinese culture, the number «nine» (the symbol «yang») also acquires special significance for the ancient Chinese culture. It is assumed that together the numbers «nine» and «six» in Chinese culture mean «the number of the Sage».
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Maxwell, Neville. "Why the Sino–Indian Border Dispute is Still Unresolved after 50 Years: A Recapitulation." China Report 47, no. 2 (May 2011): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944551104700202.
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In its dying days the British Empire in India launched an aggressive annexation of what it recognised to be legally Chinese territory. The government of independent India inherited that border dispute and intensified it, completing the annexation and ignoring China’s protests. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) government, acquiescing in the loss of territory, offered diplomatic legalisation of the new boundary India had imposed in its North-East but the Nehru government refused to negotiate. It then developed and advanced a claim to Chinese territory in the north-west, again refusing to submit the claim to negotiation. Persistent Indian attempts to implement its territorial claims by armed force led to the 1962 border war. The Indian defeat did not lead to any change of policy; both the claims and the refusal to negotiate were maintained. The dead-locked Sino–Indian dispute and armed confrontation are thus the consequence of Indian expansionism and intransigence.
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Deshpande, Vijaya. "Indian influences on early Chinese ophthalmology: glaucoma as a case study." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62, no. 2 (June 1999): 306–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00016724.
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Allusions to Indian medicine appear in Chinese literature from the fifth century A.D. onwards. At first through translated Buddhist texts, and then through the incorporation of material by later Chinese authors in the form of medical theories, diagnostic, surgical methods and prescriptions, a substantial element of Indian medical knowledge permeated into Chinese medicine. Ophthalmology held a unique position in these transmissions. It was invariably associated with the famous name of Nāgārjuna, which is connected with almost all kinds of protoscientific activity in early medieval India. This has given rise to a longstanding debate among scholars regarding the origin of this material, as well as the credibility of its attribution to Nāgārjuna.
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Bisht, Nagender S. P., Rajeev Jain, and Victor Gambhir. "Doklam Plateau and Three Warfares Strategy." China Report 55, no. 4 (November 2019): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445519875234.
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India-China border has not been formally demarcated and there are areas where both sides have differing perception of Line of Actual Control (LAC), and its perception on ground have led to a number of skirmishes and standoffs, Doklam being the most recent. The differentiating factor in this standoff was that it took place in a third country, Bhutan. This crisis will remain an important indicator of Indian and Chinese strategic behaviour in any future crisis between the two emerging powers. This will also reflect on India’s relations with other countries in South Asia and vice versa. A major aspect of Indian strategic behaviour that emerged from this crisis was that India can play the game of military brinkmanship and win it. During this crisis, the Chinese strategy of Three Warfares was in full flow and all three components—public opinion/media, legal and psychological warfare—were unleashed on India. This article is based on Indian and Chinese government briefings and press releases, media both print and electronic of the two countries, social media, journals, government reports, and books of the two countries.
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Bhawuk, Dharm P. S. "Building Cultural Bridges Between China and India." Psychology and Developing Societies 33, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333621990457.
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Employing one of the established theories from cross-cultural psychology and sociology, first it is shown that both China and India are collectivist cultures. Then the Chinese and Indian worldviews are compared to highlight fundamental similarities between the two cultures. Finally, it is shown how self-cultivation is emphasised in both China and India. Effort is made to show how ideas presented by Confucius and Lao Tsu are captured in the Indian culture and social behaviours. A number of issues are raised for the development of indigenous knowledge from multiple perspectives using various paradigms and methodology. It is hoped that the special issue and this article will stimulate researchers to bridge Chinese and Indian psychologies which may pave the path towards peaceful prosperity.
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Silva, A. H. L., and A. W. M. Teixeira Júnior. "Understanding Chinese and Indian Balancing Strategies." Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval 22, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 143–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21544/1809-3191/regn.v22n1p143-168.
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Choudaha, Rahul. "Mobility of Chinese and Indian Students." International Higher Education, no. 68 (March 25, 2015): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2012.68.8624.
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Many institutions are under pressure to recruit more international undergraduate students to overcome fiscal strains caused by budget cuts. China and India are large source countries, which are expected to show different trends beginning 2015 due to demographic shifts, self-financed students, pace of reforms and campus concerns. Institutions should prepare for these trends without letting fiscal urgency to lose focus on quality, integrity and diversity.
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Garver, John. "Asymmetrical Indian and Chinese threat perceptions." Journal of Strategic Studies 25, no. 4 (December 2002): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390412331302885.
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Chen, Xiangming. "Introduction: Why Chinese and Indian Megacities?" City & Community 8, no. 4 (December 2009): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01297.x.
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FENG, Renjie, and Dingkun LEI. "Mamallapuram Summit Held in Uncertainties: India’s and China’s Continuing Efforts to Pluck Low-Hanging Fruit." East Asian Policy 11, no. 04 (October 2019): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000345.
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This article attempts to review the major achievements of the Mamallapuram Summit and lend a contrast between Indian and Chinese analysts’ various interpretations of the event. It also uncovers the critical factors that contribute to the different interpretations by the Indian and Chinese sides, and identifies the areas that India and China could substantiate their cooperation and pluck the low-hanging fruit. The informal summit format supplements the formal diplomatic engagements to reduce risks of miscalculation and military conflicts, and also serves as a platform for India and China to collaborate in common interests such as reforming Western international institutions, etc.
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Kosykhin, Vitaly G., and Svetlana M. Malkina. "On the Influence of Translations of Religious and Philosophical Texts of Buddhism on the Literature and Art of Medieval China." RUDN Journal of Philosophy 24, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2020-24-4-601-608.
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The era of the Tang dynasty (618-907) was a period of great flourishing of all aspects of Chinese culture, when changes covered the most diverse spheres of philosophy, art and literature. The article examines the role played in this cultural transformation by translations from Sanskrit into Chinese of the religious and philosophical texts of Indian Buddhism. The specificity of the Chinese approach to the translation of Indian texts is demonstrated, when, at the initial stage, many works were translated in a rather free style due to the lack of precisely established correspondences between Sanskrit and Chinese philosophical terms. The authors identify two additional factors that influenced the nature of the translations. Firstly, this is the requirement of compliance with the norms of public, mainly Confucian, morality. Secondly, the adaptation of the Indian philosophical context to the Chinese cultural and worldview traditions, which led to the emergence of new schools of religious and philosophical thought that were not known in India itself, such as Tiantai, Jingtu or Chan, each of which in its own way influenced the art of the Medieval China. Special attention is paid to the activities of the legendary translator, Xuanzang, whose travel to India gave a huge impetus to the development of Chinese philosophy in subsequent centuries, as well as to the contribution to Chinese culture and art, which was made by the translation activities of the three great teachers of the Tang era Shubhakarasimha, Vajrabodhi and Amoghavajra.
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Zhou, M., F. Tian, U. Lall, and H. Hu. "Insights from a joint analysis of Indian and Chinese monsoon rainfall data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 31, 2011): 3167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-3167-2011.
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Abstract. Monsoon rainfall is of great importance for the agricultural production in both China and India. Understanding its rule and possibility of long term prediction is a challenge for research. This paper gives a joint analysis of Indian monsoon and Chinese monsoon, finds their teleconnection to Sea Surface Temperature anomaly (SSTa) and other climate indices individually and relationship in common. The results show that northern China garners less rainfall when whole Indian rainfall is below normal. Also, with cold SSTa over the Indonesia region, more rainfall would be distributed over India and South China.
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Ramamoorthy, Nagarajan, Chun-Sheng Yu, Subodh P. Kulkarni, Amit Gupta, and Thadeus Mkamwa. "An Examination of Attributions, Performance Rating and Reward Allocation Patterns: A Comparative Study of China, India, Tanzania and the United States." South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management 6, no. 2 (August 15, 2019): 202–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2322093719849970.
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In this study, using a sample of 191 individuals with significant work and supervisory experience from four countries (China and Tanzania—highly collectivistic, India—moderately collectivistic and the United States—highly individualistic), we examined whether cultural orientations of individualism and collectivism predicted performance ratings, internal attributions made to the poor performing employee and adherence to equity norm in reward allocations. Multiple regression analyses indicated that collectivist Chinese and Tanzanian raters provided more lenient performance ratings to a poor performing employee than individualistic Americans with the Indian raters providing more lenient ratings than Americans but more stringent ratings than Chinese or Tanzanians. Further, American raters made greater internal attributions than Tanzanians or Chinese. Chinese raters made relatively greater internal attributions to the employee than Tanzanians though both cultures are collectivistic cultures. Americans adhered to the equity norm the most and Indians adhered to equity norm but to a lesser extent than Americans but more than Tanzanians and Chinese. Implications are discussed.
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ROCHA, LEON ANTONIO. "How deep is love? The engagement with India in Joseph Needham's historiography of China." BJHS Themes 1 (2016): 13–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjt.2016.5.
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AbstractIn 2015 Dhruv Raina published Needham's Indian Network: The Search for a Home for the History of Science in India (1950–1970), bringing to light the long-range networks that institutionalized the disciplinary history of science in post-colonial India, and demonstrating the intellectual and infrastructural contributions of Joseph Needham (1900–1995) in this endeavour. This paper takes a different approach and turns to the way that Needham perceived Indian vis-à-vis Chinese civilization, and the role India played in Needham's historiography of science. It turns out that Needham's most sustained engagement with India could be found in his histories of medicine, bodily practices and alchemical traditions. In the first section of the paper, I outline the key concepts of ‘Grand Titration’ and ‘oecumenical science’ that animated Needham's historiography, which clarifies why Chinese medicine, especially acupuncture, occupies a privileged status. The second section elaborates on Needham's scholarship and vision of acupuncture, involving the verification of acupuncture's reality and efficacy via Western biomedicine. He thought acupuncture would be China's unique contribution to a new ‘universal medicine’ in the modern age, but by contrast Needham saw little worth refurbishing in Indian medicine, arguing via an investigation in yoga that Indian practices were generally less ‘materialist’ and less ‘proto-scientific’. In the third section, I turn my attention to Needham's preoccupation with the history of alchemy around the world, and discuss his theorization on transmission and circulation of scientific knowledge. I comment on Needham's commitment to the thesis that European alchemy was a melting pot of Chinese, Indian, Persian, Arabic, Greek, Egyptian and Roman ideas and practices. While Needham reserved his ‘deepest love’ and ‘profoundest desire’ for Chinese civilization, India on the other hand often occupied a secondary status in his historical accounts, and in the conclusion I move from a critique of Needham's preconceptions to reflect on the writing of the history of non-Western science.
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Jacob, Jabin T. "For a New Kind of ‘Forward Policy’." China Report 47, no. 2 (May 2011): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944551104700206.
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This paper argues that more than their boundary dispute, it is the place of Tibet in the Sino–Indian relationship that is at the core of the continuing mistrust between the two countries. For China, pushing economic development as a panacea to ethnic grievances has been an insufficient strategy. To ensure sustainable political stability in Tibet, it is necessary to give India greater space in Tibet in the form of improved economic, tourist and religious exchanges as a way of relieving the sense of cultural siege that ethnic Tibetans suffer from. India meanwhile, having accepted Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, will have to reciprocate with a new ‘forward policy’ of its own allowing for greater Chinese access to its own markets and the removal of other discriminatory restrictions on Chinese travelling to India. The way ahead lies in converting Tibet’s political centrality into an economic centrality in the Sino–Indian bilateral relationship.
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AI LIN, CHUA. "Nation, Race, and Language: Discussing transnational identities in colonial Singapore, circa 1930." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 2 (February 13, 2012): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000801.
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AbstractAround 1930, at a time of rising nationalisms in China and India, English-educated Chinese and Indians in the British colony of Singapore debated with great intensity the issue of national identity. They sought to clarify their own position as members of ethnic communities of immigrant origin, while remaining individuals who identified the territory of British Malaya as their home. Readers' letters published in the Malaya Tribune, an English-medium newspaper founded to serve the interests of Anglophone Asians, questioned prevailing assumptions of how to define a nation from the perspectives of territory, political loyalty, race, and language. Lived circumstances in Malaya proved that being Chinese or Indian could encompass a range of political, cultural, and linguistic characteristics, rather than a homogenous identity as promoted by nationalist movements of the time. Through these debates, Chinese and Indians in Malaya found ways to simultaneously reaffirm their ethnic pride as well as their sense of being ‘Malayan’.
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Singh, Amrinder, and Tarun Kumar Soni. "Price Transmission in Cotton Futures Market: Evidence from Three Countries." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14090444.
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This study examines the price transmission between cotton prices in U.S., Indian, and Chinese futures markets. We focus on studying the long-run price movements using cointegration and alternate causality tests. The empirical results indicate the following: (a) the U.S. cotton futures market continues to be the most dominant market, and it leads price changes in India and China; (b) the cotton prices in India also impacts the cotton prices in China as we report a unidirectional relationship flowing from India to China; (c) there is duality of direction of price transmission for U.S. and Chinese commodity markets as we document bi-directional causality between U.S. to Chinese cotton futures for the entire period and uni-directional causality from U.S. to Chinese markets for the two sub-periods; (d) the long-term relationship between the three markets has seen a significant shift as documented by the absence of cointegration which may be due to changes in government policy, especially in India and China specifically after 2014. Overall, results provide support for further reforms especially for Indian and Chinese commodity exchanges so that they can play a vital role in the price discovery process especially for commodities that are largely produced or consumed in these economies.
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Despeux, Catherine. "Chinese Medicinal Excrement." Asian Medicine 12, no. 1-2 (February 21, 2017): 139–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341390.
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AbstractThe use of medicinal excrement, of which there is some evidence under the Han, increased significantly in the Tang Dynasty. Many recipes, recorded in the Dunhuang manuscripts and in scholarly literature, are based on animal excrement. First, we want to show that this increase is due to the influence of foreign medicines, mainly Āyurvedic medicine and, second, that Buddhism played a key role in this development. By comparing Indian medical sources, Chinese manuscripts from Dunhuang (which was a privileged site for the transfer of knowledge), Chinese texts of scholarly literature, and Buddhist sources, the role of Buddhism in spreading the use of medical excrement can be observed. Buddhism first exerted an ethical influence through the idea of compassion for beings suffering from illness, which then led to the search for first-aid remedies that were cheap and easy to procure, especially in the natural environment, such as the feces of domestic animals. The notion was then conveyed that, beyond the tension between pure and filthy, no remedy is vile and every substance can be a remedy, an idea that can be traced back to Āyurvedic medicine and that is embedded in the story of the model Indian physician, Jīvaka. Finally, the circulation and distribution of animal fecal recipes (here we have taken the example of cow dung) follows the passage of Buddhism from India to China as does the dissemination of such remedies. Thus, we show that Buddhism was a catalyst and a vector for the transmission and transfer of knowledge on medicinal excrement.
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ZHU, Nan, and Huajie ZHANG. "A Comparative Analysis of Operational Efficiency between Chinese and Indian Commercial Banks." Central European Review of Economics and Management 2, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.535.
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Aim:The objective of this paper is to make comparative analysis on operational efficiency between Chinese and Indian commercial banks (CBs). Design / Research methods: Following the previous scholars’ study, two models with different sets of input and output variables have been used to show how efficiency scores vary with change in inputs and outputs. The efficiency scores are measured by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Conclusions / findings: The mean technical efficiency score of Chinese CBs is always relatively higher than the corresponding score of Indian CBs in 2012-2013, respectively. In terms of technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency, the performance of foreign banks in China is always relatively lower than that of foreign banks in India. Originality / value of the article: While many similar studies have evaluated the performance of banking industries in different countries, very few studies have evaluated the performance of banking sectors between Chinese and Indian economies. The paper would be of interest for OR scholars and practitioners in financial industry. Implications of the research (if applicable): The next step of this study could collect more samples and use Malmquist index method to conduct further study on efficiency, efficiency changing and productivity, in order to conduct further competitive power analysis on both of banking industries of China and India.
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Xiao-Yuan, Jiang. "Indian Astronomy in Ancient China." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 703–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600018517.
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Indian astronomy was introduced into China along with the intrusion of Buddhism. This process lasted about one thousand years in the Mediaeval age. For the study of this process, there are a lot of materials in ancient Chinese historic texts, while the Buddhist scriptures in Chinese translation are very important first-hand materials.
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Mitra, Subrata K., and Srikanth Thaliyakkattil. "Bhutan and Sino–Indian Rivalry." Asian Survey 58, no. 2 (March 2018): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.2.240.
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The military standoff between Chinese and Indian troops in the disputed territory of Doklam brought forward the foreign policy dilemmas of Bhutan and its search for an optimal strategy toward its two neighboring big powers. This paper discusses Bhutan’s attempts to balance its overwhelming dependence on India with the necessity of normal diplomatic relations with China.
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Choudhury, Avinandan, and P. Moorthy. "Strategic-Maritime Triangle in the Indian Ocean: An Emerging Indo-US Naval Entente?" India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 74, no. 3 (July 10, 2018): 305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928418785477.
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The increasing Chinese naval presence in and around Indian ocean, coupled with the rise of the home-grown Indian Navy and the US naval dominance over the global commons, has brought about a strategic maritime triangle in the Indian Ocean. This article looks into the evolving role, capacity and objectives of the Indian, Chinese and US Navy vis-à-vis their strategic interests in the Indian Ocean region. The article argues that the ascendency of China’s naval prowess in Indian Ocean will prod India to opt for a tactical naval entente with the USA. Few impediments to the potential formation of a close-knit Indo-US partnership like India’s fear of losing strategic autonomy, its aversion in being an east Asian naval power, US–Pakistan ties and the difference in the Indian and USA’s interpretation of the concept of ‘Freedom of Navigation’ have been discussed. The article contends that an effective Indo-US naval cooperation will depend on how these impediments are taken into considerations within the make-up of their partnership.
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Pal, Mahendra. "Wonders of International Gastronomy: French, Italian, Hungarian, Indian and Chinese Cuisine." Nutrition and Food Processing 4, no. 4 (June 25, 2021): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/051.
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With the growing importance of gastronomic science, gastronomic workshops are also playing an important role worldwide. These workshops do not only specialize in the preparation and presentation of healthy eating, sports nutrition, or special diets. Gastronomy experts and nutritionists are also turning to the cuisines of nations with increasing curiosity. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of this, we present the characteristics of French, Italian, Hungarian, Indian, and Chinese cuisine in our manuscript. In addition, we prepare and present dishes that also serve as the basis of gastronomic workshops in accordance with international cuisines. These dishes include: Croassant with almond plant-based drink; Home-made pizza with basil, tomatoes and mozzarella; Hungarian Bean Soup; Home-made kebab with spicy chicken; Chinese noodles. We hope to contribute to the knowledge of international gastronomy and to the global health development with the prepared food.