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Journal articles on the topic 'Chinese Chinese churches'

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1

Selles, Kurt D. "Protestant Worship with Chinese Characteristics: Reflections on a Chinese Worship Service." Exchange 41, no. 1 (2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157254312x617123.

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Abstract The article explores the latent impact of traditional Chinese culture on worship in one Three-Self Patriotic Movement Protestant church in a mid-sized, provincial city in central China. Employing a case study approach, the author visited the church under consideration numerous times over a several-year period and interviewed pastors, evangelists, and members about their worship services. The author’s conclusion is that subtle aspects of the Chinese tradition, and above all Confucianism, can be seen in the worship services of this church. Additionally, the author suggests that these influences can be seen in worship in provincial urban churches around the country and considers the probability and process of change taking place in their worship services.
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2

White, Chris. "“Aliens Ministering to Aliens”: Reformed Church in America Missionaries among Chinese in the Philippines." International Bulletin of Mission Research 42, no. 3 (January 16, 2018): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396939318754771.

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This article reviews the two decades after RCA missionaries were forced out of China, revealing that the church’s “China mission” was not abandoned, but simply changed geographic focus to overseas Chinese in the Philippines. Although the RCA continued a ministry targeting Chinese from South Fujian, where they had worked since 1842, they faced many new challenges in the Philippines that were quite inconsistent with their experience in China. A major point of contention for missionaries was balancing their relationship with the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) and Chinese churches that refused to join this ecumenical organization.
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Kang, Jie. "The Rise of Calvinist Christianity in Urbanising China." Religions 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10080481.

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Over the past decade, Reformed Christianity, broadly based on the theology of Calvinism, has spread widely in China, especially by appealing to Chinese ‘intellectuals’ who constitute most of the house church leaders in urban areas. It draws its moral guidance from a so-called rational or intellectual focus on biblical theology, reinforced by theological training in special seminaries. It consequently rejects the ‘heresy’ of the older Pentecostal Christianity, with its emphasis on charisma, miracles, and theology based on emotional ‘feeling’. This Reformed theology and its further elaboration have been introduced into China in two main ways. The first is through overseas Chinese, especially via theological seminaries in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. For instance, preachings of the famous Reformed pastor Stephen Tong (唐崇荣) have been widely disseminated online and among Chinese Christians. Second, Korean missionaries have established theological seminaries mainly in cities in northern China. This has resulted in more and more Chinese church leaders becoming advocates of Calvinism and converting their churches to Reformed status. This paper asks why Calvinism attracts Chinese Christians, what Calvinism means for the so-called house churches of a Christian community in a northern Chinese city, and what kinds of change the importation of Reformed theology has brought to Chinese house churches. Various significant accounts have addressed this development in China generally. My analysis complements these accounts by focusing on a small number of interconnected house churches in one city, and uses this case study to highlight interpersonal and organizational issues arising from the Calvinist approach.
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Wong, Diana, and Ik Tien Ngu. "A “Double Alienation”." Asian Journal of Social Science 42, no. 3-4 (2014): 262–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04203004.

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Scholarship on Christianity in Malaysia has been dominated by denominational church history, as well as the study of urban, middle-class and English-speaking church congregations in the post-Independence period. In focusing on the vernacular Chinese Protestant church in Malaysia, and one of its most prominent para-church organisations, called The Bridge, this paper draws attention to the variegated histories of Christian conversion and dissemination in Malaysia, and the various modes and meanings of Christian identity as incorporated into different local communities and cultures. The history of the Chinese Protestant church suggested in the first part of the paper takes as its point of departure the distinction between mission and migrant churches, the latter being the origin of the vernacular Chinese churches in Malaysia. The second part of the paper traces the emergence of a Chinese para-church lay organisation called The Bridge, and the Chinese Christian intellectuals behind it, in their mission to engage the larger Chinese and national public through literary publications and other media outreach activities. In so doing, these Chinese Christian intellectuals also drew on the resources of an East Asian and overseas Chinese Christian network, while searching for their destiny as Chinese Christians in the national context of Malaysia. By pointing to the importance of regional, Chinese-language Christian networks, and the complexity of vernacular Christian subjectivity, the paper hopes to fill a gap in the existing literature on Christianity in Malaysia, as well as make a contribution to on-going debates on issues of localisation, globalisation and authenticity in global Christianity.
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Luo, Wei. "Technique Transmission of Flemish Church Buildings in China: Works of Scheut Fathers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.271.

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Church missions have performed substantial missionary work and experienced many twists and turns in Modern China. Contacts and interchange between Chinese and Western culture became intense. A great number of churches were built to accommodate the Scheutist missionaries in the remote counties beyond the Great Wall. Many of these churches are still used, while others have been abandoned or fallen into disrepair. These churches bear witness to the architectural transmission and culture exchange between the West and East during the modernization process. I will trace the history of Scheut Missions in northern China, and focus on their church buildings. Through the comparison of the Belgian churches with the Chinese variants, the relevant similarities and differences in architectural design and construction will become evident within a global environment.
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Lai, Pan-Chiu. "SUBORDINATION, SEPARATION, AND AUTONOMY: CHINESE PROTESTANT APPROACHES TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGION AND STATE." Journal of Law and Religion 35, no. 1 (April 2020): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2020.3.

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ABSTRACTIn the history of the religion-state relationship in China, a model of subordination of religion to the state has been dominant for centuries. In recent years, some Chinese Protestant churches have advocated the model of separation of church and state. Through a historical and theological analysis, this study argues that in order to relieve the tensions between Chinese Protestantism and the contemporary Chinese government, a better conceptual alternative is to reconsider the issue in terms of autonomy rather than separation or subordination, and to argue for legally allowing the coexistence of both official and nonofficial churches and grant different degrees of autonomy to each.
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7

Poon, Vincent H. K. "Pastor Wellness among Chinese Churches: A Canadian Study." Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications 73, no. 3 (September 2019): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1542305019872435.

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This article reports the results of a survey of Canadian Chinese pastors (N = 79) regarding pastor wellness by using a 10-item questionnaire. The results indicate that 22 (27.84%) have significant concerns and 38 (48.1%) have some concerns, with females slightly more affected. Major areas of concern are marital and/or family satisfaction, physical health, problem dealing with relationships in church, and emotional health. The author discusses the implications of the results and makes some recommendations to the pastors and churches.
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8

Peifen, Jiang. "Women and Evangelism in the Chinese Church." Missiology: An International Review 15, no. 3 (July 1987): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182968701500308.

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In the new China, Christian women have filled many important roles. Women evangelists have gained a new respect and many women have been ordained as pastors in newly opened churches. Others serve faithfully as elders or deacons in local congregations, and many more act as faithful lay Christian workers in a variety of roles. In addition to having ministries on the local church level, women with unusual gifts of administration have assumed important national leadership roles in Christian, social, and political organizations. Christian women have also been quick to accept many local community responsibilities in hospitals, schools, service organizations, and factories. In all of these positions they are able to bear witness for Christ.
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9

Cheong, Weng Kit. "The Attenuation of Female Empowerment among Three Pentecostal-Charismatic Chinese Churches in Malaysia and Singapore." Pneuma 41, no. 3-4 (December 9, 2019): 477–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700747-04103001.

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Abstract Among all branches of Christianity, female empowerment has been valorized in Pentecostalism. However, questions remain regarding the extent of empowerment in its egalitarian ethos. This article examines some historical and sociological aspects of pentecostal-charismatic female power and leadership among three Chinese majority churches in Malaysia and Singapore. It does so by a participant-observation methodology of these churches and in-depth interviews of church and lay leaders to enquire into the degree in which women are (dis)empowered for ministry. It concludes that specific practices and traits of Pentecostalism such as the charismata, prayer and worship, and church female leadership are configured in response to contextual sociocultural influences to produce a Christian/pentecostal woman that is both modern yet distinctly Chinese but attenuated within a Confucian family logic.
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Poon, Vincent, Mona Cheng, and Vivian C. H. Chan. "Pastoral Counseling among Chinese Churches: A Canadian Study." Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications 57, no. 4 (December 2003): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154230500305700404.

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Lim, Benita. "Finding Balance and Harmony." Indonesian Journal of Theology 9, no. 1 (August 12, 2021): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46567/ijt.v9i1.172.

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As Christianity arrived on the shores of Singapore closely following British colonization, Western missionaries introduced their interpretation of the Holy Communion into a foreign land and space that was experiencing its first brushes with Western modernity. Contemporaneously, the movement of modernity continues to make an impact upon an important element of life closely intertwined with religious folk practices and culture of locals: food. In the face of modernizing foodscapes and primordial religious backgrounds, converts from Chinese religious traditions to Christianity find themselves navigating the dissonance of Western Holy Communion theologies with the Chinese philosophies of food. How might churches in Singapore begin to respond to the tensions arising when these two philosophical systems meet, and when Christians and churches seem to appropriate “syncretistic” theologies into their liturgical behavior? This article undertakes an interdisciplinary effort by employing social science to explore the modernizing of food in Singapore, as well as engaging Chinese philosophies of food and the body to explain tensions among converts from Chinese religious traditions, and the resistance of local churches towards Chinese understandings of food rituals in the partaking of the Holy Communion. It will also briefly propose that interdisciplinary studies, including liturgical studies, will be essential in developing a more robust theology of the Holy Communion among churches, thereby enhancing its witness within and without.
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12

Lung, Shirley. "Geopolitics and Identity-Making in US Diasporic Chinese Churches." Religions 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10010009.

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Using ethnographic and interview data, my paper analyzes how geopolitical relationship manifest at the community level in Chinese America Responding to Lien Pei-Te’s call to meaningfully disaggregate among the commonly “lumped together Chinese Americans”, I draw upon the experiences of specific groups of Chinese immigrants to the US, post-1949 migrants to Taiwan, pre-1949 migrants to Taiwan, and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Chinese, in order to understand how boundary drawing occurs in their various communities but also consider how the act of being “lumped together” itself in the US context complicates identity formation. The year 1949 marks the communist victory in the PRC as well as the inaugural year of the Kuomingdang (KMT)-led Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan. Carved out of these historical events, the contemporary social relations among these groups persist after their migration to the US, but they manifest differently in various domains of practice, including religious ones. As political relationships among states reorganizes their social relations, the religious site offers what Carolyn Chen calls a “moral vocabulary” to articulate, contemplate, and, in some cases, justify these divides. Even within a Christian context, messages of inclusivity are not universal but redefined according to the political and social contexts. By not assigning a singular definition to Christian thought, my paper makes way for a theorization of an intersectional Christian identity.
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13

Kuo, Henry S. "Catholicity Under Heaven: Reformed Ecclesiology and Chinese Visions of Cosmopolitanism." Ecclesiology 17, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455316-17011070.

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Abstract Reformed catholicity suffers from a fragility that causes it to easily fragment over comparatively small differences. This study wagers that an important resource that can be useful for addressing this problem is the Chinese philosophy of tianxia. The article introduces the idea of a ‘Reformed catholicity under Heaven’ by placing a more liberal interpretation of tianxia in conversation with the problems in Reformed approaches to the church’s catholicity. In doing so, the article demonstrates tianxia’s ecclesiological usefulness while articulating two dimensions of ‘Reformed catholicity under Heaven’ that can deepen how Reformed churches inhabit catholicity in ways that promote unity.
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14

Xu, Ximian. "The Scientific Calling of the Church: Herman Bavinck's Exhortation for the Churches in Mainland China." Studies in World Christianity 27, no. 2 (July 2021): 145–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2021.0340.

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Herman Bavinck (1854–1921) describes the twofold scientific calling of the Church. First, the Church needs to read the historic Reformed confessions contextually and distill the Reformed principles to meet its contemporary needs. Second, the Church should pursue a scientific ( wetenschappelijke) life, particularly in the university. Bavinck's twofold theological insight can be applied to the churches in mainland China. The first reminds Chinese Reformed churches of the necessity of composing a Sino-Reformed confession. The second insight exhorts churches to develop scientific life publicly. In this sense, the scientific calling of the church, which Bavinck envisaged more than a century before, can be fulfilled in the twenty-first-century mainland China. 1
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15

Ripley, Jennifer S., James N. Sells, Vaughn Miller, Qi Wang, Luke Wen, Christine P. T. Lau, and Everett L. Worthington. "Promoting Healthy Marriages in Chinese Church Communities: Survey of Chinese Couples’ Marriages, Virtue-Based Training for Leaders, and Outcomes." Family Journal 28, no. 3 (November 20, 2019): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480719887476.

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Couple research, and specifically religion and couple research, is commonly conducted in individualistic cultures. The collectivistic milieu of China makes a useful contrast to Western culture. With Chinese churches, we conducted two studies on marriage relationships. In Study 1 ( N = 810), we report a survey on marriages of parishioners. Satisfaction was high among most couples with general relationship problems such as communication reported as the highest concern. Marriage happiness was negatively correlated with couple problems. In Study 2 ( N = 241), we describe a virtue-based couple counseling program, developed collaboratively with 20 Chinese key informants. We administered an 8-hr virtue-based couple-oriented training to 241 church leaders. Training increased church leaders’ self-efficacy and hope for effective ministry. We compared responsiveness to the training by pastors and lay leaders. Lay counselors were more responsive than were pastors. This program evaluation was a field study that also included a brief follow-up interview of randomly selected recipients of the training ( n = 16). Friendship counseling was reported in the follow-up interviews as the most common way to address marriage problems.
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16

Wiest, Jean-Paul. "The Current Status of the Catholic Church in the People's Republic of China." Missiology: An International Review 23, no. 3 (July 1995): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969502300303.

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Opposing news items about Christian churches in the People's Republic of China (PRC) are almost a daily fare. One article might speak of renewed religious fervor and the growth of churches, while the next one might tell of persecutions and arrests. The Catholic Church in China is symptomatic of this seemingly puzzling and precarious situation. This presentation briefly considers changes in the official policy of the central government toward religion and the variations in application at the local level. Then, it focuses on the divided Chinese Catholic Church and its relationship with the Holy See and the other local churches. Lingering obstacles as well as signs of healing are discussed.
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Woodbridge, David. "Watchman Nee, Chinese Christianity and the Global Search for the Primitive Church." Studies in World Christianity 22, no. 2 (August 2016): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2016.0146.

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This article will examine aspects of Watchman Nee's interactions with British churches and missions during the 1920s and 1930s. It will argue that, rather than simply appropriating and adapting Christianity for a Chinese context, as has been claimed, a more complex exchange was taking place. In particular, Nee was seeking to develop churches in China on a primitivist basis – that is, using the New Testament as a model for church forms and practices. In this, he was drawing inspiration from the Christian (or Plymouth) Brethren, a radical evangelical group that had emerged in Britain during the nineteenth century. For a number of reasons, the significance of Nee's primitivism has been played down, both by his admirers in the West and by historians. However, it was a vital factor in the success of his movement and gave an important impetus to the spread of Christianity in China during the twentieth century.
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Inouye, Melissa Wei-Tsing. "Speaking in the Devil’s Tongue? The True Jesus Church’s Uneasy Rhetorical Accommodation to Maoism, 1948–1958." Modern China 44, no. 6 (March 21, 2018): 652–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700418763557.

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During the 1950s, the universal ideology of Chinese Christian churches clashed with the universal ideology of the Maoist party-state. Since Christian churches were autonomous moral communities (ideologically self-contained, with members collectively claiming authority to define and cultivate moral norms), they hindered the party-state’s ambitions for control. Christians, especially Christian leaders, experienced intense pressure to adopt the new code of Maoist speech. Documents from archives in Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan and oral history interviews with members of the True Jesus Church in south China show how, despite the True Jesus Church’s native inclinations to resist, between 1948 and 1958 Maoist rhetoric and discursive patterns replaced biblical rhetoric and discursive patterns in the public life of the church. The contest between religious communities and the state to control the terms of public moral discourse demonstrates the significance of such discourse in demarcating and legitimating community authority.
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Keller, Charles A. "Nationalism and Chinese Christians: the Religious Freedom Campaign and Movement for Independent Chinese Churches, 1911-1917." Republican China 17, no. 2 (January 1992): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08932344.1992.11720197.

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20

Kung, Lap Yan. "The Trinity, the Church, and China's Harmonious Society: A Politics of Persuasion." Studies in World Christianity 17, no. 3 (December 2011): 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2011.0027.

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Taking seriously Karl Rahner's comment that most Christians in their practical life are ‘mere monotheists’, this paper illustrates and argues how the Trinitarian God is better understood within the model of persuasion, and how this understanding of the Trinitarian God may shape what Chinese society may look like, how Chinese churches engage in a harmonious society, and how the Three-Self churches (official churches) and house churches (non-registered churches) treat one another. This paper has adopted a kind of social Trinitarianism, but it is not necessarily projectionist, for theology is always a human construction based on God's revelation. Bishop Ting has taken a courageous step to construct the Trinitarian God in terms of restoration of relations in order to respond to society, but his attempt is too absorbed by both Yihe Weigui and the ideology of a harmonious society. As a result, Chinese Christianity has been turned into a hexie (accommodating) Christianity. Taking both the cultural resources in terms of the Confucian tradition and the socio-political conditions in terms of the emergence of exchange politics into consideration, this paper suggests the Trinitarian God as a God of persuasion reflected in the Scripture and characterised by dialogue, respect of difference, participation, and good work, provides an alternative to a politics of propaganda and efficiency. This is what the Christian contribution to a harmonious society is.
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Towery, Britt E. "The Contribution of Lao She to the Three-Self Principle and the Protestant Churches of China." Missiology: An International Review 22, no. 1 (January 1994): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969402200108.

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This paper analyzes the distant though pertinent relationship the modern Chinese writer Lao She (1899–1966) had with the principle of self-supporting, self-governing, and self-propagating Chinese Christian churches. He became a Christian in Peking (Beijing) in 1922. This “people's artist” was hounded to his death by the Red Guards in the Cultural Revolution. A pioneer in modem Chinese literature, his work revealed the language, the joys, and the hurts of the common people of China. He believed his country and its Christianity needed to be Chinese-led, and not dependent upon the foreigner for funds and direction.
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Kuo, Yi-Hsuan Chelsea. "Identity Formation in Chinese Christian Churches in the United States." Sociology Mind 04, no. 04 (2014): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sm.2014.44034.

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23

Wong, Bernard P., and Lawrence A. Palinkas. "Rhetoric and Religious Experience: The Discourse of Immigrant Chinese Churches." Anthropological Quarterly 64, no. 2 (April 1991): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3317724.

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Clammer, John, and Lawrence A. Palinkas. "Rhetoric and Religious Experience: The Discourse of Immigrant Chinese Churches." Man 26, no. 2 (June 1991): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803865.

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Takayama, K. Peter, and Lawrence A. Palinkas. "Rhetoric and Religious Experience: The Discourse of Immigrant Chinese Churches." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30, no. 2 (June 1991): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1387231.

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KUBIN, Wolfgang. "Castles, Churches, Common Halls: How to Present Chinese Literature Abroad." Comparative Literature: East & West 16, no. 1 (March 2012): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2012.12015537.

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Carino, Theresa. "Chinese Churches and the Ecumenical Movement from an Asian Perspective." Ecumenical Review 69, no. 4 (December 2017): 542–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/erev.12320.

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Smith, Henry N. "Christianity and Ancestor Practices in Hong Kong: Toward a Contextual Strategy." Missiology: An International Review 17, no. 1 (January 1989): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182968901700106.

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Christianity's response to ancestor worship remains a live issue throughout Asia, including Hong Kong, where residents sense a need for cultural continuity, where traditional rites have gradually been secularized, but where the church continues to depend on Western thought-forms and customs. A viable contextual strategy should simultaneously accommodate traditional forms and values, reinterpret them in the light of Christian theology and ethics, and innovate forms which are consistent with biblical faith, with the Chinese cultural heritage, and with emerging social values. By accommodating, reinterpreting, and innovating, the Chinese churches can express their cultural loyalty, maintain biblical integrity, and pursue the transformational goal of contextualization.
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WANG, Marina Xiaojing. "Neutrality is Impossible: Nationalism, Unequal Treaties and the National Christian Council of China 1925-1926." International Journal of Sino-Western Studies 20 (July 14, 2021): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.20.113.

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"This article takes the National Christian Council of China (NCC) as a ease study. By examining the responses from various stakeholder both mainline Chinese Protestants and western mission within the NCC to the campaigns for the abrogation of the unequal treaties during the period of 1925——1926, it aims to reveal the tension and interaction between Christian missions? Chinese churches and the nationalist discourse. This article argues that although both Protestant missions and Chinese churches were in general the beneficiaries of the utoleration clauses“ of the unequal treaties and were aware of the necessity of drawing a clear borderline with the treaties > the two parties viewed the matter from different standpoints. To the majority of the missionary societies associated with the NCC > it was a diplomatic matter to be solved through formal negotiation between the governments. Whereas to most of the mainline Chinese Protestants> it had developed into a fundamental factor causing not only Christianity's unfavourable position in Chinese society, but also China's backwardness and uhumiliation. Considerably influenced by the nationalist discourse? they ardently engaged themselves in the campaigns to abrogate the unequal treaties > individually or as a group. Specific Chinese socio-political context and the nationalist discourse contributed significantly to the divergence of views. The NCC, incorporating both sides?was obliged to make a prompt response to the treaty issue and struggled to find common ground among the cooperating bodies.
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McLeister, Mark. "Chinese Protestant Reactions to the Zhejiang “Three Rectifications, One Demolition” Campaign." Review of Religion and Chinese Society 5, no. 1 (May 12, 2018): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22143955-00501005.

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This paper analyzes the wider effects of church demolitions and cross removals in Zhejiang on another location within the Huadong region. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2014 and 2015, this paper argues that the demolition of churches and church crosses is a potential catalyst for millenarian beliefs within popular Christianity. Much of the research on millenarianism has focused on specific movements. However, this paper utilizes the concept of millenarianism as a “body of underground ideas and thought which circulates in a community” and argues that the Zhejiang events have heightened millenarian beliefs within the Huanghaicheng Protestant community and resulted in an interpretation of these events as indicating that the “Last Days” are imminent. This perception has been facilitated by other “signs.” This paper furthers our understanding of the potential impact that political campaigns can have on popular Christianity and what resources individual believers draw on for making sense of them.
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Mengfei, Gu. "The Post-Denominational Era Chinese Churches on the Way Towards Unity." Ecumenical Review 60, no. 3 (July 2008): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6623.2008.tb00669.x.

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Chambon, Michel. "The Action of Christian Buildings on their Chinese Environment." Studies in World Christianity 23, no. 2 (August 2017): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2017.0179.

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This article explores the ways in which Christians are building churches in contemporary Nanping, China. At first glance, their architectural style appears simply neo-Gothic, but these buildings indeed enact a rich web of significances that acts upon local Christians and beyond. Building on Actor-Network Theory and exploring the multiple ties in which they are embedded, I argue that these buildings are agents acting in their own right, which take an active part in the process of making the presence of the Christian God tangible.
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Rupp, D. "Family can endure what partnership cannot: A consideration of historical, cultural, and newly arising barriers to missions in China." Missiology: An International Review 47, no. 2 (April 2019): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091829618813569.

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Relationships between American mission organizations and Chinese house church pastors are currently facing increasing difficulty and strain. To date, the dominant metaphor for how these two members of Christ’s body have related has been partnership. Rising contextual and cultural pressures render partnership inadequate to withstand what familial bonds are more suited to endure. This article first considers the overall historical and cultural context of the relationship between western missionaries and unregistered Chinese churches. Following this is an explanation of two recurring factors which place ongoing strain on their relationship: rising nationalism and government persecution of Christians. Next, new factors which compound existing relational stressors are explored: shifting economic policies and theological brain drain. Finally, initial recommendations are put forth as to how these two groups might move forward living together as family.
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Hou, Su-I. "CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE ADULTS ON CANCER SCREENING COMMUNICATIONS WITH PHYSICIANS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S189—S190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.680.

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Abstract This study examined characteristics of Chinese adults on cancer screening communication with physicians. Whether doctor recommended screenings and whether communicated screenings with doctor were used to assess cancer communication. Participants were recruited from 9 Chinese churches (5 in U.S. and 4 in Taiwan; N=372). Mean age was 44.31, 60% males, 72% married, 85% college education, and 54% had family history. Overall 35.2% reported doctor recommended screenings and 27.7% talked with doctors about screenings (27.7%). Regressions showed Chinese 40+ years (OR=2.66 & 2.49), had annual health exam (OR=3.43 & 4.41), and been a primary cancer caregiver (OR=2.12 & 2.29) were more likely to report doctor recommended screenings (p<.001; 69% correct classification) and communicated with doctors about screenings (p<.001; 76% correct classification). There were no significant relationships between family history, gender, perceived cancer risk or health, and screening communications. Findings have implication on designing effective doctor-patient cancer communication programs among Chinese adults.
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Li, Xinyu, and Jian Tang. "The Comparative Analysis of the Styles of Christian Churches in Modern Mainland China, Macau and Hong Kong." E3S Web of Conferences 283 (2021): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128302017.

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Chinese Christian (Catholic) architecture is not only an important type of religious architecture, but also an important witness of cultural exchanges between China and the West. This article comprehensively summarizes the architectural styles of Christian (Catholic) churches in modern mainland China, Macau and Hong Kong, and compares the differences in the main styles of their churches horizontally. Based on the data results, a comprehensive analysis of various factors such as age, region, religion, and society is carried out to further explore the reasons for the differences in the architectural styles of Christian churches in the three regions, and discover the historical and religious significance of the Christian churches in modern China.
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de Jong, Chris. "The Muria Story: A History of the Chinese Mennonite Churches of Indonesia." Church History and Religious Culture 88, no. 1 (2008): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124108x316620.

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Chu, Calida. "William Newbern and Youth Hymns: The Music Ministry of the C&MA in South China in the Mid-Twentieth Century." International Bulletin of Mission Research 43, no. 3 (July 2019): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396939319832280.

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American missionary William Newbern (1900–1972), one of the first C&MA missionaries to China, is known as the father of the Hong Kong Alliance Bible Seminary. Newbern, a successful evangelist and educator, also made a major contribution to Chinese hymnology in the mid-twentieth century, especially in his editorial role in preparing Youth Hymns, whose hymns are still used in Chinese churches today. As primary sources, I use mainly his autobiography ( The Cross and the Crown), his articles in Alliance Magazine, and his music commentaries Narrating Hymns ( Shengshi mantan).
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Song, Jiying. "Understanding Face and Shame: A Servant-Leadership and Face Management Model." Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications 73, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1542305018825052.

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Clergy can have a negative impact on churches and other individuals when they knowingly or unknowingly attempt to save face, that is, try to protect their standing or reputation. The desire to gain face and the fear of losing face and feeling ashamed will likely permeate clergy’s decision-making processes without even being noticed. This study explores the essence of face and face management and the relationship between face management and two characteristics of servant-leadership—awareness and healing—in both Chinese and American churches through the methodology of hermeneutic phenomenology. Prior to this study, to my knowledge, no hermeneutic phenomenological research of face management has been conducted in a church setting. Through a review of the literature, four areas are explored: face and shame, face management, servant-leadership, and face, shame, and face management within the church. This study obtained approval from the Institutional Review Board and informed consent from the participants. Three Chinese and three American Christian ministers were chosen to complete a question sheet and participate in two semi-structured interview sessions. A first cycle of open coding and second cycle of pattern coding were used during data analysis. Face experiences are discussed in light of eight major themes: body, triggers, becoming, face concepts, strategies, emotions, servant-leadership, and the church. Findings from the study help build a servant-leadership and face management model, which can offer an anchored approach for clergy and pastoral counselors to address face and shame and to develop therapeutic interventions.
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MAK, GEORGE KAM WAH. "‘Laissez-faire’ or Active Intervention? The Nature of the British and Foreign Bible Society's Patronage of the Translation of the Chinese Union Versions." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 20, no. 2 (March 5, 2010): 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186309990484.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the nature of the British and Foreign Bible Society's (BFBS) patronage of the translation of the Chinese Union Versions (CUVs), the largest Chinese Protestant Bible translation project initiated by the western Protestant churches in the nineteenth century. Drawing on André Lefevere's concept of patronage, it delves into how the BFBS served as a controlling factor of the translation of the CUV by examining the BFBS's financial support to the translation project, conferment of honorary titles to the translators and ideological influence on the translators’ choice of Greek text as the basis for the CUVs New Testament translation.
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Zhao, Pan. "The True Jesus Church and the Bible in Republican China." Religions 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11020089.

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During China’s Republican Era (1912–1949), the True Jesus Church, comprising one of the largest indigenous Pentecostal/charismatic churches in China, created a whole set of exclusive salvation doctrines based on its unique biblical interpretation. This paper attempts to illustrate the role that the Bible played in the development of the True Jesus Church (TJC for short) and how its biblical interpretations functioned in the shaping of its exclusive identity based on certain aspects of its charismatic experiences and unique doctrinal system. The founding of the TJC relied upon charismatic experiences, which were regarded as the work of the Holy Spirit to prove the authority of the Church. Doctrinally, the approaches to biblical interpretation employed by TJC leaders were another source of the church’s unique identity: The exclusive status the church assigned to itself was evident in its distinct interpretive approaches, as well as in its innovative rituals, especially facedown immersion baptism. Along with various influences of the Pentecostal tradition and the Chinese social context, these hermeneutics were an important reason for the TJC’s development as an independent denomination in the Republican era.
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Singgih, Emanuel Gerrit. "Some Notes on Corruption in Indonesia: A Cultural-Religious Perspective." Exchange 41, no. 4 (2012): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-12341235.

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Abstract After an introduction sketching some phenomena of corruption in the administration of Indonesia the author shows why it is almost impossible to remove corruption from Indonesian society. He discloses how the concepts of shame (gengsi) and sacrifice (rejeki) still motivate people both in society and in the church. After a delineation of the various cultural and religious backgrounds of these concepts including the cultures of the Batak, the Javanese and the Chinese he makes a plea for a return by the churches to the principle of preferential option for the weak and the poor. That will be the only way of removing corruption from Indonesian church and — hopefully — also society.
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STROMBERG, PETER G. "Rhetoric and Religious Experience: The Discourse of Immigrant Chinese Churches. LAWRENCE A. PALINKAS." American Ethnologist 19, no. 4 (November 1992): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1992.19.4.02a00220.

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Yan, Yingwei, Kenneth Dean, Chen-Chieh Feng, Guan Thye Hue, Khee-heong Koh, Lily Kong, Chang Woei Ong, Arthur Tay, Yi-chen Wang, and Yiran Xue. "Chinese Temple Networks in Southeast Asia: A WebGIS Digital Humanities Platform for the Collaborative Study of the Chinese Diaspora in Southeast Asia." Religions 11, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11070334.

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This article introduces a digital platform for collaborative research on the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia, focusing on networks of Chinese temples and associations extending from Southeast China to the various port cities of Southeast Asia. The Singapore Historical Geographic Information System (SHGIS) and the Singapore Biographical Database (SBDB) are expandable WebGIS platforms gathering and linking data on cultural and religious networks across Southeast Asia. This inter-connected platform can be expanded to cover not only Singapore but all of Southeast Asia. We have added layers of data that go beyond Chinese Taoist, Buddhist, and popular god temples to also display the distributions of a wide range of other religious networks, including Christian churches, Islamic mosques, Hindu temples, and Theravadin, which are the Taiwanese, Japanese and Tibetan Buddhist monasteries found across the region. This digital platform covers a larger area than the Taiwan History and Culture in Time and Space (THCTS) historical GIS platform but is more regionally focused than the ECAI (Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative) By incorporating Chinese inscriptions, extensive surveys of Chinese temples and associations, as well as archival and historical sources, this platform provides new materials and new perspectives on the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia. This paper: (1) outlines key research questions underlying these digital humanities platforms; (2) describes the overall architecture and the kinds of data included in the SHGIS and the SBDB; (3) reviews past research on historical GIS; and provides (4) a discussion of how incorporating Chinese epigraphy of Southeast Asia into these websites can help scholars trace networks across the entire region, potentially enabling comparative work on a wide range of religious networks in the region. Part 5 of the paper outlines technical aspects of the WebGIS platform.
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Zhu, Jianzhong. "Religious Regulation and Churches’ Responses—A Case Study on the Anti-Demolition Actions of Christians in Wenzhou." Religions 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9110344.

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This article focuses on the characteristics, causes, and patterns of the anti-demolition actions by churches in Wenzhou. Based on my six field studies from July 2014 to February 2016, I discovered that: (1) these actions are more explicit in Wenzhou churches due to their regional distinctiveness; (2) a wide range of differences can be observed among Wenzhou churches due to their doctrinal diversity; and (3) ‘poor pastors’ have taken the leadership roles in the anti-demolition activities instead of the ‘boss Christians’. Considering the ongoing tension in the Chinese religious environment between central government planning and free market operation, the author points out that the pastoral district system in Wenzhou plays a very important role in anti-demolition and offers the ‘cost–benefit’ exchange theory to explain the pattern of the anti-demolition activities by Wenzhou churches.
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Liu, Qi. "A Close Look into an Immigrant Workers' Church in Beijing." Nova Religio 12, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2009.12.4.91.

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Christianity, although a worldwide religious tradition, is counted as a minority in the People's Republic of China (PRC), both by the Christians themselves and by non-believers. "House churches" in the PRC, being illegal and thus underground, are the "minority in a minority." Based on two years of participant-observation, I give a description of the beliefs and rituals of an immigrant workers' Protestant house church system in Beijing. Belief in the Christian God's ability to provide relief from suffering by performing earthly miracles and by bringing the faithful to eternal life in heaven are the main attractions drawing people to the house churches. I argue that the way the believers value and emphasize miracles performed by the Christian God is derived primarily from an orientation found in the Chinese popular religious tradition. Additionally, glorification of suffering in Christianity gives the believers inner strength to face the trials of the world.
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Hou, Su-I. "LENGTH OF STAY IN U.S. AN ANOMALY: PREVENTIVE HEALTHCARE UTILIZATION AMONG FAITH-BASED FIRST-GENERATION CHINESE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1333.

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Abstract Limited knowledge exists on preventive healthcare services utilization (PHSU) among Chinese immigrants. This study examined factors related to PHSU among faith-based first-generation Chinese. A self-administered survey was conducted in five Chinese churches in southeastern US.(n=184). Mean age was 43 (SD=14) and 50% were males. Comparing with recent immigrants (<10 years), those who lived in the US for more than 10 years were more likely to be married (94.6% vs. 50.0%), have annual exams (74.5% vs. 39.6%), report doctors recommending cancer screenings (35.3% vs. 12.5%), have talked to doctors about screenings (25.5% vs. 4.2%), and perceive higher cancer knowledge (20.0% vs. 2.1%) (all p<.05). Considering all factors together, regressions showed perceived knowledge was the only significant predictor on having talked to doctors (OR=3.11) and doctor recommending screening (OR=2.15). Married status was the only strong predictor on annual exam (OR=29.13). Our findings highlight the urgent need for promoting PHSU in this population.
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MUNGELLO, D. E. "REINTERPRETING THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA." Historical Journal 55, no. 2 (May 10, 2012): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x11000574.

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ABSTRACTIn the last thirty-five years there has been a fundamental reinterpretation of the history of Christianity in China. This reinterpretation has resulted from a changing atmosphere in China that has greatly reduced anti-Christian feelings and allowed for more extensive study of Chinese historical documents. In addition, there has been a remarkable growth among Chinese Christian churches. These changes have led to a reconceptualization of the role Christianity played in China's long-term history. As a result, there has been a transformation from viewing Christianity as a failed foreign graft to a creative indigenous force. This historiographical review surveys the evolution of this reinterpretation as well as the most significant recent publications on the topic.
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Schrauwers, Albert. "An Apartheid of Souls: Religious Rationalisation in the Netherlands and Indonesia." Itinerario 27, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 142–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300020805.

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Described in travel books as a ‘sleepy church town’, Tentena is unusual in Indonesia, a nation where ninety per cent of the population is Muslim. In Tentena, on the island of Sulawesi, the proportions are reversed. There, as in much of rural Indonesia, religion clearly demarcates distinct ethnic and class boundaries: the majority of ethnic To Pamona, the indigenous peoples of the area, converted to Protestantism under the Netherlands Missionary Society at the turn of the century. Their church synod offices dominate the town. Largely peasant farmers, the To Pamona are culturally, religiously and economically distinguishable from both the Muslim Bugis traders who live around the market quarter, and from the ethnic Chinese Pentecostal merchants whose large shops dominate the local economy. This confluence of religion and ethnic identity among the To Pamona was fostered by Dutch missionaries who sought to create a ‘people's church’ or volkskerk, of the sort they were familiar with in the Netherlands. Driven by a new respect for indigenous cultures, the missions relativised the church's tenets; they argued that different ‘nations’ like the To Pamona could have their cultures preserved within their ‘national’ churches as long as those traditions were evaluated from a Biblical perspective. This discourse on ‘culture’, and missions in the vernacular, created a ‘nationalist’ religious discourse among the To Pamona infused with the ‘emancipatory’ politics of the churches in the Netherlands. The product of these strategies of incorporation was the religious ‘pillarization’ of the peoples of the highlands of Central Sulawesi, and their division into socially autonomous ethno-religious blocks.
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Ng, Emily. "The mind and the Devil: porosity and discernment in two Chinese charismatic‐style churches." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 26, S1 (March 25, 2020): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.13243.

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Yu, Yun, and Marta Moskal. "Why do christian churches, and not universities, facilitate intercultural engagement for Chinese international students?" International Journal of Intercultural Relations 68 (January 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.10.006.

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