Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chinese herbal medicine'

The severe debility and immune dysfunction associated with serious disease may respond well to treatment with the tonic formulas from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). One of these, Ginseng and Dang Gui Ten Combination has gained prominence as the formula most suitable to assist convalescence after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A literature review of the herbal combination suggests that it synergistically provides a broad range of pharmacological activity with a very low level of toxicity. The herbs may have haemopoietic, antimutagenic, antitumour, immunomodulatory and anticomplement activities and they seem to promote lymphocyte activation, interleukin production, protect various organs against toxicity, inflammation and ulceration, and promote drug delivery and radiation sensitising while protecting healthy tissue. The specific immunomodulatory effects of PS10 combination were investigated in 10 healthy volunteers (7 males and 3 females aged 43 to 58 years). The study was a longitudinal study (28 days), using a repeated measures design to investigate the pre and then post intervention changes in Natural Killer (NK) cell activity as well as total and differentiated lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, liver function tests (LFT) were included to assess any adverse effects on the liver. It was envisaged that NK cells or other white blood cell subset variation could indicate an immunomodulatory effect of the herbal formulation, PS10. Investigative methodologies included NK cell function assessment via the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to lyse the human erythroleukemia cell line K562.(Lozzio and Lozzio, 1975) Target cells are labelled by incubation with radioactive chromium, washed, then added to a dilution series of PBMC's and incubated for 4 hours. Supernatants are harvested and the amount of intracellular chromium- 51 released into the supernatant is measured with a gamma counter. The amount of chromium-51 released is proportional to the lytic activity of the NK cells. The gradient of the line of best fit through the plotted points was recorded as the measure of cytotoxicity or killing.(Brooks and Flannery, 1980) The steeper the gradient, the greater the cytotoxicity. This pilot study demonstrated that the herbal preparation Ginseng and Dang Gui Ten Combination (PS10) increased the total number of lymphocytes cells in healthy human volunteers (n=10) (p<0.007). Although the test formulation increased NK cell activity in some participants, the change in mean NK cell cytotoxicity was not significant.

Thesis (MSc) - Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006.
Typescript. Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science, Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (p. 208-242).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2008.
A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science, Centre for Complementary Medicine, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographies.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
運籌管理系企業管理碩士班
105
As the cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines has many climatic and environmental factors, the world must rely on China's exports and Taiwan has no exception. However, the origins of Chinese herbal medicine scattered in mainland China and production and marketing process is also quite complicated which has also made the quality of Chinese herbal medicine be affected easily, so a careful selection of Chinese herbal medicines suppliers becomes very important. In this study, the relevant literatures of Chinese medicine related to policies and the selection of many pharmaceutical suppliers were selected to construct the model by the hierarchical analysis technique. The AHP questionnaire was issued to the Chinese medicine retailers in Taiwan. The results showed that the dimensions of the product are common emphasized by the retailers and their sub-criteria also have higher degree of weight. Thus the Chinese herbal medicine suppliers have to focus on the dimensions of the product first in order to get a basic competitive advantage. Senior and young retailers have different perceptions on the degree of importance of the proposed major criteria and sub-criteria. Senior experts pay more attention to “financial credit” while young retailers emphasize on “professional knowledge and personnel training” and “technical resources”. Besides, “information technology”, “transportation and distribution” and “environmental protection” are perceived to have a lower degree of importance.

Human viral infections are important health problem worldwide. Although much effort has been made, antiviral drugs, because of the unique properties of viruses, are relatively fewer in number and possess relatively narrow spectrum of activities as compared with antibiotics. Moreover, efficacy, drug resistance and side effect are the problems of antiviral drugs in clinical uses. Thus, it is necessary to develop new, effective and safe antiviral drug.
Thirty-seven medicinal herbs, which were collected from Guangdong province or the Hong Kong region, were selected to screen for their antiviral activities against HSV-1 and/or RSV in vitro using a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The selection of the herbs was mainly based on their traditional use in the treatment of human infectious diseases of the skin and respiratory tract.
Three of 37 medicinal herbs, Agrimonia pilosa, Pithecellobium clypearia, and Punica granatum, showed anti-HSV-1 activity, which was possibly contributed from polyphenolic compounds in the herbal extracts. Six of 21 medicinal herbs, Blumea laciniata, Elephantopus scaber, Laggera pterodonta, Mussaenda pubescens, Schefflera heptaphylla, and Scutellaria indica, exhibited potent anti-RSV activity with 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50) ranging from 12.5 to 32 mug/ml, and the selective indices (SI) ranging from 11.2 to 40. Moreover, the anti-RSV SI values of Laggera pterodonta and Schefflera heptaphylla were found to be higher than that of ribavirin. Finally, Schefflera heptaphylla having the highest anti-RSV SI value among the active herbs was subjected to further study its antiviral activity. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Traditional herbal medicines have been used for a long time in the treatment of human infectious diseases in many countries, including China. Antiviral screening has shown that quite a few medicinal herbs distributed in various regions of the world possess significant antiviral activities with no or limited adverse effects, and many naturally occurring compounds exhibit antiviral activity in vitro and/or in vivo. In the present study, our objectives are to (1) screen for potential antiviral agents from selected herbal medicines traditionally used in southern China, (2) isolate and characterize the antiviral constituents from the most active herb, and (3) probe possible antiviral modes of action of the active compounds. The viruses used in the present study included respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), influenza A virus (Flu A), and coxsackie B3 virus (Cox B3). However, the present study mainly focused on searching for anti-RSV and anti-HSV-1 agents from selected Chinese herbal medicines.
Li Yaolan.
"October 2004."
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-07, Section: B, page: 3506.
Supervisors: Vincent V. E. C. Ooi; Paul P. H. But.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-178).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.

Hin-Chung Chu.
Thesis submitted in: July 2002.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 281-306).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Cover (English & Chinese version) --- p.I
中文封面 --- p.II
Abstract (English version) --- p.III-IV
中藥不良反應論文摘要 --- p.V
Acknowledgements --- p.VI
Abbreviations --- p.VII-VIII
Publication in press --- p.IX
Content --- p.X-XV
Lists of Table --- p.XVI
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1-3
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Chinese herbal medicines used in Hong Kong. --- p.4-15
Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.4-5
Chapter 2.2 --- The Policy In Hong Kong -- Past And Present --- p.5-1
Chapter 2.3 --- The Preparatory Committee on Chinese Medicine (PCCM) --- p.7-8
Chapter 2.4 --- The Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong --- p.8-10
Chapter 2.5 --- Development of Standards --- p.10
Chapter 2.6 --- Development of Centres of Good Clinical Practice --- p.10-11
Chapter 2.7 --- Establishment of a Good System of Education and Training --- p.11
Chapter 2.8 --- Investigation of Suspected Herbal Toxicity Cases --- p.12-13
Chapter 2.8.1 --- Herbal Safety Surveillance --- p.13-14
Chapter 2.9 --- Conclusion --- p.14-15
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Herbal medicines used in other countries --- p.16-45
Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.16
Chapter 3.2 --- China --- p.16-19
Chapter 3.3 --- Macau --- p.22-23
Chapter 3.4 --- Taiwan --- p.23-26
Chapter 3.5 --- Japan --- p.27-30
Chapter 3.6 --- Singapore --- p.30-31
Chapter 3.7 --- Australia --- p.31-34
Chapter 3.8 --- Others Asian countries --- p.35
Chapter 3.9 --- USA --- p.35-39
Chapter 3.10 --- United Kingdom --- p.39-41
Chapter 3.11 --- Europe --- p.41-43
Chapter 3.12 --- Germany --- p.43-45
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Adverse reaction -- General Aspect --- p.46-63
Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.46
Chapter 4.2 --- Traditional Chinese medicine --- p.47-49
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Compound Prescriptions to Reduce Toxicity --- p.50
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Processing Of Chinese Herbs --- p.50-51
Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- The Aims of Herbal Drug Processing --- p.51-52
Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- The Methods of Herbal Drug Processing --- p.52
Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- External processing (simple treatment by trimming) --- p.52-53
Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- Water processing --- p.53-54
Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- Fire processing --- p.54
Chapter 4.2.2.6 --- Water-fire processing --- p.54-55
Chapter 4.2.2.7 --- Other methods --- p.55
Chapter 4.3 --- Practical Problem in Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.55-57
Chapter 4.4 --- Evaluation of herbal adverse reactions --- p.57
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Type A reactions --- p.57
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Type B reactions --- p.58
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Type C reactions --- p.58
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Type D reactions --- p.58
Chapter 4.5 --- Chinese Proprietary medicine --- p.58-59
Chapter 4.6 --- Potential Risks for Herbal Adverse Reaction --- p.59
Chapter 4.6.1 --- Misidentification --- p.59-60
Chapter 4.6.2 --- Lack of standardisation --- p.60
Chapter 4.6.3 --- Contamination --- p.60
Chapter 4.6.4 --- Incorrect preparation / dosage --- p.60
Chapter 4.6.5 --- Excessive dosage --- p.60-61
Chapter 4.6.6 --- Individual errors --- p.61
Chapter 4.6.7 --- Individual response --- p.61
Chapter 4.6.8 --- Unqualified Herbal Practitioner with Wrong Prescription --- p.61-62
Chapter 4.6.9 --- Interaction with Western medicine --- p.62
Chapter 4.6.10 --- Prolonged Usage --- p.62
Chapter 4.6.11. --- Coexisting disease --- p.62-63
Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.63
Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Substitution, Adulteration or Misusing with Toxic Herbs" --- p.64-84
Chapter 5.1 --- Overview --- p.64-65
Chapter 5.2 --- Adulteration by Guijiu --- p.65-68
Chapter 5.3 --- Anticholinergic reactions Caused by --- p.69-74
Chapter 5.4 --- Overdosage --- p.74
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Overdose of Aconitine --- p.74-78
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Overdose of Liquorice ('Gancao') --- p.78-80
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Overdose of --- p.80
Chapter 5.5 --- Misusing - Personal abuse --- p.80
Chapter 5.5.1 --- --- p.80-81
Chapter 5.6 --- Discussion --- p.81-84
Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.84
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Chinese Patent Medicine - General Aspect --- p.85-112
Chapter 6.1 --- Chinese Patent Medicine --- p.85
Chapter 6.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.85-87
Chapter 6.1.2 --- Herbal Injection and Infusion --- p.87-88
Chapter 6.1.2.1 --- Variety & Processing --- p.88
Chapter 6.1.2.2 --- Stabilization --- p.88-89
Chapter 6.1.2.3 --- The Molecular Size --- p.89-90
Chapter 6.1.3 --- Adverse Reactions Caused by Chinese Proprietary Medicines --- p.90
Chapter 6.1.3.1 --- Aconitine poisoning --- p.90
Chapter 6.1.3.2 --- Nan Lien Chui Fong Toukuwan' --- p.90-91
Chapter 6.1.3.3 --- Jin Bu Huan' --- p.91
Chapter 6.1.3.4 --- Baoyingdan' --- p.91
Chapter 6.1.4 --- Heavy metals in CPM --- p.91
Chapter 6.1.5 --- The Necessarity to Develop Randomise Herbal Clinical Trial. --- p.91-92
Chapter 6.1.6 --- Recommendation --- p.92-93
Chapter 6.1.7 --- Conclusion --- p.93-94
Chapter 6.2 --- Adulteration by synthetic therapeutic substances --- p.95-104
Chapter 6.2.1 --- The Experiences in China --- p.91-99
Chapter 6.2.2 --- The Experiences in Hong Kong --- p.99-101
Chapter 6.2.3 --- The Experience in Taiwan --- p.101-102
Chapter 6.2.4 --- Discussion --- p.102-104
Chapter 6.3 --- Oil of Wintergreen (Methyl salicylate) --- p.104-112
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Overview --- p.104-111
Chapter 6.3.2 --- Prevention --- p.111-112
Chapter Chapter 7 --- Adverse effects of Ginseng. --- p.113-123
Chapter 7.1 --- Overview --- p.113
Chapter 7.2 --- Botany --- p.113-114
Chapter 7.3 --- Pharmacological Effects --- p.114-115
Chapter 7.4 --- Adverse reaction of Ginseng --- p.115
Chapter 7.4.1 --- Overdosage --- p.115-116
Chapter 7.4.2 --- Substitution with cheaper and more toxic herbs --- p.116-121
Chapter 7.5 --- Drug - herb Interaction --- p.121-122
Chapter 7.6 --- Conclusion --- p.123
Chapter Chapter 8 --- Herbal Medicines With Cardiovascular Adverse Reactions --- p.124-123
Chapter 8.1 --- Overview --- p.124
Chapter 8.2 --- Hypertension --- p.124
Chapter 8.3 --- Atherosclerosis --- p.124-125
Chapter 8.4 --- Arrhythmias --- p.125-126
Chapter 8.5 --- Cardic Failure --- p.126
Chapter 8.6 --- Angia Pectoris --- p.126
Chapter 8.7 --- Thromboembolic Disorders --- p.126-127
Chapter 8.8 --- Discussion --- p.127-128
Chapter 8.8.1 --- Herbal Medicine Used in Cardiovascular System --- p.131
Chapter 8.8.1.1 --- Ginseng --- p.131-133
Chapter 8.8.1.2 --- Ma huang (Ephedra sinica) --- p.133-136
Chapter 8.8.1.3 --- Yellow oleander (Thevetia neriifolia) --- p.136-137
Chapter 8.8.1.4 --- Stephania tetrandra --- p.137-138
Chapter 8.8.1.5 --- Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) --- p.138
Chapter 8.8.1.8 --- Ginkgo biloba --- p.138-140
Chapter 8.8.1.9 --- Dong Quai (Angelicae Sinensis) --- p.140-141
Chapter 8.8.1.10 --- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) --- p.141-143
Chapter 8.8.1.11 --- Berberine --- p.143
Chapter 8.8.2 --- Potential Problem Caused by Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.143-144
Chapter 8.9 --- Other Herbal Adverse Effects And Drug Interaction --- p.144-145
Chapter 8.10 --- Conclusion --- p.145
Chapter Chapter 9 --- Review of the Adverse Reactions to herbal treatments of Obesity --- p.146-150
Chapter 9.1 --- Overview --- p.146
Chapter 9.2 --- Combined With Unknown medication --- p.146-147
Chapter 9.3 --- Dietary Supplements and Herbal Preparations --- p.147-149
Chapter 9.4 --- Conclusion --- p.149-150
Chapter Chapter 10 --- Adverse Effects of CHM used for Diabetes --- p.151-159
Chapter 10.1 --- Introduction --- p.151
Chapter 10.2 --- Traditional Chinese medicine used in Diabetes --- p.151
Chapter 10.3 --- Adverse Reaction of Alternative Diabetic Treatment --- p.152-158
Chapter 10.4 --- Conclusion --- p.159
Chapter Chapter 11 --- Review of Herbal Hepatotoxicity --- p.160-194
Chapter 11.1 --- Introduction --- p.160-161
Chapter 11.2 --- Drug-induced hepatic injury --- p.161-163
Chapter 11.3 --- Types of Liver Injury --- p.163
Chapter 11.3.1 --- Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) --- p.163
Chapter 11.4 --- Hepatotoxicity Herbs --- p.163
Chapter 11.4.1 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.163-164
Chapter 11.4.2 --- Rhizoma Discoreae Bulbiferae --- p.164-165
Chapter 11.5 --- Consumption of Insect herbs --- p.165
Chapter 11.6 --- Hepatotoxicity Cause by Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.165-166
Chapter 11.6.1 --- Jin Bu Huan --- p.166-168
Chapter 11.6.2 --- Chi R Yun (Breynia officinalis) --- p.168
Chapter 11.6.3 --- Sho-saiko-to --- p.168-169
Chapter 11.6.4 --- Shou-Wu-Pian --- p.169-171
Chapter 11.7 --- Importance of Drug-Herb and Herb-Herb Interactions --- p.171-172
Chapter 11.8 --- Diagnosis of Herbal Hepatotoxicity --- p.172-173
Chapter 11.9 --- Recomandation --- p.173-174
Chapter 11.10 --- Conclusion --- p.175
Table --- p.176-180
Chapter Chapter 12 --- Review of Herbal Nephropathy --- p.181-194
Chapter 12.1 --- Introduction --- p.181
Chapter 12.2 --- Aristolochia acids (AA) --- p.181-183
Chapter 12.2.1 --- Intoxication of Aristolochia in Worldwide --- p.183-184
Chapter 12.2.2 --- Morphological findings --- p.184-185
Chapter 12.2.3 --- Carcinogenic --- p.185-187
Chapter 12.3 --- MuTong (Aristolochia manshuriensis) --- p.187-188
Chapter 12.4 --- Ma-dou-ling (Fructus Aristolochiae) --- p.188
Chapter 12.5 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.188-189
Chapter 12.6 --- Gastrodia Elata --- p.189
Chapter 12.7 --- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) --- p.190-191
Chapter 12.8 --- Hippocampus (Sea Horse) --- p.191
Chapter 12.9 --- Milabris Phanalerata --- p.191-192
Chapter 12.10 --- Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.192-193
Chapter 12.11 --- Conclusion --- p.193-194
Chapter Chapter 13 --- Adverse Reaction of Herbal Medicine in Dermatology. --- p.195-217
Chapter 13.1 --- Overview --- p.195-196
Chapter 13.2 --- Chinese Herbal Medicine Used in Psoriasis --- p.196
Chapter 13.2.1 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.197
Chapter 13.2.2 --- Radix Angelicae pubescentis and Radix Angelicae dahuricae --- p.197-198
Chapter 13.2.3 --- Radix macrotomiae seu Lithospermi Injection --- p.198
Chapter 13.3 --- Chinese Herbal Decoction For Atopic Dermatitis --- p.198-200
Chapter 13.3.1 --- Tea Extracts --- p.200-201
Chapter 13.4 --- Potential Adverse Effect with Herbal Medicine --- p.201
Chapter 13.4.1 --- Allergic skin reactions --- p.201-202
Chapter 13.4.2 --- Stevens-Johnson syndrome --- p.202
Chapter 13.4.3 --- Photosensitization --- p.202-204
Chapter 13.4.4 --- Pellagra --- p.204
Chapter 13.4.5 --- Hepatotoxic Effects --- p.204-205
Chapter 13.4.6 --- Others Adverse Reaction --- p.205
Chapter 13.4.7 --- Potential Adverse Reaction Caused by Interactions --- p.205
Chapter 13.5 --- Potential Adverse Reaction Caused by Contamination of Herbal Product --- p.206
Chapter 13.5.1 --- Herbal creams adulterated with corticosteroids --- p.206-207
Chapter 13.5.2 --- Arsenic dermatoses --- p.207
Chapter 13.5.3 --- Mercury poisoning --- p.207-208
Table --- p.208-211
Chapter 13.6 --- Dermatological Adverse Reaction Caused by Herbs --- p.211
Chapter 13.7 --- Contact Dermatitis Caused by CPM --- p.211-212
Chapter 13.7.1 --- Liushenwan' --- p.211-212
Chapter 13.7.2 --- Heiguiyou' --- p.212
Chapter 13.7.3 --- 101 Hair Regrowth Liniment' --- p.212-213
Chapter 13.7.4 --- Zhenggushui' --- p.213
Chapter 13.7.5 --- Tiedayaoiing' --- p.213-214
Table --- p.214-215
Chapter 13.8 --- Non-dermatological adverse effects of systemic herbal treatments used for dermatological conditions --- p.215-216
Chapter 13.9 --- Conclusion --- p.216-217
Chapter Chapter 14 --- "Chinese Herbal Medicine in Pregnancy, Infants & Children," --- p.218-229
Chapter 14.1 --- Overview --- p.218-219
Chapter 14.2 --- Asian Cultures for Pregnancy --- p.219-223
Chapter 14.3 --- Teratogenic Herbs --- p.224-225
Chapter 14.4 --- Chinese proprietary medicines --- p.225
Chapter 14.4.1 --- "“Tse Koo Choy""" --- p.225-226
Chapter 14.4.2 --- "“Lu Shen Wan""" --- p.226
Chapter 14.4.3 --- "“Po Ying Pills""" --- p.226-227
Chapter 14.4.4 --- """Jin Bu Huan Toxicity"" in Children" --- p.227
Chapter 14.6 --- Topical Preparations --- p.227-228
Chapter 14.7 --- Dietary supplement --- p.228-229
Chapter 14.8 --- Conclusion --- p.229
Chapter Chapter 15 --- Heavy metals poisoning in traditional Chinese medicines. --- p.230-251
Chapter 15.1 --- Introduction --- p.230-232
Chapter 15.2 --- LEAD --- p.232
Chapter 15.2.1 --- Overview --- p.232
Chapter 15.2.2 --- Poisoning Cases of Boa Ning Dan --- p.233-235
Chapter 15.2.3 --- Lead Poisoning in Worldwide --- p.235-238
Chapter 15.3 --- MERCURY --- p.238
Chapter 15.3.1 --- Overview --- p.238-239
Chapter 15.3.2 --- Cinnabar --- p.239-240
Chapter 15.3.3 --- Presentation --- p.240-241
Chapter 15.3.4 --- Poisoning Cases --- p.241-242
Chapter 15.4 --- ARSENIC --- p.242
Chapter 15.4.1 --- Overview --- p.242-243
Chapter 15.4.2 --- Arsenic toxicity --- p.243-244
Chapter 15.4.3 --- The toxicologic mechanisms of inorganic arsenic --- p.244-246
Chapter 15.4.4 --- Poisoning Cases --- p.246
Chapter 15.4.5 --- Discussion --- p.247-248
Chapter 15.5 --- Conclusion --- p.248
Table --- p.249-251
Chapter Chapter 16 --- Herb - Drug Interactions --- p.252-269
Chapter 16.1 --- Overview --- p.252-254
Chapter 16.2 --- Effects of Herb-drug interactions --- p.255
Chapter 16.2.1 --- Gastrointestinal system --- p.255-256
Chapter 16.2.2 --- Cardiovascular system --- p.256
Chapter 16.2.3 --- Central nervous system --- p.257
Chapter 16.2.4 --- Endocrine system --- p.257
Chapter 16.3 --- Reason regard to herb-drug interactions --- p.257
Chapter 16.3.1 --- Lack of Knowledge About Herbs --- p.257
Chapter 16.3.2 --- Mislabelling or Adulteration --- p.258
Chapter 16.3.3 --- Lack of Patient Communication About Use of Botanicals --- p.258
Chapter 16.3.4 --- Lack of Practitioner Knowledge About Potential Interactions --- p.258
Chapter 16.4 --- Metabolism of Herb-Drug Interaction --- p.258-259
Chapter 16.5 --- Pharmacologic Interactions --- p.259-260
Chapter 16.5.1 --- Interaction with Antibiotics --- p.260
Chapter 16.5.2 --- Interaction with Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs --- p.260-261
Chapter 16.5.3 --- Interaction with Sedatives --- p.261-262
Chapter 16.5.4 --- Interaction with Anticoagulants --- p.262-263
Chapter 16.5.5 --- Interaction with Anti-hypertensives and Diuretics --- p.263
Chapter 16.5.6 --- Interaction with Spironolactone --- p.264
Chapter 16.5.7 --- Interaction with Corticosteroids and Cyclosporine --- p.264-265
Chapter 16.5.8 --- Interaction with Estrogen Replacement Therapy --- p.265
Chapter 16.5.9 --- Interactions Between Natural Product and Drug --- p.265-266
Chapter 16.6 --- Herb-to-Herb Interactions --- p.266-267
Chapter 16.7 --- Conclusion --- p.268-269
Chapter Chapter 17 --- Recommendation --- p.270-264
Chapter 17.1 --- Overview --- p.270
Chapter 17.2 --- The need to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine --- p.270-271
Chapter 17.3 --- For the Pharmaceutical Industries --- p.211-212
Chapter 17.4 --- For the physicians & patient --- p.272-274
Conclusion --- p.274
Chapter Chapter 18 --- Conclusion --- p.275-280
Chapter Chapter 19 --- Reference --- p.281-306

碩士
國立交通大學
管理學院管理科學學程
103
With the economic take-off, the improvement of living conditions, health food related industries has become concerned about the development of the star industry. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry, the Government strongly support, the use of new technology to develop science and traditional Chinese Herbal medicine health foods and other related businesses. This research is to find the key factor for selling traditional Chinese Herbal medicine health foods, especially for traditional Chinese herbal stores through literature and interviews with experts, then using AHP to study the collection data. Finally structure a model with 4 groups "Marketing ", " Production ", " Environment ", " Management " , and the most important criteria of 11 items are " Advertising ", " word-of-mouth ", " store location ", " Promotion ", " store design ", "Quality ", " relationship marketing " , " store atmosphere ", " trust ", " key account management ", "historic ", " relationship marketing " this research also find the key factors for selling traditional Chinese Herbal medicine health foods by criteria weight of the goal” The key criteria of selling traditional Chinese Herbal medicine health foods, especially for traditional Chinese herbal medicine retailer.” to assist company easy to management.

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
98
The present study attempted to recognize 30 selected Chinese herbal medicine samples, including Mentha arvensis, Amomum villosum Lour., Millettia reticulata Benth, Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, Coix lacryma-jobi Linn., Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit., Ziziphus jujuba Mill var. Spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow, Corydalis bulbosa D.C., Prunus armeniaca L., Fritillaria thunbergii Miq., Ginkgo biloba Linn, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Siler divaricatum Benth et Hook., Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., Scrophularia oldhami Oliv., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Curcuma phaeaulis Valeton, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Astragalus membranaceus Fisch., Citrus reticulata Blanco, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Poria Cocos (Schw.) Wolf, Rheum officinale Baill., Ephedra sinica Stapf., Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Bupleurum chinense, Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, and Cinnamomum cassia Blume. These herbal samples were extracted with hot water and 95% of ethanol. The extracts were analyzed (i.e. spectrophotometric scanning, iodine analysis, pH values, antioxidant capacity, titratable acidity, electrical conductivity) and computed by the principle component analysis (PCA). The results from different analytical methods have proposed the characteristics of different samples. The recognition results showed that 30 herbal samples could be recognized correctly. This protocol could also be used to recognize the other samples collected from different sources. Overall, the results from this study showed its potential in the development of a rapid recognition for different herbal materials.

碩士
義守大學
生物技術與化學工程研究所碩士班
97
Traditional or folk herbal medicine as alternative cancer therapy has attracted a great deal of attention due to its low toxicity and costs. Many plant-derived bioactive constituents have been discovered to be potential sources of anticancer agents. This study examined the antioxidant and anticancer activities of the ethanolic extract from six herbs including Cibotium barometz, Abrus cantoniensis Hance, Siegesbeckia orientalis linne, Glehnia littoralis Fr.Schmidt ex Miq., Fructus Akebiae, and Semen impatientis. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content were also determined. Among the six extracts, Siegesbeckia orientalis had the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid content (= 13.84 ± 0.69% and 10.69 ± 0.10%, respectively), as well as the highest antioxidant activities on DPPH free radical scavenging, removal of superoxide anion, reducing power, and the ability of capturing the hydroxyl radical. The anticancer activities were assayed by MTT method on different cancer cell lines, including A549, H661 (lung cancer), HepG2, Hep3B (hepatoma), and MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer). The extract of Siegesbeckia orientalis linne also showed the best performance on the inhibition of proliferation of these cancer cells. These results demonstrated that the alcoholic extract of Siegesbeckia orientalis linne has good antioxidant and anticancer activities, and it is worth to be studied further to know its effective ingredients and their anticancer mechanisms in the future.

碩士
國防醫學院
藥學研究所
101
中文摘要 近年來，中藥所致腎臟損害日益受到人們的重視。多數藥物吸收後，主要經腎小球濾過、近曲小管分泌、遠曲小管重吸收和小管上皮細胞降解等代謝過程排出體外。在這一過程中均可累積腎毒性而發生結構和功能改變，導致腎臟損傷。中藥腎毒性已經成為制約中藥現代化和臨床應用的一大障礙。為了確保中藥的安全使用，有必要加強中藥的毒理學研究。然而，中藥製劑在台灣之使用相當普遍，因此中藥對腎臟之傷害機制尤其值得作深入之探討。 研究發現馬兜鈴(Aristolochia)會造成腎臟損害，但中藥是否仍含其他成分會導致腎毒性，目前我國僅有少數相關文獻與研究。因此本篇研究目的為，挑選出使用較多之複方濃縮中藥，每種複方濃縮中藥選自三家藥廠之產品，主要以市售三大廠為主。中藥腎病變之可能機轉主要是與腎絲球過濾和腎小管分泌有關，因此當中藥傷害腎臟時最主要受到影響的地方便是腎絲球及腎小管。所以本篇研究採用近端腎小管細胞(LLC-PK1)與遠端腎小管細胞(MDCK) 來進行體外細胞模式及以SD大鼠為體內動物模式的篩選評估。 體外細胞模式以模擬人體每日服用複方濃縮中藥之最大劑量且完全吸收，並進行劑量效應探討，以50%及10%濃度稀釋複方濃縮中藥之最大劑量，最後以10%處理濃度進行細胞存活率實驗，若細胞存活率低於75%，則判定此複方濃縮中藥可能具有腎毒性複方濃縮中藥經口服吸收後，除考慮口服吸收率與會經血液稀釋外，尚會與血中蛋白質結合，也會經血液分佈到各組織器官，故接觸到腎臟細胞之濃度相對降低許多，而以稀釋至10% 的處理濃度進行細胞毒性之篩選。體外篩藥結果顯示，A廠小建中湯、桃仁承氣湯、小柴胡湯，B廠桑菊飲，C廠上中下通用痛風丸具細胞毒性傷害之風險。 體內動物模式以餵食SD大鼠A廠之複方濃縮中藥，連續14天，於犧牲前一天收集SD大鼠之血液與尿液，檢測美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)建議之七種生物標誌物(biomarkers)及血清肌酸酐(Creatinine)， 來評估複方中藥對腎之傷害，同時針對腎臟進行組織切片，進行病理分析。體內篩藥結果顯示，並不會造成大鼠腎臟之損傷。 另依據細胞實驗之結果，挑選幾種複方濃縮中藥，經人類腎小管細胞(HK2)之細胞存活試驗，其實驗結果之細胞存活率與近端腎小管細胞(LLCPK1)相似，未來近端腎小管細胞之試驗結果應可作為人類腎小管細胞之試驗結果之代表。 Abstract In recent years, Chinese herbal medicine induce renal damage caused growing attention. Most drugs were absorbed by glomerular filtration, proximal tubule secretion, distal tubule reabsorption and epithlial tubular cell degradation and other metabolic processes excreted. In this process, drugs are cumulatived nephrotoxicity and changed kidney of structure and function, therefore leading to kidney damage. Chinese herbal medicine has become a restriction of renal toxicity and the obstacle of clinical application. In order to ensure the safely use of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, it is necessary to strengthen Chinese herbal medicine of toxicology studies. However, the use of Chinese herbal medicine in Taiwan is common, so the herbs on the renal damage mechanisms of particular in-depth study. Study found that aristolochic acid(Aristolochia) caused renal damage, but it still contains other ingredients of Chinese herbal medicine caused renal toxicity, currently only a view of relevant literature and research. Therefore, the purpose of this study, the Chinese herbal medicine was selected because usually using in Taiwan, each Chinese herbal medicine was selected from three pharmaceutical companies. Chinese herbal medicine nephropathy mechanisms possibly associated with glomerular filtration and tubular secretion, and therefore damage the kidneys when the medicine most affected the glomerule and tubule. Therefore, this study using the proximal tubular cells (LLC-PK1) and distal tubule cells(MDCK) for in vitro cell models and in SD rats as animal models in vivo screening assessment. In vitro cell models to simulate the human daily maximum dose of Chinese herbal medicine and completely absorbed, and conduct dose dependent, 50% and 10% concentrations of diluted the maximum dose of medicine, and finally the 10% concentration for cell viability experiments, cell viability was below 75%, it is determined this Chinese herbal medicine potentially nephrotoxicity. Chinese herbal medicine orally absorbed, in addition to considering the orally absorption rate and hemodilution, but still with the blood protein binding, also the blood distributed to various tissues and organs, the renal cells exposed to relatively reduce the number density, so this study selected the 10% concentration of medicine to consider that if Chinese herbal medicine cause nephrotoxicity or not. The results showed that in vitro drug screening, Chinese herbal medicine probally caused nephrotoxicity containing Sheau Jiann Jong Tang, Tao Ren Cheng Chi Tang and Sheau Chair Hwu Tang in company A, Shang Ju Yin in company B, Shang Zhong Xia Tong Yong Tang Feng Wan in company C. In vivo animal models to SD rats fed Chinese herbal medicine of pharmaceutical company A for 14 days, the study collected the blood and urine of SD rats before sacrifice them. According Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed seven kinds of biomarkers ( biomarkers) and serum creatinine (Creatinine), to evaluate the Chinese herbal medicine for kidney damage, and for kidney biopsy performed for pathological analysis. The results showed that in vivo drug screening, the medicine did not cause damage to the kidney in rats. In addition, according to the results of in vitro experiments, the selection of several Chinese herbal medicine to cell survival test by human renal tubular cells (HK2), the results of cell viability is similar proximal tubular cells (LLCPK1). In the future, the cell survival test representative that proximal tubule cells(LLCPK1) should be used as the human renal tubular cells(HK2).

碩士
中國醫藥大學
中西醫結合研究所
92
Recent researches reveal that good intestinal microflora environment not only helps improve gastrointestinal functions, but it also modulates immune system. Additionally, intestinal microflora promotes absorption and metabolism of Chinese herbal medicine. The aim of the study is to explore the effect of intestinal microflora on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) diagnostic pattern and the metabolism of Chinese herbal medicine. We studied 48 patients who suffered from allergic rhinitis for more than one year from the outpatient services at the Chinese Medical University Hospital. These patients age between 5 to 35 years old, and they were tested to be allergic to Dermatophagoides pteronyssines through blood tests. We collected patients’ stool samples and cultured the bacteria by selective culture mediums. At the same time, we conducted the clinical symptoms severity evaluation score study and TCM heat pattern evaluation score study. The patients were then divided to the “non-heat pattern” group (scoring 0-5) and the “heat pattern group” (scoring 6-20) based on the sum of the TCM heat pattern evaluation scores. The result indicated that in those patients with allergic rhinitis, the TCM heat pattern scores showed significantly negative relationship with age (p < 0.001, r = - 0.46), while showing significantly positive relationship with clinical symptoms severity scores (P = 0.033). In the meantime, heat pattern score showed a tendency of positive relationship with Bifidobacterium percentage in the intestinal microflora (p = 0.06, r = - 0.36). Moreover, we designed an in vitro test with a Hep G2 cell line model injured by toxic reagent, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, 1.5mM. The study was divided into 3 groups: silymarin treat group, Lycium bararum extract treat group and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation extract of Lycium bararum treat group. The lactate dehydrogenase level before and after treatment was used as the basis to assesses the efficacy of the treatment. The result shows that Lycium barbarum has significant cell protection function (P < 0.05). With the assistance of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we discovered that the peak of retention time (Rt) 5.998 on the finger print of the original Lycium bararum extract disappeared when it was fermented by LAB. The change on the finger print of Lycium barbarum means that the fermentation of the LAB changed the original content of Lycium barbarum and thus enhanced its cell protection function. Finally, we came to two conclusions through the two studies. First, the percentage of Bifidobacterium in the intestinal microflora showed negative relationship with TCM heat pattern score. Second, the fermented Lycium barbarum extract enhance the cell protection effect of the original Lycium barbarum extract. In addition, the fermentation of the LAB changes the original content of Lycium barbarum. The intestinal microflora plays an important role in the TCM pattern representation and the metabolism of Chinese herbal medicine. It warrants the importance of further studying on the close relationship between the intestinal microflora and Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Chinese Herbal Medicine has been mainstream practice for hundreds of generations, however the merits of herbal therapeutics have been debated in the era of modern medicine. With a shift towards scientific analysis and rigorous testing of conventional pharmaceuticals in the past century, critics have questioned the proclaimed effects of herbal concoctions. Nonetheless, herbal medicines are still used frequently and have spawned clinical studies meant to determine their therapeutic efficacy. This paper aims to evaluate many aspects of Chinese Herbal Medicine applications that have already been analyzed in other papers, then propose a study which explores the effects of the herbal concoction Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Pian in lowering blood pressure. Hypertension was chosen as the focus of the study due to its extensive presence in the population and the impact a significant outcome can provide given its prevalence. The ultimate goal is to find a balance between both eastern and western practices of medicine, thus preserving Chinese medical traditions that are concurrently buttressed by scientific research.

碩士
中原大學
生物醫學工程研究所
102
When the skin loses its function to protect by external damage, the exposed surface is at risk of inflammation and infection, therefore the management of wounds is of great importance. This study utilized Chinese medicine Colla Corii Asini which was recorded in the classics of herbal medicine with hemostatic efficacy and a biodegradable material called gelatin, as the basic material of wound dressing. The wound dressing also used the natural medicine of San-Huang (Rhei Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma) and gypsum to replace synthetic chemicals to prepare the dressing for wound healing and applications in research. First, we used the FT-IR and DSC to test the physicochemical properties of mixed material. Then we determined the parameters of blending ratio of the material to produce the wound dressing by Taguchi Methods, and discussed the five different concentration of material (10%，15%，20%，25%，30%), three different blending ratio of Colla Corii Asini with gelatin (70:30，50:50，30:70), respectively. We utilized the experiment of the tensile test, water vapor transmission rate test and contact angle test to choose the best parameter of concentration and blending ratio of material, and used the best parameter to the other experiments which are in progress. Then, we used the wound dressing to encase the San-Huang and gypsum, and through the drug encapsulation efficiency, drug release efficiency and degree of swelling test in order to understand the properties of the drug carrier of wound dressing. Lastly, we studied the cytotoxicity assay and discussed whether the wound dressing had the physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. It is hoped that the wound dressing could provide a suitable environment to accelerate the wound healing. The group adding gelatin, San-Huang extract and plaster in Colla Corii Asini was compared to the group with pure Colla Corii Asini as well as the group with gelatin. In the FT-IR results, no significant change in the absorption peak wavelength of samples in each group. By adding other material, the chemical structure of Colla Corii Asini and gelatin is not affected. Through DSC, adding different herbs can cause a transition in the glass material temperatures that is not in the range of material stability. For molding experimental results, a concentration of 15% to 25% is needed in order to prepare a complete cladding material. Tensile test results showed that the deposited materials can provide ductility in various proportions, in which the concentration of 20% has the highest value of stretching distance (75.82 mm). Experiments also showed that the ratio of gelatin with the stretching distance is positively correlated. For air permeability, the concentration of 25% has better air permeability which is proved by the negative correlation of the gelatin content. Through the above parameter optimization experiments, the materials that were used had a concentration of 20% and 25% for gelatin and gelatin-cum, with a ratio of 50:50 for subsequent experiments. For contact angle test, a concentration of 20% showed a more hydrophilic nature of the angle between 60.44 ° ~ 91.82 °. For coating rate, the concentration of 25% has the highest rate of 90.38% of the cladding. Release rate of 20% concentration experiment places owned 3.84% of the release rate of the best. Swelling ratio test, two experimental groups individually had nearly six times the performance of the original volume. SEM results showed that, the concentration of 20% has 5μm ~ 20μm size of the holes. The MTT results showed that the material concentration of 20% and 25% of the wound dressing material can be a significant proliferation of the cells, which proves it has a good biocompatibility. Taking these experimental results, the materials have good characteristics and potential to become a clinical wound dressing material. Among them, the material having a concentration of 20% of the experimental group has the advantage of greater efficiency. Therefore the role in wound healing of the dressing material is selected as the best application of its concentration. And this dressing material as a practical application of clinical wound dressing materials, we can enhance the property of material and animal/clinical trial in-depth study in the future.

碩士
大葉大學
生物科技碩士在職學位學程
103
To improve the status of traditional Chinese medicine pharmacy professional services, and response to the appeal of World Health Organization who should pay attention to traditional medicine and have well management. The government should pay attention to the management policy of medicinal pharmaceutical services, improving the skills of Chinese medicine providers to ensure patient safety. In this study, the western pharmacists major sixteen credits, not pass the national exam of Chinese herb medicine and without sufficient practice who can manage and dispensing the Chinese herb medicine will be explored. So far, the legal Chinese herb medicine personnel, is only Chinese medical doctor, pharmacists. These pharmacists practice in medicine in the past education and training, but they have the dual rights of dispensing Chinese and western medicine. In the absence of comprehensive medicine curriculum planning and professional practice, that will result the shortage of professionals to develop Chinese herb medicine. However, to increase the Chinese professional level of expertise is in order to protect people's safety in using drugs. Therefore, how many credits and the hours of practice in Chinese herb medicine, which can develop a professional practitioners of Chinese herb medicine is the important issue. In the current school system of Taiwan, almost classes of Chinese herb medicine are elective courses, even not open the Chinese herb medicine-related courses. Most of the schools are based on western medicine. In this paper, we wish to explore the curriculums in Taiwan, and make recommendations for the reference to establish professional’s dedicated system of Chinese herb medicine. Key Words: Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, Chinese Medicinal Pharmacist, Pharmacist, Chinese herb medicine.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
104
The increasingly lack of manpower and mis-operation during dispensation has brought the advent of automatic dispensing systems recently, which focus on western medicine and concentration scientific herbal medicine. Due to its medical efficacy traditional herbal medicine is still preferred for clinical use but manual dispensation requires significant time and manpower. Therefore, this thesis presented an automatic dispensing system for Chinese herbal decoctions. After importing prescription details such as drug name, dosage and weight of each herbal medicine, the system then automatically performs the desired dispensing task. The study adopted machine vision and a robot manipulator to grasp herbal medicine. To improve efficiency and accuracy, a least-square curve fitted equation which relates the grasping weight with gripper width was obtained through iterative training. Dispensing experimental results were conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed system.

碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
化妝品科技研究所
98
According to the previous dowments, many Chinese herbs are with skin thera peutic benefits. In recent years, the cosmetic products with Chinese herbs active ingredients have been a kind of tendency. Because Asiaw attach importance to skin whitening, whitening cosmetic products have a lot of requirement in ASIA market. This experiment used many kinds of Chinese medicinal herb, including Momordica charantia L., Nelumbo nucifera G., Nymphaea lotus L., Angelica sinensis D., Salvia miltiorrhiza B. etc.. We evaluated the extraction by antioxidation test, inhibition tyrosinase activity assay, MTT assay and so on. Next step, we chose the strong activty of extraction to add in whitening cosmetics. We evaluated the whitening cosmetic by in vivo. On the anti-oxidation tests, ABTS free radical scavenging ability of Nymphaea lotus L. showed SC50 was 0.0025 mg/mL, its better than Trolox. DPPH free radical scavenging ability showed the SC50 of Nymphaea lotus L. was 0.0067 mg/mL, and the SC50 of Trolox was 0.0045 mg/mL. Inhibition tyrosinase activity assay, the IC50 of Nymphaea lotus L. and Nelumbo nucifera G. mixture was 0.11 mg/mL. And the results show that add Vit C and Morus alba L. appropriately, can increase inhibition tyrosinase acitivity of Nelumbo nucifera G., Namely, whitening compound herbal extracts for inhibition tyrosinase activity, are better than the original single-whitening herbal extracts inhibit the effect more good. Apply the Chinese medicinal herb with whitening activity on the emulsion formula to perform skin nature appraisal and the skin chromatic aberration appraisal. Finally it demonstrated that the whitening can improve whitening effect. The emulsion B (active constituent increase Nymphaea lotus L, Nelumbo nucifera G.), not only had whitening effect but also color spot, the pore, the primary purple nature, the ultraviolet ray color spot can keep improvement after overall skin inspection . In the future, the Chinese medicine herb will have well develop in whitening and Multiple - effects cosmetic products.

碩士
大仁科技大學
製藥科技研究所
105
In recent decades, it has became a global tendency to apply the natural medicine, including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as supplemental and alternative medicine in the health care system. Chinese herbal wine (CHW) are often used for the treatment of cold chills, relieving pain and blood stasis in Chinese. CHW is classified as class B over-the-counter drugs according to Taiwan pharmaceutical regulation. It can be sold in drugstores and other consumption channels, even in network retail since June 30, 2015. CHW is the part of TCM, therefore, quality management and safety assessment on CHW can’t be ignored. To strengthen the quality management of CHW, the Department of Health, Executive Yuan in Taiwan had announced 22 standard formulations of CHW in 2001, which the manufacturers should comply with. In this study, 16 articles published by Taiwan Health Administrators from 1987 to 2007 are surveyed, included are the variation in the identification of TCM raw materials and quantification of target compounds, manufactory process, and safety assessment. It was found that no matter how much the TCM raw material added, the difference in 1 mL origin CHW can reach up to 20 times. Therefore, the rational for the production of such CHW should be reevaluated. Further, the ratio of solvent to solute was tested in four standards CHW. The results show that some prescriptions can not be immersed in the solution, the total amount of herbs and the proportion of alcohol does not seem reasonable, the rationale for the manufacture of CHW is worth further study. CHW is an important part in the development of TCM, which have a big market potential. Therefore, the regulations of CHW and its marketing information in China, Japan, and Korea are also collected and compared. We hope these results can warn and assist the industries, officers and research communities to establish better regulations for the production of high quality, safer, and more valuable CHW in Taiwan.

by Cheng Yuk Kwan, Anna.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-112).
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents --- p.i
Abbreviations --- p.iv
Abstract --- p.vi
List of figures --- p.ix
List of tables --- p.xi
Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- Objective and scope of the project --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Literature review of Mimosa pudica
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Morphology of Mimosa pudica --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Chemistry of Mimosa pudica --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Uses in traditional medicine --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Clinical and pharmacological studies of Mimosa pudica --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.5 --- Toxicology of Mimosa pudica --- p.8
Chapter 1.2.6 --- Characteristics and toxicology of mimosine --- p.9
Chapter 1.3 --- Immunomodulation
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Overview of the immune system --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Strategies on the study of immunomodulation of Mimosa pudica --- p.13
Chapter 1.4 --- Toxicology
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Principles of the toxicological assays
Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- LD50 --- p.17
Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Enzyme assays --- p.18
Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Subacute toxicity test --- p.24
Chapter 1.4.1.4 --- Reproductive toxicity test --- p.25
Chapter Chapter Two: --- Materials and methods
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mimosa pudica --- p.27
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Animals --- p.27
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Chemicals --- p.28
Chapter 2.2 --- Methods
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction of Mimosa pudica --- p.32
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Assays for the immunomodulatory effects of Mimosa pudica
Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Cell preparation
Chapter a) --- Splenocytes --- p.35
Chapter b) --- Thymocytes --- p.35
Chapter c) --- Macrophages --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Splenocyte proliferation --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Thymocyte proliferation --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Phagocytic activity of macrophages --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Release of IL-1 by macrophages --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.2.6 --- Plaque forming cells --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.2.7 --- Restoration on splenocyte blastogenesis of old mice --- p.42
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Assays for the toxicity of Mimosa pudica
Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- LD50 --- p.43
Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Enzyme assays --- p.43
Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Subacute toxicity --- p.43
Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Reproductive toxicity --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.44
Chapter Chapter Three: --- Results
Chapter 3.1 --- Immunomodulatory effects of Mimosa pudica
Chapter 3.1.1 --- In vitro study on the lymphocyte proliferation
Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Splenocyte proliferation --- p.45
Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Thymocyte proliferation --- p.50
Chapter 3.1.2 --- In vivo study on the lymphocyte proliferation --- p.53
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Phagocytic activity of macrophages --- p.58
Chapter 3.1.4 --- Release of IL-1 by macrophages --- p.64
Chapter 3.1.5 --- Plaque forming cells --- p.67
Chapter 3.1.6 --- Restoration on splenocyte blastogenesis of old mice --- p.69
Chapter 3.2 --- Toxicity of Mimosa pudica
Chapter 3.2.1 --- LD50 --- p.72
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Enzyme assays --- p.75
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Subacute toxicity --- p.80
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Reproductive toxicity --- p.85
Chapter Chapter Four: --- General discussion on the immunomodulatory effects and toxicity of Mimosa pudica
Chapter 4.1 --- Immunomodulatory effects of Mimosa pudica --- p.88
Chapter 4.2 --- Toxicity of Mimosa pudica --- p.95
Chapter Chapter Five: --- Concluding remarks --- p.99
References --- p.104
Appendix --- p.113

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is associated with many cardiovascular conditions including hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia. The decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide and increased oxidative stress are the hallmarks of ED. Apart from the mainstream Western medicine treatment, Chinese medical interventions have also demonstrated their capacity in dealing with a great variety of cardiovascular conditions. The effectiveness of acupuncture on hypertension has been recognized by the World Health Organization but the underlying mechanisms have hitherto remained largely obscure. A commonly prescribed Chinese herb, the Root of Rhodiola rosea has been used to treatment a wide range of cardiovascular conditions but its effect on ED is also unclear. In this thesis, we have explored the effects and the underlying mechanism of these two important Chinese medical interventions.
In the first part, we have performed an acupuncture study on hypertensive animals. Eighteen weeks old adult Wistor Kyoto Rats (WKYs) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs) were divided into WKY control, SHR control, Sham-acupuncture and real acupuncture groups. Electroacupuncture was performed on acupoints ST36 and LR3 in the real acupuncture group for 6 weeks. The blood pressure at the end of the treatment was lowered in acupuncture group when compared with SHR control and sham-acupuncture group. Serum angiotensin II level in SHR controls was higher than that in WKY control and acupuncture treatment significantly attenuated it. Dihydroethidium (DHE) imaging showed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was reduced in the aortas and carotid arteries of acupuncture treated SHR. Biochemical assays showed that acupuncture inhibited the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity and enhanced antioxidant capacity. In functional studies, the endothelial dependent relaxation of aorta rings and carotid arteries to acetylcholine were improved in acupuncture group. SHRs received acupuncture also expressed a elevation of eNOS and peNOS level and inhibition of nitrotyrosine level in Western blotting assay. The nitrate/nitrite level in aortic tissue was also increased by acupuncture. The findings concluded that one of the possible mechanisms of acupuncture in lowering blood pressure involved the improvement of oxidative stress, nitric oxide bioavailability and endothelium functions.
In the second part, we have studied the effects of salidroside, an active ingredient of the root of Rhodiola rosea with documented antioxidative, antihypoxia and neuroprotective properties on homocysteine induced ED. Functional studies on the rat aortas were performed to delineate the vascular effect of salidroside. Exposure to homocysteine attenuated endothelium-dependent relaxations in rat aortas while salidroside pretreatment rescued it. DHE imaging revealed that salidroside inhibited homocysteine-induced elevation in ROS production in both aortas and cultured endothelial cells. Western blot analysis showed that salidroside increased the phosphorylation of eNOS which was diminished by homocysteine in endothelial cells. Moreover, salidroside inhibited the NOX2 expression which was promoted by homocysteine in aorta tissue. The findings suggested that salidroside was effective in preserving the NO bioavailability and reducing ROS level, thereby protecting against homocysteine-induced impairment of ED.
We have successfully demonstrated the two Chinese medicine modalities, i.e. acupuncture and salidroside, a naturally occurring chemical compound isolated from Rhodiola rosea, delivered beneficial effects on ED, and both of them exert anti-oxidative effects for their action. Our experimental findings have enhanced the prospective of using Chinese medical interventions to manage oxidative stress-associated cardiovascular conditions and also helped put the clinical use of Chinese medical interventions on a more scientific footing.
內皮功能失調與很多心血管系統疾病，包括高血壓和高半胱氨酸過高症有著十分密切的關系，一氧化氮供應減少與氧化應激增加均為這病理現象的一個特徵。除了主流的西方醫學治療方法外，中醫藥也一直表現出對各種心血管系統疾病有著明顯的療效。其中以針灸治療高血壓雖然己被世界衛生組織認可為一有效之療法，然而其療效原理卻並未被完全了解。另外，中草藥當中的紅景天，其對心血管疾病的療效亦非常顯著，唯其對內皮功能失調之影響卻仍有待查証。在這部論文當中，作者將會對以上兩項中醫藥治療方法的原理作出深入探討。
在第一部份的實驗當中，作者對自發性高血壓的大鼠施行了針灸治療。把十八週歲的自發性高血壓大鼠與京都種大鼠分為1)京都種大鼠對照組 2)自發性高血壓大鼠對照組 3)假針組針針刺組。針刺組中所使用的方案乃於足三里和太沖施行為期六週的電針治療。治療後針刺組的血壓相對於高血壓大鼠對照組和假針組均有明顯下降。同時針刺組大鼠血液中的血管緊張素II亦明顯降低。顯微鏡螢光造影發現於主動脈與頸動脈組織中，超氧化因子數量於針刺後均低於另外兩組高血壓大鼠對照組與假針組。另外實驗結果亦發現尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶的活動於針刺後下降，而抗氧化總容量則有所提升。另一方面，血管功能測試則顯示在針刺組內，由乙酰胆碱所引發的血管舒張比對照所產生的有所增加。而內皮一氧化氮酶和磷化皮內皮一氧化氮酶於血管中的表達則於針刺治療後有所增加，反觀硝基酪氨酸的含量則於針刺後減少。針刺對於血管組織中的亚硝酸盐/硝酸盐含量均有刺激作用。綜合而言，針刺能透過抑制氧化應激從而增加血管中一氧化氮的含量，最後達至內皮功能改善而降低血壓。
在第二部份，作者對中藥紅景天內其中一種活性成份紅景天苷對半胱氨酸所引起的內皮功能損傷進行研究。血管功能測試顯示半胱氨酸抑制了由乙酰胆碱所引發的血管舒張，而紅景天苷則能有效逆轉該抑制作用。顯微鏡螢光造影則發現紅景天苷能壓制由半胱氨酸所刺激的超氧化因子，另一方面能增加由半胱氨酸所抑制的磷化皮內皮一氧化氮酶的表達。尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶為超氧化因子的其中一個主要來源，半胱氨酸被發現會對其當中NOX2亞組的表達有刺激作用，而紅景天苷則能減少其表達。實驗結果顯示紅景天苷對半胱氨酸所引起的內皮功能損傷有顯著保護作用，其原理則與減少氧化因子從而增加一氧化氮的含量有密切關系。
整體而言，本論文成功顯示針灸與紅景天苷兩項中醫藥治療方案均能夠透過抑制超氧化因子而改善內皮功能捐傷。實驗結果加強了中醫藥於治療氧化應激相關的心血管疾病的應用，為中醫藥發展提供堅實的科學基礎。
Leung, Sin Bond.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.
Includes bibliographical references.
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on 01, November, 2016).
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Cao Hui.
Publication date from spine.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-194).
Acknowledgments --- p.v
Abstract --- p.vii
List of Tables --- p.xv
List of Figures --- p.xvii
Abbreviations and symbols --- p.xx
Chapter Chapter 1. --- General introduction
Chapter 1.1. --- Historical background --- p.1
Chapter 1.2. --- Pharmacognostical development --- p.2
Chapter 1.3. --- Importance of herb authentication --- p.3
Chapter 1.4. --- Objective of study --- p.5
Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature review
Chapter 2.1. --- Botanical and taxonomic aspects --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.1. --- Morphology --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.2. --- Scientific names --- p.11
Chapter 2.2. --- Chemical aspects --- p.13
Chapter 2.3. --- Pharmacological aspects --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.1. --- Antibacterial effect --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.2. --- Antiphlogistic effect --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.3. --- Antipyretic effect --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.4. --- Effect in gastrointestinal propulsion --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.5. --- Antineoplastic activity --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.6. --- Hepatoprotective effect --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.7. --- Inhibitory activity on enzymes --- p.17
Chapter 2.3.8. --- Cardiovascular effect --- p.17
Chapter 2.3.9. --- Acute toxicity (LD50) --- p.18
Chapter 2.4. --- Pharmacognostical aspects --- p.18
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Kudidan in Ben-cao literature
Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.23
Chapter 3.2. --- Name evolution --- p.23
Chapter 3.3. --- Natural distribution --- p.24
Chapter 3.4. --- Characteristics --- p.25
Chapter 3.5. --- Substitutions investigation --- p.26
Chapter 3.6. --- Summary --- p.29
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Morphological differences
Chapter 4.1. --- Plant identification --- p.36
Chapter 4.1.1. --- Introduction --- p.36
Chapter 4.1.2. --- Collection of voucher materials --- p.36
Chapter 4.1.3. --- Plant morphology --- p.36
Chapter 4.2. --- Macroscopical identification --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.1. --- Introduction --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.2.1. --- Commercial samples --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.2.2. --- Macroscopical characteristics --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.3. --- Results --- p.49
Chapter Chapter 5. --- Histological identification
Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.58
Chapter 5.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1. --- Commercial samples --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1.1. --- Kudidan --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1.2. --- Pugongying --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1.3. --- Substitutes --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.2. --- Authentic plant materials for comparison --- p.60
Chapter 5.2.3. --- Methods --- p.60
Chapter 5.2.3.1. --- Paraffin method --- p.60
Chapter 5.2.3.2. --- Light microscopy --- p.62
Chapter 5.2.3.3. --- Quantitative microscopy --- p.63
Chapter 5.2.3.4. --- Scanning electron microscopy --- p.64
Chapter 5.3. --- Results --- p.64
Chapter 5.3.1. --- Microscopical characters of comparative plants --- p.64
Chapter 5.3.2. --- Internal structures of herbs --- p.83
Chapter 5.4. --- Discussion --- p.83
Chapter Chapter 6. --- Chemical analysis
Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.99
Chapter 6.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.1. --- Authentic samples --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.2. --- Commercial samples --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.3. --- Methods --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.3.1. --- Isolation and characterization of standard substances --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.3.2. --- Extraction of plant materials --- p.102
Chapter 6.2.3.3. --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.102
Chapter 6.3. --- Results and discussion --- p.104
Chapter 6.3.1. --- TLC synopsis --- p.104
Chapter 6.3.2. --- TLC analysis --- p.105
Chapter 6.3.2.1. --- Qualitative evaluation of authentic plants --- p.105
Chapter 6.3.2.2. --- Qualitative evaluation of commercial samples --- p.107
Chapter 6.4. --- Summary --- p.107
Chapter Chapter 7. --- Molecular fingerprinting
Chapter 7.1. --- Introduction --- p.115
Chapter 7.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.120
Chapter 7.2.1. --- Plant materials --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.2. --- Herbal materials --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.3. --- Total genomic DNA preparation --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.3.1. --- CsCl/EtBr gradient method --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.3.2. --- CTAB/CsCl gradient method --- p.123
Chapter 7.2.3.3. --- CTAB miniprep method --- p.124
Chapter 7.2.4. --- Qualitative analysis of genomic DNA --- p.125
Chapter 7.2.5. --- Quantitative analysis of genomic DNA --- p.126
Chapter 7.2.6. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting --- p.126
Chapter 7.2.6.1. --- DNA amplification --- p.126
Chapter 7.2.6.1.1. --- AP-PCR --- p.127
Chapter 7.2.1.1.2. --- RAPD --- p.128
Chapter 7.2.6.2. --- Data analysis --- p.129
Chapter 7.3. --- Results --- p.129
Chapter 7.3.1. --- Studies on extraction of genomic DNA --- p.129
Chapter 7.3.2. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting by AP-PCR --- p.130
Chapter 7.3.3. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting by RAPD --- p.131
Chapter 7.4. --- Discussion --- p.131
Chapter 7.4.1. --- DNA extraction --- p.132
Chapter 7.4.2. --- DNA fingerprinting of Kudidan --- p.136
Chapter 7.4.3. --- Phylogenetic relationship between two genera Elephantopus and Pseudo-elephantopus of by DNA fingerprinting --- p.141
Chapter Chapter 8. --- General summary and conclusion
Chapter 8.1. --- General summary --- p.165
Chapter 8.1.1. --- Ben-cao investigation --- p.166
Chapter 8.1.2. --- Investigation of commercial samples --- p.166
Chapter 8.1.3. --- Histological characteristics --- p.167
Chapter 8.1.4. --- Chemical analysis --- p.168
Chapter 8.1.5. --- DNA fingerprinting --- p.168
Chapter 8.2. --- Conclusion --- p.169
Appendices
Chapter A) --- Solutions --- p.171
Chapter B) --- Chinese characters cited in this Thesis --- p.173
Chapter a) --- Herbal names --- p.173
Chapter b) --- Book names --- p.175
Chapter c) --- Personal names --- p.176
Chapter d) --- Place names --- p.177
Chapter e) --- Miscellaneous names --- p.179
Bibliography --- p.180

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
生命科學系
106
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of higher malignant in cancers of human in the world. In addition, HCC mortality rate for 20 years is the leading cause of cancer death in Taiwan. The primary carcinogenic factors includes hepatitis virus infection and other are caused by alcohol abuse, and ingestion of carcinogen such as aflatoxin, etc. HCC has the characteristics of high level metastasis, angiogenesis, and recurrence after surgery. In this study, we focused on how to effectively prevent metastasis and angiogenesis of HCC. Recently, it becomes important to use the Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diseases. Here, we found that among 10 kinds of CHMs, M1 could inhibit the cell migration at the dose less than half concentration of IC50 (the half maximal inhibitory of concentration). M1 significantly inhibited the expression of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), and downstream, Ras, ERK, and Snail. Furthermore, another downstream pathway protein, Protein Kinase B (AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-α), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) were also inhibited. And the Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-2, MMP-9, which play an important role in metastasis mechanism, were also inhibited by M1. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, such as E-cadherin and N-cadherin, were effective altered by M1 treatment. In the xenograft mice model, we observed the tumors growth sizes, weight, and protein expressions were effectively inhibited by M1. In conclusions, we demonstrate that M1 has an inhibitory effect to suppress angiogenesis and metastasis of HCC in vitro and in vivo.

Premenstrual syndrome is a common disorder troubling many women during their reproductive years. The Chinese have been using herbal medicines to treat menstrual cycle related symptoms for centuries. Traditional Chinese medicine provides the aetiology and pathogenesis of the symptoms of this disorder by applying Pattern Identification to diagnose the signs and symptoms of individual patients and to design individualised treatments which seek to address the entire pattern/s of disharmony. It follows that PMS, which has many symptoms and an idiosyncratic nature, is precisely an area for which Chinese medicine is most suitable. The aim of this study is to scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine on Australian women for the treatment of PMS within the theoretical frame-work of TCM. A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial was conducted by a qualified Chinese herbal practitioner and pharmacist. Following two months confirmatory assessment, sixty-one subjects were assigned randomly into two groups within different TCM patterns of Liver Qi Stagnation, Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency, Liver and Spleen Disharmony and Heart and Spleen Deficiency. Herbal medicine (n=31) and placebo (n=30) were provided sequentially for a period of three months. There were significant differences (p < .01) in scores after three months of treatment between Chinese herbal medicine and placebo in premenstrual physical and psychological symptoms, depression, anxiety and anger, but with no difference in perceived stress (p > .05). There were highly significant reductions (p < .001) in all assessments in both groups except that a significant result (p < .05) was recorded on perceived stress only in the treatment-first group between baseline and the end of the third herbal treatment month. Also, there was no significant difference on treatment effects shown between TCM patterns. No adverse effects were reported by any participant. The results support the hypothesis that the symptoms occurrence and severity of PMS can be effectively reduced by the use of Chinese herbal medicine. On this basis, it is considered that Chinese herbal medicine may offer an alternative treatment method to western drugs for PMS sufferers who either do not accept the current treatment options or are having unwanted side-effects with their current treatment.

Premenstrual syndrome is a common disorder troubling many women during their reproductive years. The Chinese have been using herbal medicines to treat menstrual cycle related symptoms for centuries. Traditional Chinese medicine provides the aetiology and pathogenesis of the symptoms of this disorder by applying Pattern Identification to diagnose the signs and symptoms of individual patients and to design individualised treatments which seek to address the entire pattern/s of disharmony. It follows that PMS, which has many symptoms and an idiosyncratic nature, is precisely an area for which Chinese medicine is most suitable. The aim of this study is to scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine on Australian women for the treatment of PMS within the theoretical frame-work of TCM. A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial was conducted by a qualified Chinese herbal practitioner and pharmacist. Following two months confirmatory assessment, sixty-one subjects were assigned randomly into two groups within different TCM patterns of Liver Qi Stagnation, Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency, Liver and Spleen Disharmony and Heart and Spleen Deficiency. Herbal medicine (n=31) and placebo (n=30) were provided sequentially for a period of three months. There were significant differences (p < .01) in scores after three months of treatment between Chinese herbal medicine and placebo in premenstrual physical and psychological symptoms, depression, anxiety and anger, but with no difference in perceived stress (p > .05). There were highly significant reductions (p < .001) in all assessments in both groups except that a significant result (p < .05) was recorded on perceived stress only in the treatment-first group between baseline and the end of the third herbal treatment month. Also, there was no significant difference on treatment effects shown between TCM patterns. No adverse effects were reported by any participant. The results support the hypothesis that the symptoms occurrence and severity of PMS can be effectively reduced by the use of Chinese herbal medicine. On this basis, it is considered that Chinese herbal medicine may offer an alternative treatment method to western drugs for PMS sufferers who either do not accept the current treatment options or are having unwanted side-effects with their current treatment.

and senkyunolide A were found as the three major compounds in all herbal samples investigated. In addition, great variations in both total and individual content of each of the ten main components investigated were observed in samples of different origins and those collected from a GAP developing base in the same or different years, suggesting the necessity of a thorough quality control for Rhizoma Chuanxiong.
Extraction of the main ingredients from Rhizoma Chuanxiong by supercritical fluid extraction using CO2 was investigated. An appropriate SCFE method for Chuanxiong was developed with the mild conditions for the extraction of the unstable components. The method provided a high recovery and adequate reproducibility, and may be suitable for large-scale industry extraction of Chuanxiong.
Firstly, a total of sixteen ingredients were identified from Chuanxiong by HPLC-UV-MS and HPLC-UV analyses. Among them, ten ingredients were determined to be the main components in Chuanxiong. A simple, sensitive and specific HPLC-UV method was developed, for the first time, to simultaneously qualitatively and quantitatively determine twelve ingredients, including the identified ten main ingredients, plus vanillin and tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), which although were not found in the present study, had also been reported to be present in Rhizoma Chuanxiong. The developed assay was fully validated and provided adequate accuracy and reproducibility for all compounds analyzed. It was applied successfully to simultaneously quantify all main constituents in different Chuanxiong samples. TMP and vanillin were not detected, while Z-ligustilide, coniferylferulate.
Furthermore, a comprehensive stability study was carried out for the first time with the three major components senkyunolide A, coniferylferulate, Z-ligustilide and the main ingredient 3-butylidenephthalide, in pure form or Chuanxiong extract obtained from supercritical fluid extraction using CO 2 (SCFE) under different conditions. Results showed that both sun light and elevated temperature led to degradations of these components to different extents. Owing to such thermal and light instability, post-harvest drying and processing procedures could significantly alter the chemical profile of Chuanxiong herb, and thus also need to be well controlled.
In conclusion, analytical and pharmacokinetic studies of the main chemical ingredients in Rhizoma Chuanxiong were systematically conducted. The results revealed, for the first time, that senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide might be the primary chemical ingredients contributing to the beneficial effects of Chuanxiong.
Oral bioavailability was about 8%, 3% and 20% for senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide, respectively. Instability in the gut mainly contributed to a low oral bioavailability of senkyunolide A. First-pass metabolism in the liver also contributed to the low oral bioavailability but to a much lower extent. For Z-ligustilide, extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver and degradation in the stomach only partly accounted for its poor oral bioavailability, while other gut factors involved are still unknown. In the case of 3-butylidenephthalide, its low oral bioavailability was attributed to extensive first-pass metabolism in both the gut and the liver.
Pharmacokinetic fates of the main ingredients in Chuanxiong SCFE extract were firstly evaluated in rats. After a single intravenous and oral administration, only senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide were determined as the main herb related components in plasma. Coniferylferulate, although it is one of the abundant principles in the herb, was not detected in the plasma even immediately after dosing.
Pharmacokinetic profiles of senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide were further elucidated individually in rats. All three compounds exhibited rapid absorption, extensive distribution, and rapid elimination. The pharmacokinetic profile of senkyunolide A followed a dose-independent pattern, whereas Z-ligustilide exhibited dose-dependent kinetics. 3-Butylidenephthalide underwent enterohepatic re-circulation.
Rhizoma Chuanxiong is derived from the dried rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Umbelliferae). In China, it has been widely prescribed for the treatment of cerebro- and cardio-vascular diseases for thousands of years. However, its chemical and pharmacological basis is poorly understood. In the present study, analytical methods for qualitative and quantitative determination of the main chemical components in Chuanxiong herb were developed. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic profiles of the main chemical ingredients in Chuanxiong were systematically investigated in rats for the first time.
The metabolic profiles of senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. Oxidation and hydration were found to be the main metabolic pathways for all three compounds. In addition, glutathione conjugation of senkyunolide A and Z-ligustilide also occurred in the rat. A novel metabolite 3-hydroxy-3-butylphthalide was identified as the major metabolite of 3-butylidenephthalide generated by a direct hydration, and was shown to have significantly higher plasma levels than those of the parent compound. Furthermore, the main metabolites detected in the plasma of rats administered with Chuanxiong extract were generated from senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide.
Yan Ru.
"May 2005."
Adviser: Ge Lin.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1583.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 244-255).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.

by Suk-Fung Tsang.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-112).
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgement --- p.iii
Abbreviation --- p.iv
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- TNF molecule
Chapter 1.2 --- Molecular biosynthesis of TNF
Chapter 1.3 --- Antitumor activity of TNF
Chapter 1.4 --- Macrophage-mediated immunity
Chapter 1.5 --- Endogenous production of TNF
Chapter 1.6 --- LPS : the potent inducer for TNF release
Chapter 1.7 --- Natural product: as primer or inducer
Chapter 1.8 --- Aim of this project
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.22
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials
Chapter 2.2 --- Animals
Chapter 2.3 --- Cell line
Chapter 2.4 --- Transformed cell line : EAT cells invivo
Chapter 2.5 --- Reagents
Chapter 2.6 --- Methods
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Preparation of sample --- p.33
Chapter 3.1 --- Alcohol precipitaion of Bupleuri radix
Chapter 3.2 --- Endogenous TNF production by BR fractions
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Purification of BRI --- p.38
Chapter 4.1 --- Gel filtration chromatography of BRI
Chapter 4.2 --- Anion exchange chromatography
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Purification of PQI --- p.52
Chapter 5.1 --- Gel filtration chromatography of PQI
Chapter 5.2 --- Anion exchange chromatography
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Capacity of BR and PQ as eliciting agent for endogenous TNF production --- p.62
Chapter 6.1 --- Time course of endogenous TNF production by BRI subfractions
Chapter 6.2 --- Time course of endogenous TNF production by PQI subfractions
Chapter 6.3 --- BRI subfractions as eliciting agents
Chapter 6.4 --- PQI subfractions as eliciting agents
Chapter Chapter 7 --- Are BR and PQ priming agents in endogenous TNF production ？ --- p.71
Chapter 7.1 --- Priming by intraperitoneal route
Chapter 7.2 --- Priming by intravenous route
Chapter Chapter 8 --- Removal of LPS by acetic acid treatment --- p.79
Chapter Chapter 9 --- Antitumor activities of BRI subfractionsin relationship with TNF production --- p.86
Chapter 9.1 --- BRI subfraction as eliciting agent
Chapter 9.2 --- Pretreatment with BRIA subfractions followed by LPS treatment
Chapter Chapter 10 --- Conclusion --- p.95
Bibliography --- p.101

Chen Feng.
"August 2004."
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-178).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.

碩士
大同大學
事業經營學系(所)
95
Since the biotech developed, researchers have gradually brought up the scientific evidences to prove the medical effect of the Chinese-Herbal Medicine. The valuation of the Chinese-Herbal Medicine are rose recently and many researches are actively run to research the characteristics of the Chinese-Herbal Medicine in many countries. At the same time, by the advocating natural fashions is rising in the world, the international market of the Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry is gradually rising. In order to heighten the international competitiveness of the Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry, Taiwan government has advanced a serious of policies to develop the Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry from 1995. Nevertheless, since the Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry developed, the management literatures of the Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry have less been discussed; furthermore, because of the degree limiting of Chinese Herbal Medicine, the development of the Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry is not prosperous. Now, the government so develops the Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry that the research hopes to discuss the development of the Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry from the international competitiveness, and find the factors of affecting International Competitiveness of Taiwan Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry to bring up several recommendations and help the development of Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used in the research method and Porter’s diamond model is developed to the research framework. The possible factors affecting the international competitiveness are collected by literatures, interview and questionnaires by which the professional opinions are collected in the Industry, Government, the Academia, and the Research. By the analysis process of AHP, the factors affecting the international competitiveness can be found. The result found, the market factors (including” Global consumer preference for natural products” (0.0629),” Domestic consumers place great importance on heath and health preservation” (0.0504), “Consistent consumer demand in both domestic and overseas market” (0.0501) and “In contrary to western medicine, it is an alternative therapeutic method” (0.0496) are the most powerful factors affecting international competitiveness of the Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry. The second powerful factors is the role of the government (including “Professional training” (0.0420) and “Professional data pool setup” (0.0381). From the Chinese-Herbal firms, “Strategy alliance with overseas form” (0.0364), “Firm’s scale” (0.0338)and “Patent acquisition” (0.0317) are sorted on seventh, eighth and tenth. From the related supporting industry, “Related industries possessing international competitiveness” is sorted on ninth. From chance, ” Good international license system” (0.0317)and “Biotech development” (0.0312) are sorted on eleventh and twelfth. Finally, from production, all factors are sorted on last. From the result of the research, several recommendations are brought up to enhance the international competitiveness of the Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry. To the government, first, enhancing professional training; second, establishing the beneficial competitive environment for Chinese-Herbal Medicine industry; third, enhancing the in-depth studies of Chinese-Herbal Medicine; finally, promoting the Chinese-Herb al Medicine concept. To the Chinese-Herbal Medicine firms, first, enhancing the market orientation; second, enhancing the cooperation and communication with foreign medical firms; finally enhancing to get the International certification and patent.

碩士
中山醫學大學
生化暨生物科技研究所
97
Our previous laboratory study investigated the oxidative stress of dietary sorghum distillery residue in chicken animal model by measuring the level of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) in egg yolk. The results of this study showed that feeding diets of chicken with 15% and 30% sorghum distillery residue can induce the increase of f TBARS level in egg yolk. In this study，we want to use this animal modol to investigate the antioxidant effect of chinese herbal medicine (Occimum Grastissimum L.; OGL) supplementation. Thirty-two chickens were randomly divied into 4 groups (n=8), the control group (A group) was fed with basal diet, B groups were fed with basal diet and 30% sorghum distillery residue and other groups (C and D groups) were fed with basal diet and 30% sorghum distillery residue with 0.01% or 0.05% OGL. respectively. The result showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) values in B group (141.6 nmol/50μl egg yolk ) were significantly higher than control group (61.9 nmol/50μl egg yolk), this is in accordance with the results of a previous study. MDA values in C group (136.1 nmol/50μl egg yolk) and D group (127.6 nmol/50μl egg yolk) were lower than B group, but no significantly difference. In conclusion, the sorghum distillery residue induced-oxidative stress in chicken can apply to investigate the antioxidant effect of other chinese herbal medicine in the future.

碩士
國防醫學院
藥學研究所
99
In recent years, cancer has been the leading cause of death of the first people, the proportion of deaths due to malignant tumor growth year after year. Therefore, the development of anticancer drugs has been the focus of current drug development. Existing anti-cancer drug development, in addition to the ability to fight cancer cells, but also the need for mechanisms within cancer cells to countermeasures, which regulate NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappa B) pathway may be a cancer therapeutic approach. NF-κB signaling pathway as a regulated immune response, inflammation and cell growth play a very important role. Recently found that NF-κB may be an important factor involved in cancer growth. NF-κB involved in carcinogenesis and proliferation, but also involved in the process of apoptosis. Long term activation of the NF-κB can stimulate cells to secrete anti-apoptotic factors and promote cell growth and other related material, thereby enabling the cells and other active anti-apoptotic. Therefore, regulation of NF-κB signaling pathway to inhibit NF-κB screening effect of the drug, the main objective of this study. Drug screening methods, the first scientific Chinese medicine through the extraction, by adding the cultured cells(U266) in vitro, this cells have the characteristics of constitutive activation of NF-κB. Then after 24 hours of treating, remove the cells, extracted the nucleus of NF-κB proteins, and then analyzed by ELISA way to assess whether inhibition of protein expression or to increase. Animal model is injected solid tumor cells(BxPC-3) on the Immunodeficient mice, that cell is same type of constitutive activation of NF-κB. When the tumor grows to a certain size to tube feeding method, investment in scientific medicine for the screening. And continued to observe the tumor growth, to assess whether the inhibition of tumor growth. About 55 days later, mice were sacrificed, remove the tumor tissue to analyze the organization of NF-κB protein expression has changed. On 100 species of in vitro screening scientific medicine, which kinds of 3 had inhibition of effects and 1 increased the effect of NF-κB proteins expression. And select the suppression of scientific medicine before the two and increased effect were costus root, hawthorn and Prunella dosing to animal experiments. Hawthorn and Prunella for tumor growth inhibition which is better than the other traditional Chinese medicine and the control group to the significant(p<0.05). In continued study, tumor inhibition may not be via NF-kB pathway in this scientific medicine.

碩士
大仁科技大學
生物科技研究所
101
The ninety percent of Chinese herbal medicine in Taiwan has been imported from China. It is said that the quality of Chinese herbal medicine imported is not uniform with overdose heavy metal and pesticide residue. Therefore, the control of quality in Chinese herbal medicine is a significant issue for compatriots’ health. First of all, the Chinese herbal medicine strain is confirmed from the sources in the control of quality. The traditional identification in Chinese herbal medicine gives priority to appearances, tissue slice, and thin layer chromatography. In recent years, some scholars have assisted in the origin identification of Chinese herbal medicine by means of the molecular biology method. Analysis in this thesis, compared with the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the ribosomal, among several kinds of Chinese herbal medicine produced in Taiwan, is to be aware if this sequence can be taken as the auxiliary tool for the origin identification. The layouts in different Chinese herbal medicine primers, during the experiment, are to compare with the ITS sequence from the different species of the same genus in Chinese herbal medicine NCBI GenBank, including Lonicera spp., Salvia miltiorrhiza, Andrographis paniculata, Dioscorea spp., Taraxacum spp., and etc. After proceeding as the multiple sequences alignment in utilization of software, we design diverse pairs of conserved primers; then make good use of liquid nitrogen to grind Chinese herbal medicine for its chromosome DNA. To amplify its sequence in ITS rDNA by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method, to connect the PCR product and the TA cloning vector, to deliver clone to Biotechnology company for the sequencing, as well as to make sequence alignment from the sequence we got by NCBI GenBank are required. The identity of sequence in Salvia miltiorrhiza, Dioscorea spp., and Taraxacum spp. between grown in Taiwan and gotten in GenBank reaches more than ninety-nine percent. Again, the diversity among other different species of the same genus is much higher. It is a proof that these three sorts of Chinese herbal medicine can be made into the sequence identification by ITS rDNA. The identity of sequences in Lonicera spp. collected from distinct habitants in Taiwan reaches ninety-nine percent; however, the identity of Lonicera spp. in China or USA GenBank reaches merely eighty-three percent. Two possibilities are as follows: one, Lonicera spp. grown in Taiwan is endemic species, and the other, the amplifying sequences in Lonicera spp, is another set of ITS. Therefore, the sequence in GenBank is much far from the one grown in Taiwan. Owing to the result from those experiments, it is known that the ITS sequences analysis method cannot be identified effectively as five kinds of Chinese herbal medicine origin but possibly as the auxiliary tool. Keywords: Chinese herbal medicine, internal transcribed spacers, identification

碩士
東海大學
食品科學系
100
Chinese herbal health drinking (CHHD) is defined as the benefit of health effects , especially in animals, plants, mushrooms, algae and mineral. To prepare drink through food techniques, a serious preparation steps, such as extraction, separation, filtration, concentration and allocation . Ministry of Economic Affairs estimated that the CHHD market was reached to 50 million NT dollars in 2010. This research attempts to discuss consumers’ behavior of product knowledge, brands, marketing channels, and purchase attitude in CHHD. The survey was proceeded through questionnaires approach. There were 530 questionnaires , and 523 were returned. The study adapted simple regression analysis to analyze the characteristics of the product knowledge, brands, marketing channels , and purchase attitude to purchase intentions . After testing, extract the main components of factors from using factor analysis, followed by multiple regression analysis for each factor. After validations, the results were illustrated as follows. In product knowledge aspect, the more familiar with product, the more purchase intentions was. There were no significant difference among brands, types, health benefits and price. It showed only consumers real need that they would buy CHHD. In brands aspect , the more health benefits or experience within brands, the more purchase intentions was. There was no significant difference in invalid symbolism . It mean that personnel image or life style would not affect the factor of purchase intentions . In marketing channels aspect, the more hospitality service, the more purchase intentions was. It mean that product quality, product value, product diversities, efficient logistics, post sales service, service attitude and professionals were getting more important. In purchase attitude aspect, the more products packaged, health effects, marketing services, or brands trust, the more purchase intentions was. It mean that brand was key role of over all purchase intentions, even had mediating effects from product knowledge. It’s strong recommend that firms should pay more attentions on brands building in future.

碩士
大葉大學
運動健康管理學系
107
In this study, a cross-sectional study was conducted using Taiwan National Health Insurance database. We collected patients with newly elderly diabetes mellitus diagnosis from one million randomly selected subjects aged equal to or above 65 years old of database in 2000. Patients received TCM were defined as patients ever used TCM within one year after elderly diabetes mellitus was diagnosed. We compared the characteristics between TCM users and non-users, as well as describe the prescriptions of Chinese medicine in elderly diabetes mellitus generations. Overall, 35.4% (n = 4057) of type 2 elderly diabetic patients (n = 11463) utilized TCM for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Among the top ten most frequently prescribed herbal formulae in Taiwan were Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang、Shu Ching Huo Hsieh Tang、Ma Zi Ren Wan、Zhi Gan Cao Tang、Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang、Ping Wei Sa、Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang、Jia Wei Xiao Yao San、Gan Lu Yin and Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San. Although there is limited evidence supporting the use TCM to treat diabetes, the results from the study may provide Chinese medicine practitioner to consider the direction of prescription for elderly patients with diabetes and the basis for future study evaluating the efficacy of traditional Chinese herbs on patients with diabetes.

Ng, Chun Fai.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-197).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.

碩士
國防醫學院
藥學研究所
95
The increased public interest of coadministration of Chinese herbal medicine with Western medicine has raised an important issue of drug interaction. Drug-drug interactions may result a loss in therapeutic efficacy or may induce the toxic effects. Many Chinese herbal medicine and prescription drugs have been found to have interactions. Recently, many studies have indicated that herbal drug interaction is related to Cytochrome P450 (CYP450), the most abundant enzyme in human liver and is highly expressed in the intestinal tract. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of Chinese herbal medicine on CYP450 and to investigate the possible interactions of Chinese herbal medicine and Western medicine. The 24 concentrated compound Chinese herbal medicines used in this study were referring to the order list of National Social Health Care System and Customs of Medicine use in Taiwan. These 24 concentrated compound Chinese herbal medicines were screened for the activity of CYP3A using human liver microsomes for in vitro study. 10 Chinese herbal medicines were selected for the in vivo test due to their inhibition effects on CYP3A. There were 2 groups for the in vivo study, short term and long term study. The in vivo study was performed by using the Sprague – Dawley (SD) rats. The short term study was carried out by orally administered concentrated compound Chinese herbal medicine to SD rats 3 times daily for 7 days followed by orally administered midazolam, a CYP3A substrate, on the 8th day. Pharmacokinetic parameters (i.e. AUC, Cmax) were observed to determine whether the metabolism of midazolam was affected by the Chinese herbal medicines or had the possible herbal – drug interaction. The SD rats were sacrificed and the livers and intestines were taken for the determination of CYP3A activity using testosterone as a model drug. 5 concentrated compound Chinese herbal medicines were selected for the long term in vivo study. The long term study was performed by giving the 5 concentrated compound Chinese herbal medicines orally to SD rats 3 times daily for 14 days followed by midazolam on the 15th day. The result of short term study showed that the Cmax and AUC of midazolam increased significantly when orally administered Cang Er Zi San and Long-Daan-Shiah-Gan-Tang. The clearance was also increased significantly when orally administered Zhi-Bai-Di-Huang-Wan. On the other hand, the result for the long term study showed that the Cmax and AUC of midazolam decreased significantly when orally administered Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San, Zhi-Bai-Di-Huang-Wan and Ban-Xia-Xie-Xin-Tang. According to the results of short term study, Cmax, AUC, and the activity of CYP3A of liver and intestine showed negative correlations, but the clearance of midazolam showed a positive correlation. Moreover, the ratio of AUC for 1’-OH-midazolam and midazolam and the activity of CYP3A showed significant positive correlation.

Yu, Siu Lung.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-124).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Chinese Abstract --- p.iv
Table of Contents --- p.v
List of Figures --- p.viii
List of Tables --- p.x
List of Abbreviations --- p.xi
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- General introduction of sleep --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Sleep disorders --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Classification systems for sleep disorders --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Insomnia --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Definition --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Consequences of insomnia --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Prevalence --- p.8
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Subtypes of insomnia --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.5 --- Causes --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.6 --- Treatment of insomnia --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.6.1 --- Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia --- p.14
Chapter 1.2.6.2 --- Pharmacological treatment for insomnia --- p.17
Chapter 1.3 --- Traditional Chinese medicine and herbs in SD formula --- p.22
Chapter 1.4 --- Drosophila model for studying sleep --- p.25
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Drosophila as a disease model --- p.25
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Drosophila Sleep --- p.26
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Similarity of Drosophila and mammalian sleep --- p.26
Chapter 1.4.4 --- Methods for measuring Drosophila sleep --- p.29
Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Surrogate measurement of sleep in Drosophila --- p.31
Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives of study --- p.33
Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.35
Chapter 2.1 --- Preparation of the Sleep Disorder (SD) extract --- p.35
Chapter 2.2 --- Establishment of the Drosophila sleep model --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Drosophila culture --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Fly stock --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Fly food --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Culture environment --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of flies for experiments --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Agar food and drug preparation --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Measurement of activity and sleep in fly --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Determining the effects of SD extract on Drosophila sleep --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Data analysis --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Test of amount of food intake for different dosages of SD using food dye --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.7 --- Survival test --- p.42
Chapter 2.3 --- Establishment of the Drosophila caffeine-induced insomnia model --- p.43
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Determining the effects of caffeine on the Drosophila sleep --- p.43
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Determining the effects of SD extract on the Drosophila caffeine-induced insomnia model --- p.43
Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- HPLC determination of caffeine intake in Drosophila --- p.44
Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- "Spectrophotometric measurement of caffeine, SD and caffeine-SD solutions" --- p.45
Chapter 2.4 --- "Expression of Cyp6a8, Djun and Dfos in drug-treated Drosophila heads" --- p.46
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Drug treatment and collection of fly head samples --- p.46
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Total RNA extraction from fly heads --- p.46
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis --- p.48
Chapter 2.5 --- Determining the effects of SD formula on short-sleep mutants --- p.51
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Fly stocks --- p.51
Chapter 2.5.2 --- Experimental design --- p.51
Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.53
Chapter 3.1 --- Establishment of the Drosophila sleep model --- p.53
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Baseline activity and sleep --- p.53
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effect of SD on Drosophila sleep --- p.55
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Amount of food intake for different dosages of SD --- p.57
Chapter 3.1.4 --- Effect of SD on the survival of wide-type (CSI) flies --- p.59
Chapter 3.2 --- Establishment of the caffeine-induced insomnia model in Drosophila --- p.61
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effect of Caffeine on Drosophila sleep --- p.61
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Effect of the SD on the caffeine-induced wakefulness --- p.64
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Validation of caffeine intake by HPLC --- p.68
Chapter 3.2.4 --- "Spectra of caffeine, SD and caffeine-SD solutions" --- p.72
Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of SD on the sleep of short-sleep mutants --- p.74
Chapter 3.3.1 --- fumin mutant --- p.74
Chapter 3.3.2 --- minisleep mutant --- p.78
Chapter 3.3.3 --- HkY fly --- p.82
Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of the SD and caffeine on gene expression --- p.86
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effect of the SD and caffeine on Cyp6a8 mRNA expression --- p.86
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effect of the SD and caffeine on Djun mRNA expression --- p.89
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of the SD and caffeine on Dfos mRNA expression --- p.91
Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.93
Chapter 4.1 --- Rationales for evaluating the effect of SD formula in Drosophila model --- p.94
Chapter 4.2 --- Establishment of the Drosophila Sleep model --- p.96
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Hypnotic effect of SD in Drosophila --- p.97
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Toxicity of SD extract in fly --- p.98
Chapter 4.3 --- Effect of SD on Drosophila caffeine-induced insomnia model --- p.100
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Drug administration in Drosophila --- p.102
Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of SD on Short-sleep mutant --- p.105
Chapter 4.5 --- Study of gene expression by SD --- p.108
Chapter 4.6 --- Limitations of the model --- p.112
Chapter 5. --- Conclusion and Future Prospects --- p.115
Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusion --- p.115
Chapter 5.2 --- Future prospects --- p.115
References --- p.117

Background Diabetes affects 422 million people and directly causes 4.9 million deaths according to global report on diabetes in 2014. By 2030, diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death based on WHO prediction. Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90% of people with diabetes around the world. Diabetes has been recognised since ancient times and Chinese herbal medicine has been used to treat diabetes for more than 2000 years in China. An increasing number of people all over the world are trying to manage type 2 diabetes with Chinese herbal medicine. Many clinical studies have been performed and published inside China that show Chinese herbal medicine can be an effective and safe treatment for type 2 diabetes, but there are very limited clinical studies available outside China in English that report type 2 diabetes treatment with Chinese herbal medicine. Objectives To report the effectiveness and safety and evaluate the quality of the evidence of Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Search methods The following resources were searched for the identification of trials from 2004 to 2015: The Cochrane Library (Wiley Online Library), Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, The University of Adelaide Library Research, China Academic Journals Full-text Database (Basic Search) and Heart & diabetes Institute (Baker IDI). National Resource Centre for Chinese Materia Medica and China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences have been contacted for relevant studies. Reference lists of relevant trials and reviews were searched for potential eligible studies. Authors of relevant identified studies and experts were contacted to obtain additional references. Selection criteria Randomised controlled clinical trials with full text in English or Chinese and a minimum treatment period of eight weeks, comparing Chinese herbal medicine (alone or combined with other pharmaceuticals or other interventions) with other pharmaceutical, placebo, or other interventions (mainly diet control and exercise therapy) as treatments for type 2 diabetes. Quasi-randomised controlled trials, cluster-randomised trials and other non-randomised controlled trials such as cohort studies, case control studies, case series and case reports were not eligible for inclusion in this review. Pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes complications, study of herb extracts, study of Chinese herb combined with acupuncture and tuina treatment, comparison of different forms of Chinese herbs and study duration less than eight weeks were also excluded in this review. Data collection and analysis All studies for inclusion were assessed and extracted in Characteristics of included studies by using standard data extraction templates. Risks of bias were evaluated based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Intervention. The key criteria of random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants, incomplete outcome data, and selection reporting and other bias in the trials were assessed. Any questions were resolved by discussion with two research supervisors and/ or referring back to the original article. Main results Fifty-eight randomized clinical trials (involving 6637 type 2 diabetes patients) were included in this review. The trials compared Chinese herbal medicines either in combination with other pharmaceuticals (forty-two trials) or alone (ten trials) versus other pharmaceuticals alone or placebo (four trials). Two studies compared among three groups, one of the studies compared Chinese herbal medicine combined with other pharmaceuticals versus Chinese herbal medicine alone versus other pharmaceuticals alone. Another study compared Chinese herbal medicine alone versus pharmaceutical alone versus other interventions (mainly diet control and exercise therapy). Most trials tested various Chinese herbal medicines including individual prescriptions modified from classical formulae. Three trials only tested a single Chinese herb Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) or Wuweizi (Fructus Schisandrae). Pharmaceuticals included commonly used hypoglycemic Western medicines such as metformin, sulfonylurea (glibenclamide, glimepiride, and glipizide), alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (acarbose), thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone), and insulin etc. Other interventions mainly included diet control, exercise therapy, diabetes health education and other life style changes. The overall methodological quality in included studies was unsatisfactory. The studies were well-designed, but most studies were not reported correctly, affecting the quality of evidence. Thus, the ‘Risk of bias” domains were assessed as unclear risk in about two-thirds of the included trials due to insufficient detail to allow a definite judgement. The most valuable and important comparison to evaluate the treatment of type 2 diabetes with Chinese herbal medicine is with placebo, and only four trials were available in this review. Three studies were performed in multiple centres (2, 10 and 20) with one study including one centre outside of China. One study were randomised controlled trials with two arms. Based on available information, Chinese herbal medicines used alone or in combination with other Western hypoglycemic agents or lifestyle changes were associated with a decrease of glycated haemoglobin and blood glucose (FBG & 2h PBG), blood lipid profiles (TC, TG, LDL-C & HDL-C), weight or body mass index (BMI) and TCM clinical symptom score (which is a method of evaluating the symptoms of diabetes including dry throat and mouth, lack of strength, polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, shortness of breath, vexing heat in the chest, palms and soles, palpitation, insomnia etc.). A combination of Chinese herbal medicines with either other pharmaceuticals or lifestyle interventions was also associated with enhancing the therapeutic effects of other pharmaceutical by improving insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR or ISI) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the overall evidence for effectiveness was insufficient because the studies were not reported correctly and the quality of literature in included studies was unsatisfactory. Less than half of the studies (22/58) reported adverse effects of the interventions with only one-third of the studies (19/58) providing detailed information of safety assessment, and certainly had no safety assessment comparable with western medicines. So there was very limited safety data to conclude that Chinese herbal medicines were safe for type 2 diabetes treatment based on available information. Author’s conclusions The evidence to assess the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine for treating type 2 diabetes was acceptable in principle (fifty-eight trials with large sample size and forty-two with brief information of randomization), but the risks of bias (uniform bias due to patients selection exclusively from TCM hospitals or patients) in most of the included studies precluded a determination with respect to the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine. There was also insufficient data to evaluate safety issues in most of the trials if considering long-term adverse effects of Chinese herbal medicines. (Only less than half of the studies provide information of adverse effects and most of them were performed with short durations of 8 or 12 weeks). There was limited data (four studies) to compare the effectiveness of Chinese medicine (either alone or in combination with Western medicine) with placebo. From available data, Chinese herbal medicines combined with pharmaceuticals or alone may be more effective than pharmaceutical alone at glycemic control, insulin resistance control and improvement of TCM clinical syndromes. However, the information provided by most of the studies was insufficient with respect to details to allow a definite judgement of risk of bias, which affected the evaluation of overall methodological qualities of included studies. High quality studies (Long-term well-designed studies with multiple centres and large samples) with sufficient described details about randomisation methods and safety tests are required to compare Chinese herbal medicine alone with pharmaceutical alone or placebo before any conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness and safety of type 2 diabetes treatment with Chinese herbal medicines.
Thesis (BHlthSc(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Public Health, 2016

by Zhao Xin.
"October 2004."
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 235-260)
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生物化學暨分子生物學研究所
102
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects an estimated 185 million people. Chronic infection can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV therapy has been rapidly improved and cures vast patients, but at a high cost. To seek for alternative HCV treatments with low cost, we screened six Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs, numbered SBEL1 to 6) already grown by herbal medicine companies in Taiwan. SBEL1 was found to inhibit HCV activity by 90% compared to the vehicle control. This study investigated the effects of SBEL1 on HCV life cycle and aimed to isolate active compound(s) of SBEL1. Immunoblotting results showed that SBEL1 pretreatment reduced NS3 abundance in HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cells by 23%, suggesting that SBEL1 blocks HCV entry. SBEL1 significantly reduced internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-driven luciferase reporter activity in Huh7.5.1 cells by 39%, indicating an impact of SBEL1 on IRES-mediated translation activity. In HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cells, SBEL1 was found to significantly reduce HCV RNA levels by 78%, consistent with an effect of SBEL1 on HCV replication. SBEL1 reduced phosphorylation of the non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) at the serine 235, which was previously shown with a strongly correlation with HCV replication. With activated charcoal separation, we obtained four fractions and found that charcoal unbound fraction of SBEL1 inhibits HCV reporter activity without effects on cell viability. Our observations are compatible with multiple inhibitory effects of SBEL1 on HCV life cycle by reducing HCV entry, IRES-mediated translation, HCV replication and NS5A phosphorylation. Moreover, with the activated charcoal separation, we were able to separate HCV-inhibitory fraction from cytotoxic fractions of SBEL1.

碩士
國防醫學院
藥學研究所
97
Abstract Aging population is a global issue. Neurodegeneration disease, such as: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, brain ischemia, depression (disorder) will endanger our older population life’ quality. Although the mechanism of these neurodegeneration disease might not be quite the same, but similar syndrome is decrease of the daily neurogenesis in the brain hippocampus. And long term of decrease of the daily neurogenesis in the brain hippocampus will lead irreversible neurodegeneration disease. Recently, prevention of neurodegeneration disease using neural stem cells was being studied. Some clinical used drugs ( lithium, antidepressants, statins, Alzheimer’s disease drug ) have been proven to have neurogenesis and neuroprotection effect. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to set up an in vitro neural stem cell drug screening model for evaluating traditional Chinese herbal medicines neurogenesis ability. Neural stem cells were treated with extracted traditional Chinese herbal medicines for 48 or 72 hr for MTS assay. For the in vivo study, chronic mild stress inducing depression-like animal model was conducted using 10 weeks old BALB/c mice. Long term chronic mild stress will induce depression-like syndrome and will decrease daily neurogenesis in hippocampus. Then, we give the BALB/c mice these three potential candidates for long-term drug treatment ( 15 days ), and do biochemistry analysis ( plasma corticosterone ), behavioral tests ( force swimming test ), and neural measures ( BrdU immunohistochemical staining ) to measure drug enhancing neurogenesis effect. Ninety traditional Chinese herbal medicines were screened for in vitro study ( 56 single herbs, and 34 Chinese herbal formulae ). Eight single herbs ( Huangquin, Huangbai, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Rhizoma Corydalis, Radix Ginseng, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Huang Chi, Cortex Eucommiae ), and one Chinese herbal formulae ( Chia Wei Hsiao Yao San ) show cell viability >150%. The three most potential Chinese herbal medicines (Huangquin, Huangbai, Rhizoma Chuanxiong) were selected for in vivo study. For plasma corticosterone analysis, Huangquin, Huangbai, Rhizoma Chuanxiong decrease CMS-inducing high plasma corticosterone level. For force swimming test, Huangquin, Huangbai, Rhizoma Chuanxiong can shorten immobility times. BrdU immunohistochemical staining, Huangquin, Huangbai and Rhizoma Chuanxiong can reverse CMS-induced reduction in proliferation in the DG. Chuanxiong can reverse CMS-induced reduction in proliferation to the normal state.

博士
國立臺灣大學
職業醫學與工業衛生研究所
96
Despite the absence of safety data, the worldwide use of Chinese herbal products (CHPs) is on the increase; the rising number of reports of herb-related toxic events therefore indicates an urgent need to establish safety profiles for such products. In this thesis, we tried to establish an active safety surveillance system and take use of databases analysis to supplement the current pharmacovigilance function on traditional Chinese medicine. We also conducted four empirical studies to test the feasibilities of these two approaches. Study 1: This is a multi-center and prospective observational study. We recruited 134 women with climacteric symptoms. During 12-week study period, the subjects made 9 visits, took TMN-1 three times a day, and received routine hematologic tests, biochemical tests, and tests for gynecologically relevant hormones at baseline and after 4 and 12 weeks of beginning medication. At every visit, the subjects were asked by questionnaire about any adverse events. All adverse events were examined through a process of causality assessment by a research team. In total, we recorded 203 adverse events, in order of decreasing incidences-- cough, pharyngitis, rhinitis, abdominal pain, abdominal fullness, diarrhea, and pruritus with incidence rates of 2.57, 2.47, 1.88, 1.78, 1.68, 1.58 and 1.58 per 103 person-days, respectively. Most adverse events were tolerable. Five of the adverse events were judged to be “probable” adverse drug reactions: 2 events of diarrhea and 1 event each of nausea, abdominal pain, and abdominal fullness. Study 2: In this study, we conducted a qualitative/quantitative investigation on Dwu-Hwo-Jih-Sheng-Tang (DHJST) along with a prospective observational study. During the study period, we actively monitor adverse events (AE) and adverse drug reactions (ADR) amongst patients who took 2.5 grams of DHJST twice a day for four weeks. A list of AEs and complete blood counts, liver and kidney function tests were measured at the scheduled visits. Although containing Xi xin, DHJST did not contain detectable aristolochic acid under thin-layer chromatography analysis and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A total of 71 eligible subjects were included in the clinical study. 287 AEs were reported, all of which seemed tolerable. The incidence rates (per 103 person-days) for the most often reported AEs were: rashes (14.5), abdominal fullness (12.9), coughs (12.4), somnolence (11.9), muscle cramps (10.3) and diarrhea (10.3). The probable ADRs included single events of change in skin color, flush, tachycardia and diarrhea. There were no significant changes in liver or kidney functions. Both studies demonstrate the effectiveness using active safety surveillance to document safety of traditional Chinese medicines. This surveillance system could probably be useful to document the safety of other alternative or complementary medicines. Study 3: We carried out a cross-sectional analysis on a cohort of 200,000 patients, based on 2004 data from the National Health Insurance (NHI) reimbursement database. Data mining techniques were applied to explore CHP co-prescription patterns. A total of 46,938 patients had been prescribed CHPs on at least one occasion in 2004. Patients using CHPs were generally female and middle-aged, made more outpatient visits, had fewer hospitalizations and consumed more medical resources than non-users of CHPs. A total of 1,073,030 CHPs were contained within 220,123 prescriptions, for which acute nasopharyngitis was the most common indication. Yan hu suo and Jia Wei Xiao Yao San were the most frequently prescribed single herb (SH) and herbal formula (HF), respectively. The results of the data mining showed that the best predictions were provided by co-prescriptions of ‘Mo yao and Ru xiang’, ‘Ye jiao teng and Suan Zao Ren Tan’ and ‘Dang Gui Nian Tong Tang and Shu Jing Huo Xue Tang’ in the groups of SH-SH, SH-HF and HF-HF, respectively. Such combination prescriptions of more than two herbal formulas warrant future studies to secure their efficacy and safety. Study 4: A longitudinal analysis was carried out on a randomly sampled cohort of 200,000 patients using 1997-2003 data obtained from the Taiwan NHI reimbursement database. During the seven-year study period, a total of 78,644 patients had been prescribed with SAA (suspected aristolochic acid containing) CHPs on at least one occasion, the majority of whom were females and/or middle-aged. A total of 526,867 prescriptions were issued containing 1,218 licensed SAA CHP items. Over 85 per cent of SAA-exposed patients took less than 60gms of SAA herbs; however, about seven per cent were exposed to a cumulative dose in excess of 100gms of Xi xin, Mu tong or Ma dou ling. Diseases of the respiratory and musculoskeletal system were the most common indications for the SAA CHP prescriptions. The most frequently prescribed SAA CHPs were Shu jing huo xie tang, Chuan qiong cha diao san, and Long dan xie gan tang, respectively containing Fang ji, Xi xin, and Mu tong. In study 3, it provides national-level CHP prescription profiles and utilization rates, and documents, for the first time, HF-HF combination prescriptions in Chinese medicine practices in Taiwan. To further target the CHPs of concern, the study 4 showed that about one-third of people in Taiwan have, at some time, been prescribed with SAA CHPs, and although the cumulated dosages may not be large. It is therefore concluded that future studies are indicated to safeguard CHP usage.