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1
Yin, Lu. "Overeducation in the Chinese labour market." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16029/.
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The match between education and job is an important indicator of the functioning of the labour market. Overeducation can be described as when an individual’s educational level is higher than the schooling required for his job. Since the college expansion in 1999 in China, more graduates are reported to be found in jobs for which they are overeducated. This thesis focuses on the exploration of the phenomenon of overeducation and its impact on the Chinese labour market. Using longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1989 to 2009, the extent and determinants of overeducation are investigated in Chapter 2. A variety of techniques are employed to study the wage effect of overeducation in the Chinese labour market. Based on the empirical results of this chapter, the extent of overeducation and undereducation in China, using two indexes to define required education, are found to be different. In addition, it is found that males and workers who have urban registration are more likely to be overeducated in both indexes. Furthermore, workers who have less experience tend to be overeducated, which is only found in the mean index. In terms of wage returns to overeducation, time effects indeed play an important role in China. The wage penalty to overeducation becomes smaller and even disappears between overeducated people and correctly educated people after taking unobserved heterogeneity into consideration. Additionally, this chapter attempts to ascertain if there are distinct wage effects of overeducation for different age groups and explores the patterns of wage effects of overeducation over time. The results indicate that different patterns of wage effects of overeducation by age groups and over time can be explained by the education and labour market reform in China since 1978. Chapter 3 explores detailed links between educational mismatch, skill mismatch and job satisfaction in China. Results in this chapter suggest that overeducated people are more satisfied with their workload, working conditions and facilities, their relationship with colleagues and their housing benefits than correctly educated individuals in similar jobs. When educational mismatch and skill mismatch are included simultaneously into the analysis of job satisfaction, skill mismatch demonstrates stronger negative effects on overall job satisfaction and many facets of job satisfaction except for job satisfaction with welfare, workload and commuting distance to job location than educational mismatch, which suggests that firms and policy makers should put more emphasis on improving the match between the labour market’s needs and individuals’ skill levels. Given the important role played by rural-to-urban migrant workers in contemporary China, Chapter 4 provides a picture of education and educational mismatch issues associated with rural-to-urban migrant workers. This chapter contributes to the existing literature on the education of migrant workers by taking the generation of migrant workers into consideration, i.e. we distinguish between an old generation of migrant workers and a new generation of migrant workers. Based on OLS regression, the new generation of migrant workers has higher wage returns to schooling than the old generation of migrant workers. Quantile regression results indicate that the new generation of migrant workers have higher wage returns to schooling in the lower half of the wage distribution (i.e. 10th, 25th and 50th percentiles). Wage effects of undereducation between old and new generation migrant workers exist at the 25th percentile and 75th percentile of the wage distribution. However, distinct wage effects of overeducation between old and new generation migrant workers can only be found in the high end of the wage distribution (90th percentile). In addition, a comparative study of the issue of educational mismatch between rural-to-urban migrant workers and urban residents is made in this chapter. Negative effects of overeducation appear across the wage distribution of urban residents except for the 90th percentile. Positive impact of undereducation on wages can be seen from 25th percentile to 90th percentile. However, for migrant workers, overeducation doesn’t exhibit negative effects on migrant workers on the conditional wage distribution. Wage premiums enjoyed by undereducated migrant workers are only present in the lower and middle part of the wage distribution except for the 90th percentile. This thesis concludes that empirical patterns of overeducation in the literature in terms of the incidence, determinants and wage effects are present in the Chinese labour market. Empirical results in this thesis indicate that overeducation may not result in negative effects on job satisfaction as a priori expectations and skill mismatch is a better indicator to explain job dissatisfaction than educational mismatch. Although there are no significant wage effects of overeducation for migrant workers, the new generation of migrant workers enjoys higher wage returns to education than their older counterparts. This thesis provides strong evidence that enhancing skills to commensurate with the market needs should be the main concern of policy makers if China desires to sustain its economic growth in the future.
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Xia, Bingqing. "Labour in the Chinese internet industries." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7888/.
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Cultural production and labour have been the subject of considerable research in recent years. But relatively little research has paid attention to workers in the internet industries, especially the Chinese internet industries. This thesis uses ethnographic research to examine the quality of the working life of Chinese internet workers and asks: What is working life like in the Chinese internet industries? And how do workers themselves understand and evaluate their experiences of working life? This thesis examines three main inter-related issues in order to answer these questions. First, the work quality of these workers is evaluated via a framework consisting of work effort or intensity, autonomy and security. Empirical data, collected from three months’ covert observation in a Chinese internet company and two periods of interviews in the industries, shows inequalities and injustices in working life. Second, the social class of internet workers provides a crucial context for understanding their working conditions. Chinese internet workers are understood as part of the lower middle class in contemporary Chinese society. They face ‘proletarianisation’: they suffer a worsening of their working conditions and their collaborative acts of agency show close relationships with those of the working class. Thirdly, the agency of these workers is analysed, including their negotiation with, and resistance to, the state and businesses. A key argument is that proletarianisation is the result of exploitation, which is understood from a neo-Marxist perspective here: the bureaucratic capitalist class appropriates the labour efforts of the working class and skills of the middle class through ownership of means of production and exercise of the political authority to allocate these resources. The notion of exploitation is a fundamental mechanism to understand the quality of working life in the industries, as it explains why workers suffer poor working conditions. Workers’ acts of agency explain why workers still work in the industries, despite such poor conditions, and how they strive to improve them. This research also argues that such acts indicate a ‘bottom up’ force in contemporary China, which suggests the potential to create better working conditions and a better China.
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Jin, Lin. "Towards the Improvement of Chinese Labour Law - A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and South African Collective Labour Law." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4507.
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With the expansion of the open market system and globalization, employees increasingly need more protection from the law. So how to properly and efficiently develop a labour law system is becoming an important question for many countries. China is one country facing this issue. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to explore this question. It will examine the weaknesses existing in current Chinese labour law system through a comparative analysis with South Africa's labour law system, establishing the main influences which impact on the Chinese labour law system. Finally, it will demonstrate that the use of legal transplantation would help the Chinese labour law system.
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Li, Dan. "Discrimination in the Chinese urban labour market." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21310/.
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Engelken, Dagmar. "The labour movement and the Chinese labour question in Britain and South Africa, 1900-1914." Thesis, University of Essex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517255.
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Tan, Jialong. "Economic analysis of Chinese urban labour market : effects of labour laws reform and hukou reform." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20354/.
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The thesis consists of three main chapters. Chapter 2 studies the effects of Employment Protection Legislations (EPL) on labour market outcomes in the Mortensen Pissarides (1994) job search and matching model with an informal sector. The model predicts that rising costs of laying off workers unambiguously decrease the labour market’s tightness and a firm’s reservation productivity. Both job creation and job destruction are eschewed. In addition, given a Cobb–Douglas-form job matching function, there is a U-shaped relationship between layoff costs and the size of the informal sector and an inverse U-shaped relationship between layoff costs and the wage rate in the formal and informal sectors. Chapter 3 empirically examines the effect of 2008 China’s Labour Contract Law (CLCL) on the formal–informal divide in the China’s urban labour market. We use a range of indicators measure the regional enforcement of EPL and regional judiciary orientation. Panel data discrete choice models are employed to predict individuals’ probabilities of being in each employment status. The results provides weak evidence for an association between the regional enforcement of EPL and worker’s employment decisions. Chapter 4 explores the wage gap between urban workers and rural-to-urban migrants with a non-parametric matching approach proposed by Nopo (2008). Results show that the share of the unexplained wage gap to the mean wage gap between urban workers and rural migrants decreases significantly from nearly 50% to 29.7% if we compare only comparable individuals.
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Chen, Shuhua. "'Homeawayness' : experiencing moments of home among Chinese labour migrants." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15594.
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Migration is a major feature of contemporary human life, while making home is ubiquitous. Being away from home creates a space for a migrant to rethink home and to make a home beyond something fixed, spatial, and material. This thesis concerns home and home making in the world of movement. It aims to investigate the ways in which labour migrants make home on their journey away from home, a home through which they express and fulfil themselves while making sense of the world. Based on fieldwork in the Chaoshan region in South China, I approach individual migrants from two practices of migration that have affected the region in the last 150 years: the historical international Nanyang (Southeast Asia) migration (1860s to 1970s) and the contemporary internal rural-urban migration (1980s to present). Specifically, my fieldwork includes participant observation through working in a toy factory with migrant workers and living together with them for a year, as well as some months of archival research of remittance family letters (qiaopi) in a local archive. To study these two different strands of Chinese migration is not aimed primarily at comparing or contrasting them; rather it is an attempt to explore the universal human capacity to make home in a variety of ways beyond socio-cultural or historical constraint. I argue that one experiences and makes sense of home in moments of being, while making home, making self (and vice versa) is a continual process. One is constantly in a process of self-negotiation, oscillating between identities that are being imposed and self- recognised, between one's reality and one's imagination, between one's past and one's future, and between one's rootedness and one's cosmopolitan openness. I conclude the thesis by proposing five keywords for studying home-in-movement: homeawayness, moments of being, interiority, cosmopolitan imagination, and walking knowledge.
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Gordon, S. I. "The Chinese labour controversy in British politics and policy-making." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383824.
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Yang, Dexin 1960. "Transaction efficiency, division of labour and foreign direct investment." Monash University, Dept. of Economics, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7614.
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Eeg, Devin Ainsworth. "Race, labour, and the architecture of white jobs : Chinese labour in British Columbia's salmon canning industry, 1871-1941." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61797.
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Chinese migrant workers in North America have typically been regarded in two ways by historians: either as competitive threats to white workers, or as workers isolated within ethnic niches. Few scholars have examined cases where Chinese workers complemented or supported the labour of others. This thesis looks at Chinese labour in British Columbia’s salmon canning industry between 1871 and 1941, arguing that Chinese workers were foundational to white fishing jobs in the province. Drawing on company records, Government reports, newspapers, and oral interviews, I examine Chinese manual labour, labour politics, and wages as three areas where Chinese workers upheld the labour of fishers in a nominally “white” industry. As such, this thesis offers a different outlook on the structural entanglement of race and labour in British Columbia in the seventy years after the province joined the Canadian Confederation.Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Ng, Chi Man. "Investigation of Chinese immigrants assimilation patterns in Hong Kong labour market." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10193.
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Hong Kong is a society of Chinese immigrants whose adaptation has become a great concern to both policymakers and scholars. In the last two decades, the handover of Hong Kong sovereignty to People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997 and the Asian financial crisis did create a gap in the China-Hong Kong migration literature. Besides, Hong Kong immigration department adopted three new admission schemes in the last decade, the thesis contributes to the literature by incorporating the consideration of them and address two assimilation questions, the first research question is about the relationship between Chinese immigrants' characteristics and the corresponding effects on their assimilation patterns in Hong Kong labour market, the author investigates the variation of Chinese immigrants assimilation patterns and explains why patterns vary under different economic settings. The second research question is about Chinese immigrants' endowment which consists of Putonghua speaking skills and 'China-knowledge', this "endowment effect" can somewhat explain the assimilation pattern as these two skills are becoming increasingly important after the handover of Hong Kong sovereignty the author estimates the effect of this endowment on Chinese immigrants assimilation patterns. Methodologically, the author answers these two research questions through the triangulation of quantitative and qualitative approach. In quantitative analysis, six Hong Kong census datasets are employed and fifteen individual in-depth interviews scripts are analyzed in qualitative side. The author expects the validity of assimilation hypothesis depends on different economic circumstances. The major contribution of this thesis is to find out in what particular situation the assimilation hypothesis is true, and qualitative results are employed to explain why the assimilation patterns are proved to be different between male and female, amongst various marital statuses, industries and occupations.
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Lee, Ming Kwan. "Beyond the iron rice bowl : Chinese occupational welfare in market transition." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1483/.
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China had since the fifties developed a system of occupational welfare which provided 'from cradle to grave' benefits and services to urban state-sector employees, who depended on their work units, or danwei, for health insurance, retirement pensions, housing, various kinds of subsidies both in cash and in kind, various collective facilities and services such as nurseries, dining halls, clinics, bathing facilities, and, in large units, even schools and hospitals. It was a very rare and extreme situation of 'near-complete' welfare dependence. This study explains the origins and the nature of this unique system of welfare and describes how it has undergone changes in market transition. Based on the case study of a large-scale state-owned enterprise, the study shows that in the course of market transition Chinese occupational welfare has undergone very radical changes. Empirical evidence and field data show that these changes have come about through three separate yet inter-related processes at the individual, the work unit, and the government level: the process reshaping dependence, the process reshaping the danwei welfare economy, and the process reforming Labour Insurance. The system emerging from these changes is no longer a unitary system worked entirely through the danwei bureaucracy and is no longer the exclusive rights and privileges of a particular group of workers. The new system has broken with the near-complete dependence of the past and it no longer exempts individuals from their shares of risks and responsibilities. Emerging from the change is a model of welfare pluralism with unique cultural and institutional characteristics.
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Huang, Yuqin. "Transforming the gendered organisation of labour and leisure : woman, labour, leisure and family in an inland Chinese village, 1926-2006." Thesis, University of Essex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499792.
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Su, Anna. "La compétitivité coûts et hors-coûts de la Chine et ses enjeux pour le commerce international." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD032/document.
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La thèse étudie la compétitivité-coûts et hors-coûts de la chine et ses impacts sur le reste du monde entre 1970 et 2012. Au début, la performance commerciale de la Chine s’appuyait sur la compétitivité-coûts. Depuis les années 1990, son avantage-coûts a diminué, surtout comparée à la Thaïlande et à l’Inde. Par ailleurs, son avantage hors-coûts, mesuré par le changement structurel, a été accompagné par une augmentation de la contribution des inputs importés à l’exportation.. Ceci indique premièrement que la dépendance chinoise vis-à-vis du reste du monde a augmenté et, deuxièmement, que l’exportation chinoise a entrainé plus d’exportation du reste du monde qu’auparavant. Parmi ces exportateurs, les pays asiatiques sont toujours les plus grand bénéficiaires de cette expansion des exportations chinoisesThis thesis studies the cost- and non-cost competitiveness of China and its impacts on the rest of the world between 1970 and 2012. At outset, Chinese commercial performance was gradually enhanced by its cost-competitiveness. Since 1990s, China has lost the cost advantage, especially compared with Thailand and India. Furthermore, Chinese non-cost advantage, based on structural change of export, has relied on the rise of imported inputs. It implies that firstly the dependence of Chinese exports on other countries has increased and, secondly, Chinese exports have progressively induced more exports of the rest of the world than before. Asian countries have been the largest beneficiaries of Chinese export expansion
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Piacentini, Laura Francesca. "Work to live : the function of prison labour in the Russian prison system." Thesis, Bangor University, 2002. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/work-to-live--the-function-of-prison-labour-in-the-russian-prison-system(faef88b9-2bf2-4891-baa6-765244dc6b6f).html.
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Work was the dominant activity of prisoners in Russia for most of the twentieth century and was justified according to the philosophies prevalent in Tsarist and Soviet society. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, no specific ideology has emerged. Consequently, there is an absence of clear justifications for prison labour in Russia today. The main concern of this thesis, therefore, is with the function that prison labour serves in Russia in the early twenty-first century, now that it is no longer driven by a dominant ideology, as historically was the case. As Russia is becoming integrated into Europe, so too it is exposed to trends in prisons there, and officials recognise the obligation to comply with international instruments affecting the treatment of prisoners. Recent political and economic developments have adversely affected prison budgets in Russia. For this and other reasons, despite its good intentions, the central administration is finding it difficult to meet obligations to treat prisoners humanely. The second purpose of this thesis is to examine whether trends in European imprisonment will emerge in Russia, and how this might affect complying with international regulations. The study discovered that while staff extol the rehabilitative benefits of prison labour, nowadays, it has become the mechanism for survival for the staff and prisoners in institutions cut off from the wider economy and which can no longer rely on financial support from Moscow. In the most literal sense prisoners are working to live. Goods and services, which once were fully integrated - by command from the Moscow government - into an enormously complex and differentiated economy, are now bartered in the micro-economies of the local community. The findings will be dealt with in relation to the European Rules and the further implications in terms of management of the prison system.
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Mazire, Takudzwa. "Chinese investments in Africa: addressing and analysing labour, skills and technology transfer challenges." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32416.
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This research paper provides an address and analysis of the challenges commonly faced under Chinese investments in Africa and seeks to address the question on what regulatory mechanism can be used to maximise the benefits of Chinese Investments in Africa. In doing so, this study seeks to clarify the nature activities that transpire under Chinese investment, this is because over the past decades there have been serious accusations of human rights violations, illegal practices and lack of technology and skills transfers amongst many other problems. In conducting this examination, this study, I consider the dynamic legal and policy framework that regulates the Chinese investments. This provides a vehicle through which the legality of Chinese investments actors can be tested. Secondly, an outline and discussion of two selected challenges namely, Labour relations and employment practices; lack of skill and technology transfers. These issues are analysed in depth from different perspectives and potential solutions will be provided. In addressing the challenges, I draw from the experience of South Africa in terms of employment practices and Huawei in Zimbabwe and South Africa case studies. The research ultimately concludes that the challenges faced under Chinese investments are not as described by critics but rather they are complex and differ from business to business. Therefore, the best solution may be to ensure effective enforcement and implementation of local laws to ensure compliance with the law. The study recommends that there is a need for Africa to have a uniform China policy and to take advantage of the FOCAC process to prioritise the areas critical to their national and continental development goals.
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Zhao, Zhiwei. "Human resource strategies of Chinese state crewing agencies with special reference to labour export and the experience of Chinese seafarers." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54425/.
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The Chinese shipping industry is one of the fastest developing sectors in the Chinese economy. However, few studies have explored the changes within it, especially concerning its human resource element - seafarers - and the newly formed crewing agencies through which they are employed. This research seeks to explore the contemporary experience of Chinese seafarers and especially how this is impacted by the management strategies of Chinese crewing agencies. In doing so, it contributes to debates about changes in Chinese society - that is, whether the economic reform has led to a new market economy in China. The idea of the emergence of a modernized, free Chinese seafarer labour market is critically examined through research into the employment and labour supply strategies of two ship crewing agencies, which have been reformed to different degrees, and the experience of the seafarers who work for them. The research utilises qualitative methods, with twenty-two managers and fifty seafarers being interviewed extensively, supplemented by documentary research. It seeks to explain why China's seafaring labour export is far lower than people have expected. It is seen that it is difficult to characterise China's seafarer labour market as a free market. The state has limited the liberalization of the market by granting foreign manning qualification to less than sixty state-owned crewing agencies. It is seen that institutions at higher levels still intervene in the operation of the agencies, with their management consequently showing a lack of market orientation to different extents, which constrains the development of China's labour export. It is also difficult to characterise the movement of Chinese seafarers in the labour market as free movement. The argument that Chinese economic reform leads to the transformation of Chinese seafarers into freelancers, which implies a substantial increase of seafarer export due to the attractiveness of working in foreign shipping companies, is too simplistic. In addition, the wages of Chinese seafarers working in the global labour market are lower than the international benchmark rates and are not necessarily higher than the payments by domestic shipping companies. This weakens the willingness of Chinese seafarers to work in foreign shipping companies.
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Liang, Meng. "Seasonal labour migration of Chinese agricultural workers to Kawata village : migrant realities, negotiations, and a collaborative power network." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709010.
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Hj, Omar Abdul Razak. "Voluntary labour turnover in west Peninsular Malaysia : a comparison of the experiences of the Chinese, Indians and Malays." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294008.
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Kong, Yiu-man Dickson. "Policing of Chinese illegal immigrants in Hong Kong application of Cohen's labour-migration theory /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B3619508X.
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Bright, Rachel. "Chinese indentured labour in South Africa and the formation of a nation 1902-10." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.720570.
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Lu, Lu. "Chinese Domestic Workers as Inferior ‘Other’: Why Are They Particularly Vulnerable Yet Neglected?" Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36908.
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There are currently millions of domestic workers as vulnerable and underclass workers in China. The demand for domestic workers will continue to increase in another millions of urban families in time of ageing and labour shortage. Domestic workers are predominantly working poor female, low-skilled migrant and informal: these three characteristics have determined their poor conditions in the cities. When such a large body of domestic workers live in the improvised, disadvantaged and discriminated conditions in urban China, it is crucial to undertake a critical analysis of this issue to explore why this has happened and why it has been so hard to change their conditions. This thesis seeks to explain: why is there a persistent lack of social and legal protection for these vulnerable workers in urban China? To do so, I first explore two lines of theoretical frameworks to construct the issues of domestic workers in 1) the gender implications of domestic work and 2) the relationship between migration and labour market mechanism. Second, I analyse the larger socioeconomic structures that shape the working and living conditions of domestic workers. The process of reconstructing the dual labour system integrated with the institutionalized urban registration system in China has exacerbated the divergence between countryside and cities, between men and women, and between formal and informal labour. Third, I use the case studies to present the consequences of the informality of domestic work service in China, including the unrecognition of labour law, the unequal power relationship between service employers and domestic workers, and the media’s biased position in promoting the in-home care model. I find that the state has designed multiple institutions to secure a pool of cheap labour from the rural regions to facilitate the urbanisation at a low price. In particular, the central government has prioritised the urban development by encouraging more women to participate in the labour force and justified its absence in the provision of public elderly care by outsourcing the care services to the private market of domestic workers.
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MA, ZHINING, and victorma1972@yahoo com au. "An Institutional Study of Chinese Industrial Relations - Descriptions and Analyses Using a Six-party Taxonomy." Flinders University. Nationa Institute of Labour Studies, 2009. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20090924.150859.
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In the context of Chinas growing influence over the global economy, its newly developed labour market and the subsequent series of industrial relations issues have captured much attention. However, research on industrial relations and labour problems in China is relatively underdeveloped. The classic three-party industrial relations model, which was developed for western economies, has often been difficult to apply to Chinas circumstances. The biggest difference between China and western countries in the matter of labour issues lies in the different institutional settings of the industrial relations systems. As a sub-system of the broader social system, the industrial relations system of a country is significantly affected by the fundamental socio-political system in that particular country.
In view of this, Chapter One of this thesis will first review the relevant existing industrial relations theories and explore their applicability to China. The thesis then continues with the proposal of a new six-party taxonomy for the analysis of Chinese industrial relations. The new taxonomy takes into account distinctive industrial relations actors with Chinese characteristics as well as their inter-relationships which form at different social levels. This taxonomy provides a useful tool for drawing a broad picture of the evolving industrial relations in China, which constitute the main content of the later parts of this thesis: in Part One (Chapters Two to Four), we analyse the historical and current situation of the six Chinese industrial relations actors, namely the party-state, employers associations, the All China Federation of Trade Unions, grass roots unions, employers and employees; while in Part Two (Chapter Five and Six), we describe the interactions between each of these actors from a historical perspective.
With the new taxonomy and the analyses that follow, this thesis aims to provide a new insight into Chinese industrial relations and labour studies. It attempts to present to the readers a broad picture of the Chinese industrial relations system. We believe that the discussion will be valuable for those interested in Chinas social development (in particular, the development of modern industrial relations in the context of the Chinese political economy).
Limitations of length, however, preclude the detailed discussion in this thesis of all Chinese industrial relations issues. Various future research topics have been identified in the concluding chapter, and we recognize that they are undoubtedly important questions in need of enormous research efforts. Therefore, we see this thesis as the beginning of a series of related works, which aim to contribute to a better understanding of industrial relations in the context of Chinese political economy.
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Feng, Feifei. "Hospital nurses' attitudes to work : a case study of a Chinese hospital." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/622069.
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The aim of this study is to explore what the relevant factors of nurses' attitudes to and at work are. These include the separate but related hypotheses - the nature of the profession and changes in terms of management and training; the nature of the work situation including contracts and pay determination; and the nature of work relations as they impinge on nurse status including relations with co-workers and patients. All of which can be understood and compared with other workers in terms of both labour process and industrial relations as Goldthorpe (1968) did in the study of car workers. In the context of the contemporary Chinese social and political economy, the research also evaluates the roles of the government and how it affects nurses' attitudes to the profession. It is grounded in a case study of 330 nurses in a Chinese public sector hospital, using questionnaires, interviews, and documentary evidence on government policies and hospital practices. The findings suggest that nurses at the case study hospital are frequently put under pressure due to the high number of patients they are expected to care for. This was caused by insufficient government funding for public sector hospitals, and the pressure to improve overall efficiency within the health service. The use of different types of employment contracts for nurses has caused strong resentment among nurses because it fails to award 'equal pay for equal work'. In addition, the current system used in many Chinese hospitals for nurse education, recruitment, training and development, and pay have not helped establish realistic expectations of nursing or rewarded nurses for the work they do effectively.
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Wang, Chen. "Highly Skilled Chinese Immigrant Women’s Labour Market Marginalization in Canada: An Institutional Ethnography of Discursively Constructed Barriers." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42505.
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Canada has been active in attracting highly-skilled, foreign-trained workers to overcome its labour shortage, facilitate its economic growth, and enhance its global competency. While promoting gender equality in the workplace and advancing women’s labour market participation are ongoing focuses of Canada’s attention, the arrival of an increased number of skilled immigrant women and their marginalized experiences in the Canadian labour market reflects a critical problem that the underuse of highly skilled immigrant women’s professional skills might be a loss for both Canada and individual immigrants.
This research reveals the lived experience of highly skilled Chinese immigrant women in the Canadian labour market, and analyzes how the barriers to their career restoration were constructed. It adopts Seyla Benhabib’s weak version of postmodern feminist theory and Dorothy Smith’s Institutional Ethnography methodology. Based on interview data with 46 highly skilled Chinese immigrant women, this research identifies these immigrant women’s standpoint within the institutional arrangements and understands the barriers to their career restoration as discursively constructed outcomes. This research contends that the settlement services for new immigrants funded by the federal government fall short of meeting the particular needs of highly skilled immigrants who intend to find highly skilled jobs that match their qualifications. This research also makes recommendations for improving existing language training and employment-related settlement services in order to better assist highly skilled immigrants in using their skills to a larger extent.
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Omar, Abdul Razak Hj. "Voluntary labour turnover in west Malaysia : a comparison of the experiences of the Chinese, Indians and Malays." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1504.
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As a multiracial country, Malaysia's most crucial problem toward national unity is the glaring economic imbalance and racial tension among the races. Several policies have been carried out to eliminate the economic and racial disparities that exist. Amongst them is by expanding the manufacturing sector employing all ethnic groups. However, with the rapid expansion in this sector, a relatively high rate of voluntary labour turnover among blue-collar workers has developed with potentially serious consequences for the process of expansion. Even though the economic and racial disparities in Peninsular Malaysia are mul ti -dimensional, the present study focusses exclusively upon the ever-increasing rate of voluntary labour turnover amongst blue-collar workers. Unlike previous studies on labour turnover, the focus of this study is the comparison of labour turnover issues amongst different races in Peninsular Malaysia. This coverage is important because of the scarcity of comparative studies of labour turnover in the country. The three major races are chosen for this study; they are the Malays, the Chinese and the Indians. The purposes of this study are threefold: To discover the general characteristics of blue-collar voluntary labour turnover in Peninsular Malaysia; To ascertain correlate and determinant factors which influence blue-collar workers' decisions to discover factors and voluntarily leave the underlying in each of the their employment; and finally, reasons associated with these three cases to compare the experiences of the different races. The findings of this study highlight similarities and di fferences between the Malays, Chinese and Indians' decisions to voluntarily leave their job. The organisational and external factors results of this study on are consistent with the findings of research in other Third world countries. However, the present findings differ in terms of personal factors. It is concluded that the "racial background" and "cui ture" of the three races are amongst the important elements in understanding the factors influencing their decisions to voluntarily change employment in Peninsular Malaysia.
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Feng, Kaidong. "Catching up or being dependent : the growth of capabilities among indigenous technological integrators during Chinese development." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6277/.
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The thesis appraises certain key processes – albeit rather limited in number and scope – widely assumed to be associated with assessing the role of technological capability building in developing country (DC) firms. The latter are affected by their DC status on both the demand side (e.g. by rapid growth of the economy via consumption and trade) and the supply side (of technological catch-up etc.). Such broad considerations set the scene for our specific study. In this thesis, the component of technological capabilities that we highlight by studying local integrated product providers is the capability for systemic product development. We argue that the organisational system of industrial firms in DCs plays a fundamental role in their technological learning performance. Here, the developmental context is stressed because we suggest that the knowledge about how to organise effective learning, termed 'social technology', is at least as scarce as the 'physical technology' in such contexts, compared with those prevailing in the developed countries. Therefore, when DC firms shift into a new domain, the organisational systems that they rely on often have to be created rather than simply selected. This may be because, as first-movers in their circumstances, even when they are informed by external sources, they have very little practical experience of carrying out similar actions successfully within their own contexts. Therefore, studying organisational building in their early phase could prove critical for understanding their capability building processes. Empirical studies of China‘s car-making and telecom-equipment sectors over the past three decades are taken to support theoretical exploration in this thesis. Some scholars (e.g. Bell and Pavitt, 1992) point out that, in DCs, the growth of production capacity does not automatically lead to the building of technological capability. The experiences of China‘s car-making and telecomequipment sectors are exactly in line with this point of view. From the mid 1980s, the Chinese government implemented a 'trading market for technology (TMFT)' policy, encouraging its backbone SOEs (State Owned Enterprises) to establish productive joint ventures (JVs) with MNCs (Multinational Corporations). By doing so, policy-makers expected backbone SOEs to undergo a bottom-up capability building trajectory via learning closely from their JV partners. We term these SOEs and their JVs the 'Group-A firms' in our research. Contrary to the expectations of policy-makers, Group-A firms were locked into the manufacturing segment even after twenty years of TMFT practices, and seldom had new systemic products developed indigenously, prior to 2005 at least. On the contrary, the indigenous advance of technological capability building has actually been led by some new entrants. Their development has been independent of the advocacy of TMFT. They relied on in-house developed products from the very beginning after entering the corresponding industries, and succeeded in building sustainable competitiveness. We term them the 'Group-B firms'. By comparing these Group-A and Group-B firms, we argue that there are distinctive differences in organisational learning systems between them. Four components are developed of the concept of organisational learning systems, i.e. the strategic intent, the authority over strategic resource allocation, the pattern of organisational mobilisation and learning integration, and the facilities and institutions for knowledge accumulation. For the latter three components, we succeed in generating a clear contrast between these two groups of firms. We undertake a thorough comparison of authority over strategic resource allocation by studying the constitution of their top committees. As for the patterns of learning mobilisation and organisational integration, we find distinct differences in the scope of knowledge communication of front-line engineers, and relevant institutional arrangements to mobilise, integrate and direct the content of communication. Regarding the facilities for knowledge accumulation and application, the study of their knowledge database building engenders a clear contrast, as well as the institutional arrangements to regulate and promote relevant activities within their organisations. We also discover significant connections between the organisational systems of Group-B firms and their processes of knowledge search, generation and accumulation. Three important mechanisms of new knowledge creation in Group-B firms are examined, namely learning through recruitment, learning through cooperative projects and learning through interaction with customers. Our empirical study reveals that the authority stressing the investment in new product and technology development, the cross-boundary inter-departmental platform of knowledge conversion, the comprehensive knowledge-accumulating facilities, and the institutions backing these components play fundamental roles in shaping these learning mechanisms. Therefore, the organisational differences of these two groups of firms are connected with the differences of these two subsets of firms‘ technological learning performances. Besides, we discuss the social roots of their organisational systems by historically revisiting China‘s industrial system. By doing so, for the research community that focuses on technological learning in DCs, this thesis advocates a shift of research from stressing assimilative processes of firms to giving more emphasis to organisational changes as a centrepiece of studies.
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Cheng, Li. "Labour surplus economy under transitions = a case study of chinese rural labour mobility = Transições na economia de mão de obra excedente: um estudo de caso da mobilidade da mão de obra rural na China." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286402.
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Orientadores: Carlos Alonso Barbosa de Oliveira, José Dari KreinDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T15:19:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cheng_Li_M.pdf: 3595185 bytes, checksum: eea0dacaa1c90e56db176a406edb0942 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Três décadas de reforma econômica e abertura, a China tem vivido uma fase de desenvolvimento de transições econômicas de um sistema planejado para a de um mercado, juntamente com um padrão de desenvolvimento típico dualista. A mobilidade do trabalho de um controle restrito durante o período de pré-reforma a um afrouxamento gradual pós-reforma, juntamente com a melhoria de industrialização e expansão da urbanização, apresentou uma transferência de massa sem precedentes em termos de tempo, espaço, ocupação, indústria e escala. No entanto, a sustentabilidade de tal modelo de desenvolvimento do crescimento econômico altamente determinado pela escala da força de trabalho excedente rural restante. Com a fermentação persistente da generalizada falta de trabalho desde 2004, a diminuição gradual do dividendo demográfico atribuído principalmente à implementação da política de planejamento familiar desde 1980, bem como os atuais crescimentos contínuos dos custos de trabalho e a desaceleração do crescimento econômico, quanto tempo pode durar este modelo de desenvolvimento econômico baseado na transferência de força de trabalho, tornou-se um acalorado debate e agitação no campo acadêmico socioeconômico. Portanto, esta pesquisa adotou uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento econômico, através da análise profunda sobre as famosas teorias de transferência de trabalho rural excedente, estabelecendo o modelo de força de trabalho tripartite como a principal contribuição teórica desta pesquisa, e combinado 35 anos de base de dados da China, fornecer uma situação real da transferência de força de trabalho rural excedente chinês
Abstract: Three decades of the economic reform and opening up, China has experienced a development stage of economic transitions from a planned system to a market one, along with a typical dualistic developmental pattern. Labour mobility from a restrict control during the period of pre-reform to a gradual loosening after the reform, along with the improvement of industrialization and expansion of urbanization, presented an unprecedented mass transfer in terms of time, space, occupation, industry and scale. However, the sustainability of such development model of economic growth highly determined by the scale of the remaining rural surplus labour force. With the persistent fermentation of the wide-spread of labour shortage ever since 2004, the gradual diminishing of the demographic dividend mainly attributed to the implementation of the family planning policy since 1980s, as well as the current continuous growing labour costs and the slow down economic growth, how long can this economic development model based on the transfer of labour force last, became a heated debate and socio-economic hotspots in the academic field. Therefore, this research adopted a development economics perspective, through the profound analysis over the famous theories of rural surplus labour transfer, established a tripartite labour supply model, combined 35 years data base from China, provide an actual situation of Chinese rural surplus labour transfer
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Eberle, Jonathan [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Brenner. "Effects of public policy measures on regional economic growth: Evidence from German labour market regions and Chinese provinces / Jonathan Eberle ; Betreuer: Thomas Brenner." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1203237804/34.
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Feng, Jing. "Geographies of Employment among Chinese High-Tech Immigrants in Canada: An Ottawa-Gatineau case study." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34983.
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For a number of years, Canadian immigration selection policy has deliberately emphasized the human capital characteristics of applicants in determining admissibility for permanent residence. Largely due to these measures, Chinese immigrants today are overwhelmingly well-educated and skilled. This thesis examines the role of geography in shaping Chinese newcomers’ post-arrival employment status, with an emphasis on working in the high-tech sector. Given that Ottawa is a leading node of high-tech employment in Canada, this project initially investigates the probability that Chinese newcomers will work in the high-tech sector in Ottawa-Gatineau relative to other cities. The project subsequently examines the degree to which employment in the high-tech sector in Ottawa-Gatineau is related to ethnic, social and demographic characteristics of local spaces where people live and work. All aspects of the study adopt a gender lens with respect to interpreting employment status. The study finds that Chinese immigrants in Ottawa-Gatineau are more likely to work in this sector than their counterparts in Vancouver and Toronto. They are also more likely to work in high-tech relative to individuals in other immigrant groups or the Canadian-born population. With respect to co-ethnic residential and work spatial configurations, as well as social and demographic characteristics of residential neighbourhoods, the study finds that these factors exert quite different influences on the likelihood that Chinese women and men will work in Ottawa-Gatineau’s high-tech sector. The results are quite distinctly different for women and men, and underline the importance of a gendered analysis of relationships between geographic location/place and employment status.
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VICHETH, Pisey. "The impact of South-South FDI : knowledge spillovers from Chinese FDI to local firms in the Cambodian light manufacturing industries." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2018. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/otd/33.
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The study of the extent to which incoming FDI results in ‘spillovers’ (technology, R&D, management practices and know-how) has so far yielded only mixed results, and research has largely been restricted to north-north and north-south interactions; this study develops a model of knowledge spillovers based on previous literature and extends inquiry into south-south FDI by investigating spillovers from Chinese FDI to the Cambodian garment and light manufacturing industries. Several significant factors including the nature and extent of FDI linkages, local industry absorptive capacity, nature of the network relationship, and local firms’ learning orientation have been found to influence the extent to which knowledge spillovers occur. These variables are integrated within this paper which develops a conceptual model of knowledge spillovers based on the Awareness-Motivation- Capability framework to examine knowledge spillovers derived through both horizontal and vertical linkages. One area of interest examined in the study is the FDI influence on domestic firms’ export performance since light manufacturing represents the most significant portion of Cambodia's total export products. The thesis, addresses two primary questions: (1) when, where and under what conditions are significant knowledge spillovers created? And (2) what are the effects of the spillovers on domestic companies' technological capability and export performance? The research contributes to the previous literature by further developing the theory on the realisation of knowledge spillovers as well as exploring the nature and channels of knowledge spillovers from South-South FDI in labour-intensive industry, an area of study previously unexplored. Our results show that knowledge spillovers occur through both horizontal and vertical linkages and Cambodian firms receive more spillovers from Chinese FDI than they do from FDI from developed countries.
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Liming, Liu. "Discursive Construction of Chinese Women: Exploring the Multi-perception Discourses of the Reality Show Sisters Who Make Waves." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446358.
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This study explores the discursive construction of Chinese women in the Chinese reality show Sisters Who Make Waves, with a special focus on the discursive shifts and their relevance to the wider discourse of and about Chinese women. The analysis is carried out on two levels: the discursive construction of Chinese women in the said reality show and its recontextualisation across other discourses including in the public sphere and semi-private opinions of Chinese women. This research discusses the discursive construction of Chinese women in the Chinese media field and the discrepancy between “top-down” and “bottom-up” discourse. The project uses a multi-layer theoretical framework situated in media and society, gender and media representation, celebrity culture and digital labour to explore the discursive construction of Chinese women. The study applies to the reality show as the primary context, media perceptions as the recontextualising context, interviews with female employees in the Chinese internet industry as the secondary context. In order to investigate the arguments and discursive strategies in different contexts, this study employs a multilevel model of the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The findings discover that the said reality show focuses on the topos of age and the topos of beauty. These two main topoi cause different representations of social actors in Chinese media perceptions. As the representatives of female digital labour, the female employees in the Chinese internet industry construct three discursive strategies of self and relate their self-perception to those of other women. Furthermore, the study implies the discursive shifts in the discourse on Chinese women. This thesis contributes to understanding the discursive construction of women in the Chinese context, particularly the media and gender representations in the Chinese hybrid media system. In addition, this study stands outside the Western world and expands the understanding of the topic in a non-western setting.
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Bimbatti, Mario Luiz. "Como enfrentar o \'Fenômeno China\' na produção de calçados: proposta de estratégia competitiva para a indústria calçadista brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3136/tde-12072007-181844/.
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A competição no mercado internacional com os produtores mundiais, pode ser uma fonte de excelentes oportunidades ou de perigosas armadilhas, como o desafio de difícil solução, representado pelos produtores mundiais de calçados com baixos custos de mão-de-obra, por exemplo, os chineses. A grande maioria dos produtores brasileiros de calçados está estabelecida em clusters, como na Europa os produtores italianos de calçados estão estabelecidos nos \"distretti\". Essas concentrações geográficas de fabricantes são normalmente formadas por empresas de pequeno e médio porte, todas enfrentando o mesmo problema, pois o custo da mão-de-obra é um dos principais custos relativos às atividades das empresas em geral, e principalmente das que operam com a produção baseada na utilização intensiva de mão-de-obra. E mesmo possuindo bom nível de qualidade em seus produtos, estão enfrentando sérias dificuldades financeiras e operacionais, e assim podem permanecer até o encerramento de suas atividades; como tem acontecido, a menos que possam encontrar uma solução organizacional; uma estratégia competitiva que permita concorrerem nas oportunidades dos mercados mundiais sem sofrer as constantes derrotas comerciais impostas pelos produtores chineses. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho, foi propor estratégia competitiva para a indústria calçadista brasileira, por meio da investigação dos principais fatores que estão influenciando a competitividade dos produtores brasileiros no mercado internacional de calçados, principalmente as estratégias adotadas no cluster de Franca. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma indústria de mão-de-obra intensiva, no cluster produtivo de calçados de Franca - SP, completada com informações de pesquisa realizada em tipo de cluster similar na Itália, o cluster calçadista de Verona. (Distretto Calzaturiero di Verona). A proposta final sugere as ações gerenciais e ferramentas para os melhoramentos estratégicos mais adequadas para possibilitar às empresas e outros participantes do cluster, aperfeiçoarem seu preparo para participar da competição de âmbito mundial com maiores chances de sucesso. Estas ações e ferramentas são a base para a proposta de estratégia competitiva, um assunto original na forma como é abordada, pois na literatura especializada não foi encontrado nenhuma tese específica sobre o assunto.The international market footwear competition against worldwide producers can be for instance, a source of good opportunities as well as a source of threats like the very hard challenge to solve, represented by the low labor costs producers, like the Chinese footwear producers. Almost all footwear Brazilian producers are established in clusters like in Europe, the Italian footwear producers are established in the \"distretti\". These geographic footwear producers concentrations\' are normally composed by small and medium firms, all facing the same problem, as a labor cost is one of the main costs regarding all enterprises activities and mainly in those productive processes based on intensive use of labor. And these firms, despite of produce excellent quality level products, are in serious financial and operational difficulties, and in this situation they could remain up to the end of their operations, fact occurring too much times, unless can be found an organizational solution, one corporative, and business strategy allowing them to compete in all the world business market opportunities without suffer from being continuously overcame by the Chinese producers. The main purpose of this thesis, was to prepare a competitive strategic proposal for Brazilian footwear Industry, by means investigation of the main factors influencing the Brazilian producers\' competitiveness in the international footwear market, mainly the strategies adopted in the cluster of Franca. The research was performed in the intensive labor industry, the footwear industry, in the productive footwear cluster of Franca, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, completed with information from research in similar cluster\'s type in Italy, the footwear cluster of Verona (Distretto Calzaturiero di Verona). The final proposal, suggests the most suited managerial actions and tools, to strategic improvements, in order to make the firms and others actors in the clusters improve their skills to better play the game, and have much more chances to win. These actions and tools are the base for a strategic proposal , an original issue, since in the literature was not found any thesis specific about the subject.
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Robinson, Anneke. "Women's experiences of traditional chinese acupuncture treatment for threatened preterm labour a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Health Science, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, February 2005." Full thesis. Abstract, 2005. http://puka2.aut.ac.nz/ait/theses/RobinsonA.pdf.
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Griffiths, Philip Gavin, and phil@philgriffiths id au. "The making of White Australia: Ruling class agendas, 1876-1888." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2007. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080101.181655.
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This thesis argues that the colonial ruling class developed its first White Australia policy in 1888, creating most of the precedents for the federal legislation of 1901. White Australia was central to the making of the Australian working class, to the shaping of Australian nationalism, and the development of federal political institutions. It has long been understood as a product of labour movement mobilising, but this thesis rejects that approach, arguing that the labour movement lacked the power to impose such a fundamental national policy, and that the key decisions which led to White Australia were demonstrably not products of labour movement action.
¶
It finds three great ruling class agendas behind the decisions to exclude Chinese immigrants, and severely limit the use of indentured coloured labour. Chinese people were seen as a strategic threat to Anglo-Australian control of the continent, and this fear was sharpened in the mid-1880s when China was seen as a rising military power, and a necessary ally for Britain in its global rivalry with Russia. The second ruling class agenda was the building of a modern industrial economy, which might be threatened by industries resting on indentured labour in the north. The third agenda was the desire to construct an homogenous people, which was seen as necessary for containing social discontent and allowing free institutions, such as parliamentary democracy.
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These agendas, and the ruling class interests behind them, challenged other major ruling class interests and ideologies. The result was a series of dilemmas and conflicts within the ruling class, and the resolution of these moved the colonial governments towards the White Australia policy of 1901. The thesis therefore describes the conflict over the use of Pacific Islanders by pastoralists in Queensland, the campaign for indentured Indian labour by sugar planters and the radical strategy of submerging this into a campaign for North Queensland separation, and the strike and anti-Chinese campaign in opposition to the use of Chinese workers by the Australasian Steam Navigation Company in 1878. The first White Australia policy of 1888 was the outcome of three separate struggles by the majority of the Anglo-Australian ruling classto narrowly restrict the use of indentured labour in Queensland, to assert the right of the colonies to decide their collective immigration policies independently of Britain, and to force South Australia to accept the end of Chinese immigration into its Northern Territory. The dominant elements in the ruling class had already agreed that any serious move towards federation was to be conditional on the building of a white, predominantly British, population across the whole continent, and in 1888 they imposed that policy on their own societies and the British government.
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Rydbert, Erik. "Labor Dynamics in Chinese Manufacturing." Thesis, KTH, Industriell dynamik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33740.
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During the process of globalization, China has gained a position as an extremely important player on the world economic stage. The country has become particularly famous as a hub for the global manufacturing industry, with a large quantity of cheap labor that produces low-cost products. However, there is now growing concern that the labor costs for China’s manufacturing workforce are growing rampantly. This could have obvious detrimental effects for Chinese exports, and foreshadow major restructuring of China’s economy, with important consequences for the rest of the world. With this background, the research aims to answer the questions of whether wages are indeed growing as quickly as reported, and what factors could explain such growth. The paper pays special attention to the so-called Lewis model, as many analysts claim that it explains the great increase in compensation levels for Chinese manufacturing workers. The Lewis model is explained and its applicability to China is discussed. The study also examines other possible explanatory factors to establish the causes of the increasing labor costs. The research aims to triangulate a diversity of sources, including quantitative data supplied by major national and international agencies, qualitative data in the form of media reports, and two company case studies conducted by the author. The paper concludes that manufacturing wages have indeed risen sharply in recent years, and are likely to continue to do so. However, it is found that the labor costs for unskilled workers is not as important of a factor for manufacturing companies in China as is commonly believed. For export companies specifically, it is found that Chinese currency appreciation is a much greater economic threat. In regard to the Lewis model, no conclusive evidence is found that it is a sufficient or even very good explanation of the rising manufacturing wages. Instead, it is found that a high level of inflation, especially in some parts of China, can explain a large part of the publicized increase in labor costs.I globaliseringens tidevarv har Kina blivit känt som en nyckelspelare i världsekonomin. Landet har blivit speciellt välkänt som ett centrum för verkstadsindustrin, med stora mängder billig arbetskraft som kan tillverka produkter till låga priser. Nu finns det dock en växande oro för kraftigt stigande löner i Kina. Detta skulle ha uppenbara effekter för kinesisk export, och kan driva en omfattande omstrukturering inom den kinesiska ekonomin, med långtgående konsekvenser för resten av världen. Mot denna bakgrund vill den här uppsatsen undersöka huruvida lönerna verkligen stiger så fort som vissa påstår, och vilka faktorer som skulle kunna förklara en sådan tillväxt. Speciell uppmärksamhet fästs vid den så kallade Lewismodellen, eftersom ett antal källor hävdar att den förklarar den stora ökningen i kompensationsnivåer för kinesiska industriarbetare. Lewismodellen förklaras och dess applicerbarhet vis-a-vis Kina diskuteras. Uppsatsen undersöker också andra möjliga förklaringar bakom de stigande lönekostnaderna. Forskningen baseras på triangulering av diverse olika källor, inklusive kvantitativa data från stora nationella och internationella organisationer, kvalitativa data från media, och två fallstudier utförda av författaren. Forskningen bekräftar att industrilönerna verkligen har stigit kraftfullt på senare år, och att de mycket väl kan fortsätta växa framöver. Dock ifrågasätts det grundläggande antagandet att lönekostnaderna för otränad arbetskraft är så pass viktiga som många tror. Speciellt för exportsektorn visar det sig att stärkning av den kinesiska valutan är ett mycket större hot. Vad gäller Lewismodellen hittades inga starka bevis för att den är en särskilt bra förklaringsmodell för de stigande lönerna. Istället visar undersökningen att hög inflation, speciellt i vissa delar av Kina, kan förklara en stor del av de ökande lönekostnaderna.
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Zhao, Jin. "Systematische Reform des chinesischen AGB-Rechts und seine Anwendung auf Arbeitsverträge." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22479.
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Diese Arbeit setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander, ob die deutsche Erfahrung in AGB-Kontrolle von Arbeitsverträgen ins chinesische Recht übernommen werden kann. Die Übernahme setzt zunächst voraus, dass das chinesische AGB-Recht nach dem deutschen AGB-Recht systematisch reformiert wird. Aufgrund dessen umfasst diese Arbeit zwei Gegenstände. Zum einen ist der Reform des chinesischen AGB-Recht (Teil I und Teil II), zum anderen ist die Anwendung des reformierten chinesischen AGB-Recht auf Arbeitsverträge (Teil III und Teil IV). In dieser Arbeit werden die Defizite chinesischen AGB-Recht identifiziert und die Lösungsvorschläge erarbeitet. Im Teil III und Teil IV befasst sich diese Arbeit damit, ob die reformierte chinesische AGB-Kontrolle einheitliche und taugliche Lösungsansätze den arbeitsrechtlichen Rechtsfragen anbieten kann.
Die Forschungsergebnisse zeigen: Es ist der chinesischen AGB-Kontrolle notwendig, folgende Regelung vom deutschen Recht zu übertragen. Dazu gehören Verbot überraschender Klauseln, Prüfungsmaßstäbe für Angemessenheitskontrolle, Transparenzkontrolle, Verbot geltungserhaltender Reduktion und Berücksichtigung der arbeitsrechtlichen Besonderheiten. Für eine sinnvolle Rechtsrezeption ist die Übernahme der einschlägigen Normen nur der erste Schritt. Erforderlich ist es auch, die Konkretisierung der Begriffe und die Methodik der Rechtsanwendung zu übernehmen. Ein Ausgleich der Interessen (von Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmern) kann mit Hilfe der reformierten AGB-Kontrolle erfolgen.This dissertation examines the possibility of the Chinese legal system adopting German legal practice in controlling the standard terms in employment contracts. German GTB law can serve as a sample for the systematic reform of the Chinese GTB (General Terms of Business). Part I and Part II of the dissertation focus on the reform of the Chinese GTB Law, including the defect of Chinese GTB Law and the possible solutions via the transplantation of the provisions and doctrines in German GTB Law. Part III and Part IV discuss whether the reformed Chinese GTB Law can provide more convincible and harmonized solutions for the problems than the unsatisfied solutions in the current jurisprudence and studies. Based on a dogmatic and functional method, this dissertation finds, firstly, that it is necessary for the Chinese GTB Law to transfer the following provisions from the German GTB Law: prohibition of surprising clauses, criterion for the test of reasonableness of contents, test of transparency and prohibition of reducing an unfair term to its legally permitted core. Secondly, the adoption of the provisions is only the first step to reach meaningful legal transplantation. It is also vital to adopt the concretization of relevant concepts and the methodology of law application. The third finding is that the reformed GTB Chinese Law can help achieve a balanced interest between employer and employees.
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Gueye, Cina. "Activités invisibles et compétitions dans la ville africaine contemporaine : migration chinoise et reconfiguration économique à Dakar." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2032.
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Notre thèse s’intéresse particulièrement aux répercussions des modes d’inscription économiques des entrepreneurs chinois sur la recomposition des équilibres internes du marché du travail invisible à Dakar, incarné par des acteurs économiques accumulant les écarts aux normes majoritaires dans un environnement urbain marqué par la lutte des différents acteurs en présence pour l’appropriation des territoires et des ressources offertes par la ville. Notre ambition est de rendre compte des régimes de concurrence, de coopération, des luttes pour l’espace et les ressources offertes par la ville, des logiques de distanciation entre acteurs évoluant sur des segments concurrents. Dans cette perspective, nous avons opté pour une approche multi-site impliquant divers acteurs de la compétition urbaine : commerçants de rue sénégalais, cordonniers, pour apprécier les différentes postures d’acteurs de l’économie invisible face à la recomposition de l’équilibre interne de leurs segments d’activités. L’accent mis sur la reconfiguration du marché du travail invisible induit par cette coprésence dans cette recherche de type ethnographique interroge les rapports de domination, de résistance, mais aussi d’adaptation qui rythment le jeu des acteurs dans l’espace urbain où se construisent de nouveaux dispositifs commerciaux entre tensions et compromisOur thesis is particularly interested in the impact of economic modes inscriptions of Chinese entrepreneurs on the of internal balances recomposition of the invisible job market, incarnated by economic actors accumulating the differences to the majority standards in an urban environment characterized by the struggle of the different actors involved in the appropriation of land and resources offered by the city.Our goal is to realize competition regimes, cooperation, fights for space and resources offered by the city, distancing logic between actors working on competing segments. In this perspective, we opted for a multi-site approach involving various urban competition actors: Senegalese street traders, shoemakers, to appreciate the different postures of the actor’s invisible economy facing to the recomposition of the internal balance of their business segments.The emphasis on the reconfiguration of the invisible job market induced by the co-presence in this type of ethnographical research examines the domination reports, resistors, but also adaptations that punctuate the actors in the urban area where is building new trade arrangements between tension and compromise
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Wang, Xiaobing. "Labor market behavior of Chinese rural households during transition /." Halle (Saale) : IAMO, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0803/2008400549.html.
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Yang, Caroline Hyo Jung. "Reconstruction's labor : the Asian worker in narratives of U.S. culture and history, 1890-1930 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9521.
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Lin, Jue. "Essays on Chinese corporate tax avoidance." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49088/.
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This thesis consists of three self-contained studies on corporate tax avoidance of Chinese firms around the 2008 Corporate Tax Reform. In Chapter 1, we describe the background of this thesis, provide a general introduction of the Tax Reform and outline the motivation of this research. Chapter 2 studies how multinationals’ decisions of foreign direct investment (FDI) into China responded to the tax reform where exemption from the dividend withholding tax was repealed and investors from various jurisdictions faced different withholding tax rates due to their existing double tax agreements (DTA) with China, providing incentives to adopt an indirect strategy for foreign affiliates and thus to reduce host country taxation of foreign income. We find a significant rise in FDI flows sourced from low tax conduit jurisdictions with favorable DTA subsequent to the tax reform, while there is no similar increase in FDI flows sourced from other jurisdictions. In addition, our results suggest that the pattern of FDI changes is similar for jurisdictions adopting divergent double tax relief mechanisms. Overall, our findings are supportive of the existence of indirect investment structures in which investors use conduit strategies via chains of ownership in order to minimize their corporate tax burden. Chapter 3 investigates whether and how firms shift income across consecutive years in response to a known schedule of tax rate changes. Both accruals-based and real earnings management models are tested for firms with tax rate increase or decrease. We find that firms expecting tax rate increase are more likely to manage their earnings upward via accruals instead of real activities, while firms facing tax rate reduction do not exhibit significant downward earnings management behavior via accruals or real activities. Our tests also show that state or institutional ownership do not have significant impact on the extent of accruals-based or real earnings management in response to tax rate changes. Chapter 4 studies the changes in effective tax rates (ETR) and book-tax differences (BTDs) of firms in response to a rise or cut in statutory tax rate during a major tax reform in an emerging market, and offers insights into the interaction of financial accounting considerations with corporate tax avoidance. We find that firms located in special economic zones (SEZ) with a rising statutory tax rate after tax reform exhibit a rise in ETRs and permanent BTDs, but the temporary BTDs of SEZ firms dropped after CTR-08, suggesting a trade-off of time value benefits of deferring tax payment for the advantage of accelerating tax payment during a period of rising tax rate. DR firms, on the other hand, show a decrease in ETRs and permanent BTDs when they face a decrease in statutory tax rate. In Chapter 5, the main findings and implications of the thesis are summarized and future research directions are discussed.
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Bao, Zixiao. "Transition to Temporary Labor: Labor Agencies and The System of Flexible Recruitment in Chinese Manufacturing Industry." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108947.
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Thesis advisor: Sarah BabbHow does the “World Factory” mediate between the rising labor cost and the intensive order fluctuation to maintain its production? While previous studies have focused on the politics of production at workplace and types of flexible employment to explain the effective control of workers and labor cost, this study argues that more attention needs to be paid to the intermediating power of labor market agencies, which has become the organizational forces for establishing informal and nonstandard employment relations. Based on two-month fieldwork at two labor staffing agencies in Shanghai and a yearlong track of changing labor prices in one of the agencies, this study finds that a flexible hiring system based on seasonal production has been established to maximize the adaptability of the manufacturing industry. This recruiting practice, through adjusting economic incentives and obscuring labor contracts, enables the market to relocate workers into different factories as production requires, thereby redistributing the total workforce under labor shortage. While workers consent to these arrangements because of high economic rewards, they also highlight doing temporary jobs as exercising control over their labor power, a strategic tool to detach themselves from the rigorous factory regime
Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Sociology
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Lang, Vladimír. "Post China 16: Competition for Chinese exports." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206292.
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This thesis examines the evolution of China's economy and the competitive position of its exports in the international market. The thesis explores whether China is losing its competitive edge in export to the group of developing countries called Post China 16. First chapter identifies macroeconomic variables that significantly influence exports of a specific economy. Second chapter discusses the development of selected economic variables in Post China 16 economies. It studies whether the development of selected variables reveals possible changes in the competitive position of China and selected developing countries. Final part of the thesis develops an econometric model that tests the influence of selected variables on development of exports across several industries of The Post China 16 economies. Results confirm that most of the variables influence exports as the theory predicts and that the influence is higher in some industries than others. However, the model has limitations due to the shortcomings of the data.
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Chan, Hoi-Yan Erica 1975. "Peasantry to industry : labor and Chinese cokemaking township and village enterprises." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65062.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-151).
This study examines the symbiotic relationship between labor relations and the resilience and performance of regional economies. I hypothesize that the institutional structure of the recent phenomenon of Chinese Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs) creates opportunities for industrial labor relations that contribute to their economic performance. I conduct two case studies, first the experiences of the Monongahela (Mon) Valley steel industry in the United States in the mid-1980s and then the more recent experiences of the Shanxi Province cokemaking sector in rural China in the late-1990s to early 2000s. They illustrate the mechanisms through which the cultural, social, economic and industrial environments influence labor market practices, which in turn affect the regional economy. I propose that sour labor relations were partly responsible for the economic and social deterioration of the Mon Valley. Then, I claim that the unique institutional environments in which Chinese TVEs operate are conducive to positive labor-management relations and labor practices that render these enterprises competitive in the global economy. An agrarian culture, the prevalence of dense social networks in the form of guanxi, and the nature and structure of the firms all contribute to the Shanxi Cokemaking TVEs' competitive advantage. To conduct this study, I review existing literature and research studies, official statistics, as well as use empirical plant-level survey data and make site visits. I conclude that there is room for experimental labor relations that can be growth and labor-friendly. As a developing country, China has much to learn from the industrialization and de-industrialization processes of her Western counterparts, such as the United States. At the same time, U.S. management and workers may also benefit from learning about the TVE experience. The deep-seeded social capital and emphasis on long-term harmonious relationships should allow Chinese management and workers in the quickly industrializing countryside to create an innovative, cooperative forum of interactions.
by Hoi-Yan Erica Chan.
M.C.P.
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Yang, Kun. "The relationship between Chinese expatriates job satisfaction and turnover intentions an empirical study : a dissertation submitted to Faculty of Business, Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business, 2004." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004. http://puka2.aut.ac.nz/ait/theses/YangK.pdf.
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Gu, Wei. "Corporate governance of Chinese publicly listed companies." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14411/.
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Agency theory suggests that problems will arise when there is a separation of ownership and control in firms. According to the literature, the main agency problem under a diffused ownership structure is likely to be the conflict of interests between managers and shareholders, whereas the central agency problem under a concentrated ownership structure is probably the exploitation of minority shareholders' interests by controlling shareholders. In the case of Chinese enterprises, such problems are even more complicated, as the government acts as both the regulator and player in the markets. This thesis utilises data from Chinese stock markets to address some important issues in the corporate governance literature. Firstly, it empirically examines the relationship between ownership structure and corporate performance in Chinese publicly listed companies (PLCs), with the heterogeneity amongst state ownership types being carefully explored. In contrast with previous research, I found that state ownership does not necessarily lead to inferior corporate performance, and some state owners can perform equally as well as their private competitors. Secondly, this thesis thoroughly investigates the issue of corporate cash holdings of Chinese PLCs, which enhances our understanding of firms' cash holding behaviour in the context of the largest transition economy. The empirical analysis not only reveals the determinants of corporate cash holdings of PLCs, but also I confirms the existence of the target cash holding level in China. Moreover, the exploitation of firms' dynamic adjustment mechanisms towards target levels is also included in the analysis. Finally, it seeks to redress the gap in the literature on top executive turnover in the Chinese context. The executive turnover-performance relationship is explicitly modelled in the analysis, and a variety of reasons why CEOs exit their posts are also dearly identified. Empirical findings confirm a negative relationship between corporate performance and CEO turnover. Also, empirical analysis suggests that regardless of the ownership types, there is no systematic difference in the CEO performance-turnover sensitivity among PLCs. Meanwhile, there is evidence showing that PLCs tend to report some 'face-saving' reasons instead of disclosing true reasons for turnovers, in order to protect their departing CEOs.
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Che, Wenbing. "Marketing behaviour of Chinese enterprises : an empirical study." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88331/.
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China and Chinese enterprises have undergone a tremendous change in the past 20 years. From not recognising marketing and markets (a planned economy) to recognising marketing and markets; from a seller market to a buyer market, further developing to international competition, China's market-oriented economy has emerged in just over 20 years. The developing speed of China's market is unprecedented. The marketing concept appears to offer an approach to management that is dramatically new to China but much needed in its current state of development. This thesis reports the results of an empirical study of the marketing behaviour of various types of Chinese enterprises and their application of the marketing concept. A mail survey of 820 Chinese enterprises across seven provinces and two cities was conducted, with a response rate of 54%. Correlation, factor analysis, cluster analysis and the Chi-square test were performed to examine the significance of five specific dimensions: (1) the marketing department and the marketing competitiveness of Chinese enterprises; (2) government control and marketing behaviour; (3) the structure of ownership of enterprises and marketing behaviour; (4) the marketing concept and marketing orientation; and (5) the employment of the Western marketing concept. Although the existing literature on Chinese industrial reform generally assumes that the enterprise's ownership has a significant effect on enterprises' marketing behaviour and market orientation, this research provides evidence that this assumption is not supported. The research develops a new idea to explore Chinese industrial enterprises' marketing behaviour and provides a finding that the type of enterprises' ownership is not a major factor to affect enterprises' marketing behaviour in today's China. Reduced government control, intense competition and the emergence of a buyer's market have forced all types of Chinese enterprises to employ the Western marketing concept and Western marketing strategies, and to move towards a market orientation. However, the research shows that there are common misunderstandings about the marketing concept among Chinese enterprises, and that Chinese enterprises' marketing behaviour is still not very well developed. Moreover, due to China's distinctive social and cultural features (quo qing), the Western marketing concept and Western marketing strategies have to be modified if they are to be implemented in China.
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Dahle, Ragnhild. "Local Labor and Laowai Management : Chinese Employee Perspectives and Multinationals’ HRM performance." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for tverrfaglige kulturstudier, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13010.
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Frazier, Mark W. "The making of the Chinese industrial workplace : state, revolution, and labor management /." Cambridge : Cambridge university press, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb389557602.
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Ying, Tingting. "Corporate governance and tax strategies in Chinese listed firms." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28838/.
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Tax represents a significant cost to shareholders as well as to the firm, and it is generally expected tax aggressiveness are preferred. However, this argument ignores potential non-tax costs that could be associated with tax aggressiveness, especially those arising from agency problems and asymmetric information. This study aims to investigate the influence of corporate governance on taxaggressiveness of listed Chinese firms by adopting an agency perspective of the firm based upon the nexus of institutional arrangements in place in China. An innovation of this study is making use of available income tax reconciliation data to examine the determinants and effects of tax planning activities conducted by Chinese listed firms. We hand-collected a sample of 229 publicly-listed firms over the 2006-2012 period (1080 firm-year observations). This study advances a new, refined method of separating company book-tax differences (BTDs) into a 'normal' component of BTDs that arises as a result of divergence between Chinese GAAP and tax rules, and an 'abnormal' BTD component which is presumed to arise a result of earning management and tax planning. When using the refined decomposition of tax liability to examine the effects of corporate governance variables, we find that firms with political connectionsthrough controlling shareholder and through the state ownership are more tax aggressive than other firms. Our results suggest that political connectionsare a significant determinant of abnormal book-tax differences and their impacts should be accounted for in ‘relationship-based’ economies. In addition, incentive compensation appears to be another significant determinant of tax aggressiveness. In particular, we find that increase in managerial cash compensation tend to reduce the level of tax aggressiveness in a manner consistent with the optimal contracting view, which contribute to our overall understanding of the role of incentive compensation that plays in motivating managers' efforts. The empirical findings have direct policy implications for shareholders and tax administration in controlling and monitoring firms’ tax planning activities.