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Kwan, Christine ML, Anna M. Napoles, Jeyling Chou, and Hilary K. Seligman. "Development of a conceptually equivalent Chinese-language translation of the US Household Food Security Survey Module for Chinese immigrants to the USA." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 2 (March 19, 2014): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014000160.
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AbstractObjectiveTo develop a conceptually equivalent Chinese-language translation of the eighteen-item US Household Food Security Survey Module.DesignIn the current qualitative study, we (i) highlight methodological challenges which arise in developing survey instruments that will be used to make comparisons across language groups and (ii) describe the development of a Chinese-language translation of the US Household Food Security Survey Module, called the San Francisco Chinese Food Security Module.SettingCommunity sites in San Francisco, CA, USA.SubjectsWe conducted cognitive interviews with twenty-two community members recruited from community sites hosting food pantries and with five professionals recruited from clinical settings.ResultsDevelopment of conceptually equivalent surveys can be difficult. We highlight challenges related to dialect, education, literacy (e.g. preferences for more or less formal phrasing), English words and phrases for which there is no Chinese language equivalent (e.g. ‘balanced meals’ and ‘eat less than you felt you should’) and response formats. We selected final translations to maximize: (i) consistency of the Chinese translation with the intent of the English version; (ii) clarity; and (iii) similarities in understanding across dialects and literacy levels.ConclusionsSurvey translation is essential for conducting research in many communities. The challenges encountered illustrate how literal translations can affect the conceptual equivalence of survey items across languages. Cognitive interview methods should be routinely used for survey translation when such non-equivalence is suspected, such as in surveys addressing highly culturally bound behaviours such as diet and eating behaviours. Literally translated surveys lacking conceptual equivalence may magnify or obscure important health inequalities.
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Tkachivska, M. "Ukrainain Swearing in the Mirror of German Translation." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 2, no. 2-3 (July 2, 2015): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.2.2-3.66-70.
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The article deals with the problem of swearing and its translation from Ukrainian intoGerman. It provides the analyses of the previous researches covering the topics “foul language”,“obscene language” and “swearing”. Swearing is a language taboo that conveys the negativeenergy a speaker wants to get rid of by the means of shifting it on the recipient. It is not always therecipient who is the addressee of the swearing, since language taboo includes the usage of anaddress-free swearing, the latter one belonging to the parenthetic words which are languageincrustations and which do not carry semantic meaning. But in the language there are also otherobscene words with the semantically-lowered connotation. The article reveals the differences in theusage of swear language by different nations, it also provides the comparison of the Ukrainian,Russian and German swearing. It is pointed out that Russian obscene language is more connectedto the rude names of genitals, sexual intercourse and sexual deviations, but it is less connected tothe physiological ejections. The article studies the influence of the Russian culture on other nations’cultures, including the Ukrainian one. In the Ukrainian and German languages, contrary to theRussian language, obscene words are mainly connected to the physiological ejections (scatologicalhumour). After careful study of the certain scholars works the author of the article alsodemonstrates the ways obscene words come up in the Ukrainian language. The article alsodemonstrates the ways of translation of the swearing the examples being provided from the fromthe post-modern literature works.
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Vučenović, Nataša. "THE SEXIST DIMENSION OF OBSCENE WORDS IN ITALIAN CINEPANETTONE COMEDIES." Folia linguistica et litteraria XI, no. 33 (2020): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.33.2020.12.
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This paper examines sexist connotations of obscene terms used by men in order to depict women in a negative way, but also the terms whose pragmatic function is not to offend but to give a praise or a compliment, which in a sexist perception ascribes them a positive value. The analysis is based on a corpus composed of four italian cinepanettone comedies. Offensive terms will be classified and observed in accordance with the divison into sexist derogatory slurs and sexist objectifying slurs proposed in the study Social acceptability of derogatory sexist and objectifying sexist slurs across contexts from 2015. Besides the analysis of sexist terms, the paper will try to confront the terms that men and women use to descibe sexual act. In reference to the theoretical basis of the feminist linguistics, the results will confirm that women and men use different terms to describe sexual act and that this language difference can be interpreted as a result of a socially imposed divison of gender roles.
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Shyrokoradyuk, Liliya. "Filthy communication between parents and children and its influence on verbal bulling at school." HUMANITARIUM 43, no. 1 (September 24, 2019): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2308-5126-2019-43-1-171-180.
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The article explores the current problem of using obscene language as a tool for verbal bulling, and provides empirical material for the connection between verbal bulling at school and the active obscene vocabulary of parents addressed to children and in the presence of children. The theoretical bases for our study were the works of D. Olveus, J. Devoy, S. Kafenberger, who laid the foundations for the development of the problem of school bulling, as well as the methodology of subject-action approach and the concept of the subject of mental activity developed by V. Tatenko. In accordance with this goal, we investigated the manifestations of verbal bulling behavior in the high school. It was found that high school students most often use obscene language as a tool of verbal bullying. The article also outlines some of the peculiarities of using obscene language as verbal bullying in the environment of high school students. It was established that parents of the students often use verbal harassment and obscene language as a tool to influence a child's behavior in the family environment. Of all the high school students surveyed, 66 % of the students questioned indicated that parents were using obscene language at home, and 48 % of parents questioned were also positive about using verbal bulling of their children. We investigated what kind of obscene words were used as insults of children by the parents, identified and classified them. We established that personal insults were performed on regular basis, and the emotional reactions of children were so acute that 1.5 % of high school students were having suicidal thoughts. That means that for some students the family is the place where they are bulled and verbally abused. We used the concepts of «subject of mental activity» and «system of substantive intuitions» to determine the depth of psychological trauma. It was established that emotional reactions to family bulling are entrenched in the behavior of children and become the basis for the realization in the school of the bullying roles of a victim, a buller and observers.
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Vučenović, Nataša. "THE SEXIST DIMENSION OF OBSCENE WORDS IN ITALIAN CINEPANETTONE COMEDIES." Folia linguistica et litteraria XI, no. 33 (2020): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.33.2020.12.
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This paper examines sexist connotations of obscene terms used by men in order to depict women in a negative way, but also the terms whose pragmatic function is not to offend but to give a praise or a compliment, which in a sexist perception ascribes them a positive value. The analysis is based on a corpus composed of four italian cinepanettone comedies. Offensive terms will be classified and observed in accordance with the divison into sexist derogatory slurs and sexist objectifying slurs proposed in the study Social acceptability of derogatory sexist and objectifying sexist slurs across contexts from 2015. Besides the analysis of sexist terms, the paper will try to confront the terms that men and women use to descibe sexual act. In reference to the theoretical basis of the feminist linguistics, the results will confirm that women and men use different terms to describe sexual act and that this language difference can be interpreted as a result of a socially imposed divison of gender roles.
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Charchoghlyan, Lala. "Shakespeare’s Bawdy Language." Armenian Folia Anglistika 3, no. 1 (3) (April 16, 2007): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2007.3.1.125.
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Unlike the functional manifestations of literary language, which do not go beyond the norms of the literary standard, the language of verbal art ensures its uniqueness through the features typical of one’s individual style and in this case, with the use of bawdy language. However, this freedom which is quite characteristic of a literary text and is widely used by Shakespeare, is by no means absolute and pointless. The abundant use of vulgar and obscene words and expressions is conditioned by the specificities of the English language, the national-aesthetic mentality of the language speakers and the development of historical and cultural characteristics. Each character speaks a language which matches his/her way of thinking, his world view, public image and environment. This makes Shakespearean characters alive and bright.
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Gong, Lei. "RUSSIAN BORROWED WORDS IN CHINESE LANGUAGE." Vestnik Bashkirskogo universiteta 7, no. 1 (2018): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/bulletin-bsu-2018.1.39.
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WANG, Jue. "中國傳統身體觀與當代墮胎難題." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 5, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.51444.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文揭示了在當代西方墮胎爭論背後起作用的身體圖式，以及這種身體圖式如何使墮胎問題最終在西方語境中成為沒有答案的難題。並援引醫家和儒家的思想材料，說明中國傳統身體觀如何更平衡地解決了同一個身體中的母親與胎兒的關係問題，從而既避免了西方語境中的陷阱，又因為更貼近懷孕身體的真實關係而在應用上具有倫理優勢。Abortion is a subject of much controversy in contemporary Western culture. However, the heated debate produces a dilemma: pro-life or pro-choice. For the pro-life advocates, the fetus is regarded as a person and therefore has the absolute right to life, which is undeniable in any case. Even when pregnancy threatens the mother's life, the mother has no right to take the innocent life of the fetus; In other words, the choice of life or death should submit to pure chances, as some critics uphold. On the other hand, however, the pro-choice advocates claim that the pro-life argument is incoherent and radical, since the right to life should not include the right to use another person's body. In their view, the woman should enjoy complete control on her body as on her house. The woman has the right to abort, as long as she has the right to decide what happens in her body: no doubt the fetus has the right to life, but unfortunately, not in this body.The ostensibly incompatible positions of the “ pro-life" and the "pro-choice” actually share the same all-or-nothing strategy which is predetermined by the same image of the body. In the Western tradition, the body is viewed as a thing, and being a person is equated with controlling a body. Accordingly, it is inclined to obscure the existence of the mother which is viewed as only chora.There is less debate on abortion in the context of Chinese culture. This does not mean that Chinese people are more barbaric over such issues, as some Western scholars imagine. This paper aims to propose that Chinese traditional thought has a different system of language about the issue of abortion based on its own body-schema. It argues that this language system may avoid the dilemma mentioned above.Contrary to the Western body-schema, the Chinese body-schema does not admit the dualism of body and soul, and hence does not emphasize the absolute control of the person (or the soul) on the body. The body in the Chinese traditional thought is not viewed as a closed organism kept in dualism, but a continuum of one and the same level, or a texture, which keeps returning to itself by intertwining everything born from it, especially in terms of qi〔氣〕- vital energy - therefore there is no fixed limit between body and soul, or between my body and another person's body.Concerning the issue of abortion, the Chinese body-schema can be further examined in three contexts. First, in the context of procreation, the sexual bodies are neither viewed as homogeneous nor heterogeneous, but coexist as symbiosis (of yin and yang〔陰陽〕): that is, the unity of two organismic processes which require each other as a necessary condition for being what they are. This makes it possible for Chinese traditional thought to evaluate the meaning of the mother clearly, which is, however, depressed in the Western tradition. Second, in the context of the development of the fetus in the womb, the fetus is viewed as an essential part of the mother, like plants having flowers and fruits, or trees having roots. Relations of parents to children or children to parents are like two parts of a single body or the same breath / vital energy separately breathed, which can find direct responses from each other. Such a mutual influence becomes more and more apparent, which serves as an important limitation on abortion after the pregnancy lasts beyond three months. Finally, in the context of Confucianism, everyone's body is viewed as derived and inseparable from his parents, which suggests a new ethical horizon: the choice of moral values and behaviors is up to qin intimacy, 〔親〕. Qin is neither individuals nor other bigger units (e.g. family, nation); it can never be substantiated, but is always already there as a vortex: everything having originated from it keeps returning to it, and just in this tension everything gets its proper ethical position. For example, in the case of abortion, not the rights, but the concrete ethical relations of the family, should first be taken into consideration. Under some circumstances, abortion may be a more responsible decision for other family members or qin , yet the fetus is still of irreducible importance, for qin naturally covers the fetus.In conclusion, the Western one-sided body-schema (in which one body is shared by two persons) is far from showing the real relation in pregnancy. It leads to an all-or-neither strategy and thus falls into dilemma. In contrast, the Chinese body-schema can hit the balance between the woman and the fetus, or between the pregnant body and the socially ethical body (qin). The Chinese body-schema is closer to the concrete situation of the pregnant woman and thus has ethical advantages to overcome the dilemma in practice.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 168 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Renedo, Xavier. "El llenguatge sexual i la vergonya femenina segons Francesc Eiximenis." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 3, no. 3 (June 28, 2014): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.3.3831.
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Resum: Anàlisi dels consells i les observacions de Francesc Eiximenis en relació amb el llenguatge sexual; la vergonya corporal, amb especial atenció a la vergonya femenina; les paraules obscenes i els eufemismes, els circumloquis i les perífrasis per substituir-les; la mesura del plaer sexual o el fluix menstrual. Al final s’analitza un curiós cas de censura, que és potser a causa de l’aplicació d’aquestes idees, en uns capítols d’un manuscrit del Terç del Crestià.Paraules clau: Francesc Eiximenis, sexe, vergonya corporal, mots obscens, eufemismesAbstract: This paper analyses Francesc Eiximenis’ advice and commentary with regards to sexual language: modesty, particularly concerning women; obscene language as well as euphemisms, circumlocution and periphrasis to avoid it; the measure of sexual pleasure; or the menstrual flow. Finally, a case of censorship in one of the manuscripts witnessing Eiximenis’ Terç del Crestià is discussed as possibly triggeredby the application of these concepts.Keywords: Francsc Eiximenis, sex, corporal shame, obscene words, euphemism
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Denisenko, Vladimir N., and Zhang Ke. "Graphically Loanword from the Japanese Language in Modern Chinese Language." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 740–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-4-740-753.
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This article is devoted to the study of Japanese loanwords in Chinese and their classification. Particular attention is paid to the lexical units in writing in Chinese characters, coming from the Japanese language as graphic loanwords in modern Chinese and Japanese, popular on the Chinese-language Internet. The material of the study is loanwords of Japanese origin, selected from dictionaries and scientific works on this topic, as well as word usage in messages on Russian and Chinese Internet forums. We distinguish between two types of Japanese loanwords in Chinese according to how they are borrowed: phonetic and graphic borrowed words. Graphic borrowed from the Japanese language, including the actual Japanese words spelled in Chinese characters, and words created by the Japanese using Chinese characters to convey tokens of other languages, as well as the words of the ancient Chinese language, rethought by the Japanese to create terms, then returned back to modern Chinese language, constitute a characteristic group of graphic loanwords in Chinese.
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Sboev, Aleksandr N. "CHINESE LANGUAGE "LATINIZATION". (ОN THE BASIS OF CHINESE INTERNET COMMUNICATION)." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no. 7 (2020): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2020-7-64-83.
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The process of latinization of the Chinese language goes back to 1958, when Pinyin alphabet was created. The usage of Pinyin alphabet for a long time was limited only to the sphere of education, where the alphabet acted as an “extra tool” for studying the hieroglyphic script. Nowadays the usage of Pinyin alphabet has become wider: Chinese words in dictionaries are listed in alphabetical order; the alphabet is used for typing hieroglyphs in word processors; words written in latin letters are widely used in Chinese Internet communication, etc. While some of such “literal” words currently used in Chinese Internet communication are borrowings from other languages (mostly from English), this article is focused on wholly Chinese words that are written only in Pinyin alphabet without tone diacritics. Is it possible that writing in Pinyin alphabet will replace the traditional hieroglyphic writing? Today it seems absurd, but time will show.
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Adamik, Tamás. "Vocabulary of Catullus’ Poems Hapax Legomena as Vulgar Words." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (September 25, 2020): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.28.
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Summary“There are 150 words in Catullus which occur once only in his writings, and of these more than 70 per cent are rare in the whole of Latin literature, and more than 90 per cent do not occur in Vergil at all” – writes J. Whatmough in his work Poetic, Scientific, and other Forms of Discourse, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1956, 41. It is necessary to distinguish between genuine and apparent once-words. The true once-word is a coinage that never recurs; the number of the true once-words is exceedingly small. Catullus’ once-words were well known, but not in writing. Theoretically one would expect such words to be polysyllabic; so are the comic jawbreakers of Aristophanes which fit the pattern of his verse so well. The hapax legomena of Catullus are not genuine once-words of the spoken language, but they are vulgar and in some contexte obscene. We can, therefore, regard them as taboo words. They occur sometimes in similes; cf. Poems 17, 23, 25, 97. In my paper I would like to analyse some vulgar hapax legomena of Catullus.
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Ulyanova, K. A. "THE LEXIS OF BUSINESS CHINESE LANGUAGE: SEMANTIC DESCRIPTION." Philology at MGIMO 19, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2019-3-19-40-49.
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Business Chinese is a tool for trade and economic cooperation between Russia and China. During such interaction the lexical choice problem depending on the circumstances of a specific communication situation comes to the fore. This article deals with the business Chinese special words as a part of the lexical system of business Chinese. The author attempts to integrate Russian and Chinese researchers’ approaches to the classification of business vocabulary. The main kinds of word formation are described for words from the second part of the “List of the common business Chinese words”. 1422 words from the second part of the “List” became the subject of content analysis in order to determine the frequency of usage and relative frequency for word-formation elements. The author provides some ways of synonymic and antonymic rows formation, illustrates the specificity of polysemy and homonymy in business Chinese. The stylistic features of such special words as terms, neologisms, loan words, clichés, elements of Classical Chinese (wenyan), formulas of politeness, euphemisms are analyzed. This paper reflects the main trends in the development of business Chinese lexical system: the evolution of the words’ content plane in terms of words transition from the sphere of business communication to the wide usage and vice versa. The subject field of “entrepreneurial activity” is presented in the form of a frame system that makes it possible to model the sequence of word usage in business communication. The lexical choice in business Chinese is made by native speakers considering stylistic differentiation of words according to the status of the addresser and the addressee.
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Ng, Bee Chin, Can Cui, and Francesco Cavallaro. "The annotated lexicon of chinese emotion words." WORD 65, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2019.1599543.
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Sagart, Laurent, Tze-Fu Hsu, Yuan-Ching Tsai, and Yue-Ie C. Hsing. "Austronesian and Chinese words for the millets." Language Dynamics and Change 7, no. 2 (2017): 187–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00702002.
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After reviewing recent evidence from related disciplines arguing for an origin of the Austronesian peoples in northeastern China, this paper discusses the Proto-Austronesian and Old Chinese names of the millets, Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum. Partly based on linguistic data collected in Taiwan by the authors, proposed Proto-Austronesian cognate sets for millet terms are re-evaluated and the Proto-Austronesian sets are identified. The reasons for the earlier confusion among Old Chinese terms for the millets are explained: the Austronesian term for Panicum miliaceum and one of the Chinese terms for the same plant are shown to obey the sound correspondences between Proto-Austronesian and Chinese, earlier described, under a particular resolution of the phonological ambiguities in the OC reconstruction. Possession of the two kinds of millets (not just Setaria, as previously thought) places the pre-Austronesians in northeastern China, adjacent to the probable Sino-Tibetan homeland.
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HU, PETER. "Adapting English into Chinese." English Today 20, no. 2 (March 29, 2004): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078404002068.
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WHY IS English a global language? Although the reasons are manifold – historical, geographical, economic, political, social, cultural – the key reason, it seems to me, is linguistic: its morphology is simple, many of its words are short and pithy, and among the key world languages it has the largest vocabulary. These features have helped it become the most widely used language in the world: a situation that makes Uncle French and Grandpa German envious. English has been open-minded since childhood. In the long process of exchange, English words lost most of their inflections and words of different origins were mixed together (Burchfield 1984:13). Unlike traditional German and French, English has been open to foreign penetration and never drives new words out. It is this openness that continually enriches the language. Chinese also likes to borrow from other languages. Old Chinese borrowed 35,000 words from Buddhism, and Modern Chinese has absorbed countless words from Western civilizations. This paper inquires into the mutual borrowing between English and Chinese, summarizes the techniques of borrowing words from English into Chinese, and asserts that semantic transliteration is the best approach to adopting foreign words.
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Tseng, Shu-Chuan. "Chinese disyllabic words in conversation." Chinese Language and Discourse 5, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.5.2.05tse.
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This paper presents a study of segment duration in Chinese disyllabic words. The study accounts for boundary-related factors at levels of syllable, word, prosodic unit, and discourse unit. Face-to-face conversational speech data annotated with signal-aligned, multi-layer linguistic information was used for the analysis. A series of quantitative results show that Chinese disyllabic words have a long first syllable onset and a long second syllable rhyme, suggesting an edge effect of disyllabic words. This is in line with disyllabic merger in Chinese that preserves the onset of the first syllable and the rhyme of the second syllable. A shortening effect at prosodic and discourse unit initiation locations is due to a duration reduction of the second syllable onset, whereas the common phenomenon of pre-boundary lengthening is mainly a result of the second syllable rhyme prolongation including the glide, nucleus, and coda. Morphologically inseparable disyllabic words in principle follow the “long first onset and long second rhyme” duration pattern. But diverse duration patterns were found in words with a head-complement and a stem-suffix construction, suggesting that word morphology may also play a role in determining the duration pattern of Chinese disyllabic words in conversational speech.
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Lin, Shan. "A Comparative Study on Korean Language and Chinese Language Nonce-Words - Focusing on the Compound Words." Studies of Korean & Chinese Humanities 70 (March 31, 2021): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26528/kochih.2021.70.121.
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Cui, Lei, Tuomo Häikiö, Wenxin Zhang, Yuwei Zheng, and Jukka Hyönä. "Reading monomorphemic and compound words in Chinese." Mental Lexicon 12, no. 1 (June 18, 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.12.1.01cui.
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Abstract Two lexical decision experiments were conducted to study the recognition of two-character Chinese monomorphemic and compound words by adult native Chinese readers. In Experiment 1, the words appeared non-spaced, whereas in Experiment 2 a space was inserted between the two characters. An interaction between word type and spacing reflects a trend for spacing to slow down the recognition of monomorphemic words and speed up that of compound words. The word frequency effect was steeper for monomorphemic than compound words. The number of strokes in the first and the second character influenced the recognition time for compound words, but not for monomorphemic words. The results are interpreted in the light of the parallel dual route model of morphological processing. The holistic route is more prevalent in recognizing Chinese monomorphemic, while the morphological decomposition route is more prevalent in processing Chinese compound words.
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Gong, Lei, and Ol'ga Pavlovna Kasymova. "Evolution of Borrowed Words Dictionaries in the Chinese Language." Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, no. 6 (June 2020): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2020.6.50.
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Xu, Pei, Bing Sun, Chunqi Chang, and Nan Hu. "An fMRI Study of Words Processing in Chinese Language." Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 04, no. 03 (2016): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2016.43002.
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R.B., Jeldybaeva. "Stylistic features of quantitative words in the Chinese language." Journal of Oriental Studies 73, no. 3 (2015): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/jos-2015-3-730.
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R.B, Jeldybaeva. "Stylistic features of quantitative words in the Chinese language." Journal of Oriental Studies 74, no. 4 (2015): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/jos-2015-4-735.
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Fang, Jiaming, Degao Li, and Shuo Cao. "Chinese Emotional Two-character Word Processing in Sentence Reading." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1108.07.
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Compared to the processing of the words alone, the processing of Chinese two-character words in sentences will be closer to a natural scenario, and the understanding of the sentence will be influenced by both linguistic contexts and the non-linguistic contexts. This study, in a moving-window self-paced word-by-word sentence reading task, experimentally explored the processing of Chinese sentences with emotional two-character words using reversible words and reaction time as materials and index respectively. The experimental results showed that emotional words may facilitate the processing of its following two words; there might exist subsequent processing in the third word behind the emotional word; there might exist lexical access and whole-word access, processing of morpheme positioned information in the processing of Chinese two-character words in sentence reading; the processing of Chinese two-character words may be similar with that of word alone. This study expands the research of Chinese emotional two-character words processing.
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Liang, Linxin, and Mingwu Xu. "An exploratory study of Chinese words and phrases." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 65, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00080.lia.
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Abstract This research was carried out with two main purposes: to survey the methods necessary to translate Chinese words and phrases into English, and to investigate how frequently their English versions appear in twenty different countries or regions. The research was conducted through an analysis of data from Xi Jinping’s book The Governance of China (English version), published by Foreign Languages Press. The results show that 401 Chinese words and phrases reflect seven specific translation methods. Moreover, their frequency of usage shows obvious differences across twenty different countries or regions based on the statistical analysis of the corpora. It is hoped that the Chinese-English (C-E) translation of political texts can benefit from these conclusions.
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Li, Bianye. "A Major Difference between the Formation of English Words and the Formation of Chinese Words in Modern Times." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0806.04.
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The English language is a language of “fertility” due to its continuous formation of new words in modern times. However, the Chinese language is “infertile” because it has basically stopped creating totally new words. The general trend in the development of a Chinese character in the Chinese history has been moving from complexity to simplicity. As a result, it leads to the "infertility" of the Chinese language and makes it difficult to combine a limited number of different strokes within a limited space known as方块字Fāngkuàizì ‘Square Block Word’. What is a totally new word in English is simply a combination of used words in Chinese. The Chinese language's capability of saving horizontal and linear space makes this combination feasible to express a new meaning. Three types of constraint arising from limited type and number of Strokes, General Trend toward Simplicity and Square-Framed Space have made their concurrent contribution to the "infertility" of the Chinese word formation. The preference of the Chinese language for new combinations of used words over the creation of total new Chinese words in modern times constitutes a major difference between the formation of English words and the formation of Chinese words in modern times.
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Zhang, Xiaochun. "A Probe Into Chinese University Students’ English Lexical Ambiguity." English Language Teaching 12, no. 10 (September 11, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n10p55.
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Disagreements arise on the differences of semantic processing of different ambiguous words in the perspective of psycholinguistics. This paper compares the differences of the semantic processing of different types of ambiguous words of Chinese English learners by using a multiple semantic priming experiment with short. The results demonstrate the advantage in semantic processing of words of homonymy of Chinese English Learners in the multiple semantic priming experiment, but the advantage in semantic processing of words of polysemy does not always take place, as it is relevant to learners’ English levels and words’ meaning frequency. The effect of semantic processing of polysemous words is greater than that of synonymous words.
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Zhang, Juan, Chenggang Wu, Tiemin Zhou, and Yaxuan Meng. "Cognate facilitation priming effect is modulated by writing system: Evidence from Chinese-English bilinguals." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 2 (January 10, 2018): 553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917749062.
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Aims: The present study aims to examine the cross-script cognate facilitation effect that cognates have processing advantages over non-cognates and this effect is strong evidence supporting the non-selective access hypothesis for bilinguals. Methodology: By adopting a masked translation priming paradigm, Experiment 1 used 48 Chinese–English cognates (Chinese words) and 48 non-cognates (Chinese words) as primes and their English translation equivalences as targets. Chinese–English bilinguals were instructed to judge whether the target stimuli were real words or not. In Experiment 2, another group of participants took the same lexical decision task as in Experiment 1, except that English–Chinese cognates and non-cognates (English words) served as primes and their Chinese translation equivalences were targets. Data and analysis: Response latency and accuracy data were submitted to a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Findings/conclusions: Experiment 1 showed that Chinese–English cognates (Chinese words) and non-cognates (Chinese words) produced similar priming effect, while Experiment 2 revealed that English–Chinese cognates (English words) generated a significant priming effect, whereas non-cognates (English words) failed to induce any priming effect. Overall, Chinese words did not show cognate advantage, while English words produced a significant cognate facilitation effect. These results might be attributed to different mappings from orthography to phonology in English and Chinese. Opaque mapping from orthography to phonology in Chinese hindered phonological activation and reduced Chinese–English cognate phonological priming effect. However, English–Chinese cognates benefited from transparent mapping from sound to print and thus generated a significant phonological priming effect. Implications of the current findings for bilingual word recognition models were discussed. Originality: The present study is the first to investigate the cross-script cognate facilitation effect by ensuring both the heterogeneity of primes and targets (English and Chinese) and the homogeneity of primes (Chinese or English). The results indicated that the writing systems of the primes constrained the cross-script cognate priming effect.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 158, no. 2 (2002): 305–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003783.
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-Greg Bankoff, Alfred W. McCoy, Lives at the margin; Biography of Filipinos obscure, ordinary and heroic. Madison, Wisconsin: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madion, v + 481 pp. -Greg Bankoff, Clive J. Christie, Ideology and revolution in Southeast Asia 1900-1980; Political ideas of the anti-colonial era. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, xi + 236 pp. -René van den Berg, Videa P. de Guzman ,Grammatical analysis; Morphology, syntax, and semantics; Studies in honor of Stanley Starosta. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, xv + 298 pp. [Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication 29.], Byron W. Bender (eds) -Wayne A. Bougas, Daniel Perret ,Batu Aceh; Warisan sejarah Johor. Kuala Lumpour: École francaise d'Extrême Orient, Johor Baru: Yayasan Warisan Johor, xxxviii + 510 pp., Kamarudin Ab. Razak (eds) -Freek Colombijn, Benedict R. O.G. Anderson, Violence and the state in Suharto's Indonesia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, 247 pp. [Studies on Southeast Asia 30.] -Harold Crouch, Stefan Eklöf, Indonesian politics in crisis; The long fall of Suharto, 1996-98. Copenhagen: Nodic Institute of Asian Studies, 1999, xi + 272 pp. [NIAS Studies in Contemporary Asia 1.] -John Gullick, Kumar Ramakrishna, Emergency propaganda; The winning of Malayan hearts and minds 1948-1958. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2002, xii + 306 pp. -Han Bing Siong, Daniel S. Lev, Legal evolution and political authority in Indonesia; Selected essays. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000, 349 pp., The Hague, London, Boston: Kluwer International. -David Henley, Laura Lee Junker, Raiding, trading, and feasting; The political economy of Philippine chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1999, ix + 477 pp. -R.D. Hill, Jonathan Rigg, Southeast Asia; The human landscape of modernization and development. London: Routledge, 1997, xxv + 326 pp. -Adrian Horridge, Gene Ammarell, Bugis navigation. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, xiv + 299 pp. [Yale Southeast Asia studies monograph 48.] 1999 -Bernice de Jong Boers, Peter Just, Dou Donggo justice; Conflict and morality in an Indonesian society. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001, xi + 263 pp. -Nico J.G. Kaptein, Howard M. Federspiel, Islam and ideology in the emerging Indonesian state; The Persatuan Islam (PERSIS), 1923 to 1957. Leiden: Brill, 2001, xii + 365 pp. -Gerrit Knaap, Els M. Jacobs, Koopman in Azië; De handel van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie tijdens de 18de eeuw. Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 2000, 304 pp. -Toon van Meijl, Bruce M. Knauft, From primitive to postcolonial in Melanesia and anthropology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999, x + 320 pp. -Jennifer Nourse, Juliette Koning ,Women and households in Indonesia; Cultural notions and social practices. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2000, xiii + 354 pp., Marleen Nolten, Janet Rodenburg (eds) -Sandra Pannell, Clayton Fredericksen ,Altered states; Material culture transformations in the Arafura region. Darwin: Northern Territory University Press, 2001, xiv + 160 pp., Ian Walters (eds) -Anne Sofie Roald, Alijah Gordon, The propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay archipelago. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian sociological research institute, 2001, xxv + 472 pp. -M.J.C. Schouten, Mary Taylor Huber ,Gendered missions; Women and men in missionary discourse and practice. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1999, x + 252 pp., Nancy C. Lutkehaus (eds) -Karel Steenbrink, Nakamura Mitsuo ,Islam and civil society in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 2001, 211 pp., Sharon Siddique, Omar Farouk Bajunid (eds) -Heather Sutherland, Robert Cribb, Historical atlas of Indonesia, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2000, x + 256 pp. -Sikko Visscher, Lee Kam Hing ,The Chinese in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 2000, xxix + 418 pp., Tan Chee-Beng (eds) -Edwin Wieringa, Jane Drakard, A kingdom of words; Language and power in Sumatra. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1999, xxi + 322 pp.
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Zhu, Zhiping. "Chinese vocabulary and elements of culture reflected in the lexical meaning as a challenge in the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language." Lingua Posnaniensis 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2020-0006.
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Abstract This paper describes the elements of Chinese culture enclosed in vocabulary and in the meaning of words; it is divided into four parts. Firstly, it is pointed out that, due to the fact that words are written down with Chinese characters, teachers of Chinese should purposefully help the students understand the rich culture contained in Chinese words, especially disyllabic compounds. Secondly, the article presents the investigation methods concerning compound words applied by the researchers of Chinese lexicon；It also assesses their applicability with regard to teaching a second language. Thirdly, the paper discusses five ways of incorporating Chinese culture during the process of formation of compound words, and points out their relationship with second language teaching. Finally, the paper discusses the methods applied in teaching Chinese vocabulary, and puts forward two methods of teaching vocabulary and their strategies at different levels.
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Boltz, William. "Characters and Words in Middle Chinese: Lexical Data of the Middle Chinese Rime Dictionaries." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 36, no. 1 (2007): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000160.
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In addition to their use as sources for Middle Chinese phonological data, the Qie yun [Chieh yunn] and its Song [Sonq] recension, the Guang yun [Goang yunn], open an irnportant window on the lexical nature of the Middle Chinese language. Examination of the individual entries in the dong 冬 rirne, chosen more or less arbitrarily for the present experiment, shows that the salient question is how we map the data of the rime in question (or of any rirne) to the lexicon of the actual language or languages represented. Or, phrased slightly differently, how many "real words" are represented in the sixty-six single-character entries of the dong 冬 rime?
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Lu, Xiaofei. "Hybrid models for sense guessing of Chinese unknown words." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 13, no. 1 (February 21, 2008): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.13.1.06lu.
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This paper addresses the problem of classifying Chinese unknown words into fine-grained semantic categories defined in a Chinese thesaurus, Cilin (Mei et al. 1984). We present three novel knowledge-based models that capture the relationship between the semantic categories of an unknown word and those of its component characters in three different ways, and combine two of them with a corpus-based model that uses contextual information to classify unknown words. Experiments show that the combined knowledge-based model outperforms previous methods on the same task, but the use of contextual information does not further improve performance.
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Wu, Baixin, Dahui Huang, Bojun Huang, Haifeng Yan, Meizhen Zhu, and Gilles Perret. "Start Learning Chinese Words Fast: An Introduction." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0805.21.
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In order to cater to the needs of Chinese language lovers, 28 basic strokes of Chinese words are firstly introduced. It is pointed out that the difficulty for foreigners to learn Chinese words is their grotesque shapes written by brush (soft) pen and printed in books. The special writing method with a hard pen and 8 directions moving steps are invented and firstly shown, which is easy for foreigners to try. The size (length) of strokes will guide them to control the proportion of a word. It could be changed according to paper size and how large they want to write. Secondly, 48 common fragments derived from 28 basic strokes are listed and the writing method described. It could help foreigners to separate and re-write unknown Chinese words and even guess out the meanings. Lastly, many characteristics or regularities of Chinese words will have great attraction for foreign language learners. Some Chinese cultures or amusing stories are also exposed in fragments and example words.
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Buckingham-Hsiao, Roland. "Drawn words: Pictographs in the Chinese language and visual culture." Drawing: Research, Theory, Practice 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/drtp.3.2.229_1.
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Hobova, Ye. "Issues of rendering Chinese words by means of Ukrainian language." Chinese Studies 2019, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/chinesest2019.01.094.
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Dalte, O. "Lettered Words in Modern Chinese Language: Peculiarities and Prevalence Rate." Chinese Studies 2020, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/chinesest2020.01.089.
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Qin, Zengchang, Yonghui Cong, and Tao Wan. "Topic modeling of Chinese language beyond a bag-of-words." Computer Speech & Language 40 (November 2016): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2016.03.004.
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Vollmann, Ralf, and Tek Wooi Soon. "Language change and convergence in multilingual Malaysian Chinese." Global Chinese 6, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2020-0002.
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AbstractBackgroundIn the multilingual situation of Malaysia, standard languages and spoken vernaculars are interacting in intricate ways whereby various spoken languages share a pool of words from Malay, English and Mandarin. Structurally, all languages converge and influence the spoken varieties of the standard languages.Material and methodThis contribution observes the situation from the viewpoint of Hakka speakers. In an analysis of the communicative practices in an extended Hakka family and their non-Hakka friends, the interactions of the various languages in borrowing and code-switching have been analysed and later discussed with speakers. It is expected that standard languages influence language use over time.AnalysisThe adult generations of the family speak Hakka and effortlessly mix with other languages. Intergenerationally, language change (and possibly language loss) can be observed for Hakka. Mandarin is gaining importance for all speakers. At the same time, loanwords and loan translations from Malaysian, English and Mandarin are frequent. This Malaysian vocabulary is shared by all spoken languages, with only few differences in usage. Standard Chinese is gradually replacing old Hakka words in Hakka.ConclusionsAs can be expected, the spoken languages such as Hakka are quickly losing traditional lexemes and phrases, while Mandarin Chinese as well as English and Malaysian words are used in Hakka; at the same time, spoken Mandarin and spoken English converges structurally with the substratic Chinese dialects.
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Ciordia, Leticia Santamaría. "A contrastive and sociolinguistic approach to the translation of vulgarity from Spanish into English and Polish in the film Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down! (Pedro Almodóvar, 1990)." Translation and Interpreting Studies 11, no. 2 (July 22, 2016): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.11.2.08cio.
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This article examines the decisions involved in translating swear words and sexually explicit language in Pedro Almodóvar’s film ¡Átame! (“Tie Me Up, Tie Me Down!”) from Spanish into English and Polish. Possible motivations for specific renditions will be suggested via a comparison of the source and target language versions. This analysis aims to investigate how the target culture and the film industry can influence the sometimes-delicate task of translating obscene and strong language. Beyond the mere transfer of words from one language into another, translating is, above all, an intercultural activity in which ideology and social values play an important role in the translation process. Therefore, the characteristics of the target culture must be considered before analyzing the translation product. Moreover, the cost-benefit criterion is a crucial component of audiovisual translation, especially in the film industry. Reflection on the circumstances in which the film was released in the United States and in Poland allows for predictions about what to expect from the translation and also establishes a hypothesis for testing. This article calls for reflection on translation decisions and the author’s influence on how closely the translation follows the original. Likewise, the article examines the extent to which economic interests prevail over socio-cultural values.
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Monzone, Chiel. "Traduzioni belles infidèles. Commenti a quelle dei componimenti lubrici di Domenico Tempio." Italianistica Debreceniensis 24 (December 1, 2018): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.34102/italdeb/2018/4668.
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Belles infidèles is a French expression highlighting a well-known problem in translating from one language to another. This is true especially in the field of literature and particularly in poetry, where the exterior aspects of the words (for example, the harmony of rhymes, the images, the emotional vibrations, the semantic fields, the polysemy, and so on) become substantial and hardly translatable. The essay focuses on some bad translations of some selected verses from the obscene poems by a 18th-century Sicilian dialect poet, Domenico Tempio: they clearly show the translators’ intervention, who took many liberties and betrayed the formulation, the sense and the effect of the original texts. The essay proposes some more faithful translations of them.
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Xu, Mingwu, and Chuanmao Tian. "Is ‘NBA’ Chinese or English?" English Today 33, no. 4 (July 10, 2017): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078417000232.
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In recent years, the use of foreign loanwords in Chinese has increased significantly. It has been estimated that there are currently about 3,000 foreign words in Chinese, most of which are related to English (Zhang, 2006). Of these, more than 500 words are frequently used, together with their abbreviations and translations. In response to this situation, the Chinese government established the Inter-ministerial Joint Meeting on Chinese Language Translation and Writing Specifications (IJM-CLTWS) in 2012, consisting of ten state-level ministries and institutions such as the State Language Commission, the Central Compilation & Translation Bureau, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Education. Thus far, the expert committee of the IJM-CLTWS has identified four groups of foreign words and their standard Chinese translations.
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Yang, Jun Hui, and Susan Fischer. "Expressing negation in Chinese Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2002): 167–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.5.2.05yan.
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This paper presents observations and analyses of the expression of negation in Chinese Sign Language (CSL), based on interviews with 15 Chinese Deaf adults in Beijing, China. Findings show that while some aspects of negation in CSL (e.g. nonmanual signals, negative signs, and structures of negative sentences) are similar to those found in other sign languages, CSL displays some unique features. One is a negative handshape, phonetically equivalent to the fingerspelled letter i in ASL. It also seems that a horizontal handwave and a side-to-side headshake have equivalent negative force, but the two cannot be used simultaneously. The structures of negative words and sentences show that CSL has a unique grammatical system that forces us to rethink some of our assumptions about sign language negation.
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Ibrahim Hassanein, Azza Abdelwahab, and Xun Zhai. "A Contrast of New Network Language Between Arabic and Chinese." Education and Linguistics Research 5, no. 2 (November 7, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/elr.v5i2.15776.
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Technology is a double-edged sword; the development and application of communication technologies have not only made great contributions to human beings and promoted the development of language, but also brought a rapid spread of language violence that caused great impact on people's lives. With the innovation of Internet technology, this form of language has developed rapidly in the dissemination of Internet media. At present, network language does not meet the requirements of language grammar, so there is a lack of teaching significance. Arabic and Chinese are subordinate to different language families with different network words. A prospective analysis has been performed between Arabic and Chinese network words which is mainly based on the influence of chivalrous network language on society and language. The research was based on 110 questionnaires distributed on social networking sites, and 40 interviews conducted with network users from china and some Arab countries. The findings suggested participants to use network language because, it is the language of their peers, it is cool and stylish, they have difficulties with the Arabic and Chinese language, and network constitutes a secret code, allowing escape from judgements of the older generation. The study concludes that network language is a strong marker of youth identity and group solidarity. Through a comparative analysis of Arabic and Chinese Internet words, Arabic or Chinese learners can clearly understand the similarities and differences between the two network words, and reduce the barriers to Internet communication, and appropriately use Chinese and Arabic Internet words.
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Kim, Hyanghee, and Duk L. Na. "Dissociation of Pure Korean Words and Chinese-Derivative Words in Phonological Dysgraphia." Brain and Language 74, no. 1 (August 2000): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.2000.2329.
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ZHOU, PENG. "Children's knowledge of wh-quantification in Mandarin Chinese." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 2 (May 16, 2013): 411–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716413000283.
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ABSTRACTWh-words in Mandarin Chinese exhibit quantificational variability. Aside from a typical interrogative reading, wh-words can also have an existential indefinite reading or a universal reading. Which reading it is depends on the linguistic environments in which they occur. The present study investigates Mandarin-speaking children's sensitivity to the linguistic environments for the noninterrogative use of wh-words: the existential reading and the universal reading. The results show that young children exhibited adultlike sensitivity to the licensing environments for the noninterrogative use of wh-words. Given the difficulty that children may have in using the input data to learn the interpretation of wh-words and the early emergence of this knowledge, we propose that the licensing mechanism for the noninterrogative use of wh-words is innate.
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Liu, Baolin, Zhixing Jin, Zhongning Wang, and Guangning Wu. "Chinese function words grammaticalized from content words: Evidence from ERPs." Journal of Neurolinguistics 23, no. 6 (November 2010): 663–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2010.07.002.
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JIANG, NAN, FENGYUN HOU, and XIN JIANG. "Analytic Versus Holistic Recognition of Chinese Words Among L2 Learners." Modern Language Journal 104, no. 3 (August 10, 2020): 567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/modl.12662.
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Huang, Yue Yuan, and Allan K. K. Chan. "The role of language and culture in marketing communication." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 15, no. 2 (November 18, 2005): 257–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.15.2.04hua.
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Brand naming is a crucial component in marketing communication. Chinese brand naming differs greatly from naming in Western communities. Both linguistic and cultural aspects play an important role in Chinese brand naming. This paper reports our analysis of 5,089 Chinese brand names from 21 product categories. We analyzed these brand names from six aspects: the syllable pattern, the tone pattern, the compounding pattern, the semantic pattern, the semantic field which consists of semantically associated words to indicate the functions or features of products, and the most frequently used words in branding. We found that Chinese brand naming has a consistent tendency for two-syllable names with a modifier-noun compounding structure. High tones and positive meaning are also the preferred features. The cultural influence is reflected in the selection of the semantic fields and the choice of words for brand names.
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Hashimova, Sabohat. "CONVERSION IN ADJECTIVES OF MODERN CHINESE LANGUAGE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORD ART 2, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9297-2020-2-12.
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This article is devoted to the paradigm of the formation of lexical units with the help of conversion, the basis of which are words related to adjectives in modern Chinese. Conversion in linguistics is a type of transposition. If the transposition is associated with a change in the lexical-morphological environment and, as a result, the paradigm of the inflection, previously not inherent in the lexical unit, arises, and other syntactic signs also appear, then this kind of transposition is usually called morphological transposition, that is, often referred to as conversion.
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Lu, Xiaofei. "Improving part-of-speech guessing of Chinese unknown words using hybrid models." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 13, no. 2 (May 26, 2008): 169–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.13.2.03lu.
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This paper presents a hybrid model for part-of-speech (POS) guessing of Chinese unknown words. Most previous studies on this task have developed a unified statistical model for all Chinese unknown words and have rejected rule-based models without testing. We argue that models that use different sources of information about unknown words, both structural and contextual, can be effective for handling different types of unknown words. We propose a rule-based model that uses information about the type, length, and internal structure of unknown words and combine it with two existing statistical models that use information about the POS context and component characters of unknown words respectively for this task. By combining the complementary strengths of the three models that use different sources of information, the hybrid model achieves an accuracy of 89%, a significant improvement over the best result reported in previous studies.