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Li, Feifei. "On the interpretation of negation in Mandarin Chinese." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669731.
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Esta disertación tiene como objetivo investigar experimentalmente la interpretación de la negación en chino mandarín (MC), a saber, cuando se combinan múltiples expresiones negativas en una oración, cuando las expresiones negativas se usan como respuestas fragmentarias a preguntas negativas, y cuando los hablantes nativos muestran desacuerdo respecto a una afirmación negativa o a una pregunta polar negativa.
Primeramente se examina si existen circunstancias que posibiliten una lectura de negación única (SN) a pesar de que el MC se caracterice por ser una lengua en la que, dentro de los límites de un único dominio sentencial, dos expresiones negativas se cancelan entre sí para producir una lectura positiva . Para testar esta hipótesis, se realizó un experimento de percepción en línea con hablantes nativos de MC . Los resultados mostraron que la lecturas de SN era efectivamente posible, particularmente cuando la primera de las dos expresiones negativas era un complemento (es decir, cóngláibù / cóngláiméi(yǒu) 'nunca') o cuando había tensión en la segunda expresión negativa (es decir, los marcadores negativos méi(yǒu) 'no' y bù 'no').
Seguidamente, esta disertación explora los desajustes en la interpretación de las expresiones negativas argumentales de MC (a saber, méi(yǒu)rén ‘nadie’ y méi(yǒu)shénme ‘nada’) cuando se usan como respuestas fragmentarias a preguntas negativas. Los resultados de nuestro experimento en el ámbito de la producción oral, mostraron que los correlatos acústicos que caracterizan estas respuestas fragmentarias afloran no sólo cuando transmiten doble negación (DN), sino también significados SN. Concretamente, las lecturas de DN muestran una duración más corta, más variación de tono, mayor tono máximo y mayor trayecto de tono ascendente. Los resultados de nuestro experimento de percepción de audio muestran además que cuando los hablantes nativos de MC perciben estos correlatos prosódicos los usan con naturalidad para distinguir lecturas DN y SN de expresiones negativas argumentales utilizadas como respuestas fragmentarias.
Finalmente, esta disertación aborda la cuestión central de si MC es una lengua canónica basada en la verdad. Se realizó un experimento de producción oral. Los resultados mostraron que los hablantes de MC transmiten acuerdo/desacuerdo ayudándose de una combinación de estrategias lexico-sintácticas Es importante destacar que el uso de partículas positivas o negativas, resultado esperado en lenguas basadas en la verdad, solo apareció en el 82% de las respuestas tipo acuerdo y en el 52% de las respuestas de tipo desacuerdo rechazo, respectivamente.
En consecuencia, esta disertación proporciona una nueva comprensión de la interpretación de la negación en MC como lengua DN y como lengua basada en la verdad.This dissertation aims to experimentally investigate the interpretation of negation in Mandarin Chinese (MC), namely, when multiple negative expressions combine in a sentence, when negative expressions are used as fragment answers to negative questions, and when native speakers express rejection to a negative assertion or a negative polar question. It first examines whether a single negation (SN) reading may be possible under certain conditions, despite the fact that MC has been characterized as a language in which two negative expressions within the boundaries of a single sentential domain cancel each other to yield a positive reading. To test this hypothesis, an online perception experiment was conducted with native MC speakers. The results showed that SN readings were indeed obtained, particularly when the first of the two negative expressions was an adjunct (i.e., cóngláibù/cóngláiméi(yǒu) ‘never’) or there was stress on the second negative expression (i.e., the negative markers méi(yǒu) ‘not’ and bù ‘not’). Next, this dissertation explores the mismatches in the interpretation of MC argumental negative expressions (namely, méi(yǒu)rén ‘no one’ and méi(yǒu)shénme ‘nothing’) when they are used as fragment answers to negative wh-questions. The results of our production experiment showed that the acoustic correlates that characterize these fragment answers are identified when they convey not only double negation (DN) but also SN meanings. More specifically, DN readings show shorter duration, more pitch variation, higher maximum pitch, and larger rising pitch excursion. The results of our audio perception experiment further showed that native speakers of MC perceive these prosodic correlates and reliably use them to distinguish between DN and SN readings of argumental negative expressions used as fragment answers. Finally, this dissertation addresses the central question of whether MC is a canonical truth-based language. The results showed that MC speakers convey confirmation/rejection by relying on a combination of lexico-syntactic strategiestogether with prosodic and gestural strategies. Importantly, the use of a positive or a negative particle, which was the expected outcome in truth-based languages, only appeared in 82% of the confirming answers and in 52% of the rejecting answers, respectively. Our results bring into question the macroparametric division between truth-based and polarity-based languages and calls for a more general view of the instantiation of a CONFIRM/REJECT speech act that integrates lexical and syntactic strategies with prosodic and gestural strategies. Consequently, this dissertation provides a new understanding of the interpretation of negation in MC as a so-called DN language and as a so-called truth-based language.
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Law, Hin-cheung Hubert. "A language model for mandarin Chinese /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20667292.
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Tsai, Yaping. "Aspects of distributivity in Mandarin Chinese." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 190 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1833642541&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Zhang, Ning. "Syntactic dependencies in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27759.pdf.
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Miracle, William Charles. "Discourse markers in Mandarin Chinese /." Connect to resource, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1232114951.
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Miracle, W. Charles. "Discourse markers in Mandarin Chinese." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1232114951.
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Xu, Shu Hua. "Topics in the Morphology and Phonology of Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501186/.
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This thesis examines some selective cases of morphophonemic alternation in Mandarin Chinese. It presents analyses of the function -of the retroflex suffix -r and describes several conditions for tone sandhi. The suffix -r functions not simply as a noun formative. Some of the suffixed forms have consistently different meanings from the roots on which they are based. The suffix -r also plays a role in poetry as a time-filler to make each line of a poem fulfill the requirements of the strict number of characters and rhyme. This thesis also explains what causes the tone pattern of words such as xiaojie and jiejie to be pronounced differently. These tonal changes are found to be related to the way in which a word is formed. Compounding, reduplication and suffixation differ with respect to how they effect tone sandhi. Tone alternations in actual speech are explored to determine how tone sandhi produces each pronunciation and how grammatical structure and other factors are relevant.
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Che, Dewei, and 車德偉. "The syntax of particles in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206676.
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Chinese is noted for its rich inventory of particles that help to form sentences. However, a precise definition of particle is hard to achieve due to its wide range of forms and functions. Most words that are hard to categorize are dumped into this class. Naturally, there are two consequences that come out of this: 1) the difference is huge among groups and subgroups; 2) there seems to be no interconnectedness between groups. In these circumstances, this study mainly aims to address two issues: a) to establish particle as a theoretical construct that is distinguishable from other well-established constructs, and b) to present a unified analysis of the syntax of particles in Chinese.
Through a close examination on particles in the cross-linguistic literature, it is found that particles in Mandarin Chinese are characterized by syntactic deficiency, i.e. inability to project. This study thus defines a Chinese particle as a ‘non-projecting word which is adjoined to X^(0,).
A systematic account of particles in Chinese has remained as a conundrum due to their diversity. This study concerns two groups of particles in Mandarin Chinese, namely the structural particles and the verbal particles. The former has long been discussed in Chinese literature, while the latter is evolved out of this study. It is adequately shown that the so-called ‘verb-complement compounds’ in traditional Chinese literature are indeed ‘verb-particle combinations’. Accordingly, three types of verbal particles are specified in this study: aspectual, resultative, and directional. The syntactic behaviours of the structural particles and the verbal particles are intensively explored in this study. A unified analysis of these particles is achieved under the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar. It turns out that all of them share the same representation at c-structure. As a non-projecting category, the particle is head-adjoined to X and thus the formation of a syntactic construct. In other words, the particle is syntactically combined rather than lexically combined, represented by two nodes in a tree diagram. Their grammatical functions can be captured at f-structure with two possibilities: a co-head or an XCOMP.
The same analysis is generalized to the syntax of the particle ge and the verbal particles in Cantonese. It is proved that particles in Cantonese also feature syntactic deficiency (i.e. inability to project).
This dissertation is among the first of its kind to provide a unified analysis of the syntax of particles in Chinese. It is observed that certain particles are quite distinguishable from other word classes by their phrase structural realization. Different from previous studies that have tried to classify particles mainly according to their meanings and functions, this study explores another possibility: particles in Chinese can be captured structurally as a coherent group.published_or_final_version
Linguistics
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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羅憲璋 and Hin-cheung Hubert Law. "A language model for mandarin Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29913391.
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Li, Jen-I. Jelina 1962. "Preverbal NP positions in Mandarin Chinese." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290686.
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This is a study of topicalization (OSV) and object preposing (SOV) in Mandarin Chinese. Whether topics in Mandarin are base-generated or derived by movement has been controversial. We provide a detailed discussion and show that they are derived by movement. Topicalization in Mandarin is generally assumed to be A'-movement. Based on Mahajan's (1990) criteria, we however find that it may be A or A'-movement for it exhibits reconstruction effects, lacks WCO effects and topics can bind anaphors. Yet we still argue that it is uniformly A'-movement based on the logophoric analysis of anaphor binding and the reconstruction effects. We explain the lack of WCO effects by adding the constraint "a trace v is a formal variable if the chain is triggered by a (+wh) / (+quant) feature" to Higginbotham' s (1983) Accessibility Condition. Topic traces are thus classified as A'-anaphors for topicalization is triggered by (+topic). With this feature-based definition, we admit a third type of position--A'-positions may be operator or non-operator positions, depending on the features they host. Topics in Mandarin are normally assumed to move to IP-adjunct position. We however suggest that they move to (Spec, CP) because: topicalization is triggered by the topic feature, the occurrence of an embedded topic depends on the verb that selects the embedded clause, and no topic is allowed after an adjunct complementizer. Object preposing in Mandarin is assumed to be movement to adjunct positions in some studies. We however find it movement to specifier positions because it is an A-movement triggered by the focus feature. We suggest that the preposed object lands on (Spec, ModalP) or (Spec, VP). We divide the preposed objects into (+C-focus) and (+focus) objects; (+C-focus) objects have emphatic markers or contrastive conjuncts but (+focus) objects do not. The focus features reside in Modal or V to trigger object preposing, with selectional restrictions; e.g., modals only select verbs with (+C-focus), which explains why objects in (Spec, VP) must have emphatic markers or contrastive conjuncts. Related phenomena such as clause-boundness of object preposing are also discussed.
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Frankowsky, Maximilian, and Dan Ke. "Humanness and classifiers in Mandarin Chinese." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-224789.
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Mandarin Chinese numeral classifiers receive considerable at-tention in linguistic research. The status of the general classifier 个 gè re-mains unresolved. Many linguists suggest that the use of 个 gè as a noun classifier is arbitrary. This view is challenged in the current study. Relying on the CCL-Corpus of Peking University and data from Google, we investigated which nouns for living beings are most likely classified by the general clas-sifier 个 gè. The results suggest that the use of the classifier 个 gè is motivated by an anthropocentric continuum as described by Köpcke and Zubin in the 1990s. We tested Köpcke and Zubin’s approach with Chinese native speakers. We examined 76 animal expressions to explore the semantic interdepen-dence of numeral classifiers and the nouns. Our study shows that nouns with the semantic feature [+ animate] are more likely to be classified by 个 gè if their denotatum is either very close to or very far located from the anthropo-centric center. In contrast animate nouns whose denotata are located at some intermediate distance from the anthropocentric center are less likely to be classified by 个 gè.
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Goh, Yeng-Seng. "The segmental phonology of Beijing Mandarin." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245240.
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Lin, Hsing-Yin Cynthia. "Phonological interference between English and Chinese when learning Mandarin." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3266508.
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Yuen, Robert C. Y. "A humanistic sociological investigation of the backgrounds and attitudes of University of Adelaide students of Mandarin /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EDM/09dmy94.pdf.
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Lai, Bong-yeung Tom. "Aspect marking in modern Chinese : the Mandarin suffix -le /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12324073.
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Wang, Chen. "The syntax of 'le' in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/44043.
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This thesis focuses on the syntax of the structures with the particle le in Mandarin Chinese. The particle le has two uses: verbal le and sentential le. I will argue the verbal le in Mandarin has a dual function: it is used primarily as a quantity marker and secondarily as a perfectivity marker. This leads to a result that most of the cases with le are both telic and perfective. Others, with the lack of (im)perfectivity, only extend a quantity reading. Meanwhile, I assume the perfective reading in Mandarin solely depends on verbal le, except in negative and interrogative situations. This means in a sentence with a perfective viewpoint, even if le occurs after the object at the end of the clause, it should also be a verbal le. I argue that such a structure is result of VP-fronting. On the other hand, a real sentential le is not directly related to perfectivity. I propose that sentential le is a focus marker that scopes high in the hierarchy and yields flexible readings depending on which structure enters the focus domain under different contexts. In this sense, the configuration with both verbal and sentential le extends an assertion of a perfective event, which, I propose, functionally corresponds to the perfect aspect in English. In short, although there are two uses of the particle le in Mandarin, they should be distinguished by their grammatical functions instead of their linear positions.
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Wang, Chao 1972. "Porting the galaxy system to Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43409.
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Li, Wenzhao. "A diachronically-motivated segmental phonology of Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339163.
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Hu, Min Sabino Robin. "Phonological awareness in Mandarin of Chinese and Americans." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1651.
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Hsiao, Franny Pai-Fang 1975. "The syntax and processing of relative clauses in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7990.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-133).
This thesis investigates relative clauses (henceforth RCs) in Mandarin Chinese as spoken in Taiwan from both syntactic and processing perspectives. I also explore the interaction between these two areas, for example, how evidence from one area lends support to or undermines theories in the other area. There are several goals I hope to achieve: First of all, there is a significant gap in the sentence processing literature on Mandarin Chinese and in particular on RCs in Mandarin Chinese. I aim to bridge this gap by conducting experiments that will provide basic understanding of how Chinese RCs are processed. In doing so, I also provide a more complete picture of processing RCs across languages. In this thesis, I report three online reading experiments on Chinese RCs. I show that even though Chinese is also an SVO language like English and French, the results with regard to processing subject-extracted versus object-extracted RCs in Mandarin Chinese are very different from results for the same construction in other SVO languages. Thus, even though subject-extracted RCs are less complex in other SVO languages, they are more complex in Mandarin Chinese. These findings help tease apart various processing theories, in particular, I show that even though resource-based theories, canonical/non-canonical word order (frequency) theories, theory based on accessibility of syntactic positions and perspective shift theory all account for the facts reported in other SVO languages, results from Chinese are only compatible with resource-based theories and canonical/non-canonical (frequency) theories.
(cont.) Secondly, it has been noted that in many cases, resource-based theories and canonical/non-canonical word order (frequency) theories are both compatible with data from sentence processing studies. Resource-based theories attribute processing difficulty associated with subject-extracted RCs to higher storage cost in processing subject-extracted RCs whereas frequency-based canonical word order theory such as the one proposed in Mitchell et al. 1995 attributes this to the less frequent occurrences of subject-extracted RCs in corpora. As a result, it is very difficult to tease these two theories apart. However, I conducted a Chinese corpus study in this thesis and I show that there is no correlation between structural frequencies in corpora and behavioral measures such as reading times, as predicted by frequency theories. As a matter of fact, subject-extracted RCs occur more frequently in the Chinese corpus. This undermines the validity of frequency theories in explaining the processing data reported in this thesis. Thirdly, Aoun and Li to appear argue that there is syntactic and semantic evidence in favor of positing two distinct syntactic derivations for RCs with or without resumptive pronouns. RCs containing gaps involve head-raising of the head NP (i.e. no operator movement) as reconstruction of the head NP back to the RC is available. On the other hand, RCs containing resumptive pronouns involve an empty operator in [Spec, CP] and no head-raising of the head NP (since reconstruction is unavailable) ...
by Franny Pai-Fang Hsiao.
Ph.D.
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余永華 and Wing-wa Yu. "Students' command of Mandarin and Cantonese in anEnglish-Mandarin bilingual school in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40717896.
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Jennings, Lara-Jill. "Psychometrically Equivalent Digital Recordings for Speech Audiometry Testing in Mandarin Chinese: Standard Mandarin Dialect." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1124.pdf.
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Tio, Yee Pin. "COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF LEARNING MANDARIN CHINESE NUMERAL CLASSIFIERS." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2004.
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This study examines the relationship between language and cognition with a focus on Chinese numeral classifiers (CNCs). NCs are ideally suited to exploring the link between language and semantic categorization, as classifier selection depends on the physical attributes of the associated noun (e.g., Mandarin zhi is used for long and rigid objects and tiao for long and flexible objects). Previous studies on numeral classifiers have addressed the language-cognition link by comparing the cognitive performance of monolingual as well as bilingual speakers of different languages (Lucy, 1992; Saalbach & Imai, 2005; Gao & Malt, 2009). In contrast, the present study sought to address the cognitive effects of numeral classifiers via a training study that investigated whether exposure to CNCs influenced Native-English speakers’ object categorization preferences, inhibitory control and memory retrieval. The participants of this study were 99 Native-English speaking College students. They were randomly assigned to an experimental group, which received training on four commonly used CNCs during the initial phase of the experiment, or a control group, which did not receive similar treatment during the initial phase. After the initial phase, the experimental group and the control group were assessed on a Forced Choice Task, a Go/No-Go Task and a Memory Task. A Mixed-design ANOVA indicated that the experimental group displayed a preference for objects sharing the same classifier in the Forced Choice Task and the Go/ No-Go Task (i.e. Go trials) when compared to the controls. The effect of exposure to numeral classifiers on inhibitory control was supported with a significantly lower false alarm rate (in the No-Go trials) for the experimental group. However, no group differences were observed in the results of the analysis of the participants’ median reaction times in the Go/No-Go tasks. Similarly, the differences between the two groups’ scores on the Memory Task was not found to be significant. The results of the study indicated that exposure to CNCs influenced Native-English speakers’ categorization. The results also revealed partial support for the influence of exposure to CNCs on inhibitory processing, but not in the case of object clustering.
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Mao, Sheng. "Beijing hua kou yu yu qi ci "a", "ba", "ma", "ne" de yan jiu /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?HUMA%202005%20MAO.
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Ren, Fei Ph D. "Futurity in Mandarin Chinese." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17729.
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This dissertation provides an extensive analysis of how Mandarin, as a tenseless language, conveys futurity. It reveals that futurity in Mandarin is expressed primarily by future adverbials and future forms conveying irrealis modality. Modal auxiliaries and future-oriented verbs are two major types of future forms. It argues that although all the root modals and relevant modal main verbs can refer to the future, some epistemic modals cannot, even though the epistemic modals all allow future interpretation of their complements. The dissertation also investigates the interaction of the future modals and the aspectual viewpoint morphemes in Chinese. The perfective viewpoint morphemes -le and -guo and the imperfective viewpoint morphemes zai and -zhe appear with the future forms only in special contexts. It proposes that the compatibility of -le and -guo with a future form relies on the satisfaction of one of the two conditions: (1) -le and -guo do not share the reference time with the future form, and (2) -le and-guo are not immediately contained in the complement of the future form. Unlike -le and -guo, the appearance of zai and -zhe with a future form pertains to the compatibility of their aspectual meaning with the pragmatic uses of the future morpheme.text
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Chang, Pi Chun, and 張碧純. "Mandarin Chinese Causative Continuum." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03984614343806717762.
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碩士國立政治大學
語言學研究所
96
Derivational grammarians propose that causativity comes from the syntactic structures whereas lexicalists suggest it is incorporated within the formation of the lexicon. This thesis aims to investigate Mandarin lexical and periphrastic causatives to see if their causativity varies depending on the category of causative to which they are assigned. Three frameworks are adopted here to examine causatives from diverse perspective, directness, force-dynamics and transitivity. This combined framework is utilized to examine Mandarin lexical causatives and typical periphrastic causatives including 使shi, 令ling, 讓rang, 叫jiao1, and 教 jiao2 constructions. The results indicate that causativity forms a continuum in which the degree of the causativity of lexical causatives ranges from high to intermediate but that for periphrastic causatives ranges from intermediate to low. The variation in the degree of causativity proves that the derivational account is incorrect. Moreover, this study supports the lexicalist viewpoints that the causativity has variations because it is integrated in the lexical formation. In addition, more evidence, such as adverb placement and resultative compound formation, is provided to demonstrate that lexicalist accounts take the advantage of explaining the causativity. Finally, the variation of causativity has demonstrated that the shorter the forms are, the greater the degree of causativity is. This observation conforms to the principle of iconicity, and is encoded in humans’ cognition and the natural language.
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Yang, Tsai-Heng, and 楊采衡. "Distributivity in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57601467776034044717.
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碩士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
100
This thesis shows that although ge (‘each’), gezi (‘separately’), gebie (‘individually’) and fenbie (‘respectively’) all bring a distributivity reading to the sentences in which they occur, they behave differently. I propose that these four distributivity operators have different domains to range over (in Choe’s term, the distributed share). The distributed share of ge is an individual or quantity since there is always an indefinite phrase; the distributed share of gezi is events, since evidence shows that gezi has to range over different events instead of one single events; the distributed share of gebie and fenbie are both the verbal property VP. Moreover, I show that although these four distributivity operators share several properties, each of them still has some requirements of its own.
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王世煜. "Negation in mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70644680391285767064.
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碩士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
87
Abstract It can be traced back to Wang (1965) that the study of negation of Mandarin Chinese within the framework of generative grammar. In addition, its treatment on the interaction between negators and verbal aspects profoundly effects most of his followers on this issue. However, as the development of the contemporary linguistic theory, it calls the need to reconsider these old data and accommodate them into the new theoretical models. This thesis is devoted to inspect the syntactic behaviors of negation in Mandarin such as its distribution restriction, interpretation and interaction with other functional categories. This thesis is made of four chapters: in chapter 1, we sketch the general properties of negation and negators in Mandarin. In chapter 2, we offer a brief discussion on those representing approaches concerning this topic. In chapter 3, it provides with our analyses to the syntax of negation. And we give our conclusions and problems remaining unsolved in chapter 4. Pursuing Pollock''s (1989) "Split-I" hypothesis, we assume that bu and meiyou are two separate negators adjoint to ModP and AspP respectively. Moreover, we propose that an implicit modal plays the key role on the determination of the distribution and interpretation of bu in sentences. There are several reasons for us to assume the existence of an implicit modal: first, the insertion of bu into a declarative clause changes its modality. Secondly, even without any modals present, certain modality is borne out with bu. Thirdly, bu''s distribution is analogous to specific modals. We also give arguments to clarify a somewhat misleading idea that bu can''t co-occur with verbal aspects directly and has to transform itself into mei first.
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Li, Erica Wen. "Passives in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5652.
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This thesis examines the syntactic properties of passive
constructions in Mandarin Chinese within the framework
of Government and Binding. The theoretical framework of
analyzing passives is that of Baker, Johnson and Roberts
(1989, henceforth BJR) and Hale and Keyser (1993). It is
argued that what could be and should be analyzed as a
passive in Mandarin Chinese is the construction
characterized by the presence of bei, hence the so-
called Jbei-construct ion. I further argue that this
passive construction is derived by NP-movement, as is
the case with English. I maintain BJR's proposal that
Agent is always present in passives, be it null or
overt. However, Chinese differs from English in that the
overt NP is never realized as an adjunct, unlike the by
NP phrase in English. A second goal of this thesis is to
address the issue of what classes of verbs are eligible
for passivization in Mandarin Chinese. I propose that by
adopting the model of argument structure by Hale and
Keyser (1993), and in particular, the idea that thematic
structure of a predicate is represented syntactically in
the lexicon, we can explain why passivization is
restricted to certain transitive predicates. By
proposing that the NP in [Spec VP] position is the
target for passivization, the semantic notion of
affected argument is captured syntactically.
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Chuang, Chien-Lung, and 莊建龍. "Negation in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/que94j.
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碩士銘傳大學
應用日語學系碩士班
92
In this thesis, I will focus on and also clarify the verbal meaning and structure of Mandarin on the basis of generative grammar. In modern Chinese, two representative negative words are bu and meiyou; as for the problems about whether both of them are allomorphs or independent elements, or if both of them do not function in negative words or negative sentences, or if even the problem of the definition of “negation” in Syntactic Structure and so on …; in all related research about negation in Mandarin, scholars still have different thoughts and different conclusions about the problems; they still can not come to make any conclusions about all the problems mentioned above. Therefore, in this thesis, I will use generative grammar as the theory basis, and also consider negation in Japanese and English to explain the negative Syntactic Structure in Chinese as well as find the “universal” in all languages at the same time. Although I view the most frequently used and the most representative bu and meiyou as my main topics, in order to clarify the Syntactic Structure of the negative sentence, my thesis also includes bu shi in negative sentences, and also involves the concept of “contrary negation” and “contradictory negation”. Besides constructing new Syntactic Structures of new negation in Chinese, it also proves that syntax and semantics correspond with each other. Moreover, by discussing negation, universal quantifier, tense marker, adverb in proposition, in Chinese, Japanese, and English, I can clearly point out the communal structures of contrary negation and contradictory negation. Also, the communal structure can be used to distinguish contrary negation and contradictory negation in prohibition sentences.
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Chen, Chen-Ju, and 陳貞儒. "Pluractional Markers in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26424206343957399347.
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Shin, Joonho, and 慎俊浩. "Numeral Phrase in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02856619195987624910.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
96
This dissertation discusses distribution of numeral phrases (NumPs) in Mandarin Chinese, especially the distribution of NumPs which are away from their related NPs. There are four cases: the first one is that the NumP precedes the verb and expresses the whole quantity of the related NP in the front of the construction (Group A); the second one is that the NumP precedes the verb and the NP has a kind-denoting reading (Group B); the third one is that the NumP is preceded by the verb and expresses a part of the NP (Group C); the fourth one is that the NumP precedes the verb, co-occurring with you ‘have’, and also has a part-of reading (Group D). Since the NumP is used for indicating the quantity of the NP, the two phrases are usually presented in a form of one constituent. However, the above four cases show that the NumP can occur in isolation without the nearby NP, which may occur elsewhere. This phenomenon leads to a question: how can we explain the semantic relation between the NumP and its related NP when they are separated? In order to answer this question, we refer to the analyses of floating quantifiers, i.e., the stranding analysis and the adverbial analysis. When these analyses are applied to Group A, however, some problems are found. Hence, this study proposes a new analysis, i.e., the argument analysis. Under this analysis, the NumP is originally merged in the VP, and the related NP occurs in topic positions or other A’- positions. This analysis can explain the distribution of NumPs in Group A, and furthermore can catch the parallelism between Group A and Groups C and D. As for Group B, we can explain the grammatical behavior of the kind-denoting NPs with the stranding analysis and the argument analysis. Groups C and D exhibit the part-whole relationship, i.e., the NP expresses the whole and the NumP the part. We assume that the DP outside the NumP has an empty determiner as a head. This empty determiner has two properties: one is anaphoricity, the other is that it should be bound by the operator or occur in a specific position for semantic interpretation. The operator includes partial you ‘have’. Although this you is a little different from existential you, the two can be classified as auxiliaries. In other words, the partial you takes a clausal argument. The morphological and grammatical evidence supports this view. This study also discusses the distribution of NumPs in Korean. Mandarin and Korean are different, but after observing the Korean examples corresponding to Groups A-D in Mandarin, we found that NumPs’ behaviors of the two languages are similar in many ways. Some distinct parts are due to the basic differences such as the existence of case markers and the word order, etc.
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Tzu-YiLi and 李姿儀. "Preverbal gei in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14951477568389304666.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
外國語文學系在職專班
101
The purpose of this research is two-fold: one aims on investigating the syntactic behavior and the semantic foundation of Mandarin coverb gei in causative rang construction. The other one is to explore the passive form of both gei and bei in causative rang construction. Firstly, coverb is defined by Li ＆ Thompson (1981) as a preposition with verbal attribute. Given that the morpheme gei in Mandarin Chinese is in the middle of the grammaticalization process; it, accordingly, embeds multiple functions, such as a ditransitive verb, a passive marker, a disposal marker. Previous researches have put a great effort on observing the relation between ditransitive verb gei in double object construction and its alternative construction, dative gei (Huang 1999, Ting 2004, Liu 2005, Her 2006). However, there is still much worth to be investigated on the topics that deal with passive form of gei. This paper will first demonstrate that (1) the configuration of [rang…gei] embeds [+adversity] feature; (2) only certain types of verbs are allowed to enter into the configuration. Besides, we will also compare the two passive markers, bei and gei, in Mandarin Chinese. Both markers have undergone a grammaticalization process, but they dominate different ranges of passives. We exam the two passive markers via associating with rang construction. According to our findings, we conclude that although the two verbs bei and gei have identical conceptual base which involves three participants: the giver, the theme, the receiver, somehow, they are not interchangeable in all cases. Concomitantly, we infer that it is the verb’s semantic that circumscribe the scope of the two passive markers.
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Wang, Chyan-an Arthur, and 王乾安. "On Sluicing in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71002487903732360945.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
90
Sluicing, the construction of a wh-phrase followed by an (empty) elliptical part, has been an intricate issue discussed since Ross (1969). Most literature states that the elliptical part is an IP, and the wh-phrase is immune from ellipsis since it either wh-moves (PF Deletion, cf. Takahashi 1994) or is base-generated in [Spec, CP] (LF Copying, cf. Chung et al 1995). I follow PF Deletion approach and this approach requires that wh-movement take place overtly prior to IP ellipsis at PF. However, it is well known that Chinese lacks overt wh-movement. For Sluicing, I propose that wh-phrases in Chinese may utilize Focus Movement , moving into the Spec of Focus Phrase (FP) (cf. Rizzi 1997). Syntactically, focus movement presumes the new functional projection FP and it is the functional head F that licenses IP ellipsis (Lobeck 1995). Morphologically, wh-phrases in Chinese, as proposed by Li (1992) and Tsai (1999), differ from those in English in that wh-phrases in Chinese are not operators that move. Semantically, the sluices always contrast with their antecedents and the focus of the sluices always falls on the wh-phrases. (cf. Merchant 1999) Further evidence comes from the investigation of the multiple wh-construction in Chinese. The evidence shows that when a wh-phrase in Chinese moves overtly, it is never located in [Spec, CP]. This supports my focus movement analysis. The final part of this thesis focuses on shi support found in Chinese Sluicing. Shi support also plays a crucial role to prove that the wh-phrase in Chinese Sluicing in fact undergoes focus movement. All in all, I demonstrate in this thesis that a wh-phrase in Chinese undergoes focus movement prior to IP ellipsis when Sluicing applies.
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Li, Cai-Lun, and 李采倫. "Tag Questions in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78108123160557156578.
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碩士國立政治大學
語言學研究所
86
Tag questions have never been a hot issue among linguists studying questions in Mandarin Chinese. According to previous analyses, since tag questions are merely instances of A-not-A or yes-no questions with sentential subjects or topics, there is no need to recognize a separate category for Mandarin tag questions. In this thesis, it is shown that the underlying form and pragmatic functions of Mandarin tag questions are not so simple and should not be ignored in that way. Based on our syntactic analysis, the underlying structure of Mandarin tag questions is divided into two subparts, and each performs various syntactic behavior. One is the structure of simple A-not-A or yes-no questions with sentential subjects or topics and the other is the construction of coordination. The former can serve as the subject or direct object of a verb while the latter cannot. To interpret the complicated relationship between form and function of the Mandarin tag question, a pragmatic analysis is moreover proposed. Based on various illocutionary intents and speaer's psychological states, tag questions are divided into two major kinds to perform different illocutionary acts:'Question'and'Request'(including request for confirmation and for action). After relating our syntactic approach to pragmatic analysis, it is manifest that the interaction between underlying form and pragmatic functions results in the surface structure of Mandarin tag questions.
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洪偉美. "Comparative structures in mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42981525432433393700.
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Chief, Lian-Cheng, and 漆聯成. "Reflexive Verbs in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42281646521227079408.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立政治大學
語言學研究所
85
The time in the graduate program at National Chengchi University is the most fruitful and happiest days in my life. To my first syntax teacher, and also my thesis advisor, Prof. Hsun-huei Chang, who inspires my interest in syntax, I would first and foremost like to express my sincerest and heartiest gratitude. She extremely carefully read and re-read various versions of my thesis. Without her patient instructions, careful guidance, painstaking corrections, and stimulating ideas, the completion of this thesis would not be possible. To the other two members of my committee, Prof. Chu-Ren Huang and Prof. Huei-ling Lai, I want to express my sincerest gratitude. Prof. Chu-Ren Huang provides me with many inspiring ideas at different stages on writing thesis. Prof. Huei-ling Lai also gives me many valuable comments and detailed advice. Their inquiries and suggestions help me sharpen the presentation of my study. I also like to thank Prof. One-Soon Her. His interesting and inspiring lectures on Lexical-Functional Grammar and Mandarin Chinese lead me to the road of syntax. It is very fortunate for me to be one of his students. He never failed to show his interest on my papers. Besides, he also generously gives me many insightful opinions via e-mail even when he is abroad. Prof. Chien-ching Mo leads me to the door of linguistics. If he had not taken the position as an adjunct professor at Soochow University in my undergraduate study, I would not have known the wonderful world of linguistics, and I would not have had the chance to explore this exciting area. I want to thank him from the bottom of my heart. To the former director of our program, Prof. Yuen-Mei Yin, I want to show my gratitude for her motherly love and academic guidance. Because of her, the office is more than an office but a warm home for all the graduate students. Traveling around the world extends my views and thoughts. In my graduate study, I have the chance to travel to France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Austria, Canada, and Japan. This should be due to the encouragement of Prof. Hsun-huei Chang, Prof. One-Soon Her, Prof. Chu-ren Huang, and Prof. Cherry Ying Li. They encourage me to submit my papers to different conferences. Because of their suggestions, I have the chance to present my papers in the Reeling VGI in Taiwan in 1995, the First LFG Workshop at Grenoble France in 1996, the Nacci IX at Victoria Canada in 1997, and the NcELL 1997 at Taipei. For all of their support, I would like to thank them. It is because of them that I can have these precious academic experiences. Thanks are also extended to Prof. Yuen-Mei Yin and our program director I-li Yang. Their letters of recommendation help me get the travel grants from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation which make my travel abroad possible. I also like to show my gratitude to the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation and the First LFG Workshop for their generous financial support for student presenters. I also want to thank Prof. Hsin-hsi Chen. Being his research assistant at the Natural Language Processing Laboratory at National Taiwan University, I can have the opportunity to have an overview of natural language processing. From him, I first learn how the computer scientists see the problems of natural language so that I can look at language from a different view. Working in the Chinese Knowledge Information Processing Group in Academia Sinica is a novel and valuable experience for me. I want to thank Prof. Keh-Jiann Chen, Prof. Chu-Ren Huang, and Li-ping Chang for giving me the chance to be one of the CKIPers. In this office, I meet the most friendly and kindest colleagues in this world. I will never forget these good friends in my life. They are Lili Chang, Wen-Jen Wei, Feng-yi Chen, Huei-ting Huang, Shu-ching Susan Chen, Sharon Chan.Jiun-Shiung Hunter Wu, Charles Lin and everyone in the CKIP. Special thanks go to my colleague Charles Lee for helping me in translation of most examples of chapter 4. Thanks also go to two teaching assistants in our program, Wen-hui Sah and Huei-ting Huang, not only because of their adroit skills in managing administration affairs but also their precious and true friendship. I would never forget and fail to thank my undergraduate teacher Prof. Tu-jen Su at Soochow university. His attitude in teaching and studying has immense influence on me. His lectures give me a general view of the academic research and the motivation for further study on language. Although he is an English literature teacher, from him, I learn how to do study and, more importantly, how interesting it is to do research. One would never find greater classmates than mine. The conversation and discussion with Jiun-Shiung Hunter Wu, Shu-Mei Liu, Jin-Tsung Kuo, and Huei-ting Huang always help me shape and clarify my thoughts and ideas. The chats with Hui-ling Tseng on music are always fun. Pei-chi Belinda Chen always shares her working experiences with me. All of them make the life in the graduate school worthwhile. My college friends, Peter Chiang and Van Ting, never stop showing their concerns about my progress in my thesis. Their spiritual support makes my world full of friendship and hence wonderful. There is always my girlfriend Shu-Ching Susan Chen by my side since the senior year in the university. I want to express my deep gratefulness and true love to her. She is always there when I need her. Although I cannot sing well, I'd like to sing the classic jazz masterpiece "It Had to Be You" to her every day in my life. Lastly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family. I thank my cousin Shen for being a model of pursuing knowledge since my childhood. He is always there at every important stage in my life. My brother, Lian-rong, always shows an alternative route to enjoy life. Most importantly, I owe my greatest gratitude to my parents for their constant support and unconditional love. I want to thank my mother for her unremitting love and endless caring. My father is always a strong support to me in pursuing further study. For his understanding and encouragement, I would like to show my greatest thankfulness. Life would be meaningless without my warm and beloved family.
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Lin, Zhi-yi, and 林智怡. "Disagreement in Mandarin Chinese Conversation." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85144606311410019976.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立政治大學
語言學研究所
87
Abstract In daily conversation, it can be observed that conflict talk is avoided and agreement is generally preferred over disagreement. Avoidance of disagreement plays an especially important role in Mandarin Chinese conversation, since face and politeness are valued high in Chinese society. Although in many contexts being polite means maximizing areas of agreement and minimizing disagreement, clearly people do not always agree; and if one does not agree with the views expressed by a conversational partner, there are polite options available for him to avoid any possible threat on the interlocutor’s face. The focus of this study is to investigate the speakers’ use of different pragmatic strategies and linguistic features when disagreement arises, and will also discuss the speakers’ observation or violation of the conversational principles of CP and PP. In the process of our investigation, gender difference will be taken into consideration. In this study, we collect 9 dyadic face to face daily conversations: three male-to-male conversations, three female-to-female conversations, and three mixed-gender conversations. Each conversation is given by two close friends and tape-recorded around forty-five minutes. In the process of data analysis, qualitative as well as quantitative analysis will both be adopted to investigate and explain the phenomenon of disagreement in Mandarin Chinese conversation. The results of this study indicate that the performance of the pragmatic strategies and the linguistic features in disagreement seems to be a contradiction. People tend to choose the aggressive and competitive strategy of correction to perform their disagreement, while they tend to choose mitigating features when performing their disagreement. However, this may not be a real contradiction. Instead, it may show that the young group’s concern is not only the harmonious relationships observed in politeness, but also the solidarity signaled by using direct pragmatic strategies. Besides using the mitigating linguistic features to tone down the direct pragmatic strategies in the performance of disagreement, people also violate some CP maxims to uphold the PP and other conversation principles when performing their disagreement. No matter how the disagreement is performed, superficially polite or impolite, the major concern and ultimate achievement of the CP violation for the sake of observation of other linguistic maxims is appropriateness and politeness. As for the gender differences in the performance of disagreement, though the overall impression is that male interaction is typically more competitive, aggressive and argumentative than female, our study here does not completely match with the general pattern. Females are now more active in expressing their opinions; however, they freely express their thought only in front of their own sex. In other words, the power difference between males and females still has its influence in this modern society though now females are better-educated than the traditional women and males have already known the importance of showing chivalry and respect to females.
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Su, Sherry Hsin-Min, and 蘇欣敏. "Categorization of Mandarin Chinese Classifiers." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vbz8js.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
華語文教學研究所
97
Comparing with other languages, Chinese classifiers for noun are obligatory in the expressions of quantity. However, besides the function of expressing quantity, Chinese classifiers for noun have another function, i.e. a denotation of the classification of noun. In the historical view, the semantic elements of Chinese classifiers mainly come from other parts of speech, noun or verb. Because of their different historical origins, Chinese classifiers show different semantic properties and denote different classifications of noun when collocating with nouns. Different from previous researchers trying to categorize classifiers in a more traditional way, in this study, we try to categorize the Chinese classifier system in a semantic-based and cognitive way. Also, in the hope of figuring out the motivation of classifier selection, we analyze the semantic relation between classifier and noun based on the cognitive classifier structure we create. In the end, we apply our cognitive structure in pedagogical sequencing of classifiers, suggesting a cognitive-based learning sequence for Chinese L2 learners.
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Li, Tsung-Hsien Peter, and 李宗憲. "Imperative Subjects in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36492572326068530757.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
103
The study investigates the characteristics of imperative (IMP) subjects in Mandarin Chinese (MC). In the previous studies, MC IMP subjects are thought to be in [Spec, vP]. Yet, from the test of VP-Ellipsis, time adverbials test and deontic modals position, MC IMP subjects would not be in [Spec, vP], but in [Spec, ModP Deontic] instead. More intriguingly, the IMP mood adverb qiānwàn ‘by all/no means’ would trigger subject obligatory topicalization (SJOT) due to its focus pitch which induce the intervention the binding of D(efiniteness)-operator and MC IMP subjects in the sense of Tsai (2014). Furthermore, the 2nd person features of MC IMPs should be attributed to vocatives in [Spec, DirectiveP] in the pragmatics area above CP-level in the sense of Speas and Tenny (2003), Hill (2007), Hageman and Hill (2013). The 2nd person features are licensed via Agree in Haegeman and Lohndal (2010). Such an analysis also correctly predicts the impossibility of MC IMPs and their 2nd person features in embedded clauses, since vocatives would suffer truncation in subordinate clauses. Thus, the thesis provides a study of the interface between pragmatics and syntax.
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陳茂勳. "On Mandarin Chinese Telic Event." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47708320814856189641.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄師範大學
台灣文化及語言研究所
96
ABSTRACT This thesis aims to account for telic event structures in Mandarin Chinese from syntactic and semantic perspectives. An event can be interpreted as telic or atelic on the basis of verb categories, different nominal systems, or both (Krifka 1989,Vendler 1957, Krifka 1989 1992 1998, Smith 1994 1997, Tai 1984, Lin 2004, Soh and Kuo 2003). A telic event is always accompanied by an accomplishment verb or an achievement verb, since these two verb categories have natural end points (Vendler 1957, 1967). Additionally, telic events are related to quantized objects. (Krifka 1989 1992 1998, Lin 2004, Soh and Kuo 2003). Actually, sentence interpretations can be affected by various elements. However, how do these elements behave in Mandarin? Do these elements have the same syntactic and semantic behaviours in English and Mandarin? This question is worth careful discussion. Previous literature, which focused on verb categories or on the interaction between verbs and their inner arguments face analyzing problems in Mandarin. To explain the distinction between telic and atelic event in Mandarin properly, there are four factors should be taken into consideration, such as in (A) to (D). Finally, we propose the formula in (E) to explain the telic event in Mandarin. (A) The verbs should be decomposed to reveal their true properties. Actually, there are only three verb types in Mandarin: stative verbs, action verbs, and achievement verbs. The three types of verbs described here are different from those of Tai’s. Achievement verbs are used in this study to replace Tai’s result verbs. (B) There are four ways to determine telic events: (a) the inherent properties of verb types, such as achievement verbs. (b) the resultant aspects, such as chi-wan, he-guang, pao-dao, gai-hao, and so on. (c) the integration of the internal arguments or entire complex predicates; and (d) the integrated markers, such as zheng ’whole’, quanbu ‘all’, zhonggong ‘totally’. (C) The nominal properties should be taken into account in events formed by action verbs. Chierchia (1998) proposed that all nouns in Mandarin should be treated as mass nouns. Thus, no distinction exists between count nouns and mass nouns in Mandarin. To individualize nouns, classifiers play an important role in Mandarin. Moreover, numerals cannot combine directly with nouns; a classifier is necessary to individualize an appropriate counting level. The interpretations of stative events and achievement events are not affected by their inner argument or outer arguments, but action events are. (D) The events formed by action verbs are divided into two types: the object-oriented events and event-oriented events. The object-oriented event is telic whenever its inner argument is integrated into a whole. The event-oriented event is telic whenever all the subevents are integrated into a whole. (E) The telic event will be formulized as: Telic Event EP[telic(E) t1 x y [P(x) P(y) PAST (t1) t2[t2 t1 x P(y)]] Event E is telic iff whenever it applies to a predicate x and it also applies to all subparts y of x before reference time.
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Chien, Chun-Chun, and 簡純純. "Reciprocal Constructions in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66954330411581534039.
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Hu, Ling Yen, and 胡凌嫣. "Temporal Clauses in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32383868839137816332.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
104
The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive account for Chinese temporal “when” clauses. There are three Chinese correspondents to English when-clauses; they are de shihou clauses, shi clauses, and dang clauses. Our focus is to explore the structures and meanings of these Chinese temporal “when” clauses. First of all, we propose that the de shihou clause is not a typical de relative clause but an appositive clause due to incompatibility with NP-ellipsis. Regarding to the shi clause, after reviewing the characteristics of shi, we conclude that shi is a bound root noun. Furthermore, we assume it is a clitic. The third kind of temporal clauses is the dang clause. We propose that dang is a preposition, similar to zai, and takes either a CP or a NP complement denoting a time interval. Besides, we discover that in conditional dang clauses, namely "dang P, Q", P has to temporally precede Q, and a direct cause-and-effect relation between P and Q is required. Such a relationship is the factor allowing dang to assume the sense of conditionality.
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Hsin-Hsien, Yu, and 余信賢. "Evaluative Adverbs in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29000792096958929554.
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碩士國立中正大學
語言學研究所
94
As one kind of speaker-oriented adverbs (Jackendoff 1972, Ernst 2002), Evaluative adverbs (EAs) in Mandarin Chinese are discussed in this thesis, focusing on the relative interactions with other elements, including wh-phrases, wh-particles, topics and other lower adverbs. Through the observations on the distributions of these elements, we can demarcate the relative position of EAs under Rizzi’s (1997) split CP structure. Between the functional projections of Focus and lower topic in this split structure, the interrupting EAs are observed to result in not only an intervention effect on the c-commanded wh-adjuncts, but also a blocking effect on the licensing of wh-arguments. In order to clarify the relations among these elements, Relativized Minimality (RM), proposed by Rizzi (1990, 2001, and 2004) would be adopted to account for these phenomena. Following Rizzi’s (2004) typology of specifiers in A’ position depending on different features, I claim that EAs in Mandarin Chinese should be divided into two subclasses: Adj-EAs with with modifier feature and Adv-EAs with quantificaional feature. Morphologically, Adj-EAs are all derived from corresponding adjectives, while Adv-EAs are limited in number. Asymmetrically, Adv-EAs with quantificational feature display the effects that mentioned above, and Adj-EAs with modifier feature leave no effect at all. Adopting Cinque’s (1999) assumptions on adverbs, these two types of EAs are claimed to merge to the Spec of MoodEvalu. For explaining the asymmetries between Adj-EAs and Adv-EAs, I further claim that Adj-EAs move to the Spec of ModP, while Adv-EAs move to the Spec of QuantP, where Adv-EAs become effective to wh-phrases, under the restrictions of RM. These movements are both driven by the features inherited in EAs. Keywords: evaluative adverbs, intervention effect, Relativized Minimality
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"Focus intervention effects in Mandarin." 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5894780.
Full textAbstract:
Li, Haoze.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-163).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.v
Table of Contents --- p.vii
List of Abbreviations --- p.x
Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- What are focus intervention effects --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Theoretical framework --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Minimalist Program --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Classification of features --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Agree --- p.6
Chapter 1.3 --- Previous studies of Mandarin wh-questions --- p.7
Chapter 1.3.1 --- wh-nominals --- p.8
Chapter 1.3.2 --- wh-adverbials --- p.10
Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.18
Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature review --- p.21
Chapter 2.1 --- Two types of intervention effects --- p.21
Chapter 2.2 --- LF movement blocking --- p.24
Chapter 2.3 --- Separation Principle --- p.26
Chapter 2.4 --- Agree blocking --- p.36
Chapter 2.5 --- Competition effect --- p.39
Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.43
Chapter Chapter Three --- Mandarin contrastive focus particles --- p.44
Chapter 3.1 --- Focus --- p.44
Chapter 3.2 --- Information focus vs. contrastive focus --- p.46
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Semantic interpretation --- p.47
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Syntactic distribution --- p.50
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Syntactic association --- p.51
Chapter 3.3 --- Mandarin contrastive focus particles --- p.52
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Semantic Properties --- p.53
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Syntactic Distributions --- p.58
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Association with focused constituents --- p.65
Chapter 3.3.4 --- "Inner focus, Outer focus and Agree" --- p.70
Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.73
Chapter Chapter Four --- Focus intervention effects --- p.75
Chapter 4.1 --- Focus intervention effects in wh-questions with wh-nominals --- p.75
Chapter 4.2 --- Focus intervention effects in wh-questions with wh-adverbials --- p.78
Chapter 4.3 --- F-XP association and F-Wh association --- p.91
Chapter 4.4 --- Weakening or canceling contexts --- p.98
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Embedded contexts --- p.99
Chapter 4.4.2 --- D-linking contexts --- p.102
Chapter 4.4.3 --- wh-fronting contexts --- p.105
Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.108
Chapter Chapter Five --- The syntactic analysis of focus intervention effects --- p.110
Chapter 5.1 --- Inadequacies of previous proposals --- p.110
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Soh's (2005) Separation principle --- p.111
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Kim's (2006) Agree blocking analysis --- p.112
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Yang's (2008) Competition effect --- p.114
Chapter 5.2 --- Interrogative wh-words and focus --- p.115
Chapter 5.3 --- The syntactic mechanism of focus intervention effects --- p.117
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Proposal --- p.117
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Configurations with focus intervention effects --- p.119
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Configurations without focus intervention effects --- p.121
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Interim summary --- p.123
Chapter 5.4 --- Alternative analysis and residual issues --- p.123
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Focus conflict --- p.123
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Residual issues --- p.126
Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.133
Chapter Chapter Six --- Conclusion --- p.136
Chapter 6.1 --- Summary --- p.136
Chapter 6.2 --- Contributions of the current study --- p.138
Chapter 6.3 --- Residual issues --- p.139
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Individual feature matching vs. feature matrix matching --- p.140
Chapter 6.3.2 --- LF movement of contrastive focus --- p.143
Chapter 6.3.3 --- Multiple wh-questions and LF unselective binding --- p.145
Chapter 6.3.4 --- Focus intervention effects are not related to LF representations --- p.148
Bibliography --- p.157
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Lin, Chieh-Wen, and 林婕雯. "An Analysis of Basic Mandarin Chinese Teaching Materials for Children:“Let’s Learn Chinese”and “Mandarin Matrix”." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5zdu25.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立政治大學
華語文教學碩博士學位學程
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Recently the demand for children's Mandarin Chinese learning materials are increasing due to the growing number of learners, however, academic studies on learning materials for children are rare. Therefore, this topic is worthy of further research.This study aims to analyze two representative basic Mandarin Chinese learning materials for children and to find out their characteristics in editing in order to provide a basis for future learning materials. This study also aims to find out any possible improvement. Meanwhile, the comparison of topics and styles are also discussed. The research methods conducted in this study are Content analysis and Comparative method. The first material to be analyzed is "Let's Learn Chinese", which is edited by the Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee of the Republic of China. This is the latest material for second language learning published by OCAC. The second one is "Mandarin Matrix", which is co-edited by the Confucius Institute of the University of Utah in USA and Mandarin Matrix Publisher in Hong Kong. It is targeting the students studying in Chinese immersion elementary schools in the Utah State. Both materials belong to second language learning.In this study four teachers are invited to analyze the characteristics of learning materials. The result points out that "Let's Learn Chinese" focuses on enhancing reading and writing abilities and it is suitable for overseas Chinese students. Nevertheless, the majority of students in overseas schools are not Chinese, and the difference between countries should be taken into account as well.On the other hand, "Mandarin Matrix" is a material suitable for local students. Yet, due to its essence of co-editing, the sentences in the materials are stiff and unnatural, and it also focuses on enhancing reading and writing abilities.For the topic choosing, both materials conform with the standard for children’s Mandarin Chinese learning materials in topic choosing as they both display development from individual to the student experiences such as school lives.For future studies, it is suggested that scholars may continue to analyze "Let's Learn Chinese" after Volume 5 and “Mandarin Matrix beyond intermediate level. The recommendation for editing by these analyses could benefit future children’s Mandarin Chinese learning materials.
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Lin, Fu-wen. "The syntax, semantics and pragmatics of Dōu and Yě in Mandarin Chinese /." 2000. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9965114.
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Liu, Yifan. "Body part measures in Mandarin Chinese." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23819.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis mainly discusses a lexical category known by the name “classifier” or “measure” in Mandarin Chinese. According to Chinese descriptive grammars, which are followed in this thesis, there are at least two types of classifiers, nominal ones (classifiers for nouns) and verbal/ adverbial ones (classifiers for verbs). Within the category of classifiers, there is a subclass that is made of body part terms. Some of them are used for nouns (i.e., NCLs), some of them are used for verbs (i.e., VCLs), and many for both. The correlations between NCLs and VCLs are discussed in this thesis, especially the idea of how both types of classifier can provide delimitation to events. The semantic properties of VCLs and NCLs are explored in this thesis. The [Num+ CL+ N] construction is considered to be a NCLP (nominal classifier phrase) in this thesis and the [V+ [Num+CL]] construction is considered to be a VCLP. I will discuss VCLPs with respect to transitivity of verbs.
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Bruff, Gary W. "Rhetoric and grammar (English, Mandarin Chinese)." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/14085.
Full textAbstract:
Grammar can be described from a positioned rather than a universal perspective. My main point in this thesis is absolutely synthetic: the rhetorical calibrations of trope and figure unify the communication of speaker and hearer in the same way that two languages can be understood to vary. In dialogue, subtle expressions are developed (energeia) which impact on the referential and non-referential systems of a language (ergon). However, as these innovations lose their efficacy, they sediment into a grammaticalized system which appears, through translation--i.e., from an "overly-literal" glossing into English, no doubt--to be a creative and artistic product rather than an epiphenomenon of a structural template. My contention is that this appearance, stemming as it does from an aesthetic stance, is at least as real as any formal unity holding among all languages simultaneously. Finally, I gloss Mandarin in English to demonstrate how languages can be compared bi-laterally.
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Hsin-Chih, Chen. "Serial Verb Constructions in Mandarin Chinese." 2006. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0016-0109200613410430.
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