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Journal articles on the topic 'Chinese seals'
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1
GALAMBOS, IMRE. "The story of the Chinese seals found in Ireland." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 18, no. 4 (October 2008): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186308008638.
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In 1850, a paper was read before the Royal Historical Society of Ireland regarding a group of Chinese porcelain seals that had come to light during the previous eighty years in Ireland. In total there were about sixty seals which it was claimed had been discovered in various places throughout Ireland, ranging from Belfast all the way to Cork. In addition to their wide dispersion pattern, the seals were found in the strangest places – in an orchard, a cave, bogs, and so on. The discovery could not be easily explained at the time and when the inscriptions turned out to be written in the Chinese seal script, a number of fanciful hypotheses were advanced as to how these seals “of great antiquity” appeared in Ireland. According to these explanations, the seals were either brought over by the Phoenicians, or by ancient Irish tribes after their wanderings in China, or by mediaeval Irish monks travelling from the Middle East. All along, the emphasis was on the extent to which these artefacts corroborated Ireland's ancient connection with the Orient, an idea that was believed and promoted at the time by both Irish nationalists and English imperialists. Both sides, albeit from a different standpoint and driven by different motives, saw the Irish as a distinctly non-European culture, whose ancestors must have originated from distant lands far beyond the perimeters of western civilisation.
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Voytishek, E. E., Yao Song, and P. D. Ryabishev. "«Incense Seals» in Chinese Culture: Origins, Ritual and Practical Functions." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 10 (December 1, 2022): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-10-74-88.
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The article focuses on the origin of traditional Chinese culture seal-censers (香印 xiangyin, 香篆 xiangzhuan), including an analysis of key functions during their evolutionary course over several centuries. The specificity of early incense seals is revealed through the study of religious, documentary and artistic sources of the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) epochs, Chinese catalogs and reference books dating back to the last years of the Qing dynasty (last quarter of the 19th century) and 7th – 8th centuries Buddhist texts. Key features of the symbolism and functions of aromatic seals in rituals, engineering and scientific fields, as well as in artistic and household fields are also analyzed. Currently, the practice of burning incense seals in China and Taiwan is generally limited to artistic and commercial fields. At the same time, the lengthy religious, artistic and everyday tradition of the East contains great opportunities for using incense seals. Such as, naturally combining them with other types of leisure, including being considered an effective way to maintain physical and mental health.
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CHZHOU, Siao. "Imperial jade seals of China: transformations of content and form, artistic features." Bulletin of Lviv National Academy of Arts 49, no. 49 (December 25, 2022): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37131/2524-0943-2022-49-9.
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The great imperial seals, one of the most prominent jade articles in ancient China, were of great significence in those times. Two of its main components – a carved ornament on the top and a stamp, were not merely symbols of the feudal era, but also demonstrated the high level of technical proficiency of visual arts in ancient China. In the context of the history of the origin and development of jade seals, this article highlights the issues of evoluiton in content, form, and artistic features of the art of large imperial jade seals as it was developing during the long history of Chinese art. The article also highlights the relevance of formal and substantive features of jade seals in contemporary Chinese art, particularly in other types and genres of jade plastic arts. The form of imperial seals was developed during the early days of the Zhou dynasty. The nearly 3,000-year history of its development, spanning the Spring and Autumn period, the Warring States, Qin, Han, Sui and Tai, Song and Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, has contributed to the abundance of jade seals, their variety and the richness of their forms. During the first feudal dynasty of China - Qin, when the first highly centralized political system was established, the large imperial seal became a symbol of the emperor's power, and had administrative and social significance. The imperial jade seal had retained its status in long history of China until the end of Qing dynasty. During this period, its form and content were gradually enriched, and a unique and successive culture of the great imperial seal had been created.
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Mitruev, Bembya L. "О печатях калмыцкого хана Дондук-Омбо." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 15, no. 3 (December 8, 2023): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2023-3-419-429.
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Introduction. Kalmyk sigillographic sources are of utmost importance for the historical research of the Kalmyk Khanate. And when it comes to seals of Kalmyk elites, special attention should be paid to those of Kalmyk Khans. Goals. The article introduces data on two seals of Kalmyk Khan Donduk-Ombo, examines the legends, and hypothesizes as to their origins. Materials and methods. Impressions of the two seals have been discovered in letters housed at the National Archive of Kalmykia. The study employs the comparative historical method and that of literary research. Results. The legend on the first seal imitates Chinese hieroglyphs, while the second one imitates Phagspa letters. Conclusions. The paper suggests the seals of Khan Donduk-Ombo are of Tibetan and Kalmyk origin. The examined documents attest to the first seal was used between 1723 and 1732, and the latter one was first made use of in 1734. The replacement of the earlier seal with another one may indicate the latter was distinguished by higher status characteristics.
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McPherson, E. Gregory, and Jules Muchnick. "Effects Of Street Tree Shade On Asphalt Concrete Pavement Performance." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 31, no. 6 (November 1, 2005): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2005.039.
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Forty-eight street segments were paired into 24 high- and low-shade pairs in Modesto, California, U.S. Field data were collected to calculate a Pavement Condition Index (PCI) and Tree Shade Index (TSI) for each segment. Statistical analyses found that greater PCI was associated with greater TSI, indicating that tree shade was partially responsible for reduced pavement fatigue cracking, rutting, shoving, and other distress. Using observed relations between PCI and TSI, an unshaded street segment required 6 slurry seals over 30 years, while an identical one planted with 12 crape myrtles (Lagerstroemia indica, 4.4 m [14 ft] crown diameter) required 5 slurry seals, and one with 6 Chinese hackberry (Celtis sinensis, 13.7 m [45 ft] crown diameter) required 2.5 slurry seals. Shade from the large hackberries was projected to save $7.13/m2 ($0.66/ft2) over the 30-year period compared to the unshaded street.
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CHANG, CHING-YUN, and IUON-CHANG LIN. "AN EFFICIENT PROGRESSIVE IMAGE TRANSMISSION SCHEME FOR CHINESE CALLIGRAPHY." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 20, no. 07 (November 2006): 1077–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001406005083.
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We invented a progressive image transmission scheme that is used for transmitting Chinese calligraphy. The scheme employs the property of simple colors of calligraphy images to design a method of transmitting images phase by phase. Overall, our scheme can achieve the following two goals. One is compressing the image data to reduce the transmission time while the other is gaining less response time by using progressive image transmission. Furthermore, the recovered image still maintains the colors of the seals with high image quality.
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Voytishek, E. E., Yao Song, and A. S. Shmakova. "Incense Seals and Stamps in Chinese and Korean Culture: Typology and Context." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 22, no. 4 (April 14, 2023): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-4-73-87.
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This article analyzes artistic seals and stamps as a special tool in incense culture of China and Korea, used from the early Middle Ages to the present day. These tools of varying look and shape are analyzed in a historical and cultural context, using high quality materials and sources drawn from ethnographic sources and anthropological research of the authors. The use and evolution of such tools in China can be traced back as far as the early Esoteric Buddhist practices of the 7th – 8th centuries (and their prototypes in the form of Taoist ritual talisman-seals 符 fu or 印 yin can be dated as far back as the 4th – 5th centuries). In Korean culture however, the use of these tools can be traced back, presumably, only to the Goryeo era (918–1392), after which a long gap in terms of findings follows. The historical and typological analysis of the development of cultural traditions using these tools, in this particular case, could only be completed using predominantly current material. As a result of comparative study, this article identifies the most representative types of patterns, and determines the functions and applicability of such tools.
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Selby, Stephen. "A question concerning the antiquity of the first bronze seals in China." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 2, no. 1 (March 2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850217748502.
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Seal carving is one of the great art forms of China, but one that is less known in the West. Over the centuries, Chinese authors have carried out many studies of the history and styles of seal carving. One question that remains unanswered to this day is when seals started to be used in China. This article addresses one aspect of this doubt.
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Nornes, Markus. "Filmless Festivals and Dragon Seals: Independent Cinema in China." Film Quarterly 72, no. 3 (2019): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2019.72.3.78.
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Markus Nornes, who documented the Chinese independent film festival scene for Film Quarterly in 2009, returns with a report on the changes this sector has experienced in the intervening decade. Borrowing a metaphor from Beijing Film Academy professor Zhang Xianmin, he offers an “update from the ruins,” as government censorship and an absence of institutional support has taken a toll on what had been a thriving festival scene. Nornes reviews the challenges faced by the Beijing International Film Festival, and its innovative responses to them, and finds hope for the future at the Shanghai International Film Festival, the Pingyao Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon International Film Festival, and the West Lake International Documentary Film Festival.
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Belozerova, Vera. "The Unity of the “Four Perfections” (si jue) in the Works of Wu Changshi (1844–1927)." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 3 (2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020440-1.
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The article is devoted to the creativity of Wu Changshi (1844–1927), who played a key role in preserving the continuity of Chinese fine art at the crucial initial stage of the global modernization of China's traditional culture. The subject of the study is the aesthetics of the unity of the “four perfections” (si jue), which means poetry, calligraphy, painting and seals. The synthesis of the four arts seems to be a unique achievement of Chinese culture, which influenced the countries of the hieroglyphic area. Wu Changshi's creativity is considered the culmination of the embodiment of the principle of unity of the “four perfections”. Wu Changshi's calligraphic and pictorial works are accompanied by poems most often of his own composition. Before Wu Changshi's creative impulse gained visual realization, he was invariably subjected to deep poetic and philosophical reflection, which predetermined the content of calligraphic and pictorial works. Thanks to this, the meanings of visual forms went beyond their genre affiliation. Wu Changshi created a variety of spatial and force effects in a small format of seals. Wu Changshi's monumental and heroic style in calligraphy had no equal in its energy power and corresponded to the demands of the time. Wu Changshi reformed the pictorial tradition in the direction of epigraphic painting, combining elite intellectualism with the folk immediacy of color perception. The work is based on the latest publications of Chinese and Western art critics. The research combines the techniques of traditional Chinese art studies with the methods of Western interdisciplinary analysis.
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Ebrey, Thomas G. "Implications of the Many Versions of the Early Printings of Kaishien gaden, the Mustard Seed Garden Painting Manual." East Asian Publishing and Society 11, no. 2 (September 2, 2021): 154–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22106286-12341356.
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Abstract Kaishien gaden was a widely read and influential pair of Japanese books based on the famous Chinese painting manual, Jieziyuan huazhuan. They are among the earliest examples of Japanese color printing. Close examination of many almost identical copies of Series A (1748) and Series B (1753) offers insight into the publishing practices of four different sets of publishers. Even with exemplars printed by the same publisher, there was much variation in the use of seals and color palettes, leading to many different states of each book. Assuming that each print run would be identical in not only the pages printed from the blocks, but also in the use of seals and colors, it can be estimated that there were roughly fifty to eighty print runs of each of these books over their 65–70 year initial history.
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Seo Min-Kyo and 양안봉. "A Study on the Revitalization of Online Assurance Seals in Chinese e-Commerce." 전자무역연구 9, no. 4 (November 2011): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17255/etr.9.4.201111.1.
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Klier, Günter. "Chinese power-station coal mills use Espey shaft-seals to contain ‘coal dust’." Sealing Technology 2002, no. 1 (January 2002): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4789(02)80003-4.
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Mitruev, Bembya. "One Seal of Donduk-Dashi Reviewed." Бюллетень Калмыцкого научного центра Российской академии наук 2, no. 22 (October 17, 2022): 39–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2587-6503-2022-2-22-39-69.
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Introduction. The National Archive of Kalmykia houses over 800 letters of Donduk-Dashi (d. January 21, 1761), the fourth Kalmyk Khan (r.1741–1761), younger son of Prince Chakdorjab and grandson of Khan Ayuka. All the letters attributed to Donduk-Dashi — except for two only — bear impresses of the Chinese seal inherited by him from his father Chakdorjab. One of the exceptions is an impress of another seal registered on only one letter of Donduk-Dashi stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia. So, the study focuses on this very seal of Donduk-Dashi. Goals. The article seeks to introduce sphragistic data from the seal of Kalmyk Khan Donduk-Dashi, draw parallels with a similar seal once owned by the Dorbet landlord Tsenden-Dorji, and to articulate a hypothesis regarding the origins of Donduk-Dashi’s seal. Materials. The study provides insights into the letters of Donduk-Dashi and Tsenden-Dorji housed by the National Archive of Kalmykia. Results. The study reveals that legends of the mentioned seals of Donduk-Dashi and Tsenden-Dorji are written in Tibetan dbu-med cursive script using abbreviations known in Tibetan as skung yig. The Kalmyk origin of the seals is assumpted.
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Cheng, Kun C., Nellie Cheng, and Yuh C. Wei. "A Study on the Use of Photopolymer Reflex Plate in the Forgery of Chinese Seals." Journal of Forensic Sciences 45, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 14830J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs14830j.
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Iliukhov, Aleksandr A., and Tatiana A. Pang. "The Manchu-Chinese Manuscript <i>Emu tanggû orin sakda-i gisun sarkiyan</I> 百二老人語録 in the Collection of the IOM, RAS." Written Monuments of the Orient 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.55512/wmo624080.
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A unique Manchu-Chinese manuscript “The stories of one hundred and twenty old men” Emu tanggû orin sakda-i gisun sarkiyan is kept in the collection of the Institute of Oriental manuscripts. It is a rare sample of Manchu original literature that was compiled by a Mongol Sungyûn (Songyun 松筠) in 1790. The text was edited by Furentai, and in 1809 was translated into Chinese by a famous connoisseur of Manchu and Chinese literature Fugiyûn (Fujun 富俊). The bilingual manuscript from the IOM, RAS bears red personal seals of Fujun and the red seal of the printing house Shao-yi-tang 紹衣堂 that prove that the copy belonged to the translator. The text consists of 120 stories told by 120 old men. They mostly concern the life of simple Manchu bannermen, their everyday problems and financial difficulties often caused by Chinese merchants. The author solves them according to the Confucian moral teachings. Much attention is paid to training of the army and education. Descriptions of daily life in this work are of interest for historians, while its Manchu text is a good source for studies of Manchu original literature and language.
The compilation history of “The stories of one hundred and twenty old men” is described in three prefaces to the manuscript. Their English translation, accompanied by a transcription of Chinese and a transliteration of Manchu originals, is given in this article.
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Chen, R., J. Lv, J. Feng, Y. Liu, and W. Zhang. "Discrimination of seal inks used for seals by confocal Raman microscopy." Pigment & Resin Technology 43, no. 6 (November 3, 2014): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-10-2013-0096.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce an effective method to discriminate seal inks with Raman microscopy. Design/methodology/approach Raman spectra could effectively avoid interference from the paper and give extra peak information in the inks discrimination and identification. Thus, a Renishaw invia confocal Raman microscope system was employed for ink analysis in this study. A total of 12 representative seal ink samples, widely used in seven Chinese provinces, were investigated using the latest model of Renishaw Raman microscope. Findings Four types of inks were identified and discriminated successfully. Popular pigments such as Pigment Scarlet Powder, Pigment Yellow 55, phthalocyanine blue, Bronze red C and PbCrO3 were all identified in these seal ink samples. The indicative peaks to identify and discriminate the inks were also summarised and tentatively interpreted. Research limitations/implications More ink samples were needed to establish a useful library. Many other pigments used in inks were still unknown. Practical implications This method was proved to be fast, accurate and non-destructive, and it could be more easily applied in real cases than Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Originality/value This method can help scientists discriminate some inks, which can hardly be discriminated by other techniques. The results are useful for the ink analysis and discrimination in forensic (document examination and file source identification), polymer and pigment fields.
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Kim, Hodong. "Ulus or Khanate? An Analysis of the Titles of ‘qa‘an’ and ‘khan’ in the Mongol Empire." Translation Studies 11, no. 1 (2023): 239–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/ts20230124.
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It was Ögödei who took the title of qa’an for the first time among the Mongol emperors. Although that title was later widely employed by the supreme rulers of the empire, it had been rarely used in the Mongolian steppe before his adoption. At first, qa’an was a unique title for Ögödei but later it was adopted as a general title for Mongol emperors. This change was almost complete in the time of Qubilai. In the meantime, the title of khan was used, before 1206, to designate rulers of tribe, tribal confederacy or a dynasty. After 1206, only the supreme ruler of the empire could use that title. Although we can find a few princes ― e.g., Jochi and Batu ― who were called khan, it was an honorary title attached after their death. It was only from the late 1250s when Hülegü came to West Asia with a huge army that Chinggisid princes began to be called khan. As is well known, Hülegü and his successors were called il khan whose meaning is not ‘a subordinate khan’ but ‘khan of il (i.e., ulus).’ However, it was not a title monopolized by the Hülegüid rulers; Jochid rulers were also addressed by that title. It should be pointed out that khan was not an official title adopted by the Mongol Empire. The official title to designate Chinggisid princes was kö’ü(n) in Mongolian, and it was translated into oghul in Turkic, shahzāda in Persian, and wang (or zhuwang, dawang) in Chinese. Qubilai introduced an institution of investment and divided Chinggisid princes into six hierarchically ordered groups, which were distinguished by the materias and the shape of the seals bestowed to them. ‘The Table of Princes’ in Yuan shi shows this six-hierarchy institution was current only within the realm of the Qa’an Ulus, and no prince in the large three western uluses was found there. However, we know that Hülegüid princes received various seals engraved with the expression of zhibao(之寶), and their officials also received zhiyin(之印) seals. * Seoul National University.After the reform of the institution in 1282 the imperial court stopped to bestow zhibao seal because it was regarded to be used only by emperors. Nonetheless, the Hülegüid princes continued to use the zhibao seals within their realms as we see in the letter of Arghun in 1289 and in the edict of Ghazan in 1302. They went so far as to cast a new zhibao seal for themselves as evidenced by its use in 1305 and in 1320.The mode of employment of the khan title and the zhibao seals suggests the fact that the Hülegüid princes, and probably other rulers in the three western uluses, practiced a policy of ‘internally emperor, externally king(外王內帝).’ This policy allowed the Mongol Empire to maintain its unity in spite of growing independency of the three western uluses.
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Odinokova, P. S. "To the Problem of Attribution of the Albums Ten Landscapes and Travelling Along the River [Painted by] Shitao." Art & Culture Studies, no. 2 (June 2021): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51678/2226-0072-2021-2-122-139.
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The article is devoted to the albums Ten Landscapes and Travelling Along the River [Painted by] Shitao, attributed to Shitao (1642–1707), a famous Chinese artist and theorist of painting in beginning of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). The aim of the article is to estab- lish authenticity of the albums. The album Ten Landscapes is in the collection of the State Museum of Oriental Art (Moscow). In 2015 one leaf from it was displayed at the exhibition Classical Painting of China. After visual evaluation and the analysis of painting, calligraphy and seals the author came to conclusion that the album Ten Landscapes could not be the original work of Shitao. It is probably the copy of another album Travelling Along the River [Painted by] Shitao. The latter was very famous among the connoisseur’s circles at the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore, its authenticity is also the subject of scientific discussion. Some of Chinese experts and researchers regard the album Travelling Along the River [Painted by] Shitao as the best example of Shitao’s painting. Others question its authenticity. The author of the article gives arguments to confirm the latter point of view.
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Chen, Andrea. "Silk Road Influences on the Art of Seals: A Study of the Song Yuan Huaya." Humanities 7, no. 3 (August 15, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h7030083.
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Song Yuan Huaya (the Huaya of the Song and Yuan Dynasties) is a type of seal featuring figurative patterns and sometimes decorated with ciphered or ethnic characters. Their origins are the Song and Yuan Dynasties, although their influence extends to the Ming (1368–1644 CE) and Qing (1644–1912 CE) Dynasties. Although it is based on the Chinese Han seal tradition, Song Yuan Huaya exhibits various elements from the influence of the Silk Road. This is thought to be the first time in Han seal history that the Steppe culture can be seen so abundantly on private seals. This paper takes an interdisciplinary approach to analyse, probably for the first time in the field, some cases of Song Yuan Huaya, in which a dialogue between the Han seal tradition and Silk Road culture occurs. The findings will hopefully advance the understanding of the complicated nature of the art history, society, peoples, and ethnic relationships in question, and will serve as the starting point for further studies of intercultural communication during specific historical periods.
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Szeto, Man Chun. "Revisiting Gadamer's Conception of Works of Art." Labyrinth 23, no. 1 (September 3, 2021): 140–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25180/lj.v23i1.260.
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In contrast to Kant's aesthetic, Gadamer proposes a fundamentally different way of understanding our experiences of art. One that is not restricted by the dichotomy between subjectivity and objectivity: A work of art is not simply an object created by an artist, but a "world" in which all the "players" participate. This conception of art is inspired by the performing arts; but how much is it relevant to other forms of art? Gadamer never explored this question fully. It is of interest, therefore, to expand the analysis of Gadamer on two fronts: first, new forms of art such as installations and video games; second, artistic practices in East Asia, notably, the Japanese art of kintsugi and Chinese art of seals (zhāng). The analysis of these forms of art not only helps broaden the scope of Gadamer's theory, but shows also that the insights found in his works are more relevant than ever.
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Marciniuk, Jolanta, and Katarzyna Kowalcze. "Mniszek (Taraxacum) w fitoterapii europejskiej i azjatyckiej." Medycyna Nowożytna 29, no. 1 (September 29, 2023): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/12311960mn.23.005.18446.
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Dandelion (Taraxacum) in European and Asian phytotherapy The genus Taraxacum (family Asteraceae) belongs to the largest and most complicated apomictic complexes. So far, over 2,800 species classified in 60 sections have been described. The natural range of the genus is almost cosmopolitan, with monk seals found on every continent except Antarctica, but their distribution is very uneven. The largest centers of Taraxacum diversity are in Central Asia and Southern Europe. Species belonging to the genus Taraxacum have long been used as food. Young leaves are eaten raw in salads, and dried as an addition to teas or used as spices. Dried roots are used to prepare teas and a coffee substitute, while the flowers and infl orescences are used to produce syrups, wines and are added to beers and soft drinks. Above all, however, dandelions are valued herbal plants since ancient times, used in traditional European, Chinese and Indian medicine to treat liver diseases, kidney stones, stomach diseases, abdominal pain, diarrhea, cough, bladder diseases, gout, edema, and even cancerous. In the modern, very rich scientific literature, the medicinal properties of dandelions have been partially confirmed, but the results are often ambiguous and in some cases contradictory.
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Tikhonova, Elena, and Dmitrii Tikhonov. "The quatrefoil motif and its probable origins in Sakha folk ornamental art." Siberian Research 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33384/26587270.2021.05.01.11e.
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The quatrefoil motif is a popular ornament in Sakha decorative and folk arts and crafts. It is popular not only in Yakutia, but all over the world. Until now, however, there have been no generalized works on this ornamental motif. Its symbolic signs have not been studied. Our study has revealed that the quatrefoil motif in ornamentation and decorative art dates back to the Neolithic period in the Halaf culture of Mesopotamia around 5765 BC. A number of researchers believe that this motif was a symbol of male fertility. We hypothesized that the quatrefoil motif probably appeared in the seals of Caucasian persimmon merchants and depicted the quatrefoil of its calyx. Thanks to the growing influence of trade, this motif has spread around the world. The oriental persimmon, as an important product for the well-being of the ancient Chinese population, became an image of the quatrefoil motif, which was adopted by the Xiongnu as a symbol of protection and resurrection. From them, the motif probably spread widely among the Turkic peoples. The Sakha apparently borrowed this motif from the Xiongnu, as indicated by the abundance of ornamental forms and the presence of archaeological, anthropological, and genetic data, which show the existence of sufficiently close links with the Xiongnu culture. The quatrefoil motif similar to the decorative forms of Gothic cathedrals was probably introduced to the Middle Lena by representatives of the Chaatas and Tyukhtyat cultures in Khakassia.
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Voytishek, Elena E., and Anna S. Shmakova. "Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia." Oriental Studies 20, no. 4 (2021): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-4-109-124.
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Spanning across thousands of years of aromatic culture development in the countries of East Asia, incense application has accumulated vast experience in various fields, including calendrical calculations and time measurement. Analysis of artifacts, objects of religious worship and everyday life indicates fragrant substances’ great versatility in terms of their use: in addition to sticks, spirals and cones, devices such as the Hundred Graduations Incense seals, alarm clocks, as well as clocks that measured night time, strictly dependent on the calendar season, were invented. Various types of aromatic clocks could be distinguished by their great functionality, finding application in many areas ‒ navigation, engineering, in court and religious ceremonies, scientists’ work, in monastic and private schools, tea houses, and were the subject of admiration for poets, artists and calligraphers. The study of the ways of using incense in East Asian countries (including for measuring time) is based on the analysis of a variety of sources ‒ written, artistic and ethnographic. Compared to the large number of Chinese and Japanese sources, the cultural heritage of the Korean Peninsula contains significant gaps, which significantly complicates the interpretation of the material. The use of incense burners, aromatic raw materials and various instruments for measuring time is a remarkable phenomenon in the fragrance culture of China, Korea and Japan, testifying to the high adaptability of symbols and images of traditional culture not only to everyday household needs, but also to various achievements of science and technology. This is confirmed at the present time, given the production of new models of aromatic clocks.
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Yan, Yu, Wei Gu, Andrea M. U. Gierisch, Yingjun Xu, and Petteri Uotila. "NEMO-Bohai 1.0: a high-resolution ocean and sea ice modelling system for the Bohai Sea, China." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 3 (February 14, 2022): 1269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1269-2022.
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Abstract. Severe ice conditions in the Bohai Sea could cause serious harm to maritime traffic, offshore oil exploitation, aquaculture, and other economic activities in the surrounding regions. In addition to providing sea ice forecasts for disaster prevention and risk mitigation, sea ice numerical models could help explain the sea ice variability within the context of climate change in marine ecosystems, such as spotted seals, which are the only ice-dependent animal that breeds in Chinese waters. Here, we developed NEMO-Bohai, an ocean–ice coupled model based on the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) model version 4.0 and Sea Ice Modelling Integrated Initiative (SI3) (NEMO4.0-SI3) for the Bohai Sea. This study will present the scientific design and technical choices of the parameterizations for the NEMO-Bohai model. The model was calibrated and evaluated with in situ and satellite observations of the ocean and sea ice. The model simulations agree with the observations with respect to sea surface height (SSH), temperature (SST), salinity (SSS), currents, and temperature and salinity stratification. The seasonal variation of the sea ice area is well simulated by the model compared to the satellite remote sensing data for the period of 1996–2017. Overall agreement is found for the occurrence dates of the annual maximum sea ice area. The simulated sea ice thickness and volume are in general agreement with the observations with slight overestimations. NEMO-Bohai can simulate seasonal sea ice evolution and long-term interannual variations. Hence, NEMO-Bohai is a valuable tool for long-term ocean and ice simulations and climate change studies.
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Cho, Won. "Changes and the Maintenance of the Mongol Military Tradition in the Yuan: focused on the Establishment and the Operation of the Military System under the Kublai Khan." Institute of History and Culture Hankuk University of Foreign Studies 85 (February 28, 2023): 209–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18347/hufshis.2023.85.209.
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This study examined the changes caused by the expansion of the Mongol Empire to the military system, and in particular, focused on the changes of the military system after Kublai became the Great Khan. The trends and characteristics of the empire’s rule over China were reviewed in relation the military system. The Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia based on its military power, which was driven not only by the strength of individual soldiers but also the teamwork of Mingɣan-a unit of 1,000 households created based on the decimal system in the days of Genghis Khan. The empire expanded across Eurasia through military conquests led by the imperial elite force known as Keshig, Mongolian military, and Tanmachi comprised of foreign ethnic people. In the war against Jurchen during the reign of Ögedei, the Mongolian military recruited a significant number of Chinese, and categorized them as military households. From then on, the troops were divided into civil households and military households, and separately managed.
When the Mongolian Empire’s rule over China was converted to direct control under Qa’an, the military system was reorganized to establish a superior status for Mongol in China. In the early days of the Yuan, Kublai efficiently managed Mongol, Semu and Han troops, and formed a privy council to allow more rapid response to military crises, He gave his sons and grandsons royal titles and seals, and implemented policies to deploy them along border areas. This was an effective approach that reinforced the military’s inland monitoring while allowing prompt response to possible uprisings outside military powers. The Mongol Empire stationed troops in important areas after conquering China and Central Asia, and Kublai followed this tradition by stationing troops in North China and the newly conquered the Southern China. He stationed the Mongolian military in major areas alongside the Yellow river and Shandong province in the Northern China., and the Han Army and newly submitted the southern Song army, which lies alongside Yantze River and the Huai River. As such, the small number of Mongol rulers held dominant military positions in China. A review of the aforementioned policies shows that Mongol Empire adapted the military system to the new environment in China, and at the same time, largely retained the Mongol military tradition.
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Dolby, William. "The Broken Seals: Part One of The Marshes of Mount Liang by Shi Nai'an and Luo Guanzhong. Translated by John and Dent-Young Alex. [Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1994. xiv + 434 pp. $23.00. ISBN 962-201-602-2.]." China Quarterly 143 (September 1995): 911–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100001540x.
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Liu, Joe, and Teresa Cheng S.C. "Enforcement of Foreign Awards in Mainland China: Current Practices and Future Trends." Journal of International Arbitration 31, Issue 5 (October 1, 2014): 651–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2014030.
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The ability to enforce an arbitral award in Mainland China is a crucial factor for every non-Chinese party to consider when entering into an arbitration agreement or arbitrating a dispute with a Chinese party. This article examines the Chinese courts' current practices of recognizing and enforcing awards made in commonly chosen seats for China-related disputes, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, London and Stockholm. It concludes by exploring future trends that are discernible from statistics collected by the Supreme People's Court of China, the authors' prior discussions with Chinese judges, and a review of several noteworthy decisions rendered by the Chinese courts in recent years.
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Qu, Qingdong, Jingyu Shi, and Andy Wilkins. "A Numerical Evaluation of Coal Seam Permeability Derived from Borehole Gas Flow Rate." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 23, 2022): 3828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103828.
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Coal seam permeability is a critical factor in coal seam gas extraction and gas outburst control. In Australian coal mines, coal seam permeability is normally estimated using a packer test or drill stem test. In contrast, Chinese coal mines generally estimate a parameter called the “gas conductivity coefficient” by measuring natural gas flow rates from an underground borehole drilled through a coal seam. With this method, it has been frequently reported that the permeability of many Chinese coal seams is between 0.0001 mD and 0.01 mD, which is extremely low compared to that of Australian coal seams (1–100 mD). It is therefore natural to wonder how closely the Chinese method measures permeability. Resolving this question will allow knowledge and experience in outburst management to be shared between Australian and Chinese coal mines. This question is investigated by the numerical modelling of gas desorption and flow through a seam of known permeability and by using the model’s borehole gas flow rate to estimate the permeability using the Chinese method. A total of 126 simulations were run with various input reservoir parameters. The results suggest that the Chinese method estimates permeability at an accuracy of 85% to 100%, which is adequate for mine pre-drainage design and outburst control. For the high diffusion rate (e.g., high gas content and short desorption time) and low Darcy flow rates (e.g., low permeability), these errors are reduced.
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Ting, Helen Mu Hung. "Chinese Politics in the 2016 Sarawak state elections: Case Studies of Dudong and Bawang Assan Seats." Kajian Malaysia 39, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/km2021.39.2.4.
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This article examines local Chinese electoral politics in Sarawak during the 2016 Sarawak state elections based on a case study of two Chinese-majority marginal seats in Sibu district, namely Dudong and Bawang Assan. It examines the discourse and strategies deployed by the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) and the opposition Democratic Action Party (DAP) and other independent candidates in the two constituencies. Candidates of the former in both seats were prominent leaders who had left the Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP) – a major BN component party – to form a rival splinter party called the United People’s Party (UPP) and had contested as “BN direct candidates.” The article provides insights into how the intricate political dynamics on the ground shaped the electoral outcomes. Analysis of the voting patterns in polling districts provides a more nuanced understanding of the purported “increase” in Chinese support, revealing an urban-rural contrast. Both DAP candidates retained majority support in urban Chinese areas, albeit with reduced vote shares and absolute numbers due to abstention. Rural Chinese voters, on the other hand, manifested a clear surge in their support for BN, both in absolute numbers and vote share, contributing decisively to the victories of the two BN direct candidates. The findings are based on field observation, in-depth interviews with party leaders and informants, as well as analysis of polling district results of the two constituencies.
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SKUPNIEWICZ, Patryk. "Sasanian horse armor." Historia i Świat 3 (September 10, 2014): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2014.03.03.
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The goal of the paper is to define general types and the evolution of horse armor employed by elite warriors of Sasanian Iran, basing on literary sources and iconographical evidence with minor reference to archaeological finds in wider Eurasian perspective. The horse armor was an important part of cavalry equipment already in the chariot warfare however its re-emergence in mounted combat occurred when heavy cavalry was developed. The article divides Sasanian horse armor into several groups: 1. One-piece body protection, which overall cover mounts body the way modern horse blankets do. Within the group one may find following subgroups: 1.a Caparisons – known from numerous works of art (rock reliefs illustrating scenes of mounted combat at Firusbad and Nakš e Rostam as well as the on so-called Shapur cameo currently held in Louvre) having long Near Eastern and Eurasian tradition. 1.b Scale barding – which in fact is a sort of caparison covered with metallic scales sewn onto textile horse blanket, testified by literary sources, known from archaeological evidence from Dura Europos (despite the fact that these examples belonged to Roman cavalry, it is clear that they were fashioned in Iranian manner). Scale bardings of the type are known also from the works of art like graffito from Dura Europos, Trajan’s column, sculpture of Khalchayan and late Parthian Tang e Sarvak frieze. 1.c Chain mail horse armor – lacking strong and direct evidence from Sasanian period, iconography which may depict horses protected with chain-mail is rather crude however despite hypothetical nature, this sort of horse armor is very likely employed in Sasanian warfare. 2. Bardings composed of multiple elements and fragmentary bardings covering a part of the mount. Again these this group can be divided into two sub-groups: 2.a Full lamellar/laminar barding – can be identified on the sculpture of Khalchayan and late Parthian frieze Tang e Sarvak as well as on the seals of Late Sasanian spahbedan. They find numerous Central Asian (Old Turkic) and Far Eastern refernces. 2.b Fragmentary barding, best known from Taq e Bostan sculpture of an equestrian figure but with Central Asian, Chinese and Byzantine references. Following phases of barding development in ancient and early mediaeval Iran can be determined: 1. Late Achaemenid when armored cavalry required some protection for horses after employing shock tactics and subsequent close combat. 2. Mid Parthian, influenced by invasions of the steppe dwellers initiated by Xiong Nu expansion. Developed locally later. 3. Late Sasanian – resulting from contacts with Turkic warriors who transmitted some Eastern military technologies to Iran and through Avar influence to Europe.
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W. Puspokusumo, R. A. Aryanti. "Why Chinese Mobile Phones Sells Their Products in Indonesia." Binus Business Review 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v3i1.1321.
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This paper mainly discusses about strategy of China mobile phone manufacturer. Based on the interview with the manufacturer’s representative, we tried to comprehend the strategy behind the China mobile phone raid in Indonesia. As people know that mobile phone industry keeps on growing day by day, especially by the invention of the Android operating system, an open source OS with integrated capability. By having a free licensed OS, mobile phone manufacturer can focus mainly on their hardware development. Mobile phone industry is getting crowded by the appearance of new players from China. As the result of the interview shown, in short, the manufacturers are growing because of their innovations and ideas to create a new product with competitive price, usage of right media for promotion, and persistence in penetrating the Indonesian market. It is also through this paper that we hoped to invite young entrepreneur to join the manufacturing industry, as it is a fast growing industry that will surely be developed by the fresh ideas of the young generation of Indonesia.
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Kun, Fan, and Clarisse von Wunschheim. "Arbitrating in China: The Rules of the Game Practical Recommendations concerning Arbitration in China." ASA Bulletin 26, Issue 1 (March 1, 2008): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/asab2008004.
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The authors’ paper offers some practical advice to counsel involved in arbitration in China. Considerations include time limits on the enforcement of awards, panels of arbitrators offering limited choice, unavailability of seats outside China for domestic arbitration and arbitration administered by non-Chinese institutions.
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Ding, Lei. "CRH VIP Seats Human-Machine Scale Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 69 (July 2011): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.69.108.
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China railway high-speed still in the infant stage, no matter referring to technology or design, we have relative big gap comparing to German ICE, French Alstom and Japanese Shinkansen. Nowadays, the inner seat (first-class, second class) of our country’s very high-speed train mainly depended on introduction, and we did not match well the seat’s man-machine measure and Chinese man-machine measure as we introducing from abroad the technology. Accordingly, it is easily to cause a lot of problems.
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Tsvetkov, V. A., K. Kh Zoidov, and A. A. Medkov. "On International Cargo Transit within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Economics and Management, no. 11 (December 19, 2019): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2019-11-42-52.
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Aim. The presented study aims to develop a conceptual framework for the coordination and development of the competitive advantages of international transit between the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) member states in an attempt to create a unified transport system within the SCO space.Tasks. The authors assess the prospects of the interconnection and innovative development of the transit transport systems (TTS) of the SCO member states to create a common network of railroads and motorways and a unified transport system within the SCO; analyze the directions and prospects of the digital transformation of the transportation process at interstate junctions; prove that the development of cargo transit by rail, primarily through the improvement of transit transport communication with Afghanistan, is an important prerequisite for ensuring integrated security within the SCO space.Methods. This study uses the methods of systems analysis, evolutionary-institutional theory, econometric modeling, and historical approach.Results. The prospects for TTS interconnection are rooted in the implementation of the Agreement between the SCO member states to create favorable conditions for international road transport. Another promising direction involves creating a common network of railroads to achieve the global goal of establishing a unified transport system within the SCO. Given the fact that the container market has been occupied by Chinese manufacturers, the authors believe that Russian companies can and should take up a significant part of the container platform market (including innovative) within the SCO. The coordination of international transit transport should also be aimed at reducing the empty mileage rates of containers and container platforms. One of the directions for reducing empty mileage includes the formation of a backhaul cargo base and development of logistics schemes. Multimodal (combined) transport requires a single transport document as well as development and implementation of electronic workflows for cargo transit along international transport corridors. To ensure the national security of the SCO member states, first of all, it is necessary to develop rail transport of goods and passengers, which is more subject to control than road transport. It is also necessary to enhance the application of stationary and mobile inspection and examination complexes for the customs and border control of cargo.Conclusions. Realization of the transit transport potential of the SCO member states and creation of a unified transport system within the Organization’s space requires the following conditions to be met: construction of high-end transport communications; expansion of the capacity of overland borders, development of port infrastructure; interconnection of infrastructure integration projects and transit transport systems; interoperability of the transportation process, construction of multimodal transport and logistics centers; digitization of the transportation process, implementation of transport technologies based on artificial intelligence; creation of multimodal digital international corridors; implementation of electronic workfl ws; traceability of cargo transit using electronic seals.
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Huat, Chua Beng. "Singapore in 2006: An Irritating and Irritated ASEAN Neighbor." Asian Survey 47, no. 1 (January 2007): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2007.47.1.206.
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In the 2006 general election, the People's Action Party won 82 out of 84 parliamentary seats. The purchase by the government investment company Temasek Holdings of the Shin Corporation contributed to the coup that sent Thai Prime Minister Thaksin into exile. Lee Kuan Yew's remark on the marginalization of ethnic Chinese in neighboring countries caused offense, particularly in Malaysia.
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Yi, Dong Fang, and Ya Li Zhai. "Research on Playing Board Process of Kimono Sleeves with Triangle under the Armpit Based on CAD System." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 2419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.2419.
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Kimono sleeves have the very good functional for lack of seams between bodies and sleeves. But its playing board process is more complex especially with the triangle under the armpit. CAD is a new method of playing board and very popular currently in Chinese apparel industries. This paper researchs the playing board process of Kimono sleeves with the triangle under the armpit based on Richforever CAD system for clothing. This will help designers to use better CAD systems and improve the efficiency of playing board. Also this helps related person to know Chinese CAD softwares for clothing and promotes interpersonal exchange.
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Ramsay, Guy, and Anna Shnukal. "‘Aspirational’ Chinese: Achieving Community Prominence on Thursday Island, Northeast Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 12, no. 3 (September 2003): 337–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680301200304.
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The experience of the Chinese diaspora in Australia has been the subject of much academic attention in the past three decades. The prevailing narrative of the Chinese presence, which dates from early White occupation of Australia, has highlighted discourses of marginalization and exclusion for the Chinese pioneers who contributed so significantly to the economic development of the nation. Yet, despite their economic success, few Chinese gained regard and standing in mainstream colonial society and, of these, the best known resided in southern cities. Across northern Australia, far from the major population centers and seats of government, Chinese also became economically successful as agriculturists and merchants. Again, only a handful sought and obtained wider community acceptance, even local prominence. Our study draws on the diasporic experience of Chinese on Thursday Island in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to elucidate strategies employed by a minority to achieve social status within the general community. Through exploration of the socio-cultural forces influencing their choices — the dominant ethos of Thursday Island, multi-ethnicity and the consequences of anti-Chinese legislation — a unique portrait of the Chinese diasporic experience emerges, narrated through multiple sites of cultural collusion and contestation.
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Zhao, Cunliang, Shenjun Qin, Yinchao Yang, Yanheng Li, and Mingyue Lin. "Concentration of Gallium in the Permo-Carboniferous Coals of China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 27, no. 5 (October 2009): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0144-5987.27.5.333.
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Gallium is widely used in electronic industry and its current price is about 500 US dollars pro kilogram. It has been found that its contents are very high in Permo-Carboniferous coal of China. In order to look for valuable associated gallium deposits in coal, gallium contents of 177 coal samples were determined by using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the data of 873 coal samples from Chinese Permo-Carboniferous coalfields were collected. The results show that the average gallium concentration of Chinese Permo-Carboniferous coals is 15.49μg·g−1. There are two concentration types of gallium in Chinese Permo-Carboniferous coals: One type is that gallium has enriched to an ore deposit, and another type is that gallium is locally enriched in coal seams, but has not formed a valuable associated gallium ore deposit. The gallium concentration in Chinese Permo-Carboniferous coal may have several different sources: concentration in sedimentation stage, magmatic hydrothermal inputs and low-temperature hydrothermal fluids.
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Jiang, Li, Mei Zhao, Hao Lin, and Lvyu Yang. "How Do Consumer Innovation Characteristics and Consumption Value Shape Users’ Willingness to Buy Innovative Car Safety Seats?" Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010172.
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The intelligent innovation of child safety seats has brought new impacts and challenges to the Chinese market. Researchers in the car seat industry have been focusing on industry regulations and the abuse of car seats, but there is a lack of consumer-centered research. This study is the first to combine two theories of consumer subject-specific innovation (DSI) and the theory of consumption value (TCV). This study explores how consumer innovations influence consumers’ purchase of innovative child safety seats through perceived value. The proposed research model was evaluated using a partial least squares structural equation model, and data analysis revealed that the model had good model fit, reliability, and validity. Consumer product innovation has a significantly better impact on willingness to buy than consumer information innovation. In this study, in the relationship between consumers of information innovation and purchase intention in the automobile seat industry, a new kind of parallel multi-mediating relationship between the social value, hedonic value, and novelty value of perceived products was proposed. The study’s results address the need for more consumer research in the intelligent seating industry, as well as how to give researchers and marketing firms solutions and suggestions based on facts.
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CHEN, Gang. "China’s Politics 2016: Xi Jinping As “Core Leader” and Massive Personnel Reshuffles." East Asian Policy 09, no. 01 (January 2017): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930517000046.
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Chinese President Xi Jinping has been consolidating his power over local affairs and preparing for the next round of power transfer at the 19th Party Congress in 2017. The Congress is likely to effect a far-reaching change in the composition of the central leadership. Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang are expected to retain their seats in the Politburo Standing Committee, while Wang Qishan may stay on due to his role in the anti-corruption campaign.
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Hong, Seong Choul. "Scare sells? A framing analysis of news coverage of recalled Chinese products." Asian Journal of Communication 23, no. 1 (February 2013): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2012.717090.
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Zhang, Yang, and Xi Wang. "Provincial deficits and political centralization: evidence from the personnel management of the Chinese Communist Party." Japanese Journal of Political Science 22, no. 3 (June 17, 2021): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109921000098.
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AbstractThe political autonomy of Chinese provinces derives from their economic independence. After the 2008 economic crisis, budget deficits increased significantly in most Chinese provinces, making them more reliant on financial support from Beijing. Provinces suffering high deficits will lose their political clout in both local and national politics. Therefore, provinces with large deficits tend to be less resistant to the enforcement of the law of avoidance and underrepresented in the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. We find that in provincial standing committees, the members who are native or have more birthplace ties are more likely to be ranked behind the outsiders, especially so in provinces with a high level of deficits. We also find that provincial-standing-committee members from high-deficit provinces have a low possibility to obtain seats in the party's Central Committee. These findings confirm the close relationship between economic independence and political autonomy of Chinese provinces. In addition, we find that the logic of economic independence cannot depict the whole picture and that regional pluralism is also an important concern when the party manages its provincial leadership teams.
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Langston, Lee S. "The Coming Single-Aisle, Narrow-body Aircraft Bonanza." Mechanical Engineering 134, no. 04 (April 1, 2012): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2012-apr-9.
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This article describes the lucrative market for single-aisle narrow-body (SANB) commercial aircraft for the next 20 years. The SANB market has been the most lucrative for engine manufacturers. Boeing’s 737 and Airbus’s A320 families are powered by twin 30,000 pounds-thrust engines from CFM International or from International Aero Engines number in the many thousands. Of the 19,400 airplanes now in the worldwide air transport fleet, according to Airbus, for aircraft above 100 seats, 87% of all routes flown and 78% of all seats offered are in SANB airplanes. With the single-aisle jet liner market at record levels, not surprisingly, new players want a piece of this Boeing/Airbus duopoly pie. Both Airbus and Boeing have relied extensively over the last few years on customer financing support from export credit agencies such as the U.S. Export–Import Bank. The Russian and Chinese jets are government funded. Bombardier is getting Canadian and provincial government aid to develop the CSeries.
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Rao, Zhenhui, and Hua Yuan. "Employing native-English-speaking teachers in China: Benefits, problems and solutions." English Today 32, no. 4 (December 21, 2015): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078415000590.
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The beginning of this new century has witnessed two important events in English language education in China. The first is the expansion of English language education into the primary curriculum. In 2001, the Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE) required that primary schools located in cities and county seats start to offer English classes at Primary 3 from the autumn of 2001 and that the rest start to do so in the following year (MOE, 2001). The second is the increase of enrolment in various types of Chinese colleges and universities. For example, in 1999 the number of students enrolled in Chinese higher education was six million, but it rose to over 20 million in 2004 (Jin & Cortazzi, 2006). Such a rapid development of English language education has resulted in a number of difficulties and challenges for EFL teaching in China, but the most serious constraint comes from the lack of qualified teachers (Rao, 2010). To compensate for the shortage of English teachers, many Chinese schools are endeavoring to attract more native-English-speaking teachers (henceforth NESTs) to fill up EFL teaching vacancies. In 2006, for example, there were 150,000 foreign EFL teachers working in China (Jeon & Lee, 2006).
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FISCHER, THOMAS B., and XU HE. "DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTIONS OF EFFECTIVE SEA IN THE UK AND CHINA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 11, no. 04 (December 2009): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333209003452.
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This paper presents results of a project, funded by the British Academy, on perceptions of SEA effectiveness in two countries with formal SEA requirements, but with very different planning and decision-making traditions: the UK and China. Similarities and differences are described, based on a questionnaire survey, conducted at two workshops with local and regional authority representatives, private consultants and academics; at Liverpool University (October 2006) and at Nankai University (March 2007). Whilst many similarities in perceptions are found, some differences are established, particularly regarding the SEA process (which Chinese representatives think should be more flexible versus UK representatives who mostly think it should be more rigorous) and regarding current shortcomings (lack of real influence and non-existence of relevant baseline data for China; too much unused baseline data for the UK). Overall, there was a more positive perception of many Chinese respondents regarding SEA's potential to lead to more effective decision making, greater efficiency of tiered decision making and an ability to enable more effective involvement.
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KONNO, Michitaka. "The Supervisor and Distributor of Beds and Seats in Vinaya Texts Preserved in Chinese." JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) 53, no. 1 (2004): 401–399. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.53.401.
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Lin, Qiuli, Jun Cai, and Yisi Xue. "Affective response difference to the viewing of different styles of solid wood furniture based on Kansei engineering." BioResources 19, no. 1 (December 11, 2023): 805–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.1.805-822.
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Homogeneity of products is a serious problem in China’s solid wood furniture market, especially reflected in the fact that the furniture form cannot meet the individualized demand of consumers. To explore the differences of consumers’ affective response for different styles of solid wood furniture, this study used Kansei engineering to perform perceptual semantic experiments on Ming-style, Qing-style, and modern Chinese-style furniture. The perceptual images of three styles of solid wood chairs were compared by single factor variance. Additionally, it deconstructed the morphological elements of solid wood seats using morphological analysis and established a mapping model between morphological elements and affective response by quantification theory type-I and multivariable linear regression model. The results show that there are differences in affective response between Ming-style, Qing-style, and modern Chinese style solid wood furniture. Qing-style solid wood furniture tends to be “ornate” and “personalized”. Modern Chinese-style solid wood furniture tends to be “modern” and “streamlined”, Ming-style solid wood furniture is in between the two styles. This study can provide furniture designers with a way to compare the differences in affective responses of different products, and the resulting relationship between affective responses and morphological elements can assist in designing products.
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Chen, Wang, and Zhou Jie. "New advances in automatic shearer cutting technology for thin seams in Chinese underground coal mines." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 40, no. 1 (October 18, 2021): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01445987211052060.
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Automatic mining technology is the ideal path and the inevitable way to improve production efficiency, reduce labour intensity and ensure safety for thin coal seam. Recently, while automatic mining technology is increasingly applied in China for thin seams, the corresponding automatic cutting technology has made new advances. Among them, mnemonic cutting technology has been fruitful industrial tested with suitable conditions. Simultaneously, another one called cutting trace pre-set technology of the shearer has been put forward. Using this method, the cutting trace in the area with coal thickness changed and geological structures can be preset. What's more, self-adaptive regulation strategy of cutting trace based on coal-rock recognition by monitoring current of cutting motor was discussed. Then, the main problems and development trends of automatic mining in China was also proposed.
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Zheng, Jie, Junjun He, and Hongya Tang. "The Vitality of Public Space and the Effects of Environmental Factors in Chinese Suburban Rural Communities Based on Tourists and Residents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010263.
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The vitality of public space in rural communities is an important symbol of rural revitalization, especially in suburban rural communities. Previous studies focused on rural industries and ignored the effects of the spatial environment on different groups of people. Hence, this study takes the public space of suburban rural communities as an example and uses Global Positioning System (GPS) and cognitive mapping data to establish a new vibrancy assessment system for tourists and residents, respectively. The effects of the public space environment and space vitality in suburban rural communities are revealed through ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models. The results suggested that: (I) There were pronounced seasonal changes and spatial distribution differences in the space vitality of tourists, while residents were concentrated in fixed public spaces. (II) For tourists, the public space vitality in rural communities was affected by seven factors, including accessibility, seats, green looking ratio, recreational facilities, water area, plant species richness, and plant color composition. Green looking ratio and water area had a negative impact. For residents, the public space vitality in rural communities was affected by five factors, including shelter facilities, seats, accessibility, space type, fitness facilities. Only fitness facilities had a negative effect. Our research proposed a feasible and effective method to assess the vitality of rural public space in rural communities, and the finding from this study provides significant implications for the development and planning of suburban rural communities oriented by vitality.