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Journal articles on the topic 'Chinese Women authors'
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1
Susanto, Dwi. "Pandangan Pengarang terhadap Perempuan dalam Cerpen Tahun 1950-1960-an Karya Pengarang Peranakan Tionghoa-Indonesia." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 883–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v5i4.526.
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This paper looks at the views or constructions of Chinese peranakan authors towards women in that era. Issues discussed: (1) how Peranakan authors narrate women in their works; (2) the reasons for the Chinese Peranakan authors in the 1950s-1960s to narrate women. This study uses the point of view of feminist literary criticism. The object of this research is the 1950-1960s short stories and the author's perspective on women. The data of this research is the narrative of short stories that describe the image of women, the author's social construction, and the idea of androcentrism. The data interpretation technique follows the way of feminist literary criticism. The results of the study: (1) women are presented and controlled by men and are controlled by social construction; (2) the idea of morality and the economic context becomes a construction that the author interprets through androcentrism; (3) morality is misinterpreted by male authors and women as victims who are silenced in the name of morality. It has resulted in women being unable to speak up and follow androcentrism in the name of tradition and the sacred concept of morality. Morality is misinterpreted as sexuality and borne by women.
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Aliev, K., and M. Tologonova. "A WOMAN IN THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF CHINA." Vestnik Bishkek state university af. K. Karasaev 2, no. 61 (November 28, 2022): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35254/bhu/2022.61.42.
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In the article, the authors analyzed the place and role of women in ancient Chinese culture. The article deals with the issues of the position of women in the ancient Chinese sources «Women’s Quaternary», «Conversations and Reasonings for Women» and «Instructions for Women» by Nu Tse. Also, the authors of the most important sources of knowledge for women Liu Shi, Su Ruo-hsin, Xu and Ban Zhao are considered. Special attention is paid to the position of a girl before marriage, a Chinese woman as a wife, the status of a woman as a mother, the status of a woman after marriage, the status of a concubine in the emperor’s palace and in rich houses; their role and place in the institution of family and marriage and in society as a whole. The Analects of Confucius occupy an important place in the traditional education of Chinese women. From content to form, it was strongly influenced by Buddhism, and has a strong Buddhist connotation. As a result, it not only contributed to the expansion and practicality of the thought of women’s education, but also made women’s education in Confucian women’s morality widely popularized in the middle and lower classes of Chinese society during the Tang Dynasty and later.
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Zhang, Jie, Dwight A. Hennessy, Jing Luo, Yaping Song, Kailin Ren, Qian Zhang, Zhifang Han, and Ping Yao. "Are Women in China Sexist toward Other Women? a Study of Chinese College Students." Psychological Reports 105, no. 1 (August 2009): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.105.1.267-274.
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This study assessed the extent to which social sexism affects Chinese women's perception and evaluation of other women's performance. A sample of 100 college women was selected in a top university in Beijing, China, and was asked to read six scholastic essays and then evaluate the quality of the essays and competence of the authors. Male and female names were randomly assigned as authors of the essays, and the respondents were blind to the arrangement. Results showed that the essays assumed to be written by male authors did not receive higher scores than those assumed to be written by female authors on quality or competence items. Sexism is not marked among these highly educated young women.
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Blanchard, Lara C. W. "Virtue and Women's Authorship in Chinese Art History: A Study of Yutai huashi (History of Painting from Jade Terrace)." Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23290048-10362457.
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Abstract Yutai huashi (History of Painting from Jade Terrace), published in 1837, is rare among Chinese art-historical texts, not only for its focus on women painters of the imperial period but also for its female authorship. While the text preserves information on women who painted, its acknowledged author, Tang Shuyu, draws connections between women authors (defined broadly here to include both artists and writers) and virtuous women. First, her organization of the text's first five chapters foregrounds the social identities of women painters—a system that hints at their virtue. Second, biographies of women painters who are filial, chaste, and/or faithful appear throughout, but these qualities are emphasized in the “Separate Record” at the book's end, the only section with significant amounts of new writing. Third, the text positions Tang Shuyu as a woman of virtue herself. Tang compiled materials for her book with contributions from her husband, Wang Yuansun, and she establishes herself as a figure deferential to authority, a woman who begins most passages with a source citation and never develops a clear editorial voice. Scholars of the history of Chinese art increasingly use gender as a category of analysis to understand the accomplishments of women artists and patrons as well as representations of female figures. This article analyzes Yutai huashi's gendered subjects and discussions of gender roles as a means of examining both the contributions of women authors and the priorities of Chinese art-historical writers.
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Wong-Kim, Evaon, and Caroline C. Wang. "Breast Self-Examination Among Chinese Immigrant Women." Health Education & Behavior 33, no. 5 (May 31, 2006): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198106290800.
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The incidence of breast cancer is rising rapidly among the fast-growing demographic group of Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs). In this study, the authors assessed the awareness of breast self-exam (BSE) and factors predicting practice of BSE among Chinese immigrant women living in San Francisco. Three hundred and ninety-seven women participated in a telephone survey; 80.9% reported having heard of BSE but only 53.9% reported practice of BSE during the past year. Logistic regression modeling found that increased length of stay in the United States, higher income, socializing with more Chinese than non-Chinese, and a birthplace other than U.S. and Chinese communities predicted BSE practice. The findings indicate that although familiarity with BSE is high among this group of Chinese immigrant women, self-reported actual practice is far from optimal. This study points to the need for culturally appropriate interventions that will encourage and motivate immigrant Chinese women to practice BSE on a monthly basis.
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Lalinec-Michaud, M. "Three Cases of Suicide in Chinese-Canadian Women." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 2 (March 1988): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378803300215.
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This article purports to draw attention to the particular phenomenology of depression and suicide in Chinese. Three case histories are presented. The patients were all women in their forties, first-generation immigrants having resided for more than 20 years in Canada. These cases illustrate the significance of certain cultural factors in the understanding of depression in Chinese patients, namely: the importance of somatization, the familial reaction of denial or rejection to mental illness, the rigidity of the traditional family structure. The authors discuss the role played by conflicts of culture in the greater vulnerability to depression in Chinese middle-aged women.
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Jakubów-Rosłan, Zofia. "Di An and Yan Ge: Chinese 80 Hou Women Authors on the Family." Roczniki Humanistyczne 71, no. 9 (October 24, 2023): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh23719.1.
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Depictions of the family in 20th- and 21st-century Chinese literature have reflected the social and cultural discourses dominant in the country, especially Chinese intellectuals’ changing attitudes to tradition and modernisation. The last decades have seen China’s rise to economic prominence, accompanied by the increased influence of the neoliberal ideology, which has been met with a neoconservative response. A new model of the family has thus emerged. It has been imagined as a shelter from the unsettling realities of life under the conditions of the market economy, a private, consuming community managed by women. This paper focuses on the ways of describing the family in the novels by two well-known women writers of the 80 hou generation (authors born in the 1980s): Di An and Yan Ge. The image of the family in their prose has been compared to the private and neoconservative models and to the depictions of the family in the new historical novel.
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Yongju, Fu, and Zhu Yufu. "Image of the Great Mother Yan Zhengzai in the Chinese Culture and Literature." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 5, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2019-5-3-117-132.
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This article aims to present Confucius’ mother, Yan Zhengzai, in the Chinese ancient literature and history, remembering her feats of home education and praising her wisdom as the first representative of wise women in the Chinese traditional culture. China has never had a Mother’s Day, because there is no consensus on the typical representative of a Chinese mother. Confucius (28 September 551 B.C. — 11 April 479 B.C.) is one of the representatives of Chinese culture, his doctrine — Confucianism — is the foundation and spiritual mentality of the Chinese nation. Yang Zhengzai was both Confucius’s mother and first teacher. With her unique and new vision, concept, content, and teaching method, she brought up Confucius as the “Wise Teacher of Antiquity”, a great thinker, and educator of the traditional society of ancient China. She left the precious wisdom for Chinese matriarchal culture behind, making this great woman a worthy Chinese Holy Mother. This paper details the hard mental journey of the great mother and her teaching principles for the dignified development of the great son, as well as presenting other Chinese great mothers. The authors note that Yan Zhengzai is the most successful female model of family education in China and the world. Therefore, the authors propose to establish a Mother’s Day in China honoring Yang Zhengzai.
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Huang, Xiuguo. "A Comparative Study of Womanland in "Journey to the West" and "Flowers in the Mirror"." Interlitteraria 26, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2021.26.2.5.
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Abstract: Journey to the West (Xiyou Ji西游记) and Flowers in the Mirror (Jinghua Yuan镜花缘) are two of the best-known stories of travel in ancient Chinese literature. Both works contain descriptions of outlandish sights and foreign customs, particularly the vivid descriptions of the fantastic and outlandish Womanland (Nv’er Guo 女儿国), which embodies traditional Chinese scholars’ understanding of the outside world. Comparativists tend to regard the portrayals of these exotic women and their talents, and the subverted roles of men and women, as the authors’ statements about the inferior status of women in feudal China and their denunciations of the oppression of women. Flowers in the Mirror is seen as more radical in its pursuit of women’s rights and gender equality. This article argues that androcentrism still prevails even in the positive depictions of the expression of women’s desires. Furthermore, the delineation of these exotic women and of supernatural spirits demonstrates the authors’ praise of China’s pre-eminence and its condescending views of foreign places.
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Zakharova, Natalya Vladimirovna. "Female ethnotype in the lyrical songs of ‘Shijing’ (11th-6th centuries BC) and in the narrative prose of medieval China." Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 17, no. 2 (February 14, 2024): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20240056.
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The aim of the study is to show that the prose works by the Tang dynasty writers reflected the new ethnotype of Chinese women, formed in the minds of the Chinese during this period. The study is original in that it is the first in Russian sinology to carry out a comparative analysis of female images in ancient and medieval Chinese literature. In the songs of the ancient Chinese poetic collection ‘Shijing’, the portrait included not only descriptions of women, but also a list of moral qualities and less often the behavior of the heroines, but did not touch upon their character traits. The authors of short stories of the Tang dynasty refuse to describe heroines’ appearance and expand the circle of female characters, adding celestials and foxes who take the form of a woman. The results have shown that in medieval literature, the description of a heroine’s appearance played an insignificant role and most often amounted to using the epithet ‘beauty’ without paying attention to the details adopted in archaic literature. The problem of the relationship between the descriptions of details in heroines’ portraits and their character traits and behavior is discussed. As a result, it has been proved that in the prose works under study, priority is given to the moral qualities of female characters, which indicates the influence of Confucian ideology on the authors during the period under consideration.
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Wang, Yangyanru. "Discussing The White-Haired Girl Opera and Ballet from the Perspective of Female Characters." International Journal of Education and Humanities 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/yc3wd163.
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The scope of this dissertation is to study the female protagonist, Hei'er, in the White Hairy Maiden Opera and Ballet and to exemplify the historical context of the White Hairy Maiden Opera and Ballet and the characteristics of the status of women in this era. The purpose of the research is to draw the characteristics of the era of the female characters in Bai Mao Nü in relation to the female lead's plot and the women's characteristics of the era in the context of Chinese history. The writing process of the thesis is firstly to find the tableaux and scores of the White Hairy Woman's operas and dance dramas in Chinese websites for reading and to collect the literature related to the White Hairy Woman's operas and dance dramas, and to collect the literature on the historical background of China and the status of women in the period of the 1940s to the 1970s. Secondly, I set out a framework for the thesis, matched and categorised the collected literature with the framework, and wrote the thesis; finally, I revised the final version and submitted the course thesis. My research found that the female drama of the White Hairy Daughter opera and ballet fully embodies the unequal gender treatment and social status of women in 1940s China. This work of White Hair Woman also portrays a more vivid image of Chinese women in the 1940s. However, the limitation of this thesis is that this thesis discusses the character lines and the related historical background from the score of White Hairy Woman, but it is difficult to find the literature that elaborates on the music of White Hairy Woman, and almost all of them focus on the content of White Hairy Woman's textual plot. The reason why the authors have some difficulty in discussing the musical score examples and the women's period characteristics is because there is very little literature that can help the authors to provide good ideas for their analyses. The final conclusion is that the female zeitgeist after the 1940s has given the female role of the White-haired Woman a deeper historical significance, and has provided scholars studying the White-haired Woman's operas and ballets with a new interpretation of female perspectives. It is also enough to show that White Hairy Woman is not only a successful musical theatre in 20th century China, but also a female theatre work that can promote Chinese women to gradually weaken sexism.
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Du, Yan. "Intergenerational Writing Practices in Chinese Fiction for Adolescent Girls." Girlhood Studies 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2022.150207.
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The Anthology of Chinese Fictions on Adolescent Girls’ Psychology (2016) is one of the most renowned collections of girls’ stories in Chinese children’s literature. Authored by Qin Wenjun, Cheng Wei, and Chen Danyan, it is often associated with the rise of shaonǚ xiaoshuo (girls’ fiction) in China. In this article, I evaluate the collective writing practices of the women authors mentioned above, focusing, in particular, on how their featured stories address intergenerational dissent and explore models of communication between adolescent girls and women. Highlighting how The Anthology traverses the age divide in a time during which both children’s literature and the lives of teenagers underwent significant shifts, I intend to further scholarly understandings of Chinese girls’ fiction as a unique literary phenomenon.
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Liang, Wenchi, Judy Wang, Mei-Yuh Chen, Shibao Feng, Bin Yi, and Jeanne S. Mandelblatt. "Cultural Views, Language Ability, and Mammography Use in Chinese American Women." Health Education & Behavior 36, no. 6 (February 20, 2009): 1012–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198109331669.
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Mammography screening rates among Chinese American women have been reported to be low. This study examines whether and how culture views and language ability influence mammography adherence in this mostly immigrant population. Asymptomatic Chinese American women ( n = 466) aged 50 and older, recruited from the Washington, D.C. area, completed a telephone interview. Regular mammography was defined as having two mammograms at age-appropriate recommended intervals. Cultural views were assessed by 30 items, and language ability measured women’s ability in reading, writing, speaking, and listening to English. After controlling for risk perception, worry, physician recommendation, family encouragement, and access barriers, women holding a more Chinese/Eastern cultural view were significantly less likely to have had regular mammograms than those having a Western cultural view. English ability was positively associated with mammography adherence. The authors’ results imply that culturally sensitive and language-appropriate educational interventions are likely to improve mammography adherence in this population.
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Chen, Liying, Shiyu Tao, Xiaoqi Wang, and Yunhe Zhang. "The Influence of Chinese Patriarchal Society on Men and Women." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 21 (February 15, 2023): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v21i.3702.
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Patriarchal societies have evolved over a long period of time to become the prevailing system in today’s society and maintain a relatively balanced state. During the 21th century, more and more people pay attention to the social question of gender, especially in Southeast Asian countries. In the history of most countries, most of them were patriarchal societies. The authors chose China as the main research object. The groups which are affected by the patriarchal society is not only female, but also males. However, patriarchy ultimately puts men in a dominant position in society and women in a position of inferiority and subordination, so it has certain effects on both men and women. Because of the foundation laid by the patriarchal society, it is a system that is difficult to overthrow, and therefore, radical feminism has emerged in the process of women protesting and fighting for their rights, and at the same time, it has certain effects on society.
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Shukriya, Nazirova M. "THE POSITION “SEARCHING FOR ROOTS” HOLDS IN THE LITERATURE GENRE OF FEMALE AUTHORS AND THEIR CREATIONS IN CHINA." International Journal Of Literature And Languages 02, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume02issue05-03.
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This article is dedicated to women writers of the 1980s, who are an integral and important part of Chinese literature. In the works created in the mid-80s, the writers not only described the horrors of the recent past of the people, but also tried to analyze and observe the flaws that still persist in the society that hinders the development of the country. As a result, journalism has developed rapidly, and the direction of "search for roots" has emerged. In the literature, the development of this direction was a peculiar necessity, because after the Cultural Revolution, many writers realized the poverty and backwardness of existing literature and actively sought to take literature to a new level.
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Zhang, Y., L. Feihu, D. Zunxiao, S. Jianguo, and W. Qiangju. "One Risk Factor of Depression Disorder in Chinese Women." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1653.
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BackgroundThe prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is higher in those with the unemployed and those with low social status. Most of the available data comes from studies in developed countries, and these findings may not extrapolate to developing countries. However, the extent of unemployed status cause MDD is unclear. This study seeks to determine whether depressive disorder is associated with unemployment and to further investigate the relationship between occupation, and social class in Han Chinese women with MDD.MethodData came from Oxford and VCU Experimental Research on Genetic Epidemiology (CONVERGE) study of MDD (6017 cases, age between 30 and 60; 5983 controls, age between 40 and 60). DSM-IV depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview. All subjects were interviewed using a computerized assessment system. All interviewers were trained by the CONVERGE team for a minimum of one week. The interview includes assessment of psychopathology, demographic and personal characteristics, and psychosocial functioning.ResultsThe odds ratio (OR) between employment and MDD is 0.69. An OR of less than one is protective. Lower social class is not associated with an increase in the number of episodes, or with increased rates of comorbidity with anxiety disorders.ConclusionThis study suggests that in Han Chinese women, employment is positive protect factor to MDD. Lower social status and unemployment increases the risk and severity of MDD. In China, lower socioeconomic position is associated with increased rates of MDD, as it is elsewhere in the world.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Lee, Marion, Florence Lee, and Susan Stewart. "Pathways to Early Breast and Cervical Detection for Chinese American Women." Health Education Quarterly 23, no. 1_suppl (December 1996): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819602301s07.
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The authors used telephone interviews to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding breast and cervical cancer screening among 775 Chinese American women in San Francisco. The rates of ever had a mammogram, ever had a clinical breast examination, and ever examined one's breasts among women aged 40 and older were 70%, 75% and 70%, respectively. The rates of ever had a Pap smear and ever had a pelvic examination were 67% and 85%, respectively. However, the rates of having had these cancer screening tests at regular intervals were much lower (25% for mammograms, 37% for Pap smears). Ability to speak English and insurance status were significantly associated with breast and cervical cancer screening knowledge and practices. Further analysis of the data, together with the data collected from a survey on physicians serving this population, will provide a basis for future interventions.
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PROF. KONG JULAN. "A Comparative Study of the Short stories by Chinese Writer Rou Shi “A Slave Mother” and Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi “Sons & Daughters”." DARYAFT 16, no. 01 (June 26, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52015/daryaft.v16i01.393.
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By comparing Rou Shi’s and Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi’s short stories, it is surprising to find that these two well-known authors, though living in different countries, have created works with very similar meanings. In revealing sufferings and miseries of women of the underclass, they have uncovered the common social problems brought about by poverty, ignorance, and outmoded conventions and customs. In the semi-feudalist society, women from both countries are all in a very humble position: they are deprived of their own social position, thus becoming lambs to be slaughtered, belongings of their husbands, and victims of poverty and backwardness. In their works, both authors unveiled the miserable and inhumane conditions of women, demonstrated the tragic life of working women of that time, condemned tortures and torments brought to women by the unfair social system, and offered their deep sympathy to poor peasants, especially toiling women. This study underscores the enduring relevance of literature in exposing and critiquing societal inequities, offering poignant insights into the shared struggles of women navigating oppressive systems across different national contexts.
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Gladney, Dru C. "The History of Women’s Mosques in Chinese Islam." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i3.1605.
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This remarkable collaboration of primarily Maria Jaschok and Shui Jingjun(with contributions from nine other mostly Muslim Chinese women who areduly acknowledged), contains a wealth of information on a subject that most scholars of Muslim communities have never considered or perhaps evenimagined: the existence of bona fide women’s mosques in China. Throughpainstaking historical, archival, interview, and field research, the authors layout a convincing argument that such mosques have existed in China and continueto experience a “rapid increase” (p. 15), at least since the late Mingdynasty (sixteenth to seventeenth centuries), proliferating in northern China’scentral plains region (mainly Henan, Hebei, Shandong, and Anhui) during theQing emperor Jiaqing’s reign (1796-1820) (pp. 67-69).This work sheds light on “how women [in China] engendered and sustainedfaith, aspiration and loyalties under often challenging conditions” (p.5) – which is putting it mildly. Strenuously caught between Confucian,Islamic, and patrimonial requirements, they developed an institution of learningand cultural transmission perhaps unique to the Muslim world. While theauthors never fully address why “women’s mosques” and madrassahs developedso fully in China (and almost nowhere else), they do richly demonstratethe extraordinarily important role these religious and educational centershave played in preserving and promoting Islamic understanding amongChina’s Muslims, known as the Hui national minority (with a year 2000 populationof approximately 9.8 million, out of a total 20.3 million Muslims inChina, according to the especially accurate PRC state census).While the authors claim these women’s “prayer halls” (the Chinese termis ambiguous) and the women who lead them are fully-fledged ahongs orimams (again, the Chinese term, like the Arabic and Persian equivalents, isnot clear about the teacher’s actual status), the issue here is whether they haveany authority over men. Since they clearly do not, ahong should be taken inits more general sense of “one possessing advanced Islamic knowledge” ortraining, and does not imply institutionalized authority beyond the sphere ofwomen (and children, which in most instances includes boys). Nevertheless,it is significant that they have such organized authority, training, and separateprayer halls or mosques among themselves ...
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Lixia, Zhou. "Review of a Recipe Book by Jiang Dezhi “Tea for Women: a Path to Health with Herbs and Flowers”." Studia Alimentaria 1, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/saj.v1i1.6.
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This work reviews a recipe book by Jiang Dezhi and other authors “Tea for women: a path to health with herbs and flowers”. Beijing: The Publishing house for Chemistry Industry. Volume: 180 pages. Illustrations: 90 by Wang Jianqiang. Date of publication: July, 2011. ISBN: 978-7122116307. Soft cover. Language: Chinese.1
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Datsyshen, Vladimir G., and Larisa A. Kutilova. "Russian-Chinese families in the 20th century: Emergence and characteristics1." RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 742–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-4-742-757.
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This may well be the first article about the history of mixed Russian-Chinese families in Russia and the USSR. The study is based on sources in federal, regional and local archives, mainly of Siberia and the Far East, statistics, and the press. It notes that the great gender imbalance in almost exclusively male Chinese migrant community meant that Chinese men chose Russian women as life partners. The decline of Russia’s male population during the First World War and the Civil War only exacerbated this trend. First recorded in the late nineteenth century, this phenomenon became widespread during the twentieth, not only in the Far East, but also in other areas with large populations of Chinese workers, such as Donbass. Wives in such marriages were mainly peasant women, although on occasion Cossack women and even noblewomen, often widows, took Chinese husbands. The brides were invariably younger than their spouses and tended to be housewives. However, some worked with their husbands in small businesses. These mixed couples tended to have fewer children than those that were fully Russian. The vagaries of Sino-Soviet relations during the twentieth century led to several waves of deportations of such families. Thus, in 1938 some were exiled from their places of residence to Xinjiang, Kazakhstan or the Amur region. While forced migrations considerably reduced the size of the Chinese community, they did not destroy it. The authors conclude that new Chinese immigration to Post-Soviet Russia follows the pattern set in the twentieth century’s first half, as do mixed marriages.
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Tan, Mona P., Nadya Y. Sitoh, and Yih Y. Sitoh. "Minimising Unnecessary Mastectomies in a Predominantly Chinese Community." International Journal of Surgical Oncology 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/684021.
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Background. Recent data shows that the use of breast conservation treatment (BCT) for breast cancer may result in superior outcomes when compared with mastectomy. However, reported rates of BCT in predominantly Chinese populations are significantly lower than those reported in Western countries. Low BCT rates may now be a concern as they may translate into suboptimal outcomes. A study was undertaken to evaluate BCT rates in a cohort of predominantly Chinese women.Methods. All patients who underwent surgery on the breast at the authors’ healthcare facility between October 2008 and December 2011 were included in the study and outcomes of treatment were evaluated.Results. A total of 171 patients were analysed. Two-thirds of the patients were of Chinese ethnicity. One hundred and fifty-six (85.9%) underwent BCT. Ninety-eight of 114 Chinese women (86%) underwent BCT. There was no difference in the proportion of women undergoing BCT based on ethnicity. After a median of 49 months of follow-up, three patients (1.8%) had local recurrence and 5 patients (2.9%) suffered distant metastasis. Four patients (2.3%) have died from their disease.Conclusion. BCT rates exceeding 80% in a predominantly Chinese population are possible with acceptable local and distant control rates, thereby minimising unnecessary mastectomies.
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Jaschok, Maria, and Man Ke. "Covering Body, Uncovering Identity: Chinese Muslim Women’s Vocabularies of Dress, Based on Fieldwork in Northwest and Central China." Comparative Islamic Studies 9, no. 2 (September 27, 2016): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cis.v9i2.28236.
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This ethnography of Chinese female Islamic dress serves to explore the way that Chinese Muslim women of different generations and backgrounds both seek accommodation and meaning within the gendered modernity of a rapidly changing Chinese (non-Muslim) society and also strive for transcending authenticity as they translate Islamic prescriptions into personal conduct. The authors present defining characteristics of local versions of the Chinese hijab within the rich diversity of China’s Muslim contexts and across complex religious landscape of an ethnic religion. Building on the work of international Islamic feminist scholars, the concept of the hijab is explored in terms of three dimensions, incorporating the visual dimension as shielding from the public gaze; the spatial, demarcating the public from the private sphere; and the ethical, informing thought and ideas.
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Li, Aiyue. "Female Gaze of Chinese Lesbian Cinema in the Millennium." Communications in Humanities Research 29, no. 1 (April 19, 2024): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/29/20230791.
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Film is believed to be a reproduction of a phallocentric system that marginalized, objectified, and essentialized women, with the male gaze as one of its most powerful tools. The female gaze has been pinned with the hope of deconstructing the male gaze and reestablishing the gaze, but so far it has no universally agreed-upon definition. In this paper, the author will conduct a textual analysis of two Chinese lesbian films, exploring and dissecting the female gaze on three levels: character, audience, and filmmaker. The authors selection draws on definitions of lesbian cinema by Jackie Stacey and Teresa de Lauretis, who disagree on the correlation between the romance and sexuality of two female protagonists. Based on the authors findings, the subject and the object in the female gaze do not form an absolute opposition because power is not fixed on either side but flows between the two. The female gaze in the lesbian cinema redefines the dualism inherent in the male gaze, and thus challenges psychoanalysis heterosexualism and the film industry dominated by patriarchy.
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Zheng, Xin, Wan Norbani Wan Noordin, and Azizul Halim Yahya. "GUANXI (RELATIONSHIP) AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF CHINESE MUSLIM WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP ON WECHAT BUSINESS." Advanced International Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship and SMEs 5, no. 18 (December 26, 2023): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/aijbes.518020.
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The concept of guanxi has a strategic role in the development of WeChat business. The purpose of this study is to explore how can Muslim female entrepreneurs use the guanxi to build WeChat business development strategies. The authors use a qualitative research design and the data for our survey was obtained from 8 female entrepreneurs in Yiwu city with in-depth interviews methods. The authors explain how entrepreneurs in WeChat business establish a WeChat business development strategy through in -depth interviews with entrepreneurial women. This study found that the strategic development of WeChat business highlights the establishment of relationship, relationship maintenance. The aim of development strategy of WeChat business is improving the loyalty of customers to meet the long -term desire of customers' purchase. In addition, the survey found that the emotional connection between buyers and sellers on WeChat business has become an important part of the sales process in social media. It can be concluded that Muslim female entrepreneurs found that it is easier to establish trust and contact with Muslim groups through faith identification. Muslim women entrepreneurs maintain close emotional connections with consumers and stakeholders through mutual support and encouragement. Furthermore, emotional connections promote the development of their business in WeChat.
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Ning, Yanhong. "Field Research of the Economic and Cultural Chinese Emigrants Activities in the Far East and Siberia (1949-2019)." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 3 (2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120019496-6.
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The article is devoted to the study of labor migration in the system of Russian (Soviet)-Chinese relations 1949-2019. The article is based on unique previously unpublished archival data and field research. The authors consider the circumstances that had a significant impact on the migration policy of the USSR, which, in conditions of a small number of its own population, needed to attract immigrants from China to the Far East and the Siberian part of the USSR; analyze the reasons and benefits of the PRC, allowing the leadership of the republic to send its citizens to study and work in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. Using concrete examples and archival data, the authors studied the dynamics of Chinese migration, the reasons for their moving abroad and returning to their homeland, highlighting two periods of active Chinese migration to Russia: 1) 1949-1966; 2) 1990-2019. The authors studied the activities of Chinese communities in Russian (Soviet) territories in both periods and came to the conclusion that these two periods are radically different from each other. During the "Soviet period" of labor migration, Chinese workers, on the one hand, easily assimilated in the Far East and Siberia, easily made friends among the local population, married Soviet women, on the other hand, maintained contact with their native culture, transported their wives and children to the USSR, who had a specially created kindergarten and school program for them with the study of Chinese lingua and culture. The "Russian period" is distinguished by the isolation of the life of Chinese communities, many of whose members have illegal status and are engaged in corruption. Nevertheless, labor migrants from China feel very comfortable living in the Far East and Siberia. Most Chinese emigrants have the goal of improving their economic situation and getting an education, achieving which more than 99% of Chinese return to China.
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Chen, Xuanle, Chang Liu, and Xintong Shi. "The Development of Female Roles: A Comparison between Chinese and Western Literature." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 18 (August 11, 2023): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v18i.10960.
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This paper describes the influence of western feminism on Chinese feminist literature in the 1980s. Through the research of the history of feminist literature development and comparison between western feminist literature and Chinese feminist literature, the shortages and differences of Chinese feminist literature are revealed to promote the development of modern feminist literature. The depiction and portrayal of female characters in the literature vary greatly between Western and Chinese literature. While Western literature often reinforces the submissiveness of women and the idea of a man-centric world, Chinese female literature is marked by its revolutionary significance and close relation to the movement of democracy and women's liberation. Both Western and Chinese literature works have addressed the issue of sex workers, but with different approaches. Despite personal fights, female characters such as Marguerite Gautier challenge traditional concepts and stereotypes of sex workers in Western literature. It is important to acknowledge the impact of female authors in both Western and Chinese literature and to recognize the importance of feminism in promoting gender equality worldwide.
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Signorelli, Marcos, Angela Taft, and Pedro Paulo Gomes Pereira. "Authors’ Commentary: Domestic Violence Against Women, Public Policies and Community Health Workers in Brazilian Primary Health Care." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 40, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x19865145.
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In this commentary paper, we highlight the key role that community health workers and family health professionals can perform for the identification and care for women experiencing domestic violence in communities. These workers are part of the primary health-care strategy in the Brazilian public health system, who are available in every municipalities and neighborhoods of the country. Based on our ethnographic research, we argue that identification and care of abused women by these workers and professionals follow a pattern which we described and named “the Chinese whispers model.” We also point gaps in training these workers to deal with complex issues, such as domestic violence, arguing for the need of formal qualification for both community health workers and family health professionals by, for example, incorporating such themes into curricula, further education, and continuing professional development.
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Fang, Tian, and Anna V. Zhuchkova. "The Theme of Female Loneliness in the Writings of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya and Can Xue." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2022-19-3-501-510.
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The issue of female loneliness is observed in many works by Russian and Chinese women writers of the XX-XXI centuries. Attention to this problem reflects the deep concern of women authors for the fate of women. Lyudmila Petrushevskaya and Can Xue are representatives of Russian and Chinese women’s literature of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Despite the fact that the writings of Petrushevskaya and Can Xue belong to different cultural traditions and were created within the different artistic and aesthetic frameworks, attention to the fate of women, the dark sides of life and an attempt to rethink modern life values bring them together. This paper compares and contrasts the writings of Petrushevskaya and Can Xue on the subject of loneliness. The essence and causes of loneliness are revealed. Based on a thorough analysis of their works, it is concluded that each of them approaches this issue from different seemingly opposing perspectives. Petrushevskaya pays attention to the daily life, in her works she depicts the individual loneliness of women through the image of a terrible but entirely real life. While Can Xue is interested in existential being of all mankind, she reveals the inner emptiness of human existence through various metaphors and illusions.
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Matthew Scott, Jonathan, Richard T. Harrison, Javed Hussain, and Cindy Millman. "The role of guanxi networks in the performance of women-led firms in China." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 6, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-03-2013-0014.
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Purpose – This exploratory study aims to examine how knowledge acquired via guanxi (networks and connections) is enabling women in China to overcome a number of significant barriers and challenges in order to start and grow successful businesses. Design/methodology/approach – The authors undertook two in-depth interviews to qualitatively investigate the use of guanxi as a means of overcoming various barriers faced by Chinese women in establishing and growing their businesses. Findings – The findings suggest that family background (and, in particular, support from parents and spouses), experience, training, education and finance are key success factors influencing the performance of women-led firms in China. The experiences of the two entrepreneurs in the study demonstrate the importance of mentors in helping to develop a woman's business acumen and providing the right contacts to help overcome potential barriers to developing a successful business. Research limitations/implications – While this study provides a useful first step to better understanding the role of guanxi networks in supporting women-led ventures in China, further research is needed to test the generalizability of the findings. Originality/value – This study contributes to the limited prior research focusing on the important role of guanxi networks in assisting Chinese women to successfully launch and grow new ventures.
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Daulet, Fatimabibi, Zhunisbek Gulnaz, Farida Orazakynkyzy, Gaukhar Dauletova, Anuar Saule, and Gulvira Toikina. "GENDER STEREOTYPES OF CHINESE LINGUOCULTURE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 6 (December 21, 2019): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.76132.
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Purpose of the study: The article discusses the national-cultural characteristics of the Chinese gender culture and methods of its implementation in linguistic units: words, phraseological units, euphemisms, proverbs, and sayings. This research also examines the nominative system of the Chinese language, the lexicon, as well as what ratings are attributed to men and women and in what semantic areas they are most clearly expressed.
Methodology: In order to describe the internal form of gender vocabulary, the authors used the following methods common for studies: description, semantic definition, classification, and linguistic interpretation, and the statistical method (quantitative calculations). The etymological approach used to identify primary sources of gender vocabulary.
Main Findings: A study of linguistic facts shows that the gender stereotypes of Chinese culture possess not only general cultural, but also general linguistic properties, which are fixed by different kinds of language units. Gender stereotypes in modern Chinese are objectified by an extensive and well-structured lexical and phraseological field, proverbs and sayings, case-texts (discourse) and other language units, which indicates its communicative relevance to Chinese linguistic consciousness.
Applications/Implications of the study: The results of the study can be used in the further researches of gender stereotypes and its linguistic objectification in both related and genetically distant languages, in various types of discourse. The results of the work can also be used in the teaching of Chinese, as well as in courses on the theory and practice of translation, regional studies. The authors believe that the results of the study will help to better understand the native Chinese speakers, which can help increase the effectiveness of intercultural communication.
Novelty/Originality of the study: In this article, the author first showed that gender stereotypes in modern Chinese are objectified by an extensive and well-structured lexico-phraseological field, proverbs and sayings, and other linguistic units, which testifies to its communicative relevance to Chinese linguistic consciousness. It is one of the first studies analyzed the language objectification of the gender code of Chinese culture.
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Izotova, Elena I., and Natal’ya S. Korshunova. "SOCIAL EXPERIENCES OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PANDEMIC AND POST-PANDEMIC COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS INFECTION. SOCIOCULTURAL DIFFERENCES." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Psychology. Pedagogics. Education, no. 2 (2023): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6398-2023-2-69-78.
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The article presents results of a research in social experiences of young men and women studying at pedagogical universities in Russia and China during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic (N = 163). The authors demonstrated and empirically substantiated sociocultural differences in empathic response, as well as emotional sensitivity to social phenomena and aesthetic standards as signs for the formation of social experiences in adolescence. Russian young men and women demonstrate a higher level of empathic response (the difference values according to the Mann–Whitney U test are statistically significant), while Chinese students are characterized by a pronounced emotional involvement and a differentiated emotional assessment of socio-psychological phenomena (the difference values according to the Pearson chi-squared test are statistically significant). It is stated that relevant categories connected with self-image and understandings of sociopsychological phenomena become the emotional personality representations of Russian and Chinese student youth. That is most clearly expressed in emotionally sensitive periods of social upheavals, crises, and pandemics.
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Cheng, Hsiao-wen. "Manless Women and the Sex–Desire–Procreation Link in Song Medicine." Asian Medicine 13, no. 1-2 (September 10, 2018): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341406.
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AbstractThis article examines Chinese medical discussions about “manless women” (women without sexual contact with men) from the ancient period to the Song dynasty and whether, and how, such women were considered a medical problem. Through destabilizing the (hetero)sex–desire–procreation continuum seen in a number of historical sources and modern scholarship, I present a more complex picture of the medical developments in question during the Song. I observe that there was little medical discussion of female sexual desire in pre-Song sources except in “bedchamber” texts, which, in treating the ailments of manless women, gazed into women’s sexual desire and paid little attention to women’s generative or gestational body. Several Song medical writers, while consciously excluding bedchamber texts from what they considered orthodox medicine, shared with the bedchamber authors the medical gaze at female sexual desire. I further argue that Xu Shuwei and Chen Ziming were the first and only two Song medical writers to make explicit a (hetero)sex–desire–procreation link and to naturalize women’s sexual desire for men. Though anomalous in their time, their discussions tell us something about the heterogeneity of medical texts and the status of medical knowledge in Song society—two aspects often neglected in analyses of gender discourse in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Zhu, Lei, Orhan Kara, and Xiaowei Zhu. "A comparative study of women entrepreneurship in transitional economies." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 11, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-04-2017-0027.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare women entrepreneurship in China and Vietnam by examining the motivations, success factors and problems related to establishing women-owned businesses. Design/methodology/approach The sample in this study consisted of 170 women entrepreneurs in Vietnam and 180 women entrepreneurs in China. The authors used the survey instrument developed by H.M. Chu (Chu and Katsioloudes 2001), which has been adopted in a number of small business studies since 2002. To determine whether there is a significant difference between the two countries regarding each factor of motivations, success factors and problems, the authors use the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Findings Women entrepreneurs are motived to earn more income in both China and Vietnam. Vietnamese businesswomen value intrinsic rewards such as gaining personal satisfaction and freedom. They also take business ownership as a way to reduce work–family conflict. Demonstrating the ability and gaining public recognition play a more important role when Chinese women entrepreneurs decide to establish their businesses. Both Chinese and Vietnamese women agree that good management skills are essential to achieve their goals. Women entrepreneurs in both countries share similar challenges, such as the inability to recruit and retain employees, severe competition, a weak economy and limited access to financial capital. Practical implications Given the nature of transitional economies in both countries, the government is required to improve the regulatory environment for protecting private sector employment and private property rights. Policies such as subsidies and tax incentives may assist the development of women enterprises. To support the sustainable growth of women businesses, it is suggested that the government should design effective programs that direct women entrepreneurs to move into high-growth or high-technology sectors. Training programs are also required to improve the knowledge and skills of women entrepreneurs. Making capital accessible to women is also important to stimulate entrepreneurial growth. As a further stimulus, governments should coordinate with financial institutions to provide low-cost loans or even venture capital to facilitate this process. Originality/value This study is among one of the first attempts to compare women entrepreneurship in the two transitional economies of Vietnam and China. It provides insight into motivations, success factors and problems that women entrepreneurs experienced by examining small business owners in Vietnam and China.
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Bissessar, Charmaine. "The Movement from Secret Acts of Defiance to Manifestation of Women's Empowerment." Advancing Women in Leadership Journal 33 (June 12, 2017): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/awlj-v33.a103.
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Before the advent of L'écriture féminine and the feminist revolution, Chinese women formed a kinship through the secret language of Nu Shu. Cixous, Kristeva, and Irigaray concentrated on redefining themselves as asexual-neither male nor female. Chinese women in the nineteenth century used Nu Shu as a form of affinity and passive aggressive defiance of the androcentric society in which they lived. They embraced their femininity in the curves and strokes of the Nu Shu language. Condé and Schwarz-Bart searched to explore the themes of alienation as Martinicans living in a European French society and the search for an identity that typifies the quintessential Caribbean patriarchal culture. The evolution in consciousness of the female and how she sees herself as part of the diasporic dilemma confronting Caribbean society is marked by the almost limited early works by women authors. As women found their voices and led the way for other women, a natural empowerment ensued with new loyalties as generations transcended the effects of colonialism, indentureship, and slavery. Afro-Caribbean women became vocal and paved the way for East Indian writers to emerge and find their voices. Contemporary literature exemplifies these women's struggles toward empowerment and identification with the land of their birth. From confusion spawns a new position for women as they move toward self-expression and self-actualization with the appointment of the first Indo-Trinidadian female Prime Minister.
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Foley, Sharon, Hang-yue Ngo, Raymond Loi, and Xiaoming Zheng. "Gender, gender identification and perceived gender discrimination." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 34, no. 8 (November 16, 2015): 650–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-05-2015-0038.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of gender and strength of gender identification on employees’ perception of gender discrimination. It also explores whether gender comparison and perceived gender bias against women act as mediators in the above relationships. It aims to advance the understanding of the processes leading to individual’s perception of gender discrimination in the Chinese workplace. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 362 workers via an employee survey in three large companies in China. The human resource staff helped us to distribute a self-administered questionnaire to the employees, and the authors assured them of confidentiality and protected their anonymity. To test the hypotheses, the authors employed structural equation modeling. The authors first conducted confirmatory factor analysis on the measurement model, and then the authors estimated three nested structural models to test the mediating hypotheses. Findings – The results reveal that gender and strength of gender identification are related to perceived gender discrimination. The authors further found that gender comparison and perceived gender bias against women partially mediated the relationship between gender and perceived gender discrimination, while gender comparison fully mediated the relationship between strength of gender identification and perceived gender discrimination. Practical implications – The study helps managers understand why and how their subordinates form perceptions of gender discrimination. Given the findings, they should be aware of the importance of gender identity, gender comparison, and gender bias in organizational practices in affecting such perceptions. Originality/value – This study is the first exploration of the complex relationships among gender, gender identification, gender comparison, perceived gender bias against women, and perceived gender discrimination. It shows the salient role of gender comparison and gender bias against women in shaping employees’ perceptions of gender discrimination, apart from the direct effects of gender and strength of gender identification.
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Wang, Fan', and Karina Nazirovna Galai. "The study of female images in modern Chinese literary works." Litera, no. 6 (June 2024): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2024.6.70534.
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This article is a study of female images in modern Chinese literary works. The author analyzes the evolution of representations of women in modern Chinese literature and their important role in the democratization of society. Through an examination of the works of authors such as Lu Xun, Lao She, Chen Zhongshi, Yu Hua and others, the article reveals diverse aspects of women's experiences, including social injustice, discrimination and exploitation. In addition, the author highlights the influence of literature in shaping public opinion about the role and rights of women, and discusses possible paths towards creating a more equal and inclusive society in the future. The subjects of the study are the works of modern Chinese writers and the female images of these literary works. The main research materials are the modern Chinese literary works of various genres and movements, including novels, short stories, poems and essays. Research methods - analysis of literary sources on the research topic, comparative analysis, content analysis, interpretation of texts, historical method. The purpose of the study is to analyze and evaluate ideas about female characters in modern Chinese literary works, taking into account their influence on the processes of democratization of society. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that it represents an initial research look at female images in modern Chinese literature and their influence on the processes of democratization of society. The work is based on the analysis of contemporary literary works and includes the study of various aspects of women's experience in the context of Chinese culture and society. As a result of the study, new trends and patterns in the representation of female characters will be identified, as well as new approaches to understanding and solving the problems of gender inequality and social discrimination in Chinese society will be formulated.
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Shuai, Chuanmin, Zhou Li, and Ruomei Sun. "IFAD Projects: Results and Impact on Poverty Reduction in Rural China." Outlook on Agriculture 40, no. 4 (December 2011): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/oa.2011.0061.
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This paper analyses the economic, social and ecological benefits of projects of the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) in China during the past two-and-a-half decades. An investigation was carried out through field visits to Jilin, Anhui, Shaanxi and Qinghai provinces and a comprehensive assessment was made of 12 IFAD projects in 13 provinces. The authors offer a systematic examination of the projects' impact on China's rural poverty reduction in five respects: food security, women and vulnerable groups, government policies on poverty reduction, state policies on rural finance, and institutional and capacity building of the Chinese government and the community. It is concluded that IFAD projects have achieved outstanding results and far-reaching impacts, and have played an important role in rural poverty reduction. Finally, with regard to policy recommendations, the authors propose that the Chinese government should: (a) continue to cooperate with IFAD for rural poverty reduction; (b) play IFAD's demonstrative role in other poor areas of China; and (c) facilitate the institutional reform of China's rural financial system.
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Guan, Tianru, Xiaodong Yan, and Tianyang Liu. "The Manly “Sister Hua”: Gendered Communication by Chinese Diplomats." China: An International Journal 22, no. 2 (May 2024): 151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.56159/chn.2024.a929587.
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Abstract: This study adopts a gender-sensitive perspective to examine Chinese diplomatic presences and practices in cyberspace. By analysing the gender issues and political communication styles adopted by two Chinese high-profile diplomats, Hua Chunying and Zhao Lijian, this article addresses whether the recent inclusion of women in China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has the potential to challenge the patriarchal structure of diplomacy that usually devalues femininity in diplomatic norms and practices. A content analysis of sampled tweets (N=1,822) reveals that despite adopting a gender-balanced issue focus, Hua Chunying used minimal feminine communication patterns and exhibited masculine traits of assertiveness, self-reliance, and personal and emotional restraint, communicating in a more masculine manner than her male colleague, Zhao Lijian. Drawing from the findings, the authors propose that Chinese diplomats are navigating multiple structural and contextual boundaries, which emerge at the intersection of masculine norms and practices in diplomacy and China’s increasingly proactive stance on foreign affairs. They also highlight the complexity of the rhetorical effects of having female diplomats on Chinese diplomacy.
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Ho, Hannah M. Y., and Debbie Ho. "Identity in Flux: The Sarong Party Girl’s Pursuit of a “Good Lifeâ€." Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 146–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/asiatic.v13i2.1674.
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This paper examines the identity of young Singaporean Chinese women, branded as “sarong party girls,†as part of the state government’s moral crisis debate. Through an interdisciplinary lens, it combines the study of their literary representation with a linguistic analysis of Singlish, a local variety of Eglish spoken by most Singaporeans in informal domains. By discussing the main protagonist in Cheryl Lu- Lien Tan’s novel <i>Sarong Party Girls</i> (2016) in this perspective, the authors argue that the identity crisis she experiences within herself is symptomatic of a wider conflict between Eastern and Western values that Singaporeans have not reconciled. While the Singaporean government enthuses over promoting Asian or shared values, its citizens continue to embrace Western influences that the former would rather eradicate. Therefore, Singapore’s state production of a national discourse of questionable morality of those not espousing moral Eastern standards accentuates citizens’ conflicted identity. By illuminating the social-cultural conditions giving rise to, and, in turn, informed by the subject of women as problematic for the state, the authors frame the dilemma faced by the sexually autonomous woman with aspirations to marry a white and Western man as her identity in flux, signalled by her deviant behaviour, use of Singlish and material goals.
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Zou, Yejun. "Female Solidarity as Hope: A Re-Examination of Socialist Feminism in the Literary Works of Ding Ling and Christa Wolf." British Journal of Chinese Studies 9, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 85–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.51661/bjocs.v9i1.27.
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Recent scholarship has questioned the validity of Western feminism as a model for feminist movements in contemporary China and highlights a gap in the scholarly understanding of the tradition and trajectory of socialist feminism in China (Song, 2012; Wang, 2017). In this article, I will examine the practicality of socialist feminism as an alternative model for contemporary Chinese feminism by comparing the depiction of women in the literary works of the Chinese writer Ding Ling and the East German author Christa Wolf. In Ding Ling’s novel In the Hospital, she strives for gender equality via collaborative work between men and women, while incorporating this feminist task into the agenda of socialist revolution. Christa Wolf’s novel The Quest for Christa T., in contrast, explores female friendship as a means of overcoming stagnation and cynicism in the GDR. I ask how both authors articulate their concerns and criticism of inadequate gender practices in socialist states through the lens of women’s perspectives. This article thereby offers an insight into the way their writings negotiate women’s concern with the official narrative of life in socialist states and the extent to which these texts illuminate alternative Chinese feminist approaches in a contemporary context.
At time of publication, the journal operated under the old name. When quoting please refer to the citation on the left using British Journal of Chinese Studies. The pdf of the article still reflects the old journal name; issue number and page range are consistent.
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Moran, Thomas. "Popular China: Unofficial Culture in a Globalizing Society. Edited by Perry Link, Richard P. Madsen and Paul G. Pickowicz. [Lanham, NY: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002. 316 pp. Hardcover $75.00, ISBN 0-7425-1078-6; paperback $21.95, ISBN 0-7425-1079-4.]." China Quarterly 176 (December 2003): 1100–1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741003300633.
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The dozen chapters in this book, based on papers for a 1999 conference, comprise an interdisciplinary glimpse into the increasingly diverse and contradictory world of Chinese popular culture. A theme of Popular China is representation: most of the chapters examine the way in which group and individual identity is represented (in newspapers, magazines, popular sayings, and advertisements, and in the stories people tell about their lives). Many of the authors draw on surveys and interviews – of young basketball fans, rural women, home owners in Shanghai, migrant workers, and entrepreneurs – allowing the people of China to speak for themselves. The book contains nothing that is revelatory (especially for anyone who visits China regularly and reads Chinese), but it provides a detailed, informed look at each of several phenomena often noted only in passing.
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Auerbach, Sascha. "Margaret Tart, Lao She, and the Opium-Master's Wife: Race and Class among Chinese Commercial Immigrants in London and Australia, 1866–1929." Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, no. 1 (January 2013): 35–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417512000576.
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AbstractWhat little has been written about Chinese immigrants in the British Empire has focused mainly on laborers, commonly known as “coolies,” and their roles in imperial society, culture, and industry. Chinese commercial immigrants, though they loomed large in public dialogues about race, migration, and empire, have been virtually ignored. This article examines how such immigrants were represented, and how two prominent individuals represented themselves, in London and metropolitan Australia, respectively, during a high tide of British imperialism and Chinese global migration. By the 1920s, the ardent pro-British sentiment expressed by Mei Quong Tart, thede factorepresentative of the Chinese merchant class in Australia, had been superseded by the anti-colonial critique of Lao She, one of China's foremost modern novelists. Lao She's semi-autobiographical depiction of Chinese life in London condemned the violent and emasculating character of British imperialism, while also excoriating Chinese society's failure to modernize, cohere as a nation, and overcome internecine class conflicts. Both authors were concerned with social relations between Chinese men and white British women, as were British commentators throughout this period, and with differentiating themselves from laboring Chinese immigrants. Contrary to Stuart Hall's famous assertion that “race is the modality through which class is lived,” for these Chinese commercial immigrants class and gender proved to be more essential than were crude concepts of race to their experiences and self-identification, and ultimately to British society's rejection of their attempts to assimilate.
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Maurer-Fazio, Margaret, and Lei Lei. "“As rare as a panda”." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 1 (April 7, 2015): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-12-2014-0258.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how both gender and facial attractiveness affect job candidates’ chances of obtaining interviews in China’s dynamic internet job board labor market. It examines how discrimination based on these attributes varies over occupation, location, and firms’ ownership type and size. Design/methodology/approach – The authors carry out a resume audit (correspondence) study. Resumes of fictitious applicants are first carefully crafted to make candidates appear equally productive in terms of their work histories and educational backgrounds. The authors control gender and facial attractiveness. The authors establish the facial attractiveness of candidate photos via an online survey. In total, 24,192 applications are submitted to 12,096 job postings across four occupations in six Chinese cities. Callbacks are carefully tracked and recorded. Discrimination is estimated by calculating the differences in the rates of callbacks for interviews received by individuals whose applications vary only in terms of facial attractiveness and gender. The authors reuse the same resumes repeatedly through this project such that names and photos of each of the candidates: attractive man, attractive woman, unattractive man, and unattractive woman is attached to each resume hundreds of times for each occupation in each city. Findings – The authors find sizable differences in the interview callback rates of attractive and unattractive job candidates. Job candidates with unattractive faces need to put in 33 percent more applications than their attractive counterparts to obtain the same number of interview callbacks. Women are preferred to men in three of the four occupations. Women, on average need put in only 91 percent as many applications as men to obtain the same number of interview callbacks. Research limitations/implications – The analysis of this paper focusses on only four different occupations. Its scope is also limited to exploring only the first part of the hiring process – obtaining a job interview. Furthermore, its fictitious applicants are all young people, approximately 25 years old. It would be useful to explore how gender and facial attractiveness affect candidates’ chances of landing a job after getting an interview. Originality/value – This paper contributes to and expands the literature on hiring through China’s internet job boards. It also contributes to the literature on the role of facial attractiveness in hiring.
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Cheung, Tammy, and Michael Gilson. "Gender Trouble in Hongkong Cinema." Cinémas 3, no. 2-3 (March 15, 2011): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1001198ar.
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The authors conduct a brief survey of some recent examples of the Hongkong cinema, focusing on questions surrounding the portrayals of female and male characters in them. Today's Hongkong films, society and culture are just now taking tentative steps towards an awareness of gay and lesbian themes, and in some measure, of feminism. How are different types of female characters presented in contemporary Hongkong cinema? How does the traditional Chinese view of "male" differ from the West's? The recent trend that has "gender-bending" characters appearing in a number of Hongkong feature films is also examined. The authors maintain that stereotypical representations of women, men, and homosexual characters persist in the Hongkong film industry, that honest portrayals of gay and lesbian characters are mostly absent from the movie screens of the Crown Colony.
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Roberts, Rosemary A. "Images of Women in the Fiction of Zhang Jie and Zhang Xinxin." China Quarterly 120 (December 1989): 800–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000018476.
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Zhang Xinxin and Zhang Jie are two contemporary Chinese women writers. They began to publish in the post–Cultural Revolution era, and became well–known in the early 1980s for their fictional depiction of the problems of urban intellectual women attempting to resolve conflicts between love and career, love and marriage, and ideals and reality. Although the works of both authors present a limited challenge to traditions they believe have served to oppress women, a clear generational difference is perceptible in the attitudes they each express through their characters. Zhang Jie, born in 1937 and reaching adulthood in the idealistic climate of the 1950s, presents characters strongly influenced by both Confucian morality and socialist ideals, while Zhang Xinxin, who was born in 1953 and grew up during the Cultural Revolution period (a disillusioning experience for most of her generation), presents characters who show little enthusiasm for political ideals and are less constrained by traditional morality.
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Horak, Sven, and Jingjing Cui. "Financial performance and risk behavior of gender-diversified boards in the Chinese automotive industry." Personnel Review 46, no. 4 (June 5, 2017): 847–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-10-2015-0274.
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Purpose Recent legislation in Europe and North America encourages women’s participation in corporate boards based on the belief that gender-diversified boards contribute positively to firm performance and increased competitiveness. Contrary to the West, the women’s participation rate in business has been traditionally high in China. The purpose of this paper is to find out whether gender-diverse corporate boards of Chinese automotive firms perform better financially than gender-homogeneous boards. Design/methodology/approach By drawing on data from the Chinese Government and Bloomberg, the authors compare and analyze the differences in financial performance (return on equity, asset growth, sales growth) and risk behavior (debt risk, R&D expenditure) of Chinese automotive firms with and without women on their corporate board. Findings There is significant evidence that firms with women on the board perform better across all three categories, with the exception of return on equity, for which they found no significant differences among the analyzed firms. Practical implications While women’s participation in corporate boards in China is low, the results of this study suggest to policy makers and firms alike to implement measures that support gender-diversified boards in order to take advantage of their potential to increase corporate performance. Originality/value So far, the performance of corporate boards of countries with a traditionally high share of female participation in the workforce has rarely been analyzed. Research focusing on the Chinese automotive industry is new and underrepresented, although China is the largest automotive market worldwide and a key industry of the domestic economy. This investigation contributes to the literature stream on board diversity in as well as to industry-related studies. With the example of the Chinese automotive industry, it provides empirical evidence of better performance of firms with gender-diversified boards within the categories tested.
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Fang, Tian. "Pre-revolutionary women’s literature in Russia and China." Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2024): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20240031.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the research is to identify similarities and differences in women’s literature in Russia and China during the pre-revolutionary period (up to 1917 and 1911 respectively) through a comparative analysis. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that although there is a significant amount of works in Russian and Chinese literary studies dedicated to the phenomenon of women’s literature, these works mainly focus on the 20th and 21st centuries. Scholars have not paid sufficient attention to the study of women’s literature during the pre-revolutionary period. In addition, a comparative analysis of common features and differences between Russian and Chinese women’s literature in modern literary studies has not been thoroughly explored. As a result, the research indicates that the similarities between Russian and Chinese women’s literature during the pre-revolutionary period manifest themselves in the following aspects: the socio-cultural conditions of the formation and development of women’s creative work (unfavorable conditions), the social background of female authors (privileged classes), the predominant genre (poetry), themes (women’s issues), the literary image (women), and the characteristic features of women’s literature during the specified period (introverted thinking, autobiographism, and introspection). Additionally, the results confirm differences in the following aspects: forms of women’s participation in the literary process, the level of openness to cultural activities among female authors, the process of professionalization of literary work, and the influence of foreign culture.
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Chen, Xinyi, Ruohan Li, and Zhaojun Liu. "Analysis of Feminism in the Male Image of Chinese Versions of Pride and Prejudice Done by Translators of Different Genders." BCP Education & Psychology 8 (February 27, 2023): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v8i.4269.
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Feminist Translation is an important research topic of our times. Meanwhile, this trend is gaining increasing attention in China. However, the research on male images in female literature remains insufficient, since those male characters pale easily in comparison with those gorgeous ladies in feminist translation studies. Therefore, the authors choose as the research subject male images in translations of Pride and Prejudice as it seeks to analyze the influence of feminism on male and female translators. To achieve this, the authors carry out a contrast analysis of the language of two Chinese versions of Pride and Prejudice, done respectively by Mr. Wang Keyi and Ms. Lei Limei. The main logic behind our research method is that nuances in translation can give insight into translators' opinions. As a result, readers can detect the influence of feminism on translators, by comparing the expressions used to interpret male figures of a shared original text. In the third part, the authors conclude that gender plays a certain role in translations: male images created by women tend to be more in line with that of the original text, while gentlemen interpreted by men correspond mostly with that of social cognition. Given this, the authors analyze, at the end of this paper, translators’ personal experiences and historical background as a way to seek reasons for these differences.
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Pichtownikowa, Lydia, and Victoria Rudenko. "Representation of female relationships in domestic discourse: pragmastilistic aspect." 95, no. 95 (July 27, 2022): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2786-5312-2022-95-05.
Full textAbstract:
This article analyzes the peculiarities of the reflection of female relations in Chinese-language domestic discourse on the material of stories and novels of the 20th-21st centuries. The concepts of «contact» and «discourse» were analyzed, the characteristic features of female contact in domestic discourse were revealed, a number of strategies and tactics used during female domestic discourse were investigated. It was found out that the discourse as a fundamental category of modern linguistics combines linguistic and social features of speech. The least structured type of discourse is the discourse of everyday speech communication that occurs in the form of oral conversation. The main feature of domestic discourse is its communicative orientation and proximity to everyday language. Family communication, in which each person is immersed, forms the so-called «family language», which forms a certain linguistic behavior of the person, features of speech, intonation and emotional coloring. In constructing the female character Chinese authors often turn to metaphorization, comparisons, contextual periphrases, metonymy and paremy (chenyu, yanyu, suyu, guanyunyu), among which the picture of the external attractiveness of women prevails, comparing her to the moon, the flower, the jade, the goddess, the unclean force. In depicting female discourse the authors turn to the means of gradation (climax and anticlimax), anaphora, use all kinds of exclamations, appeals, particles, resort to the expressive possibilities of root morphemes. Having studied the tactics and strategies used by women during everyday communication, we found that the dominant strategies are assertion, persuasion, proof and argumentation. When deploying conflict communication, women pay special attention to the strategies of accommodation, avoidance, cooperation, competition. It was revealed that women's language differs from men's in its greater expressiveness, the extensive use of exclamations and particles to increase emotional coloring, and a large concentration of emotionally evaluative vocabulary. We consider the studies of the composition of women’s domestic discourse and its synergy, based on the interaction of the objectives of the discourse and its constitutional limitations are the continuation of these studies.