Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chinses'

There have been countless empirical studies conducted to test the validity of the Capital Asset Pricing Model（CAPM）since its naissance. However, few have considered the Chinese Stock Market. The purpose of this paper is to test the CAPM to see if it holds true in the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE). We use weekly stock returns from 100 companies listed on the SSE during 2000.1.1 to 2005.12.31. Black, Jensen and Scholes (1972) (time-series test) and Fama and MacBeth (1973) (cross-sectional test) methods were used to test the CAPM.

We found that the excepted returns and betas are linear related with each other during the entire period of 2000.1.1 to 2005.12.31, which implies a strong support of the CAPM hypothesis.

On the other hand, as the CAPM hypothesizes for the intercept, is it should equal zero and the slope should equal to the average risk premium. However, the results from the test refute the above hypothesizes and offer evidence against the CAPM.

According to the findings of the empirical test, we conclude that the Capital Asset Pricing Model does not give a valid description of the Chinese Stock Market during 2000.1.1 to 2005.12.31.

Under the background of the competitive and dynamic international market, many enterprises started or intended to develop international entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) as a strategic posture. For achieving this kind of orientation, leadership behaviours are necessary and shared leadership is put forward to support enterprises to adapt to the fast-changing global market. Moreover, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are an essential type of business enterprises, especially in China. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to study how shared leadership contributes to the development of IEO in a Chinese SME. As a qualitative research, data were collected by interviews and processed by content analysis. The findings of this research are: (1) shared leadership contributes on the establishment of common IEO thinking at the phase of building the IEO awareness; (2) shared leadership plays a role as explicit support and implicit support on implementing IEO; (3) these contributions of shared leadership are mutually reinforcing and complementary, which result in the reinforcement and complementation between the awareness and the implementation of IEO. These findings contribute to the research in the combination of shared leadership and IEO through studying the effects of shared leadership and the process of IEO development. Moreover, this research enriches the study on the field of SMEs and provides guidance for SME leaders who intend to develop IEO.

A Paris comme à Milan, l’implantation des communautés catholiques d’origine chinoise, qui se sont développées tout au long du XXe siècle, a suivi le rythme des fluctuations de l’histoire migratoire du continent asiatique. Prenant la mesure de l’enjeu de l’accueil de ces nouveaux fidèles, les autorités ecclésiastiques françaises et italiennes ont mis en place un certain nombre de structures et de dispositifs particuliers. A travers une étude ethnographique comparative, cette thèse propose d’analyser la façon dont les institutions ecclésiastiques de chaque pays accompagnent la structuration de ces groupes de fidèles chinois. Au cours de ce travail de recherche, nous nous sommes intéressés notamment aux différents parcours de vie de ces croyants, ainsi qu’aux motivations à la base de leur foi catholique. Plus particulièrement, nous avons analysé la façon dont ces éléments influençaient leur pratique quotidienne du catholicisme. Nous avons également étudié le rôle que ces communautés catholiques jouent en termes de maintien du lien de ces migrants chinois avec leur pays d’origine et leur culture
Chinese Catholic communities living in Paris and Milan developed throughout 20th century following Asian migration flows. Being aware of the challenge of welcoming these new believers, French and Italian church authorities implemented specific structures for Catholic migrants. Through a comparative ethnographic study, this thesis offers to analyze how ecclesiastical institutions in Italy and France follow the structuring of Chinese faithful groups. During this research, we focused on churchgoers’ life stories and motivations behind their Catholic faith. More specifically, we analyzed how all these elements influenced their daily practice of Catholicism. We also studied the role that these Catholic communities play in terms of keeping connections between Chinese migrants and their culture

Mestrado em Estudos Chineses
A seguinte dissertação propõe-se analisar o Projeto de Ensino de Mandarim no 3º e 4º ano do 1º ciclo do ensino básico em São João da Madeira através da investigação essencialmente qualitativa e pela observação participante. O seguinte documento é um ponto de interseção entre a experiência da autora como formadora de Mandarim no 3º ano do 1º ciclo do ensino básico, juntamente com a análise do projeto de ensino supracitado, a decorrer no município de São João da Madeira, Aveiro.
The following dissertation proposes to analyze the Mandarin Teaching Project in the 3rd and 4th year, of the 1st cycle of basic education in São João da Madeira by qualitative research and participant observation. The following document is a point of intersection between the author's experience as Mandarin instructor in the 3rd year of the 1st cycle of basic education, together with the analysis of the aforementioned school project, taking place in São João da Madeira, Aveiro.

Notre sujet consiste en une analyse du développement du tourisme littoral en Chine. Il se concentre sur l'aménagement et les politiques littorales, le développement du parc hôtelier, les stratégies des divers intervenants publics et privés, en considérant les nouvelles exigences du développement durable. Les littoraux ont fait l'objet d'une très précoce mise en valeur touristique à l'échelle mondiale dans certains pays. En Europe, il a été très souvent associé à la création de voies ferrées qui permettaient la venue des habitants des grandes métropoles. Ce fut par exemple le cas de Biarritz, Deauville, Nice, le Tréport pour la France, de Brighton, Bournemouth en Angleterre. La Chine à l'époque impériale a vu des européens créer des quartiers urbains parfois des villes côtières, Qingdao, Hongkong, Macao… Ce furent sans doute les premiers sites hôteliers au sens moderne du mot en Chine. Mes recherches s'inscrivant dans un Institut d'urbanisme, il a été retenu de placer l'accent sur quelques domaines. Nous référant aux politiques françaises d'aménagement du territoire et notamment du littoral. Les questionnements sont principalement : - Les attitudes des différents niveaux des pouvoirs publics (de l'état central, aux collectivités locales) face aux effets de la fréquentation touristique sur l'environnement, sur les activités et usages traditionnels. - Les politiques en réponses à une mise en œuvre pour concilier expansion urbaine, flux touristiques et développement durable, mais aussi développement économique. - Les politiques locales d'aménagement traduisent dans les plans locaux d'urbanisme, les autorisations ou les contraintes concernant les divers projets d'urbanisation à des fins touristiques. L'urbanisation des littoraux à des fins touristiques devient un puissant moteur économique à travers la planète. On connaît le cas de la Floride, mais très récemment des développements urbains concernent les Emirats du Golfe, notamment à Dubaï pour un tourisme de luxe. Mais le développement touristique des littoraux peut avoir heureusement divers finalités : soit être réservé aux plus aisés, soit être accessible à des clientèles variées (famille, retraités, comité d'entreprise). Nous tendrons de répondre à ces questions à propos de la Chine. Aujourd'hui, en France, la destination littorale est la première destination de loisir des français et des touristes étrangers. D'un développement qui fut fondé sur la croissance quantitative de l'offre d'hébergement, maintenant, c'est l'élément qualitatif qui doit être mieux pris en compte, afin d'améliorer la qualité des services, d'offrir des produits de différentes gammes, de multiplier les emplois, de protéger et valoriser les espaces naturels et faire rentrer la qualité environnementale dans les stations, et afin de respecter la notion de développement durable. Il y a trois décennies les pouvoirs publics ont organisé et réglementé l'occupation des espaces littoraux afin de prendre en compte l'environnement, mais aussi de protéger les paysages et de permettre la circulation libre des promeneurs. On veut développer les plages publiques et limiter la privatisation totale du littoral par certains hôtels ou des propriétaires privés. Comme en Italie, dans la région de Rimini, il n'y a que des plages privées. Maintenant une nouvelle question se pose : comment le parc hôtelier peut-il se développer en regard de la notion de développement urbain durable sur le littoral ?
Our subject is an analysis of tourism development in coastal China. It focuses on the development and coastal policies, the development of hotel facilities, the strategies of various public and private stakeholders, in considering the new requirements of sustainable development. Coastlines have been a very early tourism development globally in certain countries. In Europe, it has often been associated with the creation of railroads that allowed the arrival of the inhabitants of large cities. This was for instance the case of Biarritz, Deauville, Nice, France for the Tréport, Brighton, Bournemouth, England. China's Imperial era saw Europeans sometimes create urban neighborhoods of coastal cities, Qingdao, Hong Kong, Macau ... It was probably the first hotel sites in the modern sense of the word in China. My research as part of a Town Planning Institute, it was decided to place emphasis on some areas. Referring to the French political planning and in particular the coast. The questions are mainly : -The attitudes of different levels of government (central state, local) address the effects of tourists on the environment, activities and traditional uses. -The policy responses to an implementation to balance urban growth, tourism flows and sustainable development but also economic development. -The local planning policies translate into local development plans, authorizations or constraints on the various urban development projects for tourism. The urbanization of coastal areas for tourism is becoming a powerful economic engine throughout the world. We know the case of Florida, but recently urban development concern the Gulf emirates, including Dubai for luxury tourism. But the development of coastal tourism can have happily various purposes : either to be reserved for the wealthy, or be accessible to diverse audiences (family, retired, works council). We tend to answer these questions about China.Today in France, the coastal destination is the destination of leisure French and foreign tourists. In a development that was based on quantitative growth in the supply of accommodation, now is the qualitative element which should be better taken into account to improve the quality of services, offering products different scales, more jobs, protect and enhance natural areas and bring back the environmental quality in the stations, and to respect the concept of sustainable development. Three decades ago the government has organized and regulated the occupation of coastal areas to take into account the environment but also to protect the landscape and allow the free flow of pedestrians. We want to develop public beaches and limit the total privatization of the shoreline by certain hotels or private owners. As in Italy, in the area of Rimini, only private beaches. Now a new question arises: how the park hotel can develop in relation to the concept of sustainable urban developmen t on the coast? The Chinese territory has about 18,000 km of coastline, coastal areas are the most developed regions in China, they play an important role in Chinese economy. Especially the coastal cities become places where tourists come first, they will perhaps one day also major tourist destinations for foreign tourists. We know there are now 12 areas for recreation and holidays selected by the state, among them, 8 are experiencing coastal areas and those are some that have been selected for this research. Now, there are many coastal regulations, and many urban development projects and tourism at the seaside. The projects under construction, actually encourage the local authorities and private investors to seek foreign cooperation mostly European to learn from others' experiences and attract

Le memoire s'articule en six chapitres distincts. Dans le premier il est traite du syntagme nominal, notamment de quantification et de caracterisation. On y aborde successivement l'emploi des quantifiants numeriques, celui des caracterisants ordinaux, des caracterisants stricts et des quantificateurs. Dans les cinq chapitres suivants, on examine le fonctionnement d'un certain nombre de particules communement associees a la determination predicative; il s'agit des auxiliaires qi (futurite), wei (diathese), hui (deontique prescriptif), you (possessif, existentiel), et des particules de negation bu, fu, wu1, wu2, wang et fei. Pour chacune de ces particules on reprend brievement les donnees epigraphiques et rappelle les precedentes analyses grammaticales. Lorsque cela est possible, et a titre d'illustration, on essaye de degager le fonctionnement de ces memes unites dans les textes ulterieurs (les inscriptions sur bronze et les ecrits canoniques)
The dissertation is divided in six different chapters. The first one concerns the nominal syntagma, and treatsnotably the problem of quantification and characterisation. Uses of numeric quantifiers ordinal characterisers and quantifiers are succesively considered. In the last five chapters, we examine the functionnement of a few particles generally associated to the predicative determination; successively : qi (auxiliary of futurity), wei (auxiliary of diathesis) hui (deontic prescriptive auxiliary), you (existential possessive auxiliary) and the negation particles bu, fu, wu1, wu2, wang and fei. For each of these particles, we quote concisely the epigraphical facts and earlier grammatical analysies. When it is possible, we try to explain, as illustration, the functionnement of the same particles in the later documents (bronze inscriptions and canonic texts of the zhou period)

Mestrado em Marketing
O ISEG é relativamente pouco conhecido, no geral, devido às seguintes principais vertentes: a comunicação no mercado chinês e os programas de cooperação com as IES na China. Na fase inicial de exploração do mercado chinês, é fundamental compreendê-lo, assim como conhecer o perfil dos alunos chineses, o que inclui a sua família. O presente projeto tem como principal objetivo explorar o perfil dos alunos chineses e a perceção dos mesmos do contexto português, através de dados secundários e do questionário destinado a alunos que já frequentam cursos de licenciatura, mestrado e doutoramento em Portugal. De modo a perceber os principais pontos fortes e fracos, realiza-se uma análise de concorrência externa e interna. A partir desta análise, identificam-se as partes que se devem melhorar, tais como o aumento de oferta de cursos lecionados em inglês, e a comunicação e a cooperação com as instituições de ensino superior na China. Assim, o plano de marketing desenvolvido apresenta diversas ações e estratégias, que visam melhorar a imagem do ISEG no mercado chinês, aumentar a sua notoriedade, incrementar o número das inscrições de alunos chineses, etc.
For chineses students, the general knowledge for ISEG's is relatively low, mainly due to the two aspects: communication in the Chinese market and cooperation programs with HEIs in China. In the initial phase of exploring Chinese market, it is crucial for ISEG to understand the Chinese market and the profile of Chinese students, even their parents. The main objetivo for the present project is to explore the profile of Chinese students and their perception in terms of Portugal, through secondary data and the questionnaire for chinese students who are already attending undergraduate, masters and doctorate courses in Portugal. In order to understand the main strengths and weaknesses of ISEG compared with its competitors external and internal, a competition analysis is carried out. Based on that, we find out the main parts to be improved, such as: increase the number of courses taught in English, the communication and cooperation with higher education institutions in China. As a result, the Marketing Plan developed presents several actions and strategies, aimed at improving the image of ISEG in the Chinese market, increase its notoriety, and the enrollment of Chinese students, etc.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Faire une recherche sur l'histoire de l'art contemporain chinois implique la formation de deux questionnements essentiels. Tout d'abord, il est possible d'émettre un doute quant à la pertinence de l'emploi du terme contemporain. L'interminable débat sur la notion de contemporanéité a laissé place au second questionnement, d'ordre géographique. Existe t-il un art contemporain chinois ? De Ma Yuan à Dong Qichang, la première grande partie de cette recherche s'est employée à brosser le portrait de l'inclinaison prise par l'art chinois. Il sera intéressant d'observer comment les artistes actuels se sont emparés de la culture antique chinoise et l'ont ressuscitée à travers le prisme de leur réalité contemporaine. Il convient d'opérer une scission dans le schéma chronologique, matérialisée par l'avènement de la République Populaire de Chine. L'aversion pour l'art du Parti Communiste associée à la volonté d'asservir la production artistique de manière utilitariste fut la source d'une esthétique et de codes formels inédits, directement empruntés au réalisme socialiste russe et à la propagande nazi
The research on the history of the Chinese contemporary art implies two essential questions. First of all, we may question the use of the word "contemporary". The never-ending debate concerning contemporaneity has lead to the second question which concentrates on a more geographical point. Does a contemporary Chinese art really exist? From Ma Yuan to Dong Qichang, the first part of this research aims at tracing the evolution of Chinese art. It will be interesting to see how current artists seized the traditional Chinese culture and resurrected this art through the prism of their contemporary reality. It is necessary to link this ascension to the rising of the Popular Republic of China. The hatred of the Communist Party for art, associated to the will of producing a new utilitarian art, were the source of innovative aesthetics and formal codes directly influenced by the Russian socialist realism and the Nazi propaganda

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This dissertation proposes, as a general objective, to investigate the presence of Chinese groups in Foz do Iguaçu - PR and their relations with local society. The research was developed from an interdisciplinary perspective, based on field of Language Policy, which aims to understand the decisions and relations between languages and society. As for the methodology, the research approach is qualitative and uses several interpretative procedures to understand how the integration experiences lived by the research subjects are configured. Regarding the means of obtaining data, the research was preceded by bibliographic research, followed by field observation and structured interviews. The data reveal that the presence of Chinese writing in public spaces in the city of Foz do Iguaçu is mainly evidenced in commercial establishments aimed at the Chinese community and restaurants specializing in Chinese cuisine. It was verified that, except for the Buddhist temple, the places where the Chinese writing was observed were in the central region of Foz do Iguaçu. Concerning integration, data suggests that there were behaviours of social isolation and little integration with the local community of Foz do Iguaçu. Based on the results, suggestions are made to improve the integration of the Chinese community and to bridge the linguistic borders, such as the insertion of essential information in the Chinese language in the main public services, as well as the proposal of public educational policies for teaching-learning Portuguese language to immigrants. It is expected that this research will contribute to giving visibility to the Chinese languages, as well as indicating ways to decrease the linguistic and cultural border between the Chinese language speakers and local community in the Foz do Iguaçu border context.
Esta dissertação propõe, como objetivo geral, investigar a presença de grupos chineses em Foz do Iguaçu - PR e suas relações com a sociedade local. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida sob uma ótica interdisciplinar, tendo como campo base a Política Linguística, que visa compreender as decisões e relações entre as línguas e a sociedade. Quanto à metodologia, a abordagem da pesquisa é qualitativa e utiliza práticas interpretativas para compreender melhor e refletir sobre como se configuram as experiências de integração vividas pelos sujeitos da pesquisa. No que tange aos meios de obtenção de dados, a pesquisa foi precedida de necessária pesquisa bibliográfica, seguida de observação em campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os dados indicam que a presença da escrita chinesa nos espaços visuais públicos na cidade de Foz do Iguaçu encontra-se em evidência essencialmente nos estabelecimentos comerciais voltados para a comunidade chinesa e restaurantes especializados em culinária chinesa. Foi verificado que, com exceção do templo budista, os locais onde foi observada a escrita chinesa foram na região central de Foz do Iguaçu. Quanto à integração, observaram-se comportamentos de isolamento social e de pouca integração com a comunidade local de Foz do Iguaçu. A partir dos dados obtidos, sugerem-se encaminhamentos para melhorar a integração da comunidade chinesa e amenizar as fronteiras linguísticas, como a inserção de informações essenciais na língua chinesa nos principais serviços públicos, bem como políticas de ensino gratuito da língua portuguesa para os imigrantes. Espera-se que esta pesquisa contribua para dar visibilidade às línguas chinesas, bem como indicar caminhos para amenizar fronteiras linguísticas e culturais dos falantes das línguas chinesas no contexto fronteiriço da cidade de Foz do Iguaçu.

Les premiers films chinois sont des documentaires de l’opéras traditionnels. Le langage cinématographique dans le cinéma chinois est née avec Tragédie de l’opium de 1916. L’industrie du cinéma a été fondée dans les années vingt avec la naissance de nombreux studios et avec une production débordante de long-métrage qui est très proche des films hollywoodiens. Le cinéma muet chinois est toujours présent dans les années trente. La mise en scène manifeste une conception cinématographique moderne en gardant la continuité de l’espace-temps. Dans l’utilisation du mouvement de caméra, SUN Yu garde une conception d’espace-temps rationaliste occidentale, tandis que FEI Mu respecte la fluidité d'image. Il y a trois styles principaux des cinéastes du muet : le "théâtre filmée", le modèle hollywoodien chinois et l’école de l’esthétique traditionnelle. La "tradition" du cinéma chinois n’est pas bien formée à l’époque du muet, pourtant elle est une tendance remarquable. Elle devient dans le début des années quarante avec le film parlant une conception générale de l’esthétique cinématographique qui est différente du cinéma d’autres pays. Elle se caractérise, par l’intégralité du plan avec l’utilisation fréquente du plan-séquence et le travelling continue. Cette esthétique cinématographique est influencée profondément par l’opéra traditionnel et la peinture chinoise, qui manifeste l’esprit de l’esthétique chinoise traditionnelle. La "tradition" du cinéma chinois se continue dans les films chinois d’aujourd’hui, pourtant, elle se trouve plutôt dans les films d’art
The earliest film in China was the documentary of Chinese opera. It was the first time that the film language appeared in Victims of Opium of 1916. In the 1920s, the Chinese film industry came into being, building up many film studios and producing a quantity of Hollywood style feature films. The production of Chinese silent films had never stopped until the 1930s, when the concept of mise en scène had begun to pay attention to the continuity of time and space, showing the concept of modern film. As for the motion photography, the rational concepts of time and space in the West have been revealed in SUN Yu’s films while FEI Mu has created the implicit images by using motion photography. Thus, in the 1930s, there were three major types of film aesthetic tendencies: the dramatic films, Hollywood-style films and the films with Chinese traditional aesthetic tendency. In the silent era of films, the tradition had become the apparent aesthetic tendency in Chinese films, but it hadn’t developed into the mature film style. Not until the beginning of the 1940s of sound films had this tendency become a distinct national characteristic, which were keeping the integrity of single shot, frequently using le plan-séquence and ongoing motion photography. Chinese traditional opera and paintings have great influence on this film aesthetics, which shows Chinese traditional aesthetics revealed in the film art. The tradition in Chinese films has also been shown in today’s Chinese films; however, it is a style of the art film rather than the film aesthetics of those hot commercial films

Depuis la troisième session pentière du comité central issu du XIe congrès du parti communiste chinois tenue en 1978, les rapports état intellectuels ont connu un changement profond. L'état a légitimé le rôle socio-politique des intellectuels, la liberté intellectuelle et leurs intérêts économiques. Par ailleurs, l'état a encouragé leur participation aux institutions politiques et économiques. Pourtant, les intellectuels réformateurs ont réclamé plus de libertés et plus de réformes politiques et économiques. Ainsi, l'état est confronté à la revendication des intellectuels pour la démocratisation du système politique
Since the third plenary session of the eleventh central committee of the Chinese communist party held in 1978, the relations between the state and the intellectuals have changed. The state legitimized the intellectuals' role, the intellectual libery and their economic interests. Moreover, the state encouraged their participation in the political and economic institutions. Nevertheless, the reform-minded intellectuals asked for more liberty, political, and economic reform. The state is confronted with the claim of the intellectuals for the democratization of the political system

Zazi (杂技), qui signifie « compétences variées » et dont l’équivalent en français est « l’acrobatie chinoise » est un ensemble d’arts vieux d’au moins trois millle ans. Il n’existe pas à ce jour en français de synthèse accessible et documentée par des sources chinoises de sa chronologie et de l’évolution de ses formes des origines à nos jours.Cette thèse a pour objectif de combler ce manque en documentant le sujet à partir d’un corpus d’ouvrages chinois et français. L’auteure de la thèse, chinoise, enseignante de français et traductrice, a pu accéder aux sources utiles et a conduit une enquête, voyageant entre France et Chine sur les différents terrains de conservation (bibliothèques, musées, documentation en ligne) et d’exploitation (spectacles, festivals, écoles) des arts acrobatiques chinois.La thèse met à disposition de furures recherches une synthèse des résultats obtenus lors de cette enquête, bibliographiques (250 références), iconographiques (128 documents), présentés chronologiquement en déroulant un vaste panorama, qui s’articulent en trois parties.La première propose une chronologie du développement des formes de l’acrobatie chinoise dans le contexte de chaque dynastie jusqu’à la dernière dynastie en 1912, à partir de sources et documents chinois, par des traductions originales et inédites de textes anciens ou contemporains de sinologues et d’historiens des spectacles en chine, notamment, et avec son autorisation, de textes du Pr Quifeng Fu, ainsi qu’une riche iconographie en collaboration avec la bibliothèque de Nanjing. En n’hésitant pas à s’affronter à ces problèmes de traductions, la thèse rend ainsi accessible au lecteur français une partie de l’histoire d’un des arts majeurs parmi les spectacles mondiaux.La deuxième partie étudie l’intégration en quatre étapes de l’acrobatie chinoise en France et de ses influences sur la société et la scène françaises, notamment à travers quelques exemples concernant les modes du « à la chinoise » et de la « Chinoiserie » entre les XVIIe et XIXe siècles. Elle s’intéresse ensuite aux échanges sous la République de Chine jusqu’au rebondissement de l’acrobatie chinoise au XXe siècle après la fondation de la République Populaire de Chine en 1949. Elle observe à cette occasion ses nouveaux codes artistiques et culturels, les messages politiques qu’elle véhicule lors de l’invitation des artistes chinois dans les grands festivals du cirque en France et à Monaco.La troisième partie dresse briévement les contours et les perspectives de collaborations artistiques sino-françaises en acrobatie et cirque au XXIe siècle, observe l’apport des acrobates chinois sur la scène contemporaine et les influences du spectacle vivant occidental sur l’acrobatie chinoise contemporaine, pour se questionner enfin sur le devenir de l’acrobatie chinoise en appliquant les résultats de ce voyage documentaire dans le temps et entre deux cultures, à un projet de création de festival franco-chinois de cirque et d’acrobatie en Chine
Zaji (杂技), which means « various competences » and is sometime translated in French "Acrobatie chinoise", is a form of art at least three thousand years old. To date, there is no French synthesis available to trace its origin, development and evolutions up to the present day.This thesis aims to fill this gap by documenting the subject from a corpus of Chinese and French publications and documentation. The author of the thesis, Chinese to French translator and teacher, has conducted an investigation through her access to documentary resources, exhibits of artifacts and live shows of Chinese acrobatic arts.The thesis provides a synthesis of the results obtained during this survey, presented chronologically in a broad panorama with bibliographical references (250) refrences and iconographical (128).The thesis is composed of three chapters. The first chapter proposes a chronology of the development of the forms of Chinese acrobatics in the context of each dynasty until the last dynasty in 1912, referring to archives and documents in China, including the published and unpublished, original and translations of ancient or contemporary texts. This chapter is completed with the assistance from historians of Zaji such as Professor Fu Quifeng, as well as the support of Nanjing Library. By confronting problems of translations, the thesis makes it accessible to French readers a major history of the world's oldest performing arts.The second chapter examines the integration and reception of Chinese acrobatics in France from senventeenth century to twentieth century and its influences on French theatre, particularly in the fashion of the "Chinoiserie", then go through reciprocal exchanges during the Republic of China until the rebound of Chinese acrobatics in the twentieth century after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, specifically its new artistic forms and cultural codes, the political messages it conveys, the invitation of Chinese artists to circus festivals in France and Monaco.The third part briefly outlines the perspectives of Sino-French artistic collaboration in circus in the twenty-first century, observes the contribution of Chinese acrobats on the contemporary scene and the influences of the Western live show on contemporary Chinese acrobatics, to finally questions the future of Chinese acrobatics by applying the results of this documentary trip between two cultures, to open the conclusion of this thesis: a French-Chinese circus and acrobatic festival will be organized by the author to explore the artistic and innovating future of Zazi

Cette thèse de doctorat en géographie urbaine s'intéresse à l'évolution de l'armature urbaine depuis le début des années 1980 dans la province du Zhejiang en Chine. Les villes y ont connu de considérables changements: l'ampleur de l'urbanisation s'exprime tant dans leur évolution physique que dans leur distribution sur l'ensemble du territoire. Le Zhejiang, dont le taux d'urbanisation est passé de 13,7 à 61,6 % entre 1980 et 2010, est situé au sud de Shanghai. Il intègre une partie de la région du delta du Yangzi, l'un des bassins industriels et démographiques les plus dynamiques de Chine, et met en évidence les mutations urbaines aussi bien au sein de ce type de territoires riches et en plein essor que dans les terres en marge de leur développement. Le développement des petites villes, avec une population comprise entre 100 000 et 500 000 habitants, se révèle être le paramètre moteur de l'évolution de l'armature urbaine: alors que la province n'en compte que 13 en 1990, elles sont au nombre de 45 en 2000 puis 52 en 2010. En centrant la recherche sur ces entité : urbaines, l'étude analyse l'impact d'une politique de développement local standardisée, guidée par l'objectif prioritaire de croissance économique. À l'origine d'une promotion des petites villes au sein de la hiérarchie urbaine, ces pratiques uniformes provoquent de nombreuses fractures spatiales et socio-économiques et, en l'absence d'une planification régionale rigoureuse, n'anticipent pas une sélection urbaine déjà commencée. Les relations entre les villes et leurs périphéries rurales en sont modifiées, corollaire d'une redistribution des activités et des populations au sein d'un espace fonctionnel mixte
This PhD in urban geography focuses on the evolution of the urban framework since the early 1980 : in the province of Zhejiang in China. The unprecedented size and rapidity of Chinese urbanization have transformed both their structure and territorial distribution. Zhejiang province, whose urbanization rate increased from 13.7 to 61.6% between 1980 and 2010, is located south of Shanghai. It covers a part of the Yangtzi Delta region, one of the biggest metropolitan areas in China, and highlights the urban transformations both within such thriving territories and in peripheral areas. The development of small cities, with a population between 100,000 and 500,000 inhabitants is proving to be the most common feature of the evolution of its urban framework: while the province had only 13 small cities in 1990, they were 45 in 2000 and 52 in 2010. Focusing on these urban entities, this research work analyses the impacts of a standardized urban planning, guided by the overriding objective of economic growth. Promoting small cities in the urban hierarchy, these planning practices nevertheless cause socio-spatial divisions. In addition, the absence of a rigorous regional planning does not anticipate an urban selection already started. The relations between urban cores and their rural peripheries are renewed, and lead to a redistribution of activities and populations in a mixed functional space. The chosen angle is to reveal the complex links between urban practices largely shared in China and socio-economic as well as space realities in order to outline the shape of the new urban framework. Small cities have new roles to play and support an on-going renewal of the urban hierarchy

Neste trabalho, estuda-se a alternância de código chinês-português por imigrantes chineses que moram no Rio Grande do Sul. Analisam-se vinte e duas vinhetas, coletadas durante três meses, na perspectiva da sociolingüística interacional (GOFFMAN, 2002; BLOM; GUMPERZ, 2002; TANNEN; WALLAT, 2002; AUER, 1955, 1999). As vinhetas foram agrupadas em quatro categorias: tecnologia de informação, cultura, papel emocional e papel funcional. Um quinto conjunto de vinhetas foi analisado no que se refere à interferência do chinês no português, quando da alternância de código. A análise revelou que a alternância de código, circunscrita a temas e a necessidades expressivas ligadas à tecnologia, às diferenças culturais, à expressão de emoções, aos usos funcionais, é pista para o enquadre de eventos interacionais pela conversa no cenário brasileiro, mas ainda numa perspectiva oriental. Isso se reflete na própria estrutura das seqüências alternadas do português, em que traços gramaticais do chinês se fazem presentes de forma marcante.
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This paper studies Chinese-Portuguese code-switching by Chinese immigrants in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Twenty-two discourse excerpts, collected during three months, were analyzed in the interactional sociolinguistics approach (GOFFMAN, 2002; BLOM; GUMPERZ, 2002; TANNEN; WALLAT, 2002; AUER, 1955, 1999). The excerpts were grouped in four categories: information technology, culture, emotional role and functional role. A fifth set of excerpts was analyzed in what refers to the interference of Chinese on Portuguese in code-switching. The analysis showed that code-switching, circumscribed to topics and expressive needs related to technology, cultural differences, expression of emotions, functional uses, is a cue to the framing of interactional events in the Brazilian scene, but still in an eastern perspective. This state of affairs is reflected in the structure of alternated sequences in Portuguese, in which Chinese structural features are strong.

L’histoire de l’immigration chinoise en Europe remonte au XVIe siècle. Les premiers journaux chinois y ont vu le jour trois siècles plus tard. Ils avaient pour but de chercher des solutions pour la Chine qui était troublée. Progressivement évolué, l’accent de ces médias ethniques est mis aujourd’hui plutôt sur la vie des immigrés chinois. Cependant, le gouvernement chinois a toujours en quelque sorte des contacts avec les communautés et les médias chinois d’outre -mer. Alors,cette thèse a pour but d’examiner les relations actuelles entre la politique chinoise,les migrants et les médias chinois en Europe.Aujourd'hui, sous le contexte de la mondialisation, les technologies de l'information et de la communication permet la diffusion globale à tous les types de médias chinois. Mais face aux sources d’informations de plus en plus variées,beaucoup d’immigrés chinois conservent une relation étroite et privilégiée avec les médias ethniques locaux. Parallèlement, le gouvernement chinois a toujours l’intention de maintenir un lien avec les migrants chinois du monde entier et de propager la culture chinoise à travers ces communautés, surtout les médias ethniques. En analysant l’évolution de la politique chinoise et les échanges entre les autorités chinoises et les médias chinois en Europe, on observe un rapprochement entre les deux acteurs, mais avec prudence. À travers une analyse de contenu des médias et une enquête effectuée dans sept pays européens sur la réception des immigrés chinois, cette recherche montre ensuite que les médias chinois d’outre-mer jouent le rôle d’un conciliateur et d’un porte-parole parmi les membres de la communauté
The history of Chinese immigration in Europe dates back to the sixteenth century. The first Chinese newspapers were born there three centuries later. This ethnic media was created to seek solutions for China which was troubled at that time. Its focus has been changed to the local Chinese immigrants’ life progressively for over a century. However, the Chinese government still somehow contacts with the Chinese communities and the ethnic media in Europe. So this thesis aims to study and reveal the current relationship among China’s policy, Chinese migrants and the Chinese language media in Europe. Nowadays, in the context of globalization, the information and communication technologies enables global broadcast for all kinds of Chinese media. But despite this variety of information sources, many Chinese immigrants in Europe maintain a close and special relationship with the ethnic media. Meanwhile, the Chinese government always intends to maintain a close relation with Chinese migrants around the world and spread the Chinese culture through these communities, especially through ethnic media. By analyzing the development of China’s policy and the interactions between the Chinese authorities and Chinese media in Europe, this thesis observes a special connection with caution. Then, through a content analysis of media and a survey of Chinese immigrants conducted in seven European countries, this research reveals that the Chinese over seas media fulfils the functions of a conciliator and a spokes person within the community

À partir de la réforme économique chinoise de 1978, et en liaison avec le changement de la société chinoise, l'échange entre le cinéma chinois et celui de l'étranger est de plus en plus fréquent. Dans ce contexte, les réalisateurs chinois veulent montrer au monde entier leurs films et leur savoir faire, en mettrant en valeur leur propre identité culturelle. Au milieu de la théorie cinématographique chinoise se développe un courant d'idée sur l'identité nationale du film chinois. Les cinéastes chinois doivent-ils s'inspirer plutôt de la mondialisation ou de l'esprit chinois, c'est une question que se posent souvent les cinéastes chinois durant ces trois dernières décennies. Le corps est un thème caractéristique de l'identité nationale qui se situe à la jonction entre le cinéma, l'homme, la culture et la société. A travers la représentation du corps, cette thèse montre que la mondialisation et la volonté de conserver l'identité nationale influencent ensemble le développement du cinéma chinois de ces trente dernières années, surtout dans la création artistique. Grâce à la mondialisation les cinéastes chinois se rendent compte de la singularité nationale et ont la volonté de développer le cinéma chinois tout en représentant l'identité nationale. Même si la mondialisation permet aux Chinois une vision du monde plus large et plus lointaine, les films qui représentent les éléments liés à leur vie ou à leur culture locale attirent toujours les spectateurs
From the dawn of economic reform in 1978, through the transformation of Chinese society, exchanges between foreign cinema and China are becoming more and more frequent. Chinese directors desire to share their films and cultural heritage to the world, while maintaining their own identity. A movement of new ideas about the national identity of Chinese film is developing at the heart of their cinematographic theory. Whether Chinese filmmakers should be inspired by globalization or not, is a question that they have often asked themselves in the past three decades.The body is a special subject which shows national identity. We can witness the evolution of film, humans, culture and society, through research in the body. Through the representation of the body, this thesis shows that globalization and the desire to preserve the national identity have influenced the development of Chinese cinema in the past thirty years, mainly through an artistic aspect. Due to globalization, Chinese filmmakers are aware of the national singularity and have the will to develop Chinese cinema while representing national identity. Even though globalization allows the Chinese to take a broader view of the world, films that represent elements related to their life or local culture always attract spectators

Travellers, exiles, immigrants have existed in all times and places. Immigration is a world-wide phenomenon as ancient as history itself. People have constantly left their countries of origin to settle down in another, (better?) part of the world. This movement continues in the exile and emigration to Western countries today, propelled by adverse conditions at home and the lure of better prospects abroad. It is often claimed that everybody in Canada is an immigrant and that all Canadian literature is immigrant literature, a mourning of homes left and things lost" (Atwood xxxi). Canada is seen as a safe haven by political refugees, and as a land that offers economic opportunities for a better life by most immigrants. In fact, "the history of Canada ... is the history of immigration" (Hutcheon 10). Not only have most immigrants contributed to the economic prosperity of Canada, but in recent years, to the richness and diversity of its literature as well. The last few years have seen the emergence of the visible minority writer in Canada vis-à-vis a predominantly "white" or "Anglo-Gaelic" literary scene.

L’influence montante de la Chine en Afrique est souvent analysée comme la simple exprsssion d’unevolonté étatique chinoise. Le rôle des migrants et diasporas contribue pourtant de manière primordialeau dynamisme des échanges. C’est notamment le cas des Chinois au Nigér ia. Entre la Chine et leNigéria, les relations inter-étatiques sont peu significatives, contrairement aux échanges initiés par laprésence de migrants et entrepreneurs chinois. Implantées solidement dans les tissus économiques duNigéria, les communautés chinoises créent une dynamique forte qui associe affaires et politique. Lathèse met en lumière et analyse à partir d’observations participantes et d’entretiens (formels etinformels) , le rôle d’impulsion joué par une « diaspora économique » largement autonome par rapportaux relations officielles. Elle décrypte les stratégies du quotidien et l'importance de ces individusordinaires et leurs actions, entretenus essentiellement par les réseaux de toute nature, dans l’animationdes relations sino-nigérianes
The rising influence of China in Africa is often considered as the mere expression of the will theChinese state. The role of migrants and Diasporas contributes decisively to the dynamism of theseinteractions. This is notably the case of the Chinese in Nigeria. Between China and Nigeria, inter-staterelations carry little significance, unlike the interactions associated with the presence of Chinesemigrants and entrepreneurs. The Chinese communities are solidly anchored in the Nigerian economicissue, and they create a momentum that combines business with politics. The thesis highlights anddiscusses, through observer-participant observations and interviews (both formally and informallyconducted) the impulse given by an 'economic Diaspora' that remains largely autonomous vis a visofficial relations. We analyze daily strategies and contrast these with official relations. In doing so, thethesis decrypts the daily strategies and the importance of ordinary individuals and their networks in thedevelopment of a diversity of networks that contribute, in their own way, to deepen Sino-Nigerianinteractions

Ayant occupé pendant une longue période la place privilégiée dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère aux universités chinoises, les textes littéraires sont en train d’y perdre leur terrain. Ce constat nous conduit vers une série de questions autour de la littérature française et de son rôle dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère : Quelle était la place des textes littéraires dans l’histoire de l’enseignement du français en Chine? Sont-ils encore utiles dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère aujourd’hui? Aujourd’hui, quelle est leur place dans l’enseignement du français au sein des universités chinoises ? Comment faire pour aller vers une nouvelle pédagogie des textes littéraire dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère en Chine ? Visant à répondre à ces questions, et basée à la fois sur l’analyse des enquêtes et des entretiens, et sur des réflexions théoriques et personnelles, nous commençons notre recherche par une étude sur l’évolution de l’enseignement du français et de l’emploi des textes littéraires en Chine, puis nous passons à justifier les apports de la littérature dans l’enseignement du français, enfin nous terminons notre travail par des solutions possibles pour favoriser l’emploi des textes littéraires dans l’enseignement du français aux universités chinoises
The literary works are losing their privileged position which they used to hold in French language teaching in Chinese higher education. It reminds us of a series of questions about French literature and its role: Which position did the literary works take in the history of French language education in China? What is their current level and are they still useful? What shall we do in looking for a new method in order to make full use of them in education? Starting from a study of the French language teaching evolution in China, relying on an analysis of interviews organized by Chinese teachers and students, and based on the related theories and personal reflections, in this academic paper, I justify the advantages of French literature in language teaching and propose the possible solutions to promote the position of literary works in French language teaching in Chinese higher education

Cette étude porte sur les valeurs temporelles, aspectuelles, modales et évidentielles (TAME) des particules enclitiques placées en fin de proposition ou de phrase dans le dialecte mandarin parlé à Baoding (Hebei, Chine). Ces particules inaccentuées, fréquentes dans les dialogues, assurent diverses fonctions sémantiques et pragmatiques. Mais certaines d’entre elles ont des valeurs relevant de l’aspect, du temps, du mode et de l’évidentialité, ainsi que des valeurs illocutoires. La première partie de la thèse inclut une présentation du dialecte de Baoding et un état de l’art sur les notions de temps, d’aspect, de modalité et d’évidentialité. Elle donne une vue d’ensemble des particules finales du dialecte de Baoding et des divers paradigmes selon lesquels elles s’organisent. La deuxième partie s’attache à rendre compte du fonctionnement de ces particules et de leurs valeurs temporelles, aspectuelles, modales et évidentielles, en décrivant en détail huit d’entre elles. Il s’agit des particules finales exprimant : le mouvement associé (=tɕhi et =lɛ) ; l’aspect imperfectif (=ni et =lɛ.tʂo) ; le changement d’état (=lɛ), l’action imminente (la particule de l’appréhensif =lɛ.ia et la particule égophorique =ia) ; et enfin le prioritif (la particule =tʂo). Ce travail, qui s’appuie sur des données originales recueillies sur le terrain, constitue la première description d’ensemble du système temporel, aspectuel, modal et évidentiel (TAME) encodé par les particules enclitiques finales dans un dialecte mandarin non standard, qui se révèle assez différent de celui du chinois standard. Cette thèse vient donc compléter utilement nos connaissances sur la nature et l’ampleur de la variation linguistique au sein des langues sinitiques, et en particulier au sein des dialectes mandarins
This study focuses on the temporal, aspectual, modal and evidential (TAME) values of clause-final enclitic particles in the Mandarin dialect spoken in Baoding (Hebei, China). These unstressed particles perform various semantic and pragmatic functions, but some of them also encode tense, aspect mood and evidentiality (TAME) as well as illocutionary force. The first part of the thesis includes a presentation of the Baoding dialect and a state of the art on the notions of tense, aspect, modality and evidentiality. It gives an overview of the final particles of the Baoding dialect and the various paradigms which structure them. The second part describes the TAME system encoded by these particles, by recording the functions of eight of them, which express: associated motion (=tɕhi and =lɛ); imperfective aspect (=ni and =lɛ.tʂo); change of state (=lɛ), imminent action (the apprehensive particle = lɛ.ia and the egophoric particle =ia); and prioritive (particle =tʂo). This study, which is based on original field data, constitutes the first overall description of the TAME system encoded by final enclitic particles in a non-standard Mandarin dialect, and contributes to our knowledge of linguistic variation within Sinitic languages

Du 19e siècle à nos jours, la musique chinoise a pris une nouvelle direction. La création musicale en Chine s'est développée à travers les diverses cultures et les changements de politique, conférant ainsi un charme particulier à la musique contemporaine chinoise. A partir du début de l'imitation occidentale et juste avant la fondation de la nouvelle Chine, les musiciens chinois sont parvenus à associer les éléments musicaux chinois avec les nouveaux langages musicaux. Au cours de certaines périodes, l'art avait été asservi au pouvoir politique et la création musicale de style traditionnel était l'identité principale. Après de vagues stratégies d’Etat successives, l’évitement des thèmes sensibles, les besoins urgents de la culture racine, la mise en œuvre des techniques expérimentales s’est déployée et diversifiée et les échanges internationaux ont conduit à l'émergence du départ à l'étranger des compositeurs chinois pour chercher leur propre chemin créatif. La musique contemporaine de la Chine s’est élaborée à partir de la technique occidentale et a progressé dans le contexte culturel chinois et ses racines multiples, les pensées fermées et les expériences d'enfance dans l'environnement culturel pur et la collision du nouvel environnement créent des œuvres d'art fascinantes, la rendant remarquablement différente de la musique contemporaine occidentale. Durant ces 30 dernières années de développement économique et d'ouverture politique, la société chinoise s’est de plus en plus internationalisée; les nouvelles technologies et les profils variés des compositeurs ont incité la nouvelle génération à mettre en place d’excellentes innovations musicales spécifiques
As of the 19th century up to now, Chinese music has been taking a new direction and has developed in the wake of social evolutions. In China, the musical creation was affected by both the various cultures and political changes, thus bestowing a special charm on contemporary Chinese music. From the beginning of Western imitation and just before the founding of the new China, Chinese musicians succeeded in matching the Chinese musical elements with the new musical languages. Throughout specific periods, art had been bound to political power, and traditional style constituted the main identity of musical creation. Following the Cultural Revolution, the return to the root culture, the implementation of diversified experimental techniques have resulted in the departure of Chinese composers abroad in search of their own creative way. Contemporary Chinese music developed from Western technique and progressed in the Chinese cultural context and its multiple roots, closed thoughts and childhood experiences in the pure cultural environment and the collision of the new environment is now creating fascinating works of art, remarkably different from Western contemporary music. During the last 30 years of economic development and political openness, Chinese society has become increasingly internationalized; the new technologies and the varied profiles of composers have prompted the new generation to set up outstanding specific musical innovations

O presente trabalho focaliza os processos de formação da identidade, observados em narrativas da escritora sino-americana Maxine Hong Kingston. Documentando as contradições e a fragmentação do sujeito, procura-se iluminar os vários sentidos de subjetividade presentes em uma pessoa de origem chinesa que vive nos Estados Unidos na época da pós-modernidade. O quadro teórico utilizado na análise desses processos é construído a partir da crítica sobre o romance pósmoderno e dos estudos culturais sobre a diáspora. Focaliza-se o livro de memórias da autora, The woman warrior – memoirs of a girlhood among ghosts, publicado pela primeira vez em 1976. Desde meados do século XVIII, um grande número de imigrantes asiáticos deslocou-se para os Estados Unidos, trazendo consigo seus próprios valores materiais e espirituais e seus distintos padrões de comportamento. A formação das gerações que cresceram nessa encruzilhada de culturas só poderia ser difícil e conflituosa. Esta dissertação procura descobrir, por um lado, como se efetivam os processos de identificação dos sino-americanos, visto que estão sujeitos a dois sistemas de valor diferentes e, por outro, como se articulam os diversos elementos culturais, tanto na constituição da identidade das personagens como na construção do romance. As narrativas de Maxine Hong Kingston revelam processos de hibridização, característicos de um autor diaspórico.
This dissertation deals with the processes of identity formation as observed in the works of the Chinese-American writer Maxine Hong Kingston, especially in her book The woman warrior – memoirs of a girlhood among ghosts, first published in 1976. The different meanings of subjectivity that can take shape in an American of Chinese descent, encompassing an individual’s contradictions and fragmentation, are analyzed. The theoretical framework is based on critics of postmodernism and on cultural studies about diasporas. Since the middle of the eighteenth century a great number of Asian immigrants moved to the United States, taking along with them their different values and behavior patterns. A person growing up in the intersection of cultures has to deal with conflicts and paradoxes, resulting in identities that are contradictory and fragmentary. This dissertation seeks to unravel, on one hand, the processes of identity formation among the Chinese-Americans, faced as they are by two distinct value systems. On the other hand, find out how the different cultural elements are articulated both in the identity formation of the characters and in the construction of the novel. The narratives of Maxine Hong Kingston reveal processes of hybridization, which are characteristic of a diasporic author.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la problématique générale de la transformation du marché du travail en Chine durant les deux dernières décennies et de la place des jeunes migrants dans ce processus. Dans un contexte de transition économique, nous assistons en Chine à des phénomènes de segmentation des marchés du travail, à la montée du taux de chômage, et à la création massive d'emplois informels, le tout se traduisant par une mise en mobilité généralisée du monde du travail, notamment à travers un phénomène massif de migration interne. Les jeunes en mobilité - notamment les jeunes diplômés « nomades » dans les grandes villes - se voient de plus en plus relégués dans les zones urbaines de vulnérabilité (Robert Castel) où différentes formes de précarités (notamment du travail et de logement) s’enchevêtrent et s’accumulent. Dans une société de croissance, les inégalités se multiplient et se creusent de manière vertigineuse. La mobilité sociale semble en panne et le sentiment d’injustice augmente. C’est donc à ce phénomène de migration dans un double mouvement de transformation du marché du travail et de recomposition urbaine que nous consacrons nos réflexions dans ce travail. Nous sommes en présence de jeunes migrants qualifiés vivant dans les villages-Urbains à Pékin, figures analytiques des métamorphoses en cours. Cette recherche a été menée durant l’année 2011 – 2012 à Pékin. Ces individus ont de 2 à 8 ans d’expérience professionnelle et résident dans les villages urbains à Pékin au moment de l’enquête. Cette recherche s’appuie sur des matériaux empiriques collectés et analysés selon des méthodes variées. Le travail de terrain a permit de réaliser 180 questionnaires (données quantitatives), 60 entretiens biographiques (matériau qualitatif), ainsi qu’une observation ethnographique dans un village-Urbain.Cette étude a pour but d'appréhender, en termes de carrières, le parcours d’insertion ainsi que l’expérience migratoire des jeunes diplômés, à partir des processus structurels (politiques d'emploi, politique migratoire, réseaux, etc.), et de la mise en récit, par les jeunes, de leur parcours, afin de mettre en évidence les mécanismes de production des inégalités et la construction d’identités sociales derrière les changements observés en Chine. Notre étude poursuit trois objectifs. Le premier consisterait à saisir objectivement les différentes positions et statuts occupés et d'autre part, à saisir la manière dont les jeunes interprètent leur parcours selon la perspective dans laquelle ils se trouvent, les positions qu'ils occupent et les stratégies qu'ils mettent en place. Le deuxième objectif serait de démontrer d'une part, comment les identités objectives et subjectives interagissent et se redéfinissent et d'autre part, comment le rapport au travail des jeunes se construit. En troisième lieu, le but consiste à articuler la question de l’insertion professionnelle et du rapport à l’espace, alors que la mobilité tend à devenir une norme sociale tant dans le monde du travail que dans la gestion migratoire (Hélène Pellerin, 2011)
This thesis is part of the broader issue of the transformation of the labor market in China over the past two decades and the place of young migrant workers in this process. In the context of economic transition, Chine has witnessed many important changes such as the phenomenon of urban labor market segmentation, the rise in unemployment and the massive creation of informal jobs, all leading to increased mobility in the working world, as seen particularly in the phenomenon of mass domestic migration. Migrant working youth – especially university graduates from a rural background (or smaller cities) who move to large cities - are being increasingly relegated to the urban areas of vulnerability (Robert Castel,1995) where different forms of precariousness (especially in terms of employment and housing) overlap and accumulate. China’s strong economic growth has given rise to inequalities that are multiplying and deepening at a dizzying rate. Upward mobility seems broken as feeling of injustice is rising. This migration phenomenon, a simultaneous transformation of the labor market and urban restructuring, is the focus of our study. We shall examine the case of young skilled migrants living in urban villages in Beijing, analytical figures of metamorphosis in progress. This research was conducted between 2011 and 2012 in an urban village in Beijing. The subjects had between 2 and 8 years of professional experience and lived in urban villages in Beijing at the time of the survey. This research is based on empirical data collected and analyzed using various methods. Our fieldwork in China enabled us to distribute180 questionnaires (quantitative data), 60 biographical interviews (qualitative material) as well as an ethnographic observation in an urban village. This study aims to investigate, in terms of careers, the process of professional integration and the experience of migration of graduates by looking at structural factors (employment policy, migration policy, networks, etc.), and the narrative pattern used by young people to relate their journey, in order to highlight the mechanisms that produce inequalities and construct social identities underlying the changes being observed in China. Our study has three objectives. The first is to understand both the different positions and statuses held and the way in which young people interpret their journey from their perspective, the positions they hold and the strategies they adapt. The second objective is to demonstrate how their objective and subjective identities interact and are redefined, as well as how their relationships toward work are formed. Thirdly, the goal is to articulate the issue of professional integration and its relationship to physical space, in a context where mobility is becoming a social norm in both the working world and the management of migration (Hélène Pellerin 2011)

Vast disparities exist between China’s rural and urban areas. Throughout the history of Communist Party rule, ever-widening rural-urban inequality, problems with migration to the cities, and the threat of rural unrest have afflicted the countryside. Efforts by previous administrations have largely failed to solve the nation’s rural problems. China’s current leaders are determined to tackle these issues by means of a change in the direction in policy: the new focus is on sustainable development and social justice rather than rapid economic growth. At the same time, the central government hopes to strengthen the Communist Party’s power base and reduce potential threats to its ongoing reign. While the new policy direction is expected to improve the standard of living of China’s rural people and reduce social conflict in the short term, it may be insufficient to bring peace and satisfaction among the people in the long term.

Depuis le lancement des reformes économiques, en 1978, on observe une participation économique croissante des communautés chinoises d'outre-mer au développement de la République Populaire de Chine. Les relations entre l'état chinois et les communautés chinoises émigrées sont anciennes. Jusqu'à présent ces contacts étaient dominés par une vision "utilitariste" des émigres. Cette étude se propose de montrer s'il n'y a pas aujourd'hui une nouvelle perspective de la relation état chinois - émigre chinois. L'état chinois espèce a nouveau voir les chinois d'outre-mer participer à son renforcement économique et politique. Mais aujourd'hui ce n'est plus simplement un instrument du renforcement que la République Populaire de Chine cherche à travers eux, mais le modèle d'un développement. Avec ce projet, les Chinois d'outre-mer contraignent l'état chinois à s'adapter à eux et à leur environnement. Les autorités chinoises ont révisé, tant sur le plan intérieur qu'extérieur, leur politique à leur égard, afin d'accéder aux demandes des chinois d'outre-mer.

Les évolutions des appellations des nombres en chinois peuvent être revisitées grâce aux Écrits sur les calculs (début du 2e siècle) où les nombres entiers et les fractions sont exprimés avec les mots de la langue. L’expression par les langues naturelles de données numériques est une facette universelle de la représentation linguistique du réel, elle est documentée par des linguistes, ethnologues et historiens des mathématiques. Mais la multiplicité des approches ne favorise la recherche que si l’on s’accorde sur des critères de description, il est à cette fin judicieux d’exploiter les résultats des recherches qui intègrent le niveau neurologique de la perception numérique, on peut ainsi saisir la spécificité des numérations linguistiques par rapport aux représentations matérielles et aux notations symboliques des nombres. Le traitement de cette question dans le domaine des études chinoises souffre d’un manque de clarté qui néglige les changements linguistiques et gêne la compréhension des méthodes de travail des mathématiciens de la Chine ancienne. Les évolutions des appellations des entiers, des fractions et des grands nombres fournissent des exemples d’innovations motivées par des évolutions conceptuelles. Nous proposons une représentation des appellations des entiers qui révèle l’enchaînement des termes, s’affranchit des interprétations arithmétiques et peut servir de support pour des comparaisons typologiques. Nous établissons une typologie des numérations linguistiques centrée sur les fonctions sémantiques des morphèmes utilisés. Nos critères de description peuvent aider à dater des textes et à reconstruire les numérations de langues anciennes
Knowledge about the evolution of Chinese word designations of numbers can be renewed studying those found in the Writings on Reckoning (beginning of the 2nd century BCE). In that book, integers and fractions are expressed using natural language words. The wording in natural languages of numerical data is a universal aspect of the linguistic representation of the real world. The expression of numbers has been documented for various languages and cultures by linguists, ethnologists and historians of mathematics. The variety of approaches can foster research only if relevant descriptive criteria can be defined, to this end it seems a good idea to use results obtained by those researches that include the neurological level of numerical perception. This way one can recognize the singularity of lexical numeral systems as opposed to material representation of numbers or numerical notation systems. In the field of Chinese studies this difference has been clouded by various misconceptions that ignore linguistic changes and make it hard to draw a clear image of ancient Chinese mathematicians’ the working methods. The evolutions of the designations of integers, fractions and large numbers provide examples of innovations motivated by conceptual evolutions. I give a representation of lexical designations of numbers that exhibits a chain of morphemes and keeps distances with arithmetical interpretations. It could be used as a framework for typological comparisons. I sketch a typology of lexical numeral systems that is based on morphemes’ semantic functions. My description criteria can help date texts and reconstruct ancient languages’ numerations
《算數書》編寫於西漢初，於1983至1984年出土。作為中國重要的數學文獻，它有助於我們對漢語稱數法的曆史演變有一個全新的了解。《算數書》中記數並不使用任何符號，均用自然語言的語素構成指示整數與分數。 用自然語言來表達數字是語言描繪真實世界的普遍功能之一。語言學、人類學以及數學史各領域的學者對稱數法與記數法都已提供了大量的研究材料。但若要從不同專業的角度進行卓有成效的研究，必須先議定一系列適當且能獲得公認的描述標准。有研究者深入到神經元層面來研究數字知覺，我們可借鑒他們的成果，這樣即可掌握語言稱數法的特殊性，不會將它與物體或文字記數法混淆。漢學界對此曾出現過的誤解使得人們難以理解古代中國數學家工作的具體方法。 指示整數、分數及大數的詞語演變均可作為典型例子來說明概念的變化可以引起語言的變化，而曆史語言學便只能驗證一些語言變化的動機來自文化的演變。 我們標記稱數詞組的方法是通過寫出代表語素的符號來顯示一個語素列，從而脫離其他標記法所寫的運算公式。我們的標記法便於進行語言類型比較。另外，我們依靠語素的語義功能建立稱數法的語言類型。描寫稱數法的標准可以幫助我們考訂文獻編寫年代或重現古代語言的稱數法。

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
O objetivo principal do presente estudo é o de investigar e analisar as motivações e obstáculos de empreendedores chineses motivados por oportunidades em Portugal. Esses chineses que criam um novo empreendimento em Portugal sob oportunidade empresarial devem distinguir-se dos empreendedores chineses de necessidade ou sobrevivência. O grupo demográfico principal neste estudo é o de empreendedores imigrantes Chineses motivados por oportunidades que chegaram a Portugal após o ano de 2012. A partir desta data, existiu uma grande mudança da estrutura demográfica dos empreendedores chineses imigrantes que entraram em Portugal, devido à publicação de Autorização de Residência para Atividade de Investimento (ARI) que atraiu não só investidores chineses mas também os empreendedores chineses que reconheceram oportunidades comerciais em Portugal. É proposto um enquadramento, que se divide em duas dimensões (fatores exteriores e fatores individuais), para demonstrar as motivações e os obstáculos suscitados com a criação de uma empresa em Portugal. Por causa de ausência de estudos académicos relacionados com o empreendedor imigrante chinês em Portugal, decidiu-se utilizar a metodologia de análise qualitativa. Selecionámos cinco casos representativos dos empreendedores chineses para desenvolver a análise, implementando entrevistas em profundidade com respostas a um conjunto de questões aos empreendedores.
This study's primary objective is to investigate and analyse the motivation and barriers of Chinese opportunity-driven entrepreneurs in Portugal. The Chinese who create new ventures in Portugal with a particular business opportunity should be distinguished from those Chinese who are entrepreneurs for survival. The main demographic group in this study is Chinese opportunity-driven entrepreneurs who arrived in Portugal after 2012. For after this date the demographic structure of Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs changed immensely in Portugal with the divulgation of Residential Authorisation for Investment Activity (ARI), which attracted not only Chinese investors, but also Chinese entrepreneurs who recognised potential business opportunities in Portugal. We advocate a framework of Chinese opportunity-driven immigrant entrepreneurs which demonstrates the motivation and barriers of their new venture in Portugal. As there is a lack of academic studies about Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs in Portugal, we decided to use a qualitative analysis which was divided into two dimensions, namely environmental factors and individual factors. We selected five representative cases of Chinese opportunity-driven entrepreneurs to develop the analysis, through the use of in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs with a set of questions.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

« Je sais très bien à quel point les Chinois, en tant que nation comme en tant qu’individus, sont actuellement dans la réalisation de l’idéal le plus élevé de leur civilisation. Néanmoins, en regardant l’état actuel des choses démoralisant en Chine, si on prend la peine d’interpréter et d’examiner les faits, je pense qu’il est juste de dire ici qu’on ne peut pas considérer cette civilisation comme un échec. Si vous jugez une civilisation aux modes de divertissement de l’homme moyen, la civilisation chinoise est effectivement un échec. Mais si vous la jugez à l’aune de la force et au sens de l’obligation morale qui incombe à la nation alors je pense que l’on peut affirmer que la civilisation chinoise loin d’être un échec est au contraire une merveilleuse réussite. »
“I am well aware how very far the Chinese as a nation and as individuals are at present from the realisation of the high ideal of their civilisation. But at the same time I think it right to say here that even now, looking upon the present demoralised state of things in China, the Chinese civilisation, if one would take the trouble to interpret and look into the inside of facts, cannot be considered a failure. If you judge a civilisation by the extent to which men of means living under that civilisation can enjoy themselves, the Chinese civilisation in certainly a failure. But if you judge a civilisation by the standard of strength and effectiveness of the sense of moral obligation in the nation living under that civilisation, then I think I can show that the Chinese civilisation even now is not a failure, but, on the contrary, a wonderful success.”

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A Hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é caracterizada pelo aumento dos níveis pressóricos sendo considerada um dos mais frequentes agravos à saúde além de estar associada a um aumento da mortalidade por doença cardiovascular (DCV). Apresenta custos muito elevados de tratamento, sendo considerada um importante problema de saúde pública. Qigong é uma prática de exercícios pertencente à Medicina Tradicional Chinesa que tem sido usada clinicamente para prevenir e curar doenças assim como promover e manter a saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da prática do Qigong nos níveis da pressão arterial e na qualidade de vida de indivíduos com hipertensão arterial essencial. Métodos: Foram selecionados e randomizados 22 indivíduos hipertensos medicados mas sem controle adequado da pressão arterial, entre 18 e 65 anos, na cidade de Salvador, Brasil. O Qigong foi aplicado no grupo teste (n=11) durante 08 semanas em 03 sessões semanais com duração de 40 minutos. O Questionário Minichal foi utilizado para mensurar qualidade de vida antes e após o Qigong. A técnica utilizada foi o Taiji Qigong de 18 passos. O grupo controle e teste permaneceram durante este trabalho com as mesmas atividades que tinham anteriormente. O grupo controle participou de todos os eventos do grupo teste a exceção da prática do Qigong. Resultados: No grupo teste houve redução da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) de 153,54±13,38 mmHg para 128,00±19,55 mmHg (16,50%); p=0,001. Houve tendência a redução da média da pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) de 92,82±8,73 mmHg para 85,90±12,02 mmHg (7,44%); p=0,06. Na avaliação da Qualidade de vida, observou-se melhora de 87,34% (p=0,007) nos aspectos mentais e de 89,01% (p=0,001) para aspectos físicos. No grupo controle não houve alterações significativas para nenhuma das variáveis analizadas. Conclusão: A prática regular do Qigong reduziu os níveis de pressão arterial e melhorou a qualidade de vida em pacientes hipertensos, sugerindo que essa atividade física e mental possa ser considerada uma técnica eficaz no tratamento da HAS essencial.

L'opéra cantonais est un des plus importants opéra, parlé et chanté en cantonais, répandu dans les régions de langue cantonaise (Guangdong et Guangxi) et dans les communautés cantonaises d'Outre-mer (Asie du Sud-Est et Amérique du Nord). On a des traces de représentations d'opéras dès le 14eme siècle au Guangdong. Au 18eme et 19eme siècles, les activités lyriques sont très riches, sans qu'on puisse encore parler d'opéra cantonais, dans la mesure où les pièces sont chantées en mandarin. Au début de ce siècle, les "troupes Zhishi" (hommes voués à un grand idéal) lancent une réforme de l'opéra à Canton, Hong-Kong et Macao en jouant des pièces de propagande originales et chantée en cantonais. Cette réforme s'étend grâce aux professionnels des "troupes locales" qui popularisent du cantonais à l'opéra. Dans les années 20, les "troupes Shenggang" (grandes troupes de Canton Hongkong) introduisent les apports occidentaux au théâtre parlé, de la mise en scène et du cinéma. On assiste alors à la naissance de l'opéra cantonais moderne, fusion de l'opéra chinois traditionnel et de l'opéra occidental. Les années 20 et 30 marquent l'apogée de l'opéra cantonais, qui connaîtra un déclin des les années 40. La présente thèse aborde également l'opéra cantonais dans les campagnes et sa situation actuelle
Cantonese opera is one of the most important of chinese main opera types. It uses the cantonese language and is spread throughout Guandong, Guangxi and a among overseas cantonese - speaking chinese in South - Asia and north and North America. Opera performances in the canton area can be traced to as early as the fourteenth century. Since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, although opera flourished, the language used was still manderin, it is impossible to speak of it as "cantonese opera". At the beginning of this century "idealistic opera troupes" (called zhish) launched a reform mouvement in canton, Hong-Kong and Macao, singing and speaking in the cantonese language on original revolutionary themes. Their reform gained local troupes who helped spread the use of cantonese in opera. In the 20's the troupes form canton and HongKong were influenced by western drama, stage production and cinema, giving birth to modern cantonese opera which reached its peak in the 20' and 30's and began its decline as early as the 40's. This thesis also discusses cantonese opera in rural communities and its present conditions

Parmi les 500 plus grandes entreprises mondiales, une sur cinq est chinoise. En 2014, 94 entreprises chinoises figuraient parmi les leaders mondiaux en R&D. La Chine est, depuis 2016, le premier acquéreur d’entreprises étrangères et vise désormais des entreprises de haute-technologie.Ces éléments nous questionnent sur le positionnement technologique des entreprises chinoises. Penser ce thème nous oblige à revenir sur leurs conditions d’émergence. A la lecture du modèle dominant du rattrapage technologique (Kim, 1997), la Chine est passée par trois grandes phases: une période d’acquisition des technologies étrangères suite à l’ouverture du pays en 1978, une période d’assimilation des technologies et d’assemblage et manufacture de produits de plus en plus complexes, et une période d’intégration qui leur permet de faire de nouvelles propositions de produits grâce à la reconfiguration et amélioration des technologies existantes.L’hypothèse qui guide notre recherche est que les entreprises sont désormais dans la dernière phase du rattrapage et sont entrées dans une période de transition vers le leadership technologique. Cela nous amène à poser deux questions. A quoi fait-on référence lorsqu’on parle d’innovation en Chine aujourd’hui ? Ce thème renvoie de manière plus globale à celui de l’innovation par les pays émergents. Quel chemin reste-t-il à parcourir pour atteindre la frontière technologique ?Nous observons cette transition dans la manière dont les grandes entreprises chinoises s’engagent dans la recherche. L’intégration des technologies émergentes au sein de leurs stratégies de recherche reflète des dynamiques d’apprentissage qui, si elles ne sont pas encore visibles sur le marché, indiquent une dynamique de transition. Nos résultats montrent que la tendance est significative, la moitié des grandes entreprises (48%) s’engage en nanotechnologie. Cela reflète l’arrivée à la frontière technologique des entreprises chinoises, ce qui, nous le soulignons, n’implique pas nécessairement le passage à la frontière sur d’autres dimensions, notamment organisationnelles. Nous montrons également que les trajectoires d’engagement dans la recherche sont variées. Si une partie des entreprises s’engagent dans la recherche sur la base d’un modèle similaire à celui des entreprises américaines ou européennes, d’autres dynamiques sont également à l’œuvre, qui traduisent notamment un héritage historique et une inscription dans le territoire.Pour obtenir ces résultats, nous avons construit une base de données exclusive de 325 larges entreprises industrielles, et observé leur prise de brevets en nanotechnologie, directement ou via leurs filiales, sur la base de sources en anglais et en chinois
Among the world’s 500 largest firms, one out of five is Chinese. In 2014, 94 Chinese firms were among the world leaders in R&D. Since 2016, China is the first acquirer of foreign firms and is now targeting high-technology firms.These recent developments raise questions about the technological positioning of Chinese firms. Studying this topic requires looking at their conditions of emergence. We can look at China’s development from the perspective of the technological catch-up model (Kim, 1997). China has gone through three phases: a phase of acquisition of foreign technology following the country’s opening in 1978, a period of technological assimilation and production of increasingly complex products, and a period of technological integration characterized by technological improvement and the reconfiguration of existing technologies.The hypothesis we make is that firms are now in the last phase of catch-up, and have entered a period of transition to technology leadership. This leads to two questions. What is Chinese innovation today? This topic broadly refers to innovation in emerging countries. How far are Chinese firms from reaching the technological frontier?We observe the transition through the way major Chinese firms engage in research. The integration of emerging technologies into their research strategies reflect dynamics of technological learning which, if they are not yet visible in the market, indicate a transition. Our results show that the trend is significant, with half of large firms (48%) engaging in nanotechnology research. This proportion indicates that Chinese firms have reached the technological frontier. This, however, does not mean that Chinese firms have reached the frontier in other dimensions, such as the organizational dimension. We also show that there are several modalities of commitment to research. While some large Chine firms engage in research by adopting a model similar to that of American or European firms, other dynamics are at work, which reflect, in particular, their historical legacy, and the impact of their localization.To obtain these results, we have built a unique database of 325 large industrial enterprises, and have looked at their patenting activities in nanotechnology, directly or through their subsidiaries, based on the exploitation of sources in English and Chinese

Numerous popular business publications and academic literature have highlighted that the Chinese cultural phenomenon of guanxi has made noticeable impacts on the economic efficiency in China’s economic transition. Despite the pervasive belief of the significance of guanxi for facilitating Chinese business transaction, few empirical efforts have been dedicated to comprehensively investigate the dynamics of guanxi in the mainland Chinese business context. Specifically, there is a dearth of empirical evidence to support the anecdotal claims that the guanxi construct and the business strategy orientations are strategically collaborated with the vertical and the horizontal guanxi network, and these operations are influenced by the attributes of organizations and individuals. Consequently, the purpose of this research was to investigate the interactions between the guanxi construct and the business strategy orientation with the vertical and the horizontal guanxi network, as well as the moderating effects that the organizational properties and individual attributes have on the posited interactions.
A cross cultural study was conducted in six large coastal and inland cities of Guangzhou, Foshan, Xiamen, Kunming, Hefei and Dalian of mainland China. These six research cities are located in the five large provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Yunnan, Anhui and Liaoning, which are geographically dispersed from southeastern, southwestern, northeastern to southern China. The six research cities, which were purposely selected across the ‘early’ to ‘late’ open economic regions, are the major centers of the five provinces that have embarked on a modernization policy and market liberalization of the Chinese economy while maintaining traditional values. This study was undertaken with 1033 Chinese business executives who were positioned at the top five senior managerial levels of 480 Chinese organizations across four major industrial fields in the six study cities. The four major industrial fields that were selected in this study were 1) Trading, 2) Building/Construction, 3) Manufacturing, and 4) Service. Although there has been extensive attention on the relevance of guanxi in a relationship based society of China (Gold et al. 2002), few empirical studies that have been conducted in the industrial sectors and across several regional locations that are enmeshed in the revitalization of the Chinese economy. Hence, it is claimed that this study is the first project of its kind that was implemented to empirically investigate the dynamics of guanxi amongst four industrial fields across six cities of mainland China.
The study respondents were senior business executives who have overall successful business and managerial careers in directing and developing businesses in mainland China. Many of them have traveled to Western countries frequently, and they possess extensive experience and proven records in global business dealings. More than half of the business executives had at least five years experience in their current industrial fields while nearly half had no less than five years experience in senior managerial levels. One third of the study organizations had existed for five to 10 years, while more than 30 percent of the study organizations had a longer history of more than ten years. And almost one third of the study organizations employed 100 to 500 people, while nearly 20 percent of the organizations have cadres of more than 500 employees. All of the study business executives completed a complex questionnaire for examining a model of the dynamics of guanxi in the business context. The questionnaire was comprised a total of 83 items. Demographic information was sought from the first 12 items of the questionnaire, and a further 72 items that were comprised in three interval instruments that were used to capture the perceptual data of the study.
The three interval instruments that were employed in this study included the guanxi construct, the business strategy orientation, and the guanxi network. The instrument of the guanxi construct was developed by two of the guanxi leading scholars (Wong & Leung 2001), and the scale of the guanxi network was developed by several well known guanxi researchers (Davies, Leung, Luk & Wong 1995). These instruments were deliberately chosen because they have shown acceptable psychometric properties (i.e. validity and reliability) in similar assessments, and thus, they were considered appropriated to be adapted and modified for the present study. The modification of these two instruments were undertaken after a systematically study of numerous leading publications pertaining Chinese culture and Chinese Values (e.g., Hofstede 1988; Redding 1990; Luo 2000; Seng & Lim 2004; Xin & Pearce 1996), and thorough consultations with several Chinese Professors of Economics as well as some prominent business people in mainland China. The instrument, which was employed to assess the business strategy orientation in this study, was developed by the researcher. This approach was carried out after a careful study of reputable academic journals and relevant literature (e.g., Aaker 1992; Barnett & Wilsted 1988; Digman 1986; Miles & Snow 1978; Porter 1980; 1985; Pearce & Robinson 1991; Rajagopalan 1997). The development of the instrument involved two separate empirical studies engaging 314 indigenous Chinese managers, who were exclusive of the 1033 study business executives of the main study, in a number of industrial domains in seven large cities of mainland China. In general, the inaugural established instrument of the business strategy orientation and the two adapted scales of guanxi construct and guanxi network were found to have acceptable internal consistencies.
A comprehensive pluralist methodology was applied to evaluate the hypotheses of this study. Relevant literature pertaining to the examined variables was reviewed. In light of the literature review, a number of hypotheses and a conceptual model were developed. A quantitative methodology was employed to assess the postulations and qualitative methodology was sought to provide explanations and clarifications of the results. This pluralist methodology is gaining currency in contemporary cross country research. A number of commentators (De Ruyter Moorman & Lemmink 2001; Pearson & Entrekin 1998; Zotteri & Verganti 2001) have contended that a richer and more trustworthy result is likely to be gained by simultaneously pursuing both a quantitative and a qualitative methodology. In total of 1313 questionnaires, which were administrated for completion over six weeks, a total of 1071 questionnaires were returned. However, 38 questionnaires were discarded due to incomplete information provided. The remaining 1033 useful questionnaires generated an overall response rate of 78.67 percent for the six research cities. Comparatively, the response rate of this survey is considerably higher than most of the earlier studies in guanxi research area. More importantly, the high response rate avoids the non response bias in results.
Several statistical analyses were employed to evaluate the data. For instance, exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were used to assess the psychometric properties of the instruments. The results of psychometric assessments indicated that the scales had good validities and reliabilities, which had potential for robust results. In addition, correlation analysis was applied to evaluate the hypothesized bivariate correlations of the conceptual model. Path analysis was then utilized to test the hypotheses, which were postulated in Chapter Two. The results of path analysis demonstrated that certain facets of the guanxi construct had strong influence on the application of both of the vertical and the horizontal network, whereas particular business strategic approaches had intense interactions with the vertical and the horizontal guanxi network. Moreover, regression analysis was applied to further examine the hypothesized relationships of the conceptual model. The results of the regress analysis illustrated a substantial convergence with the results of path analysis. Furthermore, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was undertaken to determine the moderating effects that the organizational properties and personal attributes have on the hypothesized interactions between the guanxi construct and the business strategy orientation and the vertical and the horizontal guanxi network. The results of these analyses indicated that the attributes of organization and individual played significant moderating roles on a number of the tested correlations. Lastly, the analyses of T-test and ANOVA were employed to evaluate the extent of difference in the demographic elements and structure properties.
The results of these tests depicted that there was a considerable degree of consensus for all the tested variables of the study model across the demographic elements and structure properties. A salient feature of this study is the application of qualitative analysis to enhance the understanding of quantitative results. The researcher visited each of the six researched cities again to conduct focus group meetings, which were mainly held in the languages of Mandarin and Cantonese. Most of the meetings were approximately 90 to 120 minutes in duration. Focus group meetings that were conducted in the cities of Kunming, Foshan, Xiamen, Hefei and Dalian were videotaped and subsequently replicated into DVD plates, whilst feedback sections that were carried out in Guangzhou were completed recorded by written notes. A total of 90 business executives participated in 20 focus group meetings, which were recorded in Chinese and accredited English translations were subsequently arranged. The Chinese meeting record contains almost 160,000 words in 240 pages, and the English translation had 248 pages with approximately 100,000 words. General details of the focus group meetings are reported in Chapter Four.
The subjects that were discussed in the qualitative feedback sessions mainly encompassed six aspects. First, respondents’ comprehension of the instruments and the suitability of the scales employed in this study were discussed. Second, the results of factor and reliability analyses, particularly relating to some certain emerged patterns and the dimensionalities of instruments were elucidated. Third, extensive comments about the empirical findings in relation to the correlations that were predicted in the studied model and the unexpected relationships were sought, and clarifications to the phenomena caused were also documented. Fourth, the outputs of the analyses of T-test, ANOVA, path analysis, and regression for descriptive statistic and correlation were discussed. Finally, opinions on the discovery of the moderating effects that the moderating variables had on the tested relationships were attained and elucidation to the results were clarified. In general, the qualitative analytical results have broadly enriched the comprehension to the quantitative findings. With extensive reference to the contribution of the 90 business executives in the qualitative analytical sections, a lengthy discussion of the results of the study is elucidated. Following the discussion of results, an outline of the key findings of this research is presented in Chapter Five.
A number of theoretical and practical contributions have constructed in this study. The first theoretical contribution of this study is an advancement of the currently available knowledge relating to the operations amongst the guanxi construct with the vertical and the horizontal guanxi network, as well as the interactions between the business strategy orientation with the vertical and the horizontal guanxi network in the business context. A second theoretical contribution of the study is to evaluate Western based theoretical notions in a non Western context. Next, evaluation of the study model has the potential to make further theoretical contribution in terms of enhancing the understanding of Multi National Companies (MNCs) and overseas investors on the imperativeness of the cultural phenomenon of guanxi. The first practical contribution is the investigation of the moderating effects that the attributes of organizations and individuals have on the relationships between the guanxi construct and the business strategy orientation with the vertical and the horizontal guanxi network has significant potential to make contribution to international management in an Asian context. Moreover, the inaugural developed seven point Likert scale instrument for assessing the business strategy orientation in the Chinese business organization is likely to facilitate practical contribution to the development of an universal scale. A further practical contribution is to provide a greater comprehensive insight of the dynamics of guanxi in the business context, which would be beneficial to overseas investors and MNCs when they explore their possible Chinese business ventures. Implications of the findings for business practitioners and the theory developments are comprehensively documented in Chapter Six.
This research has merged two salient concluding observations. Firstly, it highlighted the importance of the application of a pluralist methodology in implementing cross cultural studies. The findings of this study suggested that the qualitative investigation technique is essential to capture information that was not attainable through the quantitative assessments and that the qualitative dimension complements the quantitative results. In addition, an extended remark in relation to sampling method was offered for further research in mainland China. Preferably, the guanxi ideology is more practical than the Western traditional ‘mail out’ system when conducting a comprehensive survey in China. Especially, guanxi plays a significant role in attaining genuine and liberated comments for qualitative analysis. Secondly, the results of this study suggested that the global environment has reshaped the quality and mindset of Chinese people and this has resulted in the substantial consensus in conceptualizing the theories of the present study. The salient observations and suggestions for future research are discussed in Chapter Six.

Problem: Internationalization is a complex process, and Chinese firms have in recent years received a lot of attention on their expansion overseas, to Europe, which is a relatively new phenomenon. Research in this field of study is very limited and it does not have a long history even though it has received attention.Purpose: The purpose of this dissertation is to explore if the Chinese firms have followed the western internationalization theories when investing abroad. Focus is on the Chinese firms‘ investment into the European market. We explore the strategies that the Chinese firms have used and compare it with the existing internationalization models in order to find out how well they fit with the western theories.Methodology: In this dissertation a qualitative method is used, based on an interpretivistic philosophy with an inductive research approach. The research question is answered through semi-structured interviews with Chinese firms in different parts of Europe.Conclusions: After studying the Chinese firms‘ internationalization to the European market we can conclude that existing internationalization theories are not able to explain the expansion of the Chinese firms.

China has been home to some of the most prominent hackers and hacker groups of the global community throughout the last decade. In the last ten years, countless attacks globally have been linked to the People’s Republic of China (PRC) or those operating within the PRC. This exploration attempts to investigate the story, ideology, institutions, actions, and motivations of the Chinese hackers collectively, as sub-groups, and as individuals. I will do this using sources ranging from basic news coverage, interviews with experts and industry veterans, secondary reportage, leaked documents from government and private sources, government white papers, legal codes, blogs and microblogs, a wide array of materials from the darker corners of the online world, and many other materials. The work will begin to sketch for the reader some of the general and specific aspects of the shadowy world of cybercrime and hacker culture in China in recent years. One of the most prevalent beliefs is that the Chinese government is in fact the one responsible, whether directly or by sponsor, for cyber-attacks on foreign systems. My careful analysis has revealed is not always the case, or at least more complex than simply labeling the group as a state actor. At the root of these attacks is a social movement of "hacktivists," a patriotic sub-culture of Chinese hackers. It is incorrect to allege that all attacks are performed by state-sponsored individuals or groups, because there are many individuals and groups that are motivated by other factors.

L'analyse des manuels de chinois langue première utilisés en Chine pour l'enseignement élémentaire révèle la permanence d'une même approche didactique, en usage pendant près de 2000 ans, visant l'entraînement intensif à la reconnaissance d'environ 1500 caractères nécessaires pour accéder à la lecture. Nous fondant sur cette approche, nous avons mis au point une liste de 1440 caractères dont la connaissance est la plus utile aux étrangers pour accéder à la lecture des documents authentiques. Puis, nous avons pris exemple sur la "méthode d'enseignement regroupé des caractères" élaborée à partir de 1958 par l'école primaire expérimentale Beiguan (province du Liaoning), pour opérer une classification didactique de ces 1440 caractères fondamentaux en fonction de leurs composants graphiques. Cela a abouti à l'identification de 360 " primogrammes " dont la maîtrise préalable par les apprenants permettrait d'optimiser la mémorisation des caractères complexes qu'ils composent
The analysis of school books used in China for nearly 2000 years for the teaching of Chinese language at elementary level reveals the same pedagogical principle : an intensive training for the recognition of approximately 1500 basic characters. Based upon that fact, we have elaborated a list of the 1440 most useful characters for foreign students who wish to reach quickly the first level of reading comprehension of authentic Chinese documents. In the second part, we have introduced a method created in 1958 at the school of Beiguan (in the Liaoning province), called "regrouped character teaching ", which complies with the rules of the graphic composition of characters and the way a student can memorize them. Therefore, we have classified the 1440 characters in order to create a sub-list of 360 items, that we have coined " primogrammes ", which are both common graphic components in complex characters, and autonomous characters

La notion d' iconicité¦ est devenue aujourd'hui un sujet fécond au sein de la linguistique cognitive occidentale. Nous avons choisi d'étudier le problème de l'iconicité dans le cadre de la grammaire du chinois. Comme toute langue " idéographique", le chinois mandarin relève évidemment d'une iconicité de haut degré par son écriture. Dans l'histoire de linguistique chinoise, beaucoup d'é¦tudes ont été faites sur la ressemblance entre la forme du caractère chinois et le sens qu'il représente. Or, c'est depuis une trentaine d'années que nous avons commencé à développer la notion d'iconicité dans les domaines phonétique et syntaxique, avec l'introduction de la linguistique cognitive en Chine. Dans cette thèse, nous allons développer la notion d'iconicité dans la grammaire du chinois à travers trois aspects : la phonétique, l'écriture chinoise et la syntaxe. D'abondants exemples serviront de fil organisateur à notre exposé
The notion of iconicity has become an interesting topic in the Western cognitive linguistics today. We chose to study the problem of iconicity in the context of Chinese grammar. Like any "ideographic" language, the Mandarin Chinese reveal a high degree of iconicity by his writing. In the history of Chinese linguistics, many studies have been done on the similarity between the form of the Chinese character and the sense which it represents. However, we only began to develop the notion of iconicity in the phonetic and syntactic domains with the introduction of cognitive linguistics in China thirty years ago. In this thesis, we will develop the notion of iconicity in the grammar of Chinese in three aspects by giving abundant exemples: phonetics, Chinese characters and syntax

The following thesis outlines the Chinese government's push for new-energy vehicles within their auto industry. By giving a history of the Chinese automotive industry and the central planning devices used to push the industry forward, we should develop a more refined understanding as to the direction of China' auto industry in the future.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Géopolitique : Paris 8 : 2006.
La version électronique de la thèse comporte quelques différences de mise en page par rapport à l'originale imprimée. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 537-598. Notes bibliogr. Index.

En reprenant le débat sur la modernité après la désillusion de l’utopie communiste, la montée en puissance le nationalisme chinois à la fin du 20ème siècle et au début du 21ème siècle représente, en terme géopolitique, le processus de réaffirmation du nationalisme chinois comme une force majeure et légitime pour faire accéder la Chine à la modernité. Le concept moderne de souveraineté territoriale et la nation de frontière n’ont guère changé la fascination chinoise à la centralité et l’obsession à l’unité nationale et à l’intégrité territoriale. La réinterprétation du passé pour réaffirmer son droit d’héritage sur les territoriaux contentieux demeure une politique efficace mais contestée. En affirmant la singularité de la civilisation chinoise, le nationalisme minimise l’impact de l’Occident et affiche sa prétention universaliste. Et créditer son idéalisme prétendu universaliste à la recherche d’un monde plus équitable. Le nationalisme chinois englobe de nombreux éléments. Les analystes en géopolitique le décrivent comme la force soutenant la construction d’un État-Nation moderne, souverain, unificateur et universaliste
By taking again the debate on modernity after the disillusion of the communist utopia, the rise to power of chinese nationalism today represents in geopolitical term the process of reaffirmation of chinese nationalism like a great and legitimate power to make reach China modernity, maintain the unit national by the territorial integrity and credit its alleged idealism universal with research one more equitable world. Three broad topics structure the work which we presents: the search for an adequate design of the modern state-nation ; the research of the territorial integrity which brings to reconsider the question of the border ; finally the report in the world - and the order of the world considered to be unjust - which one will approach through the study of the relations between China and Japan, China and the United States, China and the Occident