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1
Yuldoshev, Isroil, Sanjar Shoguchkarov, Tulqin Jamolov, and Shakhnoza Rustamova. "Features of operation of the grid connected photovoltaic power station with a capacity of 10 kW." E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601172.
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Photovoltaic power station (PPS) operating function (without redundancy) with a nominal capacity of 10 kW connected to the low voltage electrical network established by "Zhejiang Chint Electrics Co Ltd" (PRC) under Tashkent conditions is defined. Operation parameters and characteristics of the PPS and parameters at the output of the network inverter are given. The deviations of voltage of each phase from the standard nominal voltage at the point of electric network transmission are studied. The analysis of the results of the evaluation of the power generation of the PPS for the conditions of clear weather and clear cloudiness was carried out. According to the monitoring data for the winter period is 2211,5 kW·h. The problems of PPS connected to the low-voltage network, connected to the loss of electric power with the account of influence of external factors and reliability of stable voltage and frequency in a permissible range are revealed.
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Jin, Fengliang. "On the environmental civil public interest litigation system for the protection of the climate in China: Comments on two cases from a pragmatism perspective." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 14, no. 1 (2021): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwab006.
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Abstract This article examines and analyses the environmental civil public interest litigation system in the protection of climate change in China through two cases, the All-China Environment Protection Federation v Zhenhua Co, Ltd for air pollution and Friends of Nature v State Grid Gansu Electric Power Corporation for full-purchase of all on-grid power produced by renewable energy.
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Kaiser, Stefan H. "Local Sourcing in China: The Case of Braun Electric (Shanghai) Co. Ltd." Asia Pacific Business Review 3, no. 3 (1997): 64–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602389700000004.
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Chiba, D., and T. Ono. "ChemInform Abstract: Control of Magnetism in Co by an Electric Field." ChemInform 44, no. 43 (2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201343259.
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Jiang, Ping, Adila Alimujiang, Hongjia Dong, and Xiaoyu Yan. "Detecting and Understanding Synergies and Co-Benefits of Low Carbon Development in the Electric Power Industry in China." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (2019): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010297.
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China’s electric power industry contributes a significant amount of carbon emissions as well as air pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and fine particles. In order to detect co-benefits of carbon reduction and air pollution control, this study analyzed the emission reduction, emission reduction factors, and synergistic effect factors of technical and structural emission reduction measures in the electric power industry in the Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Yunnan provinces and Shanghai City. The main findings are: (1) the structural emission reduction measures in all four regions had positive co-control effects. Therefore, promoting renewables can achieve remarkable co-benefits; (2) the result demonstrated that the direct removal ability of pollutants by technical emission reduction measures was better than the structural emission reduction measures in all four case studies. However, there were no or few carbon reduction co-benefits associated with their utilization; (3) in all cases, CO2 had the highest emission factor value, which means that there is still room for synergistic carbon reduction; (4) air pollutants and CO2 emission intensity from the Yunnan power plants were much higher than that of the other three regions. In order to achieve the overall co-benefits, co-control measures should be promoted and strengthened in western areas such as Yunnan.
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Sui, Jigang, and Ying Liu. "Co-Evolution of Technology and Institutions in Emerging Industries: Case from Electric Vehicles in China." Journal of Industrial Integration and Management 05, no. 01 (2020): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424862219500143.
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Technology and institutions are important driving forces for industrial development, but the relationship between them has not yet reached a consensus due to different economic theories. On the basis of the evolutionary theory, this paper aims to study the roles co-evolution of technology and institutions played in the development of emerging industry. Taking electric vehicles in China as a case study and the five-year plans for the nodes of industrial development, this paper analyzes the co-evolutionary process of technology and institutions at different stages of industrial development, and concludes that it was institutions that promoted technology innovation during the industrial incubation and infancy periods, while during the growth period, it was technology that drove institutions’ innovation. In order to promote the development of electric vehicle industry, it is necessary to further strengthen institutional innovation for technological and industrial development.
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Wang, Jin, Min Li, and Wei Heng Yan. "The Engineering Application of CO2 Capture by Chemical Absorption in China." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2457.
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With the increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, climate change has been prominent and brought a series of disasters to human being. In China, the important aspect to control CO2 concentration is to decrease its emission of coal-fuel power plant. The engineering application of chemical absorption technology and economic analysis of the Beijing Gao Bei-dian and the second unit of Shanghai Shi Dong-kou power plants built by China Hua Neng Electric Group is introduced. The achievements of CO2 engineering capture and the effort direction we will towards in the future is also summarized.
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Lucinski, Tadeusz, and Piotr Chomiuk. "ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic and Electric Properties of (Fe, Co)/(Si, Ge) Multilayers." ChemInform 43, no. 49 (2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201249227.
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Sapee, Syazwana, Daing Mohamad Nafiz, Ahmad Fitri Yusop, et al. "A review on electric two wheelers." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822503014.
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South East Asian cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta and Bangkok rely heavily on motorcycles. A huge number of urban residents depend on motorcycles for all types of activities such as working, ridehailing and delivery services, going to school or leisure. According to Malaysia Automotive Association (MMA) statistics, there are about 13 million registered motorcycles in Malaysia as of August 2017. The pollutants that a four-stroke-engine 50 cc motorcycle emits per kilometre are usually much higher than a 2-litre passenger car; 2.7 times higher for CO and 6.7 times higher for HC and NOX. Controlling excessive air pollution and emissions levels generated by the use of a motorcycle is one of the keys to improving air quality. Electric two-wheelers have been well adopted in Asia Pacific countries like China and Taiwan. This paper provides extensive review and analysis on development history, environmental and mobility impacts, challenge and limitation of electric two-wheelers from around the world and the potential of its emergence in Malaysia.
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Huang, Chao, Xiu Qin Ma, Feng Yun Jin, and Liu Wen Su. "Co-Benefit Research on IGCC Technology Used in the Power Plant." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 983–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.983.
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China has mainly power generation capacity of coal-fired power plants. Coal-fired power plants account for about 80% of total power generation capacity in total annually. It will inevitably lead to a large amount of pollutant emissions, therefore, IGCC technology is particularly important to promote. This paper intends to analysize the environmental benefit and economic benefit of the IGCC technology used in the power plant based on the developed methodology. The purpose is to understand the advantages of IGCC technology for energy conservation and emissions reduction in the electric power industry to provide better technical references.
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Song, Liang, Jian Feng Sheng, and Jun Liu. "A Comparative Study on the Performance of Domestic Cellulose Based Pressboards for Use in Transformers." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.865.
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The cellulose based pressboards from four well-known suppliers in China, which areChangzhou HuaDian Insulation Material Co., Ltd (HD), TaiZhou XinYuan Electrical EquipmentCo., Ltd (XY), Hunan GuangXin Electrical Technology (GX) and ShangHai YaZhong TradeDevelopment Co., Ltd (YZ) were analyzed and compared. The guarantee value of Figeholm’spressboard was taken as a reference. Mechanical results show that most pressboards have excellenttensile, compressive and flexural properties except for YZ pressboards. The ply adhesion was alsostudied by simple loading method to verify the bonding effect and only XY pressboard show nosliding. Electrical results show that all pressboards have a similar electrical strength while HD andXY pressboards show relatively lower dissipation factor value. Based on the mechanical andelectrical performance, XY pressboards are considered to be better as compared to others andcompetitive to Figeholm’s products.
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Zhou, Chao-bo, Shao-zhou Qi, Ji-hong Zhang, and Si-yan Tang. "Potential Co-benefit effect analysis of orderly charging and discharging of electric vehicles in China." Energy 226 (July 2021): 120352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120352.
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Ma, Qi Yan, and Li Jun Qin. "Application Schemes of IEEE1588 Protocol in Communication Network of Electric Power Dispatching." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 3669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.3669.
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By reviewing the application status of traditional clock synchronization methods and architectures under different protocols in a comparative way in China, this paper analyzes the application of IEEE1588 protocol in power dispatching automation and puts forward new clock synchronizing schemes in electricity dispatching communication network based on IEEE1588 protocol (or Std. IEC61588) and proposes some futuristic research fields referring to IEEE1588 protocol in power dispatching automation. New schemes have better clock synchronizing precision, featuring in low implementation cost compared with other clock synchronization schemes. At the same time, it will effectively lower system resource requirements, relieve current excessive reliance on GPS clock source, mitigate data fetching and exchange congestion. It will shed light on building domestic power dispatching networks under the PTP protocol as well as constructing smarter power grid both at home and abroad in the future. This work is supported by North China Electric Power University, Sifang & Huaneng Power System Control Co., Ltd and Zhuhai Power Electricity Supply Company in SMART SYNCHRONOUS DEVICE RESEARCH BASED ON IEC61850 AND IEEE 1588 project, which involves a wholesale research in clock synchronization of power dispatching communication networks and developed China’s first set of smart clock synchronization devices, including the clock synchronization handler CSE6000 (briefly introduced in part v) and corresponding kilomega Ethernet switch. Our research results have reached the advanced level at home, and we are applying for a patent protection accordingly.
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Zhou, Yangping, Zhengwei Gu, Yujie Dong, Fangzhou Xu, and Zuoyi Zhang. "Combining Dual Fluidized Bed and High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor for Co-Producing Hydrogen and Synthetic Natural Gas by Biomass Gasification." Energies 14, no. 18 (2021): 5683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185683.
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Biomass gasification to produce burnable gas now attracts an increasing interest for production flexibility in the renewable energy system. However, the biomass gasification technology using dual fluidized bed which is most suitable for burnable gas production still encounters problems of low production efficiency and high production cost. Here, we proposed a large-scale biomass gasification system to combine dual fluidized bed and high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR) for co-production of hydrogen and synthetic natural gas (SNG). The design of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor biomass gasification (HTR-BiGas) consists of one steam supply module to heat inlet steam of the gasifier by HTR and ten biomass gasification modules to co-produce 2000 MWth hydrogen and SNG by gasifying the unpretreated biomass. Software for calculating the mass and energy balances of biomass gasification was developed and validated by the experiment results on the Gothenburg biomass gasification plant. The preliminary economic evaluation showed that HTR-BiGas and the other two designs, electric auxiliary heating and increasing recirculated product gas, are economically comparative with present mainstream production techniques and the imported natural gas in China. HTR-BiGas is the best, with production costs of hydrogen and SNG around 1.6 $/kg and 0.43 $/Nm3, respectively. These designs mainly benefit from proper production efficiencies with low fuel-related costs. Compared with HTR-BiGas, electric auxiliary heating is hurt by the higher electric charge and the shortcoming of increasing recirculated product gas is its lower total production. Future works to improve the efficiency and economy of HTR-BiGas and to construct related facilities are introduced.
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Li, Heng, Jun Peng, Weirong Liu, and Zhiwu Huang. "Stationary Charging Station Design for Sustainable Urban Rail Systems: A Case Study at Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., China." Sustainability 7, no. 1 (2015): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7010465.
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Zou, Wei. "Analysis of Financial Fraud of Listed Company in China: A Case Study of Dandong Xintai Electric Co., Ltd." American Journal of Industrial and Business Management 06, no. 09 (2016): 931–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2016.69090.
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Qiao, Qinyu, Fuquan Zhao, Zongwei Liu, Shuhua Jiang, and Han Hao. "Comparative Study on Life Cycle CO 2 Emissions from the Production of Electric and Conventional Vehicles in China." Energy Procedia 105 (May 2017): 3584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.827.
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Kong, Wei Zheng, Bi Bin Huang, Qiong Hui Li, and Xiao Lu Wang. "Study on Development Path of Electric Vehicle in China from a View of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.355.
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In this paper, the change of fossil energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) and pollutant emissions are calculated when petroleum based vehicles (PBVs) are taken place by EVs based upon the full-cycle energy efficiency theory with the energy efficiency measured from well to wheel.. Calculation results show that the fossil energy consumption, CO2, monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions can be reduced with the substitution of EVs for vehicles that burn gasoline (GVs), but nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions increase. When vehicles that burn diesel (DVs) are replaced by EVs, the emissions of pollutants except SO2 will be reduced, but the emissions of CO2 and SO2 will increase. Considering the proportion of coal-fired power generation to the total power generation in China, the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction cannot be perfectly achieved by the substitution of PBVs by EVs. Therefore, the proportion of clean energy generation should be increased in China and technological updating of coal-fired power plants for reducing CO2 and pollutant emissions are necessary as well. Besides, GVs, other than DVs, should be replaced by EVs from the perspective of energy conservation and CO2 emission.
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Brown, W. L. "Transmission operations and maintenance experience of China Light & Power Co." Power Engineering Journal 3, no. 6 (1989): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19890054.
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Li, Danyang, and Xinlai Li. "Which ship-integrated power system enterprises are more competitive from the perspective of patent?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0252020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252020.
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By analyzing the relevant patent data, the technological competitiveness of enterprises can be objectively evaluated, and the research and development priorities and the technological advantages and disadvantages of each enterprise in the same field can be compared and analyzed. It is considered to be helpful in judging the patent strategy, innovation ability, and the innovation level of enterprises, which is of great practical significance. Based on the field of the ship-integrated power system as an example, considering the Derwent patent holder code, draw the integrated technical strength of ships in the field of the distribution power system; using the ideas of the Boston matrix to measure the field has the competitive advantage of enterprises; by using the social network analysis method for each enterprise, the core technology of mining, based on the S curve of the technology life cycle, analyzes the enterprise concentration each time in order to predict the future trend of development. It can be found that China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation has the largest number of patents, followed by Fuji Electric Co. Ltd, International General Electric, Daewoo shipbuilding ocean engineering Co. Ltd and so on. Considering the patent quantity and the patent quality, the dominant and productive enterprises in this field can be distinguished. The ship-integrated power system and its related core technologies have been rapidly growing at present. The related technology patents will increase rapidly in the next few years, and more and more enterprises will participate in this field.
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Li, Jinchao, Lin Chen, Yuwei Xiang, Jinying Li, and Dong Peng. "Influencing Factors and Development Trend Analysis of China Electric Grid Investment Demand Based on a Panel Co-Integration Model." Sustainability 10, no. 1 (2018): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10010256.
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Zhu, Hai Nan, Jia Chuan Shi, and Li Ping Liang. "Electrical Energy Saving Based on Production Process Optimization for Steel Enterprise." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 4475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.4475.
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The iron and steel industry annually consumes about 10% of electricity in China, while the utilization efficiency is relatively low. A two-step energy-saving method for steel enterprise is proposed in this paper. The production plan is regulated to minimize the energy utilized in steel rolling. The electrical load is forecasted according to the optimized steel-rolling plan and the reactive power is compensated to minimize the active power loss and voltage fluctuation. Practical application in Jigang Group Co., Ltd shows the efficiency of the proposed method.
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Wang, Tian-Qi, Li-Ming Sun, Le-Xin Hao, Yuan Guo, Yue Zhang, and Xin Feng. "Visualized Analysis of Research Hotspots in Acupuncture-Neuro Immunoregulation Based on Bibliometrics." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research 46, no. 4 (2021): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/036012921x16281724938078.
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Objective: To review the development of acupuncture and moxibustion-neural network regulation research systematically and comprehensively in China. Method: This study adopted co-word analysis, cluster analysis and other bibliometric methods such as SATI3.2, Citespace and Gephi to visually demonstrate the annual publication volume, cooperation between institutions and co-authorship in the field of acupuncture-neuro immunoregulation research based on the data of more than 70 papers on related topics covering a period of 24 years from 1997 to 2020 in China. Results: The results show that there are three major research institutions in the field of acupuncture-neuro immunoregulation, namely Shanghai, Zhejiang major research institutions in the field of acupuncture-neuro immunoregulation, namely Shanghai, Zhejiang and Heilongjiang Universities of Traditional Chinese Medicine, as well as 7 clusters, including immune function, acupuncture therapy and endogenous opioid peptide. In the future research, a more comprehensive system will be constructed based on the gradually clear relationship between meridians and nerve regulation, humoral regulation, and immune regulation. Application practice will combine traditional acupuncture with modern medicine to create a variety of new therapies, such as electroacupuncture, electric acupuncture, and acupoint injection. Conclusion: The research focus will be expanded on how to improve the clinical efficacy of multiple combined therapies such as acupuncture for the prevention and treatment of diseases through the regulation of immune cells and immune molecules as well as the regulation of the "acupuncture-meridian- neuroendocrine-immune" network.
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Ma, Zhang, and Weisensee. "Correction: Ma, X. et al. Conducting Polymeric Nanocomposites with a Three-Dimensional Co-flow Microfluidics Platform. Micromachines, 2019, 10, 383." Micromachines 10, no. 9 (2019): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10090604.
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The authors would like to indicate the following financial support they received to the Funding Section of their published paper [1]: “This research was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China, grant number 31020190QD030.” [...]
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Zhang, Qing Wei, She Li Chai, Jing Cai, and Li Na Gao. "Baseline Concentrations of Trace Metals in Grassland Topsoils from West Jilin Province, Northeast China." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2140.
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The objective of this study was to determine the baseline concentrations of trace elements in grassland topsoils from 155 soil sampling sites in West Jilin province, Northeast China, to establish the relationships between the trace metal contents and soil physicochemical properties and major oxide contents and among trace metal concentrations themselves, and to identify the possible sources of trace element in soils. The baseline concentrations of trace elements(mg/kg) were: As 3.12-14.18, B 16.17-49.08, Cd 0.037-0.127, Co 0.96-15.28, Cr 18.87-60.83, Cu 10.81-24.75, Hg 0.004-0.035, Mn 171.25-657.87, Mo 0.08-1.15, Ni 6.79-30, Pb 12.58 -26.08, Se 0.03-0.36, and Zn 18.93-61.03. The upper baseline limits of these elements were all less than the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils, the Dutch Intervention Values for Soils, implying that trace element contents in the studied soils were of the safety levels.Fe2O3 and Al2O3 had stronger correlations with most trace elements than other oxides, and Co,Cr,Cu,Mn, Ni were highly correlated one another. Three types of geochemical associations were distinguished from this study:the first association involving As,Co,Cr,Cu,Mn,Mo,Ni,Pb,Zn,Al2O3 and Fe2O3 was mainly associated with Al,Fe-Mn oxides and/or with the Al-bearing clay minerals, suggesting that the trace elements were mainly derived from lithogenic and pedogenic processes; the second association including Se, Hg, Cd, CaO and organic carbon was mainly associated with organic matter and calcium oxides, showing that Se,Hg and Cd were mainly contributed by anthropogenic sources; the third association containing B, Na2O, K2O, MgO, pH, and electrical conductivity was mainly associated salinization processes of soils, implying that alkaline pH and high Na contents would enhance B concentration of soils.
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Pang, Hao, Xue Ping Li, Su Jing Jin, Peng Wei, and Hui Ping Li. "Analysis of Alumina Red Mud Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Technology." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.198.
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Alumina red mud from aluminum industry has not been utilized effectively due to its strong alkaline, and SO2 is an industrial pollutant which mainly produced by thermal power plants. For the comprehensive utilization of waste, the mineral component, chemical composition, grain size and microstructure of alumina red mud from Henan Branch of China Aluminum Co. were determined in this research. Thermodynamics analysis of FGD related desulfurization mechanism was studied as well. The self-designed glass absorption device 1700×60mm with its accessories was installed on-the-spot of Zhengzhou Xinli Electric Power Company Limited. The cyclic absorption experiments were conducted and the influential factors such as liquid-solid ratio (RL/S), empty tower gas velocity (V(SO2)), SO2 concentration (c(SO2)), and liquid-gas ratio (RL/G) were examined through the orthogonal tests. The maximum efficiency of FGD is 97.5% under the optimal conditions: RL/S is 7:1 (g/g), V(SO2)is 0.35m/s, c(SO2) is 1700mg/m3 and RL/G is 12:1 (L/m3).
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Liu, Xie Lin, Xue Mei Ma, and Shu Min Qiu. "Analysis of Nuclear Power Industry’s Sustainable Development in China from the Perspective of Innovation Ecosystem." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.367.
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Power demand of China grows strongly in few decades. Developing nuclear power industry is not only a strategic measure to meet electrical energy demand, but also an inevitable choice to achieve energy conservation and promote green low-carbon development. Innovation Ecosystem theory provides new perspectives and ideas for studying on the sustainable development of nuclear power industry. In this paper, we consider the sustainable development of nuclear power industry would achieve in the Innovation Ecosystem. The characteristic of the nuclear power industry determines that construction and development of nuclear power industry will involve lots of vendors and enterprises, and require all vendors and enterprises that involved make collaborative effort, around the end-user (nuclear power plant) for the design, production and manufacturing, realize win-win finally. Common development and co-evolution of all participants in the nuclear ecosystem is the premise and guarantee of nuclear power industry’s sustainable development.
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Tran, Tuong Vi, Johannes Buckel, Philipp Maurischat, et al. "Delineation of a Quaternary Aquifer Using Integrated Hydrogeological and Geophysical Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity on the Tibetan Plateau, China." Water 13, no. 10 (2021): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101412.
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Groundwater is the most unexplored element of the hydrologic cycle on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) due to harsh climate conditions. This study aims at delineating and characterizing the unexplored Zhanongtang–Ganmanong aquifer, situated in the Zhagu subcatchment of the Nam Co catchment, south-central TP. Multiple hydrogeophysical and lithological in situ field and laboratory methods are applied: depth-to-water-table measurements, grain size analysis, hydraulic empirical and field methods to estimate hydraulic conductivity (K), and analysis of electrical resistivity tomography profiles. Integration of these methods revealed the existence of a Quaternary hydrostratigraphic unit that was found to be unconsolidated, laterally heterogeneous and homogeneous over depth. The results revealed consistent K ranges of three K zones, which is in accordance with local lithology. The K ranges are applicable to other locations within the Nam Co catchment with similar lithology as in the study area without further field experiments. Permafrost was found to be absent in the study area ranging from 4730 m a.s.l. to 5200 m a.s.l. altitude. These results provide insight into the hydrogeological conditions of the TP and are useful for conceptual and numerical groundwater flow modeling to predict future changes of water fluxes and water budgets caused by climatic change, especially in remote areas.
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Xinqing, Lee, Qin Dahe, Hou Shugui, Ren Jiawen, Duan Keqin, and Zhou Hui. "Changes in chemical and isotopic properties near infiltrated cracks in an ice core from Ürümqi glacier No. 1, Tien Shan, China." Annals of Glaciology 35 (2002): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756402781816762.
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AbstractIce cores recovered for paleoclimatic and/or paleoenvironmental reconstructions in the Tien Shan and Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau often encounter cracks. Although we expect that cracks opened to surface meltwater will inevitably change ice-core records, we do not know how and to what extent records are influenced. An ice core retrieved from glacier No. 1 at Ürümqi river head, Tien Shan, China, exhibits a crack nearly 2.5 m long that has admitted meltwater, forming secondary ice within the fracture. A small inclusion of the infiltrated ice in sampling is shown to reduce δ18O by an extent of Holocene vs Last Glacial Maximum while enhancing significantly the pH, conductivity and the following ionic species: CH3COO–, and CO(COO)22–. of the parameters increased, and HCOO– are the most affected, being enhanced nearly six-fold in the fractured section compared to the non-fractured sections, followed by CO(COO)22– and electrical conductivity measurement (ECM). Despite the alteration, primary fluctuations of some parameters are still recognizable. This suggests that if the infiltrated ice can be avoided in the sampling operation, ice cores with cracks may still provide authentic records. This shows the need to pay close attention to physical characteristics of ice cores in order to identify such secondary ice.
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Del Gaudio, V., J. Wasowski, W. Hu, P. Capone, N. Venisti, and Y. Li. "Ambient noise and ERT data provide insights into the structure of co-seismic rock avalanche deposits in Sichuan (China)." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 80, no. 9 (2021): 7153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02346-8.
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AbstractThe post-seismic history of the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake shows that marginally stable deposits of large co-seismic landslide dams can pose persistent debris flow hazards for the downstream areas. Here, we combine analyses of single-station recordings of ambient noise with electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys to explore the potential of drawing information on structure and geometry of the deposit of a large rock avalanche triggered by the Mw 7.9 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, which dammed the Yangjia stream in the Sichuan Province (China). The substantial thickness and heterogeneity of this kind of deposits limit the application of standard geophysical techniques, like active seismic surveys, which require highly energetic sources and long linear geophone arrays to reach adequate investigation depths. Passive single-station methods, relying on ambient noise recordings to determine site resonance properties, controlled by the contrast between soft surface layers and a stiffer substratum, offer the opportunity of investigating subsoil properties down to larger depths. In particular, we use a recently developed technique, which isolates the contribution of Rayleigh waves to ambient noise and draws information on sub-soil properties from the inversion of Rayleigh wave ellipticity curves plotted as function of frequency. In this framework, the ERT data can support the ellipticity curve inversion, typically affected by highly non-univocal solutions, by providing constraints for defining of the thickness of the uppermost surficial layers. The results allowed inferring the overlap of different layers within the 2008 rock avalanche deposit, as well as estimating lateral variations in their thickness and S-wave (Vs) velocities.
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Wang, Xiuying, Wanli Cheng, Zihan Zhou, Song Xu, Dehe Yang, and Jing Cui. "Comparison of CSES ionospheric RO data with COSMIC measurements." Annales Geophysicae 37, no. 6 (2019): 1025–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1025-2019.
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Abstract. CSES (China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) is a newly launched electric-magnetic satellite in China. A GNSS occultation receiver (GOR) is installed on the satellite to retrieve electron density related parameters. In order to validate the radio occultation (RO) data from the GOR on board CSES, a comparison between CSES RO and the co-located COSMIC RO data is conducted to check the consistency and reliability of the CSES RO data using measurements from 12 February 2018 to 31 March 2019. CSES RO peak values (NmF2), peak heights (hmF2), and electron density profiles (EPDs) are compared with corresponding COSMIC measurements in this study. The results show that (1) NmF2 between CSES and COSMIC is in extremely good agreement, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9898. The near-zero bias between the two sets is 0.005363×105 cm−3 with a RMSE of 0.3638×105 cm−3, and the relative bias is 1.97 % with a relative RMSE of 16.17 %, which are in accordance with previous studies according to error propagation rules. (2) hmF2 between the two missions is also in very good agreement with a correlation coefficient of 0.9385; the mean difference between the two sets is 0.59 km with a RMSE of 12.28 km, which is within the error limits of previous studies. (3) Co-located EDPs between the two sets are generally in good agreement, but with a better agreement for data above 200 km than those below this altitude. Data at the peak height ranges show the best agreement, and then data above the peak regions; data below the peak regions, especially at the altitude of about the E layer, show relatively large fluctuations. It is concluded that CSES RO data are in good agreement with COSMIC measurements, and the CSES RO data are applicable for most ionosphere-related studies considering the wide acceptance and application of COSMIC RO measurements. However, particular attention should be paid to EDP data below peak regions in application as data at the bottom side of the profiles are less reliable than that at the peak and topside regions.
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You, Daming, and Ke Jiang. "Research into Dynamic Lag Effect of R&D Input on Economic Growth Based on the Vector Auto-Regression Model." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 10 (2016): 6787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.5628.
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According to the panel VAR model and analysis of the dynamic relationship between China’s R&D input and economic growth based on panel data from 1995 to 2013. In this paper, co-integration test and granger causality test are used to analyze the effect of three types of R&D investment on the performance of economic growth in China, including basic research, applied research and test experiment research. The impulse response function and variance decomposition are also used to analyze the time-lag effect of R&D Investment. The findings suggest that: the test development research has a significantly positive effect on the growth of per capita GDP. While there is a certain lag in the function of basic research and applied research, and the basic research lag period is longer; From the perspective of influence degree, the utility of basic research is greater than that of applied research, and the test development research has a certain effect on economic growth. Therefore, considering from the perspective of long-term development of scientific and technological strategies, the central government in China should not only maintain the total investment of R&D funds, but also pay more attention to the coordinated development of different research funding.
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Sencanski, Jelena, Milica Vujkovic, Ivana Stojkovic, et al. "Recycling of LiCo0.59Mn0.26Ni0.15O2 cathodic material from spent Li-ion batteries by the method of the citrate gel combustion." Chemical Industry 71, no. 3 (2017): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind160418031s.
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The Li-ion batteries are the main power source for the high technology devices, such as mobile phones and electric vehicles. Because of that, the number of spent Li-ion batteries significantly increases. Today, the number of active mobile phones crossed 7.19 billion. It is estimated that the mass of the spent lithium ion batteries in China will exceed 500,000 t by 2020. The trouble is in the ingredients of these batteries. They contain Li, Co, Mn, Ni, Cu, Al and toxic and flammable electrolytes which have a harmful affection to the environment. Because of that, the recycling procedure attracts raising attention of researches. Several commercial spent Li-ion batteries were recycled by the relatively fast, economic and simple procedure. The three ways of separating the cathode material from Al collector were examined after the manual dismantling of the components of batteries with the Li(Co?Mn?Ni)O2 as cathode material. These were: 1. dissolution of the Al collector in the alkali medium, 2. peeling off with N-methylpyrrolidone and 3. thermal decomposition of the adhesive at 700?C. The procedure with the highest yield was the one with the dissolution in alkali medium. The chemical analysis of the single batteries'' components (the crust, Al/Cu collector, cathode material) were done by the atomic absorption spectrometry. The components, before the analysis, were dissolved. The re-synthesis of the cathode material by the method of the citrate gel combustion was done after the separating the cathode material and dissolving it in the nitric acid. The obtained product was, after annealing, characterized by the methods of X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The recycled product was LiCo0.59Mn0.26Ni0.15O2 stoichiometry, with the hexagonal layered structure ?-NaFeO2 type. The functionalization of the resynthesized material was examined in the 1 M solution LiClO4 in the propylene carbonate, by galvanostatic charging, with the current density of 0.7C. The recycled material showed relatively good capacities of charging and discharging which are 94.9 i 64.8 mA h g?1, respectively.
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Cao, Xifeng, Xiaoying Li, Shuanghui Liu, and Xinyuan Zhang. "Assessment of Spectra of the Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sounder on GF-5 and Validation of Water Vapor Retrieval." Sensors 21, no. 2 (2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020325.
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Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sounder (AIUS) aboard the Chinese GaoFen-5 satellite was launched on 9 May 2018. It is the first hyperspectral occultation spectrometer in China. The spectral quality assessment of AIUS measurements at the full and representative spectral bands was presented by comparing the transmittance spectra of measurements with that of simulations. AIUS measurements agree well with simulations. Statistics show that more than 73% of the transmittance differences are within ±0.05 and more than 91% of the transmittance differences are within ±0.1. The spectral windows for O3, H2O, temperature, CO, CH4, and HCl were also analyzed. The comparison experiments indicate that AIUS data can provide reliable data for O3, H2O, temperature, CO, CH4, and HCl detection and dynamic monitoring. The H2O profiles were then retrieved from AIUS measurements, and the precision, resolution, and accuracy of the H2O profiles are discussed. The estimated precision is less than 1.3 ppmv (21%) below 57 km and about 0.9–2.4 ppmv (20–31%) at 60–90 km. The vertical resolution of H2O profiles is better than 5 km below 32 km and about 5–8 km at 35–85 km. Comparisons with MLS Level 2 products indicate that the mean H2O profiles of AIUS have a good agreement with those of MLS. The relative differences are mostly within ±10% at 16–75 km and about 10–15% at 16–20 km in 60∘–80∘ S. For 60∘–65 ∘ S in December, the relative differences are within ±5% between 22 km and 80 km. The H2O profiles retrieved from AIUS measurements are credible for scientific research.
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Yilmaz, Mehmet, Maria Luisa Grilli, and Guven Turgut. "A Bibliometric Analysis of the Publications on In Doped ZnO to be a Guide for Future Studies." Metals 10, no. 5 (2020): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050598.
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This study aims to examine the studies regarding In doped ZnO published in the Web of Science database. A total of 777 articles were reached (31 March 2020). The articles were downloaded for the bibliometric analysis and collected in a file. The file was uploaded to VOSViewer programme in order to reveal the most used keywords, words in the abstracts, citation analyses, co-citation and co-authorship and countries analyses of the articles. The results showed that the most used keywords were “ZnO”, “photoluminescence”, “optical properties”, “thin films” and “doping”. These results indicate that the articles mostly focus on some characteristics of In doped ZnO thin films such as structural, optical and electrical features. When the distribution of the number of articles using the keywords by year was searched, it was found that recent articles focus mainly on synthesis of In doped ZnO film via chemical routes such as sol-gel and hydrothermal syntheses, and on ZnO-based device applications such as solar cells and gas sensors. The most used keywords were also found to be films, X-ray, glass substrate, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), spectra and layer. These results indicate that the studies mostly focus on In doped ZnO thin films as transparent conductive oxide (TCO) material used in device applications like solar cells. In this context, it was found that structural, topographical, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of In doped ZnO films were characterized in terms of defected structure or defect type, substrate temperature, film thickness and In doping content. When the distribution of these words is shown on a year-by-year basis, it is evident that more recent articles tend to focus both on efficiency and performance of In doped ZnO films as TCO in solar cells, diodes and photoluminescence applications both on nanostructures, such as nanoparticles, and nanorods for gas sensor applications. The results also indicated that Maldonado and Asomoza were the most cited authors in this field. In addition, Major, Minami and Ozgur were the most cited (co-citation) authors in this field. The most cited journals were found to be Thin Solid Films, Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics and Journal of Applied Physics and, more recently, Energy, Ceramics International, Applied Physics-A, Optik, Material Research Express, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces and Optical Materials. The most co-cited journals were Applied Physics Letters, Thin Solid Films, Journal of Applied Physics, Physical Review B, and Applied Surface Science. Lastly, the countries with the highest number of documents were China, India, South Korea, USA and Japan. Consequently, it is suggested that future research needs to focus more on synthesis and characterization with different growth techniques which make In doped ZnO suitable for device applications, such as solar cells and diodes. In this context, this study may provide valuable information to researchers for future studies on the topic.
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Stone, J. L., Y. S. Tsuo, H. S. Ullal, W. L. Wallace, E. V. R. Sastry, and Li Baoshan. "PV electrification in India and China: the NREL's experience in international cooperation." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 6, no. 5 (1998): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-159x(1998090)6:5<341::aid-pip237>3.0.co;2-s.
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Tang, Ke, Haiwen Yuan, Jianxun Lv, and Fengchen Chen. "Developing an Intelligent Monitoring Technology for Airport Stone Column Machines." Sensors 20, no. 11 (2020): 3050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113050.
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Most of the construction machinery for vibro-sinking stone columns, which are widely used in China, needs to be improved in terms of degree of automation. Engineering quality control is mainly carried out post-inspection; consequently, it is difficult to control the construction quality in real time. According to the construction characteristics of traditional stone column machines, we established the theory and model for the real-time monitoring of stone column construction, as well as put forward an intelligent monitoring method for stone column machines. With the comprehensive application of critical technologies such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurement technology, laser ranging sensors, and massive data processing, an intelligent data acquisition technique and associated monitoring equipment for stone column construction machines are developed. The data acquisition and storage of crucial construction parameters, such as pile depth, pile point co-ordinates, bearing layer current, and reverse insertion times, are realized. A large number of actual construction data are collected and the construction quality parameters of stone column machines are obtained. By comparison with third-party detection data, it is verified that the intelligent monitoring technique for stone column machines proposed in this paper is feasible.
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Wang, Mingwei, Ziyin Wu, Fanlin Yang, Yue Ma, Xiao Wang, and Dineng Zhao. "Multifeature Extraction and Seafloor Classification Combining LiDAR and MBES Data around Yuanzhi Island in the South China Sea." Sensors 18, no. 11 (2018): 3828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113828.
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Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) full waveforms and multibeam echo sounding (MBES) backscatter data contain rich information about seafloor features and are important data sources representing seafloor topography and geomorphology. Currently, to classify seafloor types using MBES, curve features are extracted from backscatter angle responses or grayscale, and texture features are extracted from backscatter images based on gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). To classify seafloor types using LiDAR, waveform features are extracted from bottom returns. This paper comprehensively considers the features of both LiDAR waveforms and MBES backscatter images that include the eight feature factors of the LiDAR full waveforms (amplitude, peak location, full width half maximum (FWHM), skewness, kurtosis, area, distance, and cross-section) and the eight feature factors of MBES backscatter images (mean, standard deviation (STD), entropy, homogeneity, contrast, angular second moment (ASM), correlation, and dissimilarity). Based on a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm with different kernel functions and penalty factors, a new seafloor classification method that merges multiple features is proposed for a beneficial exploration of acousto-optic fusion. The experimental results of the seafloor classification around Yuanzhi Island in the South China Sea indicate that, when LiDAR waveform features are merged (using an Optech Aquarius system) with MBES backscatter image features (using a Sonic 2024) to classify three types of sands, reefs, and rocks, the overall accuracy is improved to 96.71%, and the kappa reaches 0.94. After merging multiple features, the classification accuracies of the SVM, genetic algorithm SVM (GA-SVM) and particle swarm optimization SVM (PSO-SVM) increase by an average of 9.06%, 3.60%, and 2.75%, respectively.
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Sarapulova, Veronika, Natalia Pismenskaya, Valentina Titorova, et al. "Transport Characteristics of CJMAED™ Homogeneous Anion Exchange Membranes in Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate Solutions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (2021): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031415.
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The interplay between the ion exchange capacity, water content and concentration dependences of conductivity, diffusion permeability, and counterion transport numbers (counterion permselectivity) of CJMA-3, CJMA-6 and CJMA-7 (Hefei Chemjoy Polymer Materials Co. Ltd., China) anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) is analyzed using the application of the microheterogeneous model to experimental data. The structure–properties relationship for these membranes is examined when they are bathed by NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions. These results are compared with the characteristics of the well-studied homogenous Neosepta AMX (ASTOM Corporation, Japan) and heterogeneous AMH-PES (Mega a.s., Czech Republic) anion-exchange membranes. It is found that the CJMA-6 membrane has the highest counterion permselectivity (chlorides, sulfates) among the CJMAED series membranes, very close to that of the AMX membrane. The CJMA-3 membrane has the transport characteristics close to the AMH-PES membrane. The CJMA-7 membrane has the lowest exchange capacity and the highest volume fraction of the intergel spaces filled with an equilibrium electroneutral solution. These properties predetermine the lowest counterion transport number in CJMA-7 among other investigated AEMs, which nevertheless does not fall below 0.87 even in 1.0 eq L−1 solutions of NaCl or Na2SO4. One of the reasons for the decrease in the permselectivity of CJMAED membranes is the extended macropores, which are localized at the ion-exchange material/reinforcing cloth boundaries. In relatively concentrated solutions, the electric current prefers to pass through these well-conductive but nonselective macropores rather than the highly selective but low-conductive elements of the gel phase. It is shown that the counterion permselectivity of the CJMA-7 membrane can be significantly improved by coating its surface with a dense homogeneous ion-exchange film.
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Zhang, Ke, Xiaojun Liu, Yong Ma, et al. "A Comparative Assessment of Measures of Leaf Nitrogen in Rice Using Two Leaf-Clip Meters." Sensors 20, no. 1 (2019): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010175.
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Accurate estimation and monitoring of crop nitrogen can assist in timely diagnosis and facilitate necessary technical support for fertilizer management. Four experiments, involving three cultivars and six nitrogen (N) treatments, were conducted in southeast China to compare the two leaf-clip meters (Dualex 4 Scientific+, Force-A, Orasy, France; Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) meter, Minolta Camera Co., Osaka, Japan) for their ability to measure nitrogen nutrient-related indicators. The results indicated that Chl had a better monitoring accuracy for chlorophyll in per unit leaf area as compared to SPAD value, and there was no saturation to appear under high leaf chlorophyll concentration status. Flavonoids (Flav) presented the advantage of early diagnosis of rice N nutrition status (about one day as compared to SPAD value). As a reliable N nutrient diagnosis indicator, it also improved the estimation accuracy compared with the classical SPAD-based method. The other Dualex value also obtained good monitoring results. Flav was positively correlated with N deficiency, and with higher R2 in panicle initiation and booting stages with low RMSE, respectively; whereas SPAD value was negatively correlated with nitrogen deficiency. Therefore, the Flav-based nitrogen application model was found to provide an early rice nitrogen fertilizer application approach, especially in the panicle initiation and booting stages.
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Yang, Wei, Xiang Zhang, Qian Lei, and Xin Cheng. "Research on Longitudinal Active Collision Avoidance of Autonomous Emergency Braking Pedestrian System (AEB-P)." Sensors 19, no. 21 (2019): 4671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214671.
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The AEB-P (Autonomous Emergency Braking Pedestrian) system has the functional requirements of avoiding the pedestrian collision and ensuring the pedestrian’s life safety. By studying relevant theoretical systems, such as TTC (time to collision) and braking safety distance, an AEB-P warning model was established, and the traffic safety level and work area of the AEB-P warning system were defined. The upper-layer fuzzy neural network controller of the AEB-P system was designed, and the BP (backpropagation) neural network was trained by collected pedestrian longitudinal anti-collision braking operation data of experienced drivers. Also, the fuzzy neural network model was optimized by introducing the genetic algorithm. The lower-layer controller of the AEB-P system was designed based on the PID (proportional integral derivative controller) theory, which realizes the conversion of the expected speed reduction to the pressure of a vehicle braking pipeline. The relevant pedestrian test scenarios were set up based on the C-NCAP (China-new car assessment program) test standards. The CarSim and Simulink co-simulation model of the AEB-P system was established, and a multi-condition simulation analysis was performed. The results showed that the proposed control strategy was credible and reliable and could flexibly allocate early warning and braking time according to the change in actual working conditions, to reduce the occurrence of pedestrian collision accidents.
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Zhao, P. S., F. Dong, D. He, et al. "Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 1 (2013): 863–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-863-2013.
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Abstract. In order to study the temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 and its chemical compositions in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei (BTH), PM2.5 samples were collected at four urban sites in Beijing (BJ), Tianjin (TJ), Shijiazhuang (SJZ), and Chengde (CD) and one site at Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional background station over four seasons from 2009 to 2010. The samples were weighted for mass concentrations and analyzed in laboratory for chemical profiles of 19 elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn), eight water-soluble ions (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−), and carbon fractions (OC and EC). The concentrations of PM2.5 and its major chemical species were season-dependent and showed spatially similar characteristics in the plain area of BTH. The average annual concentrations of PM2.5 were 71.8–191.2 μg m−3 at five sites, with more than 90 % sampling days exceeded 50 μg m−3 at BJ, TJ, and SJZ. PM2.5 pollution was most serious at SJZ, and the annual concentrations of PM2.5, secondary ions, OC, EC, and most of crustal elements were all highest. Due to stronger photochemical oxidation, the sum of concentrations of secondary ions (NH4+, NO3−, and SO42−) was highest in the summer at SDZ, BJ, TJ, and CD. Analysis of electric charges of water-soluble ions indicated the existence of nitric acid or hydrochloric acid in PM2.5. For all five sites, the concentrations of OC, EC and also secondary organic carbon (SOC) in the spring and summer were lower than those in the autumn and winter. Stable atmosphere and low temperatures appearing more frequently during autumn and winter facilitated the formation of SOC. The sums of crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Ti, Ba, and Sr) were higher in the spring and autumn owing to more days with blowing or floating dust. The concentrations of heavy metals were at higher levels in the BTH area by comparison with other studies. In Shijiazhuang and Chengde, the PM2.5 pollution was dominated by coal combustion. Motor vehicle exhausts and coal combustion emissions both played important role in Tianjin PM2.5$ pollution. However, motor vehicle exhausts had played more important role in Beijing owing to the reduction of coal consumption and sharply increase of cars in recent years. At SDZ, regional transportation of air pollutants from southern urban areas was significant.
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Zhao, P. S., F. Dong, D. He, et al. "Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 9 (2013): 4631–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4631-2013.
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Abstract. In order to study the temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 and its chemical compositions in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei (BTH), PM2.5 samples were collected at four urban sites in Beijing (BJ), Tianjin (TJ), Shijiazhuang (SJZ), and Chengde (CD), and also one site at Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional background station over four seasons from 2009 to 2010. The samples were weighted for mass concentrations and analyzed in the laboratory for chemical profiles of 19 elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn), eight water-soluble inorganic ions (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−, and carbon fractions (OC and EC). The concentrations of PM2.5 and its major chemical species were season dependent and showed spatially similar characteristics in the plain area of BTH. The average annual concentrations of PM2.5 were 71.8–191.2 μg m−3 at the five sites, with more than 90% of sampling days exceeding 50 μg m−3 at BJ, TJ, and SJZ. PM2.5 pollution was most serious at SJZ, and the annual concentrations of PM2.5, secondary inorganic ions, OC, EC, and most crustal elements were all highest. Due to stronger photochemical oxidation, the sum of concentrations of secondary inorganic ions (NH4+, NO3−, and SO42− was highest in the summer at SDZ, BJ, TJ, and CD. Analysis of electric charges of water-soluble inorganic ions indicated the existence of nitric acid or hydrochloric acid in PM2.5. For all five sites, the concentrations of OC, EC and also secondary organic carbon (SOC) in the spring and summer were lower than those in the autumn and winter. SOC had more percentages of increase than primary organic carbon (POC) during the winter. The sums of crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Ti, Ba, and Sr) were higher in the spring and autumn owing to more days with blowing or floating dust. The concentrations of heavy metals were at higher levels in the BTH area by comparison with other studies. In Shijiazhuang and Chengde, the PM2.5 pollution was dominated by coal combustion. Motor vehicle exhausts and coal combustion emissions both played important roles in Tianjin PM2.5 pollution. However, motor vehicle exhausts had played a more important role in Beijing owing to the reduction of coal consumption and sharp increase of cars in recent years. At SDZ, regional transportation of air pollutants from southern urban areas was significant.
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Zhang, Jingsen, Jing Zhang, and Yanchao Zhai. "Geochemistry of hydrothermally altered rocks with gold mineralization hosted in alkaline complex in Hongshan area, Taihang Orogen, North China." World Journal of Engineering 13, no. 1 (2016): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-02-2016-001.
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Purpose This paper aims to elucidate the geochemical characteristics of the hydrothermally altered rocks with gold mineralization and the elemental transfers in hydrothermal alteration hosted in alkaline complex in Hongshan area, Taihang Orogen, North China, and preliminarily discuss the relationship between the gold mineralization and the hydrothermal alteration. Design/methodology/approach Based on detailed field investigation, sampling and petrographical observation, major oxides and trace elements of nine rock samples are analyzed, and the method of mass balance equation is used in calculation of the elemental transfer. Findings Three alteration stages in the Hongshan area are identified, which are the early, main and late alterations. The early one is characteristic of extensive pyritization in the complex, which is related to the mantle-derived magmas and occurs before gold mineralization. The main one is characterized by developing a great deal of altered rock in fracture zones with the gain of many elements and the loss of a few elements. The late one is dominated by limonitization, that is limonite replacing the early pyrite or Fe2O3 replacing FeO in rocks. In the main alteration, the altered rocks obviously gain fluid component (LOI, i.e. loss on ignition) and elements such as V, As, Rb, Au, La, Ce and Nd and total rare earth elements (REEs). Elements such as K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Y, Mo, Sb, W, Re and U are gained in some altered rocks. Na and Sr are lost in all altered rocks, and Th and Bi are lost in some ones in the meantime. The following elements: Si, Mg, Mn, Ca, Li, Sc, Cr, Co, Ni, Zr, Ag, Ba and Hg show either gain or loss in different altered rocks. Au is notably enriched in the hydrothermal alteration. The elemental gain or loss in the altered rocks indicates that the main mineralization develops extensive de-alkalinization, local potassic metasomatism, silicification or desilicification.
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Badora, Aleksandra, Krzysztof Kud, and Marian Woźniak. "Nuclear Energy Perception and Ecological Attitudes." Energies 14, no. 14 (2021): 4322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144322.
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This paper focuses on the analysis of trends in the development of nuclear energy in selected European and non-European countries in the context of the pace of renewable energy development in the world. The perception of Poles related to their openness to various energy sources against the background of European trends was also examined, as well as their ecological approach to the quality of the environment in this context. The survey was carried out using the Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) technique. The total number of correctly completed forms was 923. To identify the ecological attitude, purchasing attitude, and the perception of nuclear energy, the research tool contained a number of statements on the issues studied, and the respondents assessed compliance with their opinion using a seven-point bipolar scale. The semantic differential was also used to gather opinions on the characteristics of nuclear energy. This paper shows that global trends are promoting the development of unstable renewable energy sources and the reduction of the share of nuclear power plants as an energy source. It has also been shown that the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries are more skeptical about nuclear power than countries that do not belong to the OECD (for example, China and Africa).
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Hata, Seiji. "Special Issue on 2nd Japan-France Congress on Mechatronics." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 7, no. 3 (1995): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1995.p0195.
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Following the I st congress in Besancon in 1992, the 2nd Japan-France Congress on Mechatronics was held at Takamatsu City in Japan from November 1 to 3, 1994. The congress was co-sponsored by Kagawa University, the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, and l'Institut des Microtechniques de Franche-Comte. A total of 282 persons participated in the congress, 49 from France, 209 from Japan, and 24 from other countries including China, U.S., Turkey, Korea, and Switzerland. Researchers and engineers from a total of 15 countries participated in the congress. The congress continues to become more international and exciting. There are six sessions at the congress. The session names and the number of the papers belonging to each are as follows: (1) Mechatronics, 33 papers; (2) Robotics, 53 papers; (3) Sensors, 26 papers; (4) Vision, 33 papers; (5) Microelectro Mechanical Systems, 20 papers; and (6) CIM & Systems, 21 papers. The total number of papers 186. Additionally, three keynote speakers discussed the current status and future of the mechatronics technologies. The papers were presented at the oral sessions and the poster sessions. In this special issue, 11 papers from these fields are presented to describe the current technological status in Japan. Takamatsu is charming old city near Osaka. The congress was held at the exhibition center in Intelligent Park in Takamatsu, which was newly developed as the technological center of the area. The congress was held at such a location so that participants from abroad could gain a feel for ordinary life in Japan. In addition to the congress, there were two technical tours before and after the congress. The technical tour to the industries in Takamatsu showed the vivid medium size manufacturers in Japan. It is the another viewpoint contrary to the huge companies of Japan. During the congress, there were warm and friendly technological interactions between Japan and Europe. This should be further encouraged, and more countries should be included in the congress. The 3rd French-Japanese Congress on Mechatronics will be held at Besancon, France in 1996. It will also be the first European-Asia Congress. I hope that many researchers and engineers from all over the world, will participate in the congress and that the warm and friendly atmosphere of the past congress is provided at the next congress.
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Luo, Xing Ling, An Quan Zou, and Chun Guang Quan. "A Study on the Carbon Emissions Calculation Model of Iron and Steel Products Based on EIO-LCA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2970.
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Carbon emission has become a global focus. The construction of carbon emissions calculation model is helpful for its control. Currently, there is still no uniform method about accounting on the carbon emissions of steel products. The common calculation models are not totally suitable for China. To make up for the shortcomings of them, this paper defines the life cycle system of the iron and steel products based on EIO-LCA, measures the quantity of the direct, indirect carbon emissions and carbon emission deduction in various stages of this life cycle, identifies the hotspot and department which contributes most in carbon emission, and takes Hunan Valin Xiangtan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd (abbreviated Xiang Gang) as an example to validate it. It shows that 2103.87kg of carbon in total would be emitted when one tonne of steel is produced by Xiang Gang. Among the total, the quantity of direct, indirect and deductible carbon emission are 2033.5kg, 216.75kg and 146.38kg respectively, namely carbon emissions of producing per ton of steel is 2.1 tons. Direct carbon emissions from all stages of the life cycle of steel products mainly exist in the stage of steel production and transportation. And ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry are the largest emissions industries of the total indirect emissions. Converting by-product gas, heat, and pressure into electrical energy use can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 146kg, which is the equivalent of reducing carbon dioxide emissions per ton of steel 0.15 tons. Therefore, in order to make the carbon dioxide emissions reach the advanced domestic level of 1.7 tons per ton steel, the iron and steel enterprises can meet emissions reduction targets by strengthening control of carbon emission and improving the efficiency of the utilization of secondary energy from small and large scale.
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Ren, Han, Baoling Huang, Víctor Fernández-García, Jessica Miesel, Li Yan, and Chengqun Lv. "Biochar and Rhizobacteria Amendments Improve Several Soil Properties and Bacterial Diversity." Microorganisms 8, no. 4 (2020): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8040502.
Full textAbstract:
In the current context, there is a growing interest in reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to promote ecological agriculture. The use of biochar and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an environmentally friendly alternative that can improve soil conditions and increase ecosystem productivity. However, the effects of biochar and PGPR amendments on forest plantations are not well known. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of biochar and PGPR applications on soil nutrients and bacterial community. To achieve this goal, we applied amendments of (i) biochar at 20 t hm−2, (ii) PGPR at 5 × 1010 CFU mL−1, and (iii) biochar at 20 t hm−2 + PGPR at 5 × 1010 CFU mL−1 in a eucalyptus seedling plantation in Guangxi, China. Three months after applying the amendments, we collected six soil samples from each treatment and from control plots. From each soil sample, we analyzed several physicochemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, total N, inorganic N, NO3−-N, NH4+-N, total P, total K, and soil water content), and we determined the bacterial community composition by sequencing the ribosomal 16S rRNA. Results indicated that co-application of biochar and PGPR amendments significantly decreased concentrations of soil total P and NH4+-N, whereas they increased NO3-N, total K, and soil water content. Biochar and PGPR treatments increased the richness and diversity of soil bacteria and the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa such as Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Cyanobacteria. In general, the microbial composition was similar in the two treatments with PGPR. We also found that soil physicochemical properties had no significant influence on the soil composition of bacterial phyla, but soil NH4+-N was significantly related to the soil community composition of dominant bacterial genus. Thus, our findings suggest that biochar and PGPR amendments could be useful to maintain soil sustainability in eucalyptus plantations.
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Mameshin, V., and S. Zhuravlova. "Modern condition and development prospects of alternative processes of the ferrous metallurgy." Theory and practice of metallurgy, no. 6 (November 20, 2018): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.6.2018.09.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays a significant number of alternative processes of ferrous metals production have been developed, it differs in the principles of operation, as well as the design arrangement of the aggregates. In general, "alternative" processes of ferrous metals production can be divided into 4 groups. The processes of the first group (the production of sponge iron in direct reduction units with remelting in electric arc furnaces) are based on the use of reduction gases (CO, H2 or a mixture of them) or coal for the reduction. Depending on this, they have different principles of work and design. Shaft processes of direct reduction, based on the use of reduction gases, have the dominant positions in the global production of HBI. This is due to the design simplicity of these units, the reliability of their work and the low content of harmful impurities (S, P) in the products. The principle of the processes of the second group (production of carbon semi-products in smelting reduction units with blowing in BOF) involves the reduction of iron ore with power-generating coal at temperatures of 1400-1600 °C and obtaining hot metal. The processes of this group can use as a charge partially reduced iron ore materials (Corex processes, Finex, Tecnored, etc.), as well as raw iron ore (processes Hismelt, Romelt, Ausiron). More than forty processes in various countries have been developed and tested to substitute blast furnace process. Currently, there are 7 Corex units in the world (2 - China, 4 - India, 1 - South Africa) with a total annual productivity of about 7 million tons; 3 Finex units (2 in Korea, 1 in India) with an annual productivity of about 3.5 million tons. The development of processes for the direct production of steel from iron ore (the third group) is currently focused on the processing of iron-containing waste (sludge, scale, dust iron ore) to crude steel. Examples include: the process of jet-emulsion refining, production of high carbon steel in rotary inclined furnaces or perspective direct electrolysis processes of iron ore (MOE), the development of which is at the initial stages of laboratory research. Continuous processes for the production of crude steel from hot metal (the fourth group), due to difficulties in controlling a continuous process, high consumption of refractories, low economic indexes and, most importantly, the rapid growth of ladle treatment of steel, could not compete with the LD-process and are currently hardly used. It should be said about the prospects of the considered alternative processes for the ferrous metals production. The processes of direct reduction have proven their competitiveness, the prospects of their development is determined by the need of electric steelmaking in high-quality metal charge. At the moment smelting reduction processes of ferrous metals production are not the real competitors to BF process and so far they should be considered only as an addition to it. However, if the price of metallurgical coke continues to grow, then the further spread of smelting reduction processes is possible. The processes of the third group are directed to the utilization of iron-containing metallurgical wastes and dust iron ores, but the development of majority of these processes is on its initial stages, their prospects will be determined by economic efficiency. Continuous steelmaking processes with use of hot metal as a charge could not clearly prove their superiority to the well-known steelmaking processes, at this stage their prospects are rather doubtful.
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Chang, Zhanyuan, Huiling Yu, Yizhuo Zhang, and Keqi Wang. "Fusion of Hyperspectral CASI and Airborne LiDAR Data for Ground Object Classification through Residual Network." Sensors 20, no. 14 (2020): 3961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143961.
Full textAbstract:
Modern satellite and aerial imagery outcomes exhibit increasingly complex types of ground objects with continuous developments and changes in land resources. Single remote-sensing modality is not sufficient for the accurate and satisfactory extraction and classification of ground objects. Hyperspectral imaging has been widely used in the classification of ground objects because of its high resolution, multiple bands, and abundant spatial and spectral information. Moreover, the airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point-cloud data contains unique high-precision three-dimensional (3D) spatial information, which can enrich ground object classifiers with height features that hyperspectral images do not have. Therefore, the fusion of hyperspectral image data with airborne LiDAR point-cloud data is an effective approach for ground object classification. In this paper, the effectiveness of such a fusion scheme is investigated and confirmed on an observation area in the middle parts of the Heihe River in China. By combining the characteristics of hyperspectral compact airborne spectrographic imager (CASI) data and airborne LiDAR data, we extracted a variety of features for data fusion and ground object classification. Firstly, we used the minimum noise fraction transform to reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral CASI images. Then, spatio-spectral and textural features of these images were extracted based on the normalized vegetation index and the gray-level co-occurrence matrices. Further, canopy height features were extracted from airborne LiDAR data. Finally, a hierarchical fusion scheme was applied to the hyperspectral CASI and airborne LiDAR features, and the fused features were used to train a residual network for high-accuracy ground object classification. The experimental results showed that the overall classification accuracy was based on the proposed hierarchical-fusion multiscale dilated residual network (M-DRN), which reached an accuracy of 97.89%. This result was found to be 10.13% and 5.68% higher than those of the convolutional neural network (CNN) and the dilated residual network (DRN), respectively. Spatio-spectral and textural features of hyperspectral CASI images can complement the canopy height features of airborne LiDAR data. These complementary features can provide richer and more accurate information than individual features for ground object classification and can thus outperform features based on a single remote-sensing modality.