Journal articles: 'Chip production rate'

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Gilbert, Wesley, Ivan Trush, Bruce Allison, Randy Reimer, and Howard Mason. "Dry chip feedrate control using online chip moisture." May 2018 17, no. 05 (June 1, 2018): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj17.05.295.

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Normal practice in continuous digester operation is to set the production rate through the chip meter speed. This speed is seldom, if ever, adjusted except to change production, and most of the other digester inputs are ratioed to it. The inherent assumption is that constant chip meter speed equates to constant dry mass flow of chips. This is seldom, if ever, true. As a result, the actual production rate, effective alkali (EA)-to-wood and liquor-to-wood ratios may vary substantially from assumed values. This increases process variability and decreases profits. In this report, a new continuous digester production rate control strategy is developed that addresses this shortcoming. A new noncontacting near infrared–based chip moisture sensor is combined with the existing weightometer signal to estimate the actual dry chip mass feedrate entering the digester. The estimated feedrate is then used to implement a novel feedback control strategy that adjusts the chip meter speed to maintain the dry chip feedrate at the target value. The report details the results of applying the new measurements and control strategy to a dual vessel continuous digester.

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Lee, Jue-Hyun, and Angela A. Sodemann. "Geometrical Simulation of Chip Production Rate in Micro-EndMilling." Procedia Manufacturing 26 (2018): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.07.029.

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Lee, Jue-Hyun, and Angela Sodemann. "Reliability of Cutting Edge Radius Estimator Based on Chip Production Rate for Micro End Milling." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3010025.

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In this paper, the reliability of a new online cutting edge radius estimator for micro end milling is evaluated. This estimator predicts the cutting edge radius by detecting the drop in the chip production rate as the cutting edge of a micro end mill slips over the workpiece when the minimum chip thickness (MCT) becomes larger than the uncut chip thickness (UCT), thus transitioning from the shearing to the ploughing dominant regime. This study proposes a method of calibrating the cutting edge radius estimator by determining two parameters from training data: a ‘size filtering threshold’ that specifies the smallest-size chip that should be counted, and a ‘drop detection threshold’ that distinguishes the drop in the number of chips at the actual critical feedrate from the number drops at the other feedrates. This study then evaluates the accuracy of the calibrated estimator from testing data for determining the ‘critical feedrate’—the feedrate at which the MCT and UCT will be equal. It is found that the estimator is successful in determining the critical feedrate to within 1 mm/s in 84% of trials.

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Rahman, M. Azizur, Md Shahnewaz Bhuiyan, Sourav Sharma, Mohammad Saeed Kamal, M. M. Musabbir Imtiaz, Abdullah Alfaify, Trung-Thanh Nguyen, et al. "Influence of Feed Rate Response (FRR) on Chip Formation in Micro and Macro Machining of Al Alloy." Metals 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010159.

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In this paper, the investigation of chip formation of aluminum alloy in different machining strategies (i.e., micro and macro cutting) is performed to develop a holistic view of the chip formation phenomenon. The study of chip morphology is useful to understand the mechanics of surface generation in machining. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the feed rate response (FRR) in both ultra-precision micro and conventional macro machining processes. A comprehensive study was carried out to explore the material removal mechanics with both experimental findings and theoretical insights. The results of the variation of chip morphology showed the dependence on feed rate in orthogonal turning. The transformation of discontinuous to continuous chip production—a remarkable phenomenon in micro machining—has been identified for the conventional macro machining of Al alloy. This is validated by the surface crevice formation in the transition region. Variation of the surface morphology confirms the phenomenology (transformation mechanics) of chip formation.

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Lin, Shen Yung, and S. H. Cheng. "Investigation of the Chip Types in High Speed Machining of SKD11 Steel." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.1009.

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High speed machining is very popular and widely used in industry recently, and it has been accepted as a key technology for die and mold steel manufacturing because it has much advantage as compared with conventional machining such as low cutting resistance, low cutting heat generation and high production rate, etc. The finite element method is utilized in this study to simulate the processes of chip formation during high speed machining of SKD11 die steel workpiece step by step from an incipient of tool-workpiece engagement to a steady state of chip formation. The effects of different combinations of cutting conditions such as cutting velocity, feed rate, rake angle and nose radius of the tool on the curly types of chip formation are investigated thoroughly for establishing the related skill for high speed machining or for predicting the chip morphology in advance.

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Sandberg, Christer, Erik Nelsson, Birgitta A. Engberg, Jan-Erik Berg, and Per Engstrand. "Effects of chip pretreatment and feeding segments on specific energy and pulp quality in TMP production." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3052.

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Abstract Increased wood softening and refining intensity have earlier been utilized to improve refining efficiency in mechanical pulping. We have evaluated a combination of increased softening by low dose sulphite chip pretreatment and increased intensity by feeding segment design in a TMP line for production of high quality printing papers. Norway spruce wood chips were preheated, compressed in an Impressafiner and impregnated with water or sodium sulphite solutions (Na2SO3 charges 3.6 and 7.2 kg/t). Chips were refined in two parallel 68” double disc refiners using two different refining conditions: standard bidirectional segments at normal production rate (9 t/h) and feeding segments at increased production rate (11.1–12.1 t/h). The feeding segments enabled a 30 % increase in production rate. Refining with feeding segments at 12.1 t/h production rate combined with chip pretreatment with 3.6 kg/t sodium sulphite reduced the specific energy 360 kWh/t (19 %) compared to refining with standard segments and no pretreatment. Pulp properties were similar for the two configurations. The combination of feeding segments and chip pretreatment with water reduced the specific energy 180 kWh/t (9 %). Implementation of most of the technology presented has reduced the electrical energy use for the mill by approximately 80 GWh/year.

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Lee, Jue-Hyun, Angela A. Sodemann, and Anuj K. Bajaj. "Experimental validation of chip production rate as a tool wear identification in micro-endmilling." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 103, no. 1-4 (March 26, 2019): 793–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03602-8.

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Fokin, S. V., and O. A. Fomina. "Energy wood production by disk cutting machines with different methods of chip emission." FORESTRY BULLETIN 25, no. 2 (April 2021): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-2-99-107.

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The article describes the methodology of physical and mathematical modeling of the mechanism for ejection of chips of a disk chipper. This technique allows you to calculate and optimize the design and technological parameters of the chip ejection mechanism. To accomplish this task, the flow of chip elements was divided into separate spherical elements, and the working surfaces of the chip ejection mechanism are represented by a set of fragments of planes conjugated to each other. When creating a mathematical model for calculating and optimizing the design and technological parameters of the chip ejection mechanism, the following indicators of the efficiency of the chip ejection mechanism were analyzed: the rate of chip ejection at the exit of the chipping line, the probability of chip ejection from the first revolution of the chipping disk, the mechanical power consumed for the ejection of chips after the stage of crushing the cut residues knives. The mathematical model is implemented in a computer program in the Object Pascal language in the Delphi 7 development environment. The program allows carrying out computer experiments to analyze the movement in the casing and chipping of chips obtained from felling residues and to study the effect of the design and technological parameters of the ejection mechanism on the efficiency of the disk chipper. The computer studies carried out made it possible to determine the best numerical ranges of the chipping disk rotation frequency and the number of blades located on the chipping disk. The likelihood of chip entrainment at the first revolution of the chipping disk and the power consumption for the ejection of chips from the disk chipper were also determined.

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Abidi, Youcef. "Relationship between surface roughness and chip morphology when turning hardened steel." Production Engineering Archives 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2020.26.19.

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AbstractHard machining is a process which has become highly recommended in manufacturing industry to replace grinding and perform production. The important technological parameters that determine this process are tool wear, machined surface roughness, cutting force and morphology of the removed chip. In this work, an attempt has been made to analyse the morphology and form of chip removed during turning of hardened steel AISI 1045 (40HRC) with mixed ceramic tool type CC650. Using a Taguchi plan L9, whose factors are cutting speed and feed rate with three levels for each. Macroscopic and microscopic results of chip morphology were correlated with these two cutting parameters additional to surface roughness. Sufficient experimental results were obtained using the mixed ceramic tool when turning of hardened steel AISI 1045 (40HRC) at high cutting speeds. Roughness of machined surface confirmed that it is influenced by feed rate. Chips show a sawtooth shape for all combinations of the experimental plan used. The chip form changed with cutting parameters variation and given an important indicator of suraface quality for industriel. Having the indicators on the surface quality from simple control of chip without stopping machining give an important advantage in order to maximize production and reduce costs.

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Karim, N. A., Muhammad M. Ramli, C. M. R. Ghazali, and M. N. Mohtar. "Synthetic graphite production of oil palm trunk chip at various heating rate via pyrolisis process." Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019): 2088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.096.

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Raj, R. Clifford Benjamin, B. Anand Ronald, A. Velayudham, and Prasmit Kumar Nayak. "Hole Accuracy during Deep Hole Drilling for Hydraulic Cylinder Application." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.67.

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Deep-hole drilling is a process in which the hole length will be very high when compared to diameter of the drill hole (i.e. length to diameter ratio will be greater than 5). Drilling a deep hole with very high accuracy is difficult process. The current project is about the production of deep hole with the aim to produce a chip which is not a continuous chip and also not a powdery chip. These conditions can be attained by varying the spindle speed and the tool feed rate.

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Boyer, Cheryl R., H. Allen Torbert, Charles H. Gilliam, Glenn B. Fain, Thomas V. Gallagher, and Jeff L. Sibley. "Nitrogen Immobilization in Plant Growth Substrates: Clean Chip Residual, Pine Bark, and Peatmoss." International Journal of Agronomy 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/978528.

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Rising costs of potting substrates have caused horticultural growers to search for alternative, lower-cost materials. Objectives of this study were to determine the extent of nitrogen immobilization and microbial respiration in a high wood-fiber content substrate, clean chip residual. Microbial activity and nitrogen availability of two screen sizes (0.95 cm and 0.48 cm) of clean chip residual were compared to control treatments of pine bark and peatmoss in a 60-day incubation experiment. Four rates (0, 1, 2, or 3 mg) of supplemental nitrogen were assessed. Peatmoss displayed little microbial respiration over the course of the study, regardless of nitrogen rate; followed by pine bark, 0.95 cm clean chip residual, and 0.48 cm clean chip residual. Respiration increased with increasing nitrogen. Total inorganic nitrogen (plant available nitrogen) was greatest with peatmoss; inorganic nitrogen in other treatments were similar at the 0, 1, and 2 mg supplemental nitrogen rates, while an increase occurred with the highest rate (3 mg). Clean chip residual and pine bark were similar in available nitrogen compared to peatmoss. This study suggests that nitrogen immobilization in substrates composed of clean chip residual is similar to pine bark and can be treated with similar fertilizer amendments during nursery production.

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Monkova, Katarina, Peter Pavol Monka, Adriana Sekerakova, Jozef Tkac, Martin Bednarik, Juraj Kovac, and Andrej Jahnatek. "Research on Chip Shear Angle and Built-Up Edge of Slow-Rate Machining EN C45 and EN 16MnCr5 Steels." Metals 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9090956.

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One of the phenomena that accompanies metal cutting is extensive plastic deformation and fracture. The excess material is plastically deformed, fractured, and removed from the workpiece in the form of chips, the formation of which depends on the type of crack and their propagation. Even in case of the so-called ‘continuous’ chip formation there still has to be a fracture, as the cutting process involves the separation of a chip from the workpiece. Controlling the chip separation and its patterning in a suitable form is the most important problem of the current industrial processes, which should be highly automated to achieve maximal production efficiency. The article deals with the chip root evaluation of two EN C45 and EN 16MnCr5 steels, focusing on the shear angle measuring and built-up edge observation as important factors influencing the machining process, because a repeated formation and dislodgement of built-up edge unfavorably affects changes in the rake angle, causing fluctuation in cutting forces, and thus inducing vibration, which is harmful to the cutting tool. Consequently, this leads to surface finish deterioration. The planing was selected as a slow-rate machining operation, within which orthogonal and oblique cutting has been used for the comparative chips’ root study. The planned experiment was implemented at three levels (lower, basic, and upper) for the test preparation and the statistical method, and regression function was used for the data evaluation. The mutual connections among the four considered factors (cutting speed, cutting depth, tool cutting edge inclination, and rake angle) and investigated by the shear angle were plotted in the form of graphical dependencies. Finally, chips obtained from both steels types and within both cutting methods were systematically processed from the microscopic (chip root) and macroscopic (chip pattern) points of view.

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Wu, Sung-Hua, Ming-Shyan Huang, Cheng-En Jhou, and Chin-Chung Wei. "Study on the Cutting Efficiency of High-Speed Band Saw Blade by Taylor Tool Life and Fractal Equations." MATEC Web of Conferences 201 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820101001.

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The study proposed the chip formation steady-state model and cutting efficiency model for multi-cutters by Taylor tool life and fractal equation according to uniform chip thickness in high-speed band sawing process. Furthermore, a kind of new hook-tooth can be successfully applied on continuously uniformed chip formation in order to raise the production precision. The study developed MDOF cutting dynamics, which can be applied on multi-cutting process by Taylor tool life and fractal equations. Factors of affecting band-sawing included the cutting force, the cutting geometry, the cutting heat, the local stress-strain and the chip thickness formation uniformity. These factors had an important influence on tool wear, surface roughness, production precision and cutting efficiency in high-speed sawing process. The simulated results shown that, the wear resistance property is better at coating TiN 0.6 μm. In high-speed cutting process, the cutting improvement rate can be increased at least 13%. While the hook-tooth cutting speed achieved 120 m/min, comparing with non-coating cutting tooth, coating 0.6μm coating-layer can make the temperature decreased, obviously.

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Márton, Takács, and Farkas Balázs Zsolt. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Machining of AISI H13 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 818 (September 2013): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.818.187.

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Main aim of our recent research activity is the theoretical and experimental investigation of hard turning of AISI H13 (52 HRC) hot work tool steel. Chip removal processes are of essential importance in modern manufacturing technology. The demand for higher accuracy, better surface roughness, more economical production, and miniaturization are constantly growing. This determines continuous research and development of cutting processes under special circumstances. Numerical simulation plays an important role in evaluating of the cutting processes, and in prediction of forces, chip formation, distribution of strain, strain rate, stresses, and temperature. Cutting experiments with varying feed rate and cutting speed were carried out to determine their effect on surface components of resultant force. 3D finite element model was proposed to simulate the chip removal process during turning of workpiece material AISI H13 (52 HRC). This paper gives a summary about the comparison of theoretical and experimental results. It was found that boundary conditions, such as finite element size, mesh density, material separation method has significant influence on chip morphology and value of cutting force, too.

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Kean Chin, Kee. "Performances of Charcoal Chip and Sand Packed Anaerobic Reactors." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0142.

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Performances of anaerobic fixed film reactors were studied using 200 litre field units packed with 20 mm equivalent diameter charcoal chips and 7 litre laboratory units packed with charcoal chips and 0.35 mm sand particles. Wastewaters from edible oil refineries were used as feed. Treatment efficiency was greater than 80% at organic loading rate of 7 kg COD/m3-d and 60% at 12 kg COD/m3-d. The systems were able to withstand a shock loading of over 22 kg COD/m3-d. Efficiency dropped when wastewaters contained a high concentration level of SO4− and Na+. Gas production rate was in general greater than 0.26 m3/kg COD removed of which 80% by volume was methane gas. The fixed film anaerobic reactors were shown to be effective in treating high strength organic wastewaters.

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Subramanian, K., S. Ramanath, and M. Tricard. "Mechanisms of Material Removal in the Precision Production Grinding of Ceramics." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 119, no. 4A (November 1, 1997): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831181.

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Grinding of ceramics is often treated as coarse grinding dominated by brittle fracture or fine grinding, at very low removal rates, dominated by plastic deformation. Through a set of experimental observations and analysis, it is shown that in grinding of ceramics the abrasive/work interaction can be treated similar to well known chip formation models. Such an approach permits the coexistence of ductile deformation and brittle fracture during the grinding of ceramics. When the grinding process is managed such that the brittle fracture is minimized, while maximizing the plastic deformation optimum results are achieved. In this regard it is conceivable to design ceramic grinding cycles, where the rough grinding cycle focuses on surface generation to achieve high material removal rate and productivity while minimizing brittle fracture and the finish grinding cycle focuses on surface generation which maximizes plastic deformation while still minimizing brittle fracture. While the above accounts for only one of four interactions in the grinding zone (viz) abrasive/work interaction, it is also necessary to address the other three interactions (viz) chip/bond, chip/work and bond/work interactions. The later considerations for ceramics grinding are identical to well established practices in metal grinding. When such grinding cycle optimization is carried out taking simultaneously into account the aspects of machine tool, grinding wheel, work material and operational factors, significant progress can be made in the grinding of ceramics. The results obtained through such systems approach are also described in this paper.

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Deng, Wen Jun, Ping Lin, Zi Chun Xie, and Qing Li. "Analysis of Large-Strain Extrusion Machining with Different Chip Compression Ratios." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/851753.

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Large-Strain Extrusion Machining (LSEM) is a novel-introduced process for deforming materials to very high plastic strains to produce ultra-fine nanostructured materials. Before the technique can be exploited, it is important to understand the deformation behavior of the workpiece and its relationship to the machining parameters and friction conditions. This paper reports finite-element method (FEM) analysis of the LSEM process to understand the evolution of temperature field, effective strain, and strain rate under different chip compression ratios. The cutting and thrust forces are also analyzed with respect to time. The results show that LSEM can produce very high strains by changing in the value of chip compression ratio, thereby enabling the production of nanostructured materials. The shape of the chip produced by LSEM can also be geometrically well constrained.

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Li, Qi Chang, Guang Long Wang, Jiang Lei Lu, Feng Qi Gao, and Shan Shan Zhang. "Impact of Temperature on Thick Photoresist Lithography Process of Glass Microfluidic Chip." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2273.

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The positive photoresist AZ4620 was used for thick photoresist lithography of glass microfluidic chip. Different test temperature of soft baking, post exposure baking, hard baking, impacted the surface quality of photoresist layer, the adhesion of photoresist and glass matrix, the photoresist tolerance time, the etching rate and the maximum etching depth. The results show that the soft-bake temperature of 80°C improves the adhesion of the photoresist and the glass substrate well; PEB (post exposure bake) temperature of 60~70°Chelps to the quality of graphics after development; hard bake temperature of 80~90°Ccan conducive to a larger etching depth; through the controlling of heating temperature and mixing rate, it effectively improves the etching rate, increases the etching depth as well. It has been applied to the fast and high-volume production of a certain microfluidic detection chips.

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Gasiot, Gilles, Maximilien Glorieux, Sylvain Clerc, Dimitri Soussan, Fady Abouzeid, and Philippe Roche. "Experimental Soft Error Rate of Several Flip-Flop Designs Representative of Production Chip in 32 nm CMOS Technology." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 60, no. 6 (December 2013): 4226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2013.2284546.

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Seri, Kulpiya, and Senjuntichai Angsumalin. "Package Chip Defect Reduction on Integrated Circuit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (November 2013): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.578.

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This research applies Six Sigma approach in order to reduce defect by increasing the assembly process capability index (Cpk) of Integrated Circuit (IC) production process. This study applies five phases (DMAIC) of Six Sigma approach beginning with define (D), measure (M), analyze (A), improve (I) and control (C) phases, respectively. The response of the research identified in the define phase is the chipped width with Cpk of 0.66 determined from the measure phase. The half-factorial experiments are implemented in the analyze phase to find the significant factors which are water temperature, water pressure and feed rate. In improve phase, the additioanl expriments are performed according to the Box-Behnken design in order to determine the non-linear relation between the chipped width and all mentioned factors. The optimal setting of each factors are determined by applied the response surface optimizer. Under the optimal setting, the control charts are used in the control phase to monitor the chipped width. The resulted Cpk of the response is increased to 1.39 which is greater than the one-sided accpetable process capability of 1.25.

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Buchholz, F., A. Wolf, J. Lerchner, F. Mertens, H. Harms, and T. Maskow. "Chip Calorimetry for Fast and Reliable Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Treatments of Biofilms." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 1 (October 12, 2009): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00583-09.

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ABSTRACT Chip calorimetry is introduced as a new monitoring tool that provides real-time information about the physiological state of biofilms. Its potential for use for the study of the effects of antibiotics and other biocides was tested. Established Pseudomonas putida biofilms were exposed to substances known to cause toxicity by different mechanisms and to provoke different responses of defense and resistance. The effects of these compounds on heat production rates were monitored and compared with the effects of these compounds on the numbers of CFU and intracellular ATP contents. The real-time monitoring potential of chip calorimetry was successfully demonstrated by using as examples the fast-acting poisons formaldehyde and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). A dosage of antibiotics initially increased the heat production rate. This was discussed as being the effect of energy-dependent resistance mechanisms (e.g., export and/or transformation of the antibiotic). The subsequent reduction in the heat production rate was attributed to the loss of activity and the death of the biofilm bacteria. The shapes of the death curves were in agreement with the assumed variation in the levels of exposure of cells within the multilayer biofilms. The new monitoring tool provides fast, quantitative, and mechanistic insights into the acute and chronic effects of a compound on biofilm activity while requiring only minute quantities of the biocide.

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Gong, Qin Hui. "Application of Parameter-Adaptative Fuzzy PID Control in the Temperature Control System for Liquor Filling and Sealing Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.831.

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In order to improve pass-rate of liquor filling products; avoid poor quality as a result of liquor leakage and volatility, the sealing device for liquor filling and sealing machine has been improved, a parameter-adaptative fuzzy PID controller and a temperature control device based on a single chip microprocessor have been designed. Practical applications have shown that the parameter-adaptive fuzzy PID control system has high control precision and good tracking performance, small overshoot, strong anti-voltage disturbance, stable and reliable heat seal connection quality, and can meet the requirement of production process. Key words:liquor filling and sealing machine,parameter-adaptative fuzzy PID control,single chip microcomputer,temperature control ,sealing device

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Haroun, Samar, Zahra Sanei, Salma Jivan, Paul Schaffer, Thomas J. Ruth, and Paul C. H. Li. "Continuous-flow synthesis of [11C]raclopride, a positron emission tomography radiotracer, on a microfluidic chip." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 91, no. 5 (May 2013): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2012-0331.

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11C-labelled radiotracers such as [11C]raclopride are produced in a process that can take between 45 and 60 min to complete. These conventional approaches can consume upwards of 75% of the 11C (t1/2 = 20 min) due to radioactive decay alone, even more if synthesis losses are considered. To compensate, a large starting quantity of radioactive precursors such as [11C]methyl iodide is required to produce an adequate amount of the tracer for injection. In this investigation, a continuous-flow microchip is explored for the purpose of synthesizing 11C radiotracers in a shorter time by exploiting the favorable reaction kinetics of using smaller reaction volumes. To enhance the mixing of reagents within the microchannel, a micromixer “loop” design was used in fabricating various polydimethylsiloxane chip styles. With a loop design implemented in an abacus-style chip for the production of nonradioactive raclopride, shorter reaction times, reduced precursor use, and improved yields were possible when compared with the use of a simple serpentine design (no loop-style chip). However, when performing the equivalent radiochemical reaction, the results were not as favorable. Using the loop design in a full loop-style chip, parameters such as premixing the reagents, reducing flow rate, and varying reagent concentrations were explored to improve the yields of [11C]raclopride (in terms of relative radioactivity) formed. The full loop chip design produced the best results, and future work will see the polydimethylsiloxane prototype chip design translated into a glass chip for further optimization.

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Lohasz, Christian, Nassim Rousset, Kasper Renggli, Andreas Hierlemann, and Olivier Frey. "Scalable Microfluidic Platform for Flexible Configuration of and Experiments with Microtissue Multiorgan Models." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 24, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630318802582.

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Microphysiological systems hold the promise to increase the predictive and translational power of in vitro substance testing owing to their faithful recapitulation of human physiology. However, the implementation of academic developments in industrial settings remains challenging. We present an injection-molded microfluidic microtissue (MT) culture chip that features two channels with 10 MT compartments each and that was designed in compliance with microtiter plate standard formats. Polystyrene as a chip material enables reliable, large-scale production and precise control over experimental conditions due to low adsorption or absorption of small, hydrophobic molecules at or into the plastic material in comparison with predecessor chips made of polydimethylsiloxane. The chip is operated by tilting, which actuates gravity-driven flow between reservoirs at both ends of every channel, so that the system does not require external tubing or pumps. The flow rate can be modulated by adjusting the tilting angle on demand. The top-open design of the MT compartment enables efficient MT loading using standard or advanced pipetting equipment, ensures oxygen availability in the chip, and allows for high-resolution imaging. Every channel can be loaded with up to 10 identical or different MTs, as demonstrated by culturing liver and tumor MTs in the same medium channel on the chip.

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Plíhal, Tomáš. "Granger Causality between Stock Market and Macroeconomic Indicators: Evidence from Germany." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 6 (2016): 2101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664062101.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate informational efficiency of the stock market in Germany. Granger causality between the stock market and the selected macroeconomic variables is investigated by bivariate analysis using Toda-Yamamoto (1995) approach. This study focuses on monthly data from January 1999 to September 2015, and the stock market is represented by blue chip stock market index DAX. Investigated macroeconomic indicators include industrial production, inflation, money supply, interest rate, trade balance and exchange rate. Stock market Granger-causes industrial production and interest rate, and is therefore leading indicator of these variables. Between money supply and stock prices is Granger causality in both directions. Other variables seem to be independent on development of the stock market. We do not find any violation of Efficient market hypothesis which indicates that the stock market in Germany is informational efficient.

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Hamm, Randy, Daren Whitlock, Ryan Eatinger, Jeremy Stearns, and Samuel Ringwood. "Implementation of a Temperature Ramp Rate Requirement and Impact on the Packaging Processes." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2018, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 000494–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2018.1.000494.

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Abstract This paper addresses implementation of a heating and cooling temperature ramp rate requirement and its impact on packaging processes. A complex multi-chip module packaging design includes a printed wiring board, solder attachment of a AlSiC-9 back plate, solder attachment of a multi-room seal frame, soldered surface mount components, power die soldered directly to a heat sink, epoxy attached chip-and-wire die, a welded lid and ribbon cable. Because of complex material interactions that exist in the design, concerns arose about cracking and other thermally induced damage that might occur during temperature excursions. The assembly challenge that resulted was a product requirement to limit the heating and cooling temperature ramp rates during packaging processes. Working together, the design agency and production agency ultimately came to an agreement on what the temperature ramp rate requirement should be and how to qualify the processes and the periodic determination of compliance. The requirement was implemented on all packaging processes that saw a heating and cooling cycle. Epoxy cure after die attach and wire bonding were modified most significantly and are specifically addressed in this paper. Solutions were implemented to minimize impact to assembly flowtime and to minimize the chance of processing errors. Temperature profiles had the ramp rates calculated then documented and qualified based on the process parameters (set point temperatures and dwell times) and the assembly machines, ovens, hot plates and tooling used. Compliance is proved through thermal profiling and calculation of ramp rate. Deviation from the set process will require approval from the design agency.

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Jiang, Bing Yan, Yao Liu, Chun Peng Chu, and Qing Jun Qiu. "Research on Microchannel of PMMA Microfluidic Chip under Various Injection Molding Parameters." Advanced Materials Research 87-88 (December 2009): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.87-88.381.

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Microfluidic chip has bright application prospect in the field of chemical and biological analysis. PMMA is the best material for microfluidic chip fabrication because of its low cost, prominent electrochemical properties and biological compatibility. In this work, a triple-channel microfluidic chip was designed; a nickel mold insert with microstructure was fabricated by UV-LIGA technology, and then the injection mold was designed and fabricated. The change in cross-section dimensions of microchannel was chosen as evaluating indicator, and micro-injection molding experiments were carried out. Then the influence of process parameters on cross-section dimensions of microchannel was observed with microscope. Experiment results demonstrated that substrate and cover plate could be manufactured in a single injection molding process by "1+1" type mold, and the manufacturing cycle was reduced to less than 20s, so production efficiency was greatly enhanced. Best combination of process parameters was obtained when mold temperature was 80°C, melt temperature was 250°C and injection rate was 297mm/s. Thereby, high quality substrate and cover plate could be manufactured efficiently.

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Takács, Márton. "Validation of 3D Finite Element Simulation of Chip Removal Process Performed by Unique Insert Geometry." Key Engineering Materials 581 (October 2013): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.581.505.

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Main aim of our current research activity is experimental and theoretical investigation of cutting process performed by unique insert geometries. The new geometries should affect smaller cutting forces, less vibration, and better surface quality. Other aspect can be the higher productivity. Economical investigation requires single production, which can be realized by micro EDM process. This paper gives summary about preliminary investigation of application of DEFORM 3D software for simulation of chip removal process performed by cutting insert with unique geometry. Fabrication of unique geometry means modification of the rake face in this case. Experiments were carried out on workpiece material AISI1045. Feed rate and cutting velocity were changed; cutting forces (Fc) and surface roughness (Ra) were measured. Exact geometrical model of the modified cutting insert were applied for FEM simulation. Results of numerical simulation and experiments show good agreement.

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Cai, Shixuan, Hongyan Shi, Guoqian Li, Qilu Xue, Lei Zhao, Fu Wang, and Bo Hu. "3D-Printed Concentration-Controlled Microfluidic Chip with Diffusion Mixing Pattern for the Synthesis of Alginate Drug Delivery Microgels." Nanomaterials 9, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101451.

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Alginate as a good drug delivery vehicle has excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In the ionic gelation process between alginate and Ca2+, the violent reaction is the absence of a well-controlled strategy in the synthesizing calcium alginate (CaA) microgels. In this study, a concentration-controlled microfluidic chip with central buffer flow was designed and 3D-printed to well-control the synthesis process of CaA microgels by the diffusion mixing pattern. The diffusion mixing pattern in the microfluidic chip can slow down the ionic gelation process in the central stream. The particle size can be influenced by channel length and flow rate ratio, which can be regulated to 448 nm in length and 235 nm in diameter. The delivery ratio of Doxorubicin (Dox) in CaA microgels are up to 90% based on the central stream strategy. CaA@Dox microgels with pH-dependent release property significantly enhances the cell killing rate against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The diffusion mixing pattern gives rise to well-controlled synthesis of CaA microgels, serving as a continuous and controllable production process for advanced drug delivery systems.

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Shashkova, Tatiana I., Elena U. Martynova, Asiya F. Ayupova, Artemy A. Shumskiy, Polina A. Ogurtsova, Olga V. Kostyunina, Philipp E. Khaitovich, Pavel V. Mazin, and Natalia A. Zinovieva. "Development of a low-density panel for genomic selection of pigs in Russia1." Translational Animal Science 4, no. 1 (November 29, 2019): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz182.

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Abstract Genomic selection is routinely used worldwide in agricultural breeding. However, in Russia, it is still not used to its full potential partially due to high genotyping costs. The use of genotypes imputed from the low-density chips (LD-chip) provides a valuable opportunity for reducing the genotyping costs. Pork production in Russia is based on the conventional 3-tier pyramid involving 3 breeds; therefore, the best option would be the development of a single LD-chip that could be used for all of them. Here, we for the first time have analyzed genomic variability in 3 breeds of Russian pigs, namely, Landrace, Duroc, and Large White and generated the LD-chip that can be used in pig breeding with the negligible loss in genotyping quality. We have demonstrated that out of the 3 methods commonly used for LD-chip construction, the block method shows the best results. The imputation quality depends strongly on the presence of close ancestors in the reference population. We have demonstrated that for the animals with both parents genotyped using high-density panels high-quality genotypes (allelic discordance rate < 0.05) could be obtained using a 300 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip, while in the absence of genotyped ancestors at least 2,000 SNP markers are required. We have shown that imputation quality varies between chromosomes, and it is lower near the chromosome ends and drops with the increase in minor allele frequency. Imputation quality of the individual SNPs correlated well across breeds. Using the same LD-chip, we were able to obtain comparable imputation quality in all 3 breeds, so it may be suggested that a single chip could be used for all of them. Our findings also suggest that the presence of markers with extremely low imputation quality is likely to be explained by wrong mapping of the markers to the chromosomal positions.

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Deng, Zhi Hui, and Yun Hang Zhu. "The Design and Implementation of a Handling-Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.290.

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A robot based on STC12C5A60S2 single-chip-microcomputer is designed for improving the production efficiency and reducing repetitive work. The system could identify path by detecting metal using eddy current sensor. By ways of the single-chip-microcomputer controlling stepper motor, the robot can run according to the predetermined route, judge independently cargo range and deliver the goods to the designated location. The implementation methods of the important links, such as mechanical structure design, path recognition and steering engine driving and so on are introduced, the system of which make the information interaction with computer through ISP-module (In-system-programming).by testing the model, it shows that the system can meet the design goals of handling goods automatically, and it has higher application value of reducing the accident rate of worker in repeated works and improving labor productivity.

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Kashem, Md Abul, Kazuki Kimoto, Yasunori Iribe, and Masayasu Suzuki. "Development of Microalgae Biosensor Chip by Incorporating Microarray Oxygen Sensor for Pesticides Sensing." Biosensors 9, no. 4 (November 12, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9040133.

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A microalgae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) biosensor chip for pesticide sensing has been developed by attaching the immobilized microalgae biofilm pon the microarray dye spots (size 100 μm and pitch 200 μm). The dye spots (ruthenium complex) were printed upon SO3-modified glass slides using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp and a microcontact printer (μCP). Emitted fluorescence intensity (FI) variance due to photosynthetic activity (O2 production) of microalgae was monitored by an inverted fluorescent microscope and inhibition of the oxygen generation rate was calculated based on the FI responses both before and after injection of pesticide sample. The calibration curves, as the inhibition of oxygen generation rate (%) due to photosynthetic activity inhibition by the pesticides, depicted that among the 6 tested pesticides, the biosensor showed good sensitivity for 4 pesticides (diuron, simetryn, simazine, and atrazine) but was insensitive for mefenacet and pendimethalin. The detection limits were 1 ppb for diuron and 10 ppb for simetryn, simazine, and atrazine. The simple and low-cost nature of sensing of the developed biosensor sensor chip has apparently created opportunities for regular water quality monitoring, where pesticides are an important concern.

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Wu, Gang, Bu Xiao Fan, Shuo Zhang, Qiang Ye, and Shao Bo Wang. "Development of Analyzer for Field Waterflood System Efficiency Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 2343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.2343.

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Oilfield waterflood system efficiency test set and computation analysis software can monitor real-time electric power consumption of waterflood system and optimize parameters in waterflood activity in time. This test tool adopts chip microprocessor as electric circuit for acquisition of pressure, flow rate and electricity. Wireless transmission applies Bluetooth and GPRS techniques. The computation analysis software has such functions as graphic simulation, efficiency computation, behavior diagnosis and design optimization. The filed application of this tool effectively cuts production cost and achieves the goal of energy saving.

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Wu, Wenzheng, Xue Yang, Rui Liu, Zhifu Yin, D. F. Wang, Helin Zou, Wei Hu, and Lu Li. "A Novel Room-Temperature Bonding Method Based on Electrohydrodynamic Printing." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 1672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19023.

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Microfluidic chips made by traditional materials (glass and silicon) are still important for fluorescence tests, biocompatible experiments, and high temperature applications. However, the majority of the present bonding methods suffer from ultra-clean requirement, complicated fabrication process, and low production efficiency. In the present work, an Electrohydrodynamic printing assist bonding method was proposed. By this method, the ultraviolet-cured-glue dots were printed onto the silicon substrate, and then the patterned glass and silicon substrate can be bonded together at room temperature. The influence of printing condition (nozzle inner-diameter, applied voltage, printing height, and flow rate) on the diameter of printed dot was analyzed by experiments. By the optimized printing condition, the glass-silicon microfluidic chip can be well bonded. The bonding strength and leakage test demonstrated the high bonding quality of the microfluidic chip (bonding strength of 28 MPa and leakage pressure of 3.5 MPa).

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Honkela, Antti, Jaakko Peltonen, Hande Topa, Iryna Charapitsa, Filomena Matarese, Korbinian Grote, Hendrik G. Stunnenberg, George Reid, Neil D. Lawrence, and Magnus Rattray. "Genome-wide modeling of transcription kinetics reveals patterns of RNA production delays." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 42 (October 5, 2015): 13115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420404112.

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Genes with similar transcriptional activation kinetics can display very different temporal mRNA profiles because of differences in transcription time, degradation rate, and RNA-processing kinetics. Recent studies have shown that a splicing-associated RNA production delay can be significant. To investigate this issue more generally, it is useful to develop methods applicable to genome-wide datasets. We introduce a joint model of transcriptional activation and mRNA accumulation that can be used for inference of transcription rate, RNA production delay, and degradation rate given data from high-throughput sequencing time course experiments. We combine a mechanistic differential equation model with a nonparametric statistical modeling approach allowing us to capture a broad range of activation kinetics, and we use Bayesian parameter estimation to quantify the uncertainty in estimates of the kinetic parameters. We apply the model to data from estrogen receptor α activation in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. We use RNA polymerase II ChIP-Seq time course data to characterize transcriptional activation and mRNA-Seq time course data to quantify mature transcripts. We find that 11% of genes with a good signal in the data display a delay of more than 20 min between completing transcription and mature mRNA production. The genes displaying these long delays are significantly more likely to be short. We also find a statistical association between high delay and late intron retention in pre-mRNA data, indicating significant splicing-associated production delays in many genes.

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Wang, Jianmei, Xueying Wang, Pingan Zhu, Chengmin Chen, Jianchun Wang, Yan Li, and Liqiu Wang. "Microfluidic Rapid Fabrication of Tunable Polyvinyl Alcohol Microspheres for Adsorption Applications." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 11, 2019): 3712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223712.

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Monodisperse polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microspheres have been widely used for targeted drug delivery, embolization, and templates. However, the fast and facile fabrication of PVA microspheres with uniform size and internal structure and good sphericity remains a challenge. In this study, the PVA microspheres with uniformity in the size, shape, and internal structure were rapidly fabricated, using single-emulsion droplet templates by an on-chip approach. First, we designed a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chip integrated with three functional units, used for the droplet generation, mixing of reagents, and pre-curing of PVA microspheres, respectively. Then, we precisely controlled the generation of PVA aqueous droplets, mixing of reagents, and the gelation rate for the production of high-quality microspheres by adjusting the pH value, flow rate, and the channel structure. The prepared PVA microspheres are characterized with good sphericity, uniform internal structure, and narrow size distribution. The microspheres have good adsorption capacity and recyclability for small-molecule drugs, as demonstrated by the adsorption and desorption of methylene blue (MB). The adsorption behavior is well described by the pseudo-second-order model, and intraparticle diffusion is as fast as the external film diffusion.

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Kumar, K. Senthil, J. S. Senthilkumaar, and R. Thirumalai. "Chip Morphology Investigation among Dry, Wet and Gas Cooled Machining of Super Duplex Stainless Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.811.

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In this paper, a detailed comparison between dry, wet and gas-cooled turning has been presented based on experimental study. Machining of super duplex stainless steel is considered. Cutting tool considered in this paper is uncoated carbide tool. It was observed that gas cooled machining provides a better machining performance while compared with the dry and the wet machining. Gas cooled machining is particularly needed in case of high speed machining and hard turning. In this study we investigated the chip morphology for various condition of machining and concludes that gas cooled machining is suitable for machining at higher production rate..

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Ho, Chao-Ching, You-Min Chen, and Po-Chieh Li. "Machine vision based in-process light-emitting diode chip mounting system." Measurement and Control 51, no. 7-8 (July 5, 2018): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294018786747.

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Background: In this study, a machine vision–based method was developed for automated in-process light-emitting diode chip mounting lines with position uncertainty. In order to place the tiny light-emitting diode chips on the pattern of a printed circuit board, a highly accurate mounting process is achieved with online feedback of the visual assistance. Methods: The system consists of a charge-coupled device camera, a six-axis robot arm, and a delta robot. The lighting system is a critical point for the in-process machine vision problem. Hence, designing the optimal lighting solution is one of the most difficult parts of a machine vision system, and several lighting techniques and experiments are examined in this study. In order to commence the mounting process, the light-emitting diode chip targets inside the camera field were identified and used to guide the delta robot to the grabbing zone based on the calibrated homography transformation. Efforts have been focused on the field of machine vision–based feature extraction of the chip pins and the holes on the printed circuit board. The correspondence of each other is determined by the position of the chip pins and the printed circuit board circuit pattern. The image acquisition is achieved directly online in real time. The image analysis algorithm must be sufficiently fast to follow the production rate. In order to compensate for the uncertainty of the light-emitting diode chip mounting process, a visual feedback strategy in conjunction with an uncertainty compensation strategy is employed. Results: Finally, the light-emitting diode chip was automatically grabbed and accurately placed at the desired positions. Conclusion: On-line and off-line experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of the vision system with respect to detecting and mounting light-emitting diode chips.

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LEBLANC, REMY, AHMED GASMI, MESSAOUD ZAHZOUH, DEREK SMITH, FRANCIS AUVRAY, JOEL MORON, JEAN HOURANY, DOMINIQUE DEMANGE, ANDREAS THIEDE, and MARC ROCCHI. "GaAs PHEMT CHIP SETS AND IC PROCESSES FOR HIGH-END FIBER OPTIC APPLICATIONS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 13, no. 01 (March 2003): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156403001545.

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Continuous improvement of high bit rate fiber optic networking up to 40 Gb/s, results in increased demand for III/V ICs offering ever lower current input noise, higher output voltage swing, lower jitter and lower DC power consumption. Using production E/D and power sub 0,2 μm GaAs PHEMT processes, transimpedance amplifiers have been developed enabling optical input sensitivity as good as -25 dBm at 2.5 Gb/s and -20 dBm at 40 Gb/s. Similarly laser and modulator drivers have been fabricated with jitter as low as 1,8 ps rms at 10 Gb/s and over 7 V output swing up to 40 GHz. Future generations of products will be implemented using sub 0,1 μm processes based on E/D and power GaAs MHEMTs as well as InP HEMTs maintaining a long tern performance edge over the Silicon counterparts.

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Ivansyah, Muhammad Dzaky, Edwar Edwar, Nachwan Mufti Adriansyah, Harfan Hian Ryanu, and Dhoni Putra Setiawan. "Development of a CubeSat Single Channel LoRa Receiver Module for Space-based IoT Application." Journal of Measurements, Electronics, Communications, and Systems 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/jmecs.v8i1.3950.

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CubeSat attracts many researchers due to its low production and deployment cost. One of the application is implemented in low data rate communication or machine to machine (M2M) with IoT devices in remote areas such as islands, forests, and mountains. In this study, a CubeSat receiver for IoT communication in remote areas has been developed and realized. A LoRa SX1276 chip is used for processing passband signals captured by the antenna. The device has a amplifier gain of 20.92 dB, 390 mW power consumption, and operating frequency of 923 MHz. The developed CubeSat is expected to provide a low bit rate of 5468.750 bps for SF 7 and 292.969 for SF 12 , the receiver serves as a concentrator for monitoring devices in rural areas.

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Wilhelms, Frank, Heinrich Miller, Michael D. Gerasimoff, Cord Drücker, Andreas Frenzel, Diedrich Fritzsche, Hannes Grobe, et al. "The EPICA Dronning Maud Land deep drilling operation." Annals of Glaciology 55, no. 68 (2014): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog68a189.

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AbstractWe report on the EPICA Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica) deep drilling operation. Starting with the scientific questions that led to the outline of the EPICA project, we introduce the setting of sister drillings at NorthGRIP and EPICA Dome C within the European ice-coring community. The progress of the drilling operation is described within the context of three parallel, deep-drilling operations, the problems that occurred and the solutions we developed. Modified procedures are described, such as the monitoring of penetration rate via cable weight rather than motor torque, and modifications to the system (e.g. closing the openings at the lower end of the outer barrel to reduce the risk of immersing the drill in highly concentrated chip suspension). Parameters of the drilling (e.g. core-break force, cutter pitch, chips balance, liquid level, core production rate and piece number) are discussed. We also review the operational mode, particularly in the context of achieved core length and piece length, which have to be optimized for drilling efficiency and core quality respectively. We conclude with recommendations addressing the design of the chip-collection openings and strictly limiting the cable-load drop with respect to the load at the start of the run.

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Jiang, Bingyan, Laiyu Zhu, Liping Min, Xianglin Li, Zhanyu Zhai, and Dietmar Drummer. "Characterization of Microchannel Replicability of Injection Molded Electrophoresis Microfluidic Chips." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040608.

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Microfluidic chips have been widely applied in biochemical analysis, DNA sequencing, and disease diagnosis due to their advantages of miniaturization, low consumption, rapid analysis, and automation. Injection molded microfluidic chips have attracted great attention because of their short processing time, low cost, and mass production. The microchannel is the critical element of a microfluidic chip, and thus the microchannel replicability directly affects the performance of the microfluidic chip. In the current paper, a new method is proposed to evaluate the replicability of the microchannel profile via the root mean square value of the actual profile curve and the ideal profile curve of the microchannel. To investigate the effects of injection molding parameters (i.e., mold temperature, melting temperature, holding pressure, holding time, and injection rate) on microchannel replicability, a series of single-factor experiments were carried out. The results showed that, within the investigated experimental range, the increase of mold temperature, melt temperature, holding pressure, holding time, and injection rate could improve microchannel replicability accuracy. Specifically, the microchannels along the flow direction of the polymer melt were significantly affected by the mold temperature and melt temperature. Moreover, the replicability of the microchannel was influenced by the distance from the injection gate. The effect of microchannel replication on electrophoresis was demonstrated by a protein electrophoresis experiment.

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Xiao, Biquan, Feng Jiang, Shaohua Yin, Libo Zhang, Jinhui Peng, Shaohua Ju, Lihua Zhang, and Shixing Wang. "Fast separation of Cu2+ and Ni2+ in sulfate solution by Lix984N extraction using a microchannel chip." Green Processing and Synthesis 7, no. 3 (June 27, 2018): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2016-0224.

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Abstract A comparison study about the extraction and separation of Cu2+ and Ni2+ with Lix984N in a microchannel reactor and separating funnel has been conducted. The results showed that, in the microchannel reactor, the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient of copper was 20 times that of nickel, whereas in the separating funnel, it was only 2 times that of nickel. In addition, the separation coefficient of copper and nickel in the microchannel reactor was 5 times that of the conventional one. Typically, at initial pH=2.5, contact time 1.95 s, volume fraction of extractant Lix984N 15% and within 1.9 g l−1 nickel ion concentration, the extraction rate of copper was higher than 95%, but the nickel was hardly extracted. In comparison, it needed almost 50 s to reach a Cu extraction of 95% in the separation funnel, with more than 5% Ni co-extraction rate. Although the microfluid extraction showed excellent extraction performance, there exists a need to further improve its processing capacity to apply it to industrial production. Furthermore, scaling up the microreactor has become increasingly promising under the fast developing 3D printing technology.

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Bhartia, Prakash, Jim Angeloni, and Will Bolinger. "Flexible Hand-Free Microelectronics assembly Line for the Chip and Wire industry." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, DPC (January 1, 2015): 000790–826. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2015dpc-tp35.

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This paper presents Natel's effort in pioneering the design and development of the first Touch-Free Microelectronics assembly Line for the Chip and Wire industry. When the Surface Mount Technology (SMT) industry first started, it began as a series of discrete pieces of equipment that performed the functions required to populate Circuit Cards. Over the years, the technology has evolved as has the industry such that fully integrated, automated lines are available where the circuit cards are installed at one end of the line, reels or tubes of components, such as packaged resistors, inductors, capacitors and semiconductors etc., loaded, the machine programmed and assembled circuit cards are available at the other end. However, no such line has been developed for the Chip and Wire industry, with most assembly houses still using individual stand alone die attach, bonders, plasma clean machines to populate substrates. Natel has developed the first of its kind integrated Auto line for the Chip and Wire industry, which conceptually replicates a SMT line. This Auto Line is touch–free and incorporates die attach ( including eutectic), ball and ribbon bonding , plasma clean and in line testing. The line is ideal for high volume production of Hybrid and Microwave Integrated Circuits. The obvious advantages of this approach are the “ hands-free” continuous flow aspect with significant reduction in product defects, increase in efficiency and cost reduction thereby increasing competitiveness against low labor rate overseas operations. This paper will provide details of the line, and discuss what additional capabilities can be added and hopefully promote the future development of the Chip and Wire industry built on this pioneering development.

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Ruswaji, Ruswaji, and Puguh Cahyono. "ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS FEASIBILITY OF BANANA CHIPS." JHSS (JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES) 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/jhss.v4i2.2503.

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In this study, the method used is the Net Present Value (NPV) method, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PP) and Break Event Point (BEP). The results of the study show that the net present value (NPV) is Rp. 31,024,617, - and is feasible because the NPV> 0, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 8.25% is feasible because it is greater than the deposit interest value applicable to for the bank at this time, the Payback Period (PP) of 2 months is feasible because it is still smaller than the investment period, and the Break Event Point (BEP) of Rp.44,828,693 is feasible because the business is not profitable and does not lose if it earns income. amounting to Rp. 44,828,693, - The banana chip entrepreneurs still maintain the drying of banana chips by using solar energy, because the considerations of raw material prices and production and marketing costs are very sensitive to affect sales and profits.

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Aslantas, Kubilay, Luqman KH Alatrushi, Fevzi Bedir, Yusuf Kaynak, and Nihat Yılmaz. "An experimental analysis of minimum chip thickness in micro-milling of two different titanium alloys." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 234, no. 12 (July 4, 2020): 1486–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405420933098.

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Micro-milling is a micro-mechanical cutting method used to obtain complex and three-dimensional micro geometries. Micro-cutting tools are used in the manufacturing of micro-components and the type of workpiece is also important for good surface quality and minimum burr. In this study, micro machinability of Ti6Al4V alloy which is used most frequently in micro-component production is compared with Ti5553 alloy. Micro-milling of Ti5553 alloy and comparison of the minimum chip thickness with Ti6Al4V were performed for the first time in this study. Using different cutting parameters, the variation of surface roughness, burr width, and cutting forces were investigated. The cutting tests were carried out on a specially designed and high-precision micro-milling test system using a TiCN-coated two-flute end mill of 0.6 mm diameter. According to the results, minimum chip thickness is approximately 0.3 times the edge radius of the cutting tool and does not vary with the alloy type. At feed rates smaller than the minimum chip thickness, both the cutting forces increase and the surface quality decreases. For both alloys, reduced feed rate and increased depth of cut lead to increased burr width. The burr widths in Ti6Al4V alloy are higher. At the end of the study, the limits of the cutting parameters where plowing occurred for the both alloys are clearly determined. In addition, the limits of the cutting parameter causing plowing have been confirmed by cutting forces, surface roughness, and burr formation.

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Hellström, Lisbeth M., Per A. Gradin, Per Engstrand, and Øyvind Gregersen. "Properties of wood chips for thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production as a function of spout angle." Holzforschung 65, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.087.

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Abstract Spruce wood chips were produced under well-controlled conditions in a laboratory wood chipper at spout angles of 30°, 40°, and 50° at a cutting rate of 20 m s-1 and with a nominal chip length of 25 mm. The chips were then refined under thermomechanical pulp (TMP) conditions in a pilot refiner plant. The pulp properties such as freeness, average fiber length, and shives content were determined and evaluated as a function of specific energy consumption. For a first stage refining and for a freeness value of 350 ml, a decrease in specific electrical energy consumption could be achieved by performing the wood chipping at a spout angle of 50° as compared to 30° which is the spout angle commonly used. A patent application regarding this method has been filed and is pending. It is realized that a freeness value is not directly indicative of any quality measure, such as, for example tensile index and light scattering coefficient but the obtained results can be interpreted to be promising. Further studies are needed regarding the impact of the modified chipping process.

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Akhtar, Khalid Pervaiz, Najeeb Ullah, and Muhammad Yussouf Saleem. "Validation of chip grafting inoculation assay to assess the resistance of Solanum species against phytoplasma." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 19, no. 2 (March 18, 2021): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262121000137.

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AbstractBig bud caused by several different phytoplasmas is an emerging threat to tomato production worldwide. The development of resistant varieties would be an effective approach to manage this problem, but it requires an appropriate screening technique. Recently, we have described a simple and efficient chip graft inoculation assay (CGIA) for the first time to screen tomato germplasm against Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus. The present study was conducted to first validate the CGIA for phytoplasma transmission, then to assess the resistance of 74 genotypes belonging to different Solanum species against 16SrII-D phytoplasma. CGIA success rate and phytoplasma transmission was 100% since all the grafts survived and phytoplasma was detected in these plants using nested polymerase chain reaction. No genotype was found resistant as all the grafted plants showed typical disease symptoms. In addition to phytoplasma transmission, CGIA can be used for better understanding the plant–phytoplasma interactions and biology of phytoplasmas in tomato.

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Rupp, Jochen, Manuela Schmidt, Bettina Günther, Michael Stumber, Sven Zinober, Roland Müller-Fiedler, Bashir Alabsi, et al. "The Way to High Volume Fabrication of Lab-on-a-Chip Devices—A Technological Approach for Polymer Based Microfluidic Systems with Integrated Active Valves and Pumps." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-6.4.198.

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We present a technology platform suitable for the mass production of laboratory-on-a-chip devices made of polymers with integrated active and passive components. The presented microfluidic platform with integrated valves and pumps for active flow management is realized with three layers consisting of two polymer parts separated by a thin elastic TPE (thermoplastic elastomer) membrane welded together in one step. The elastic TPE membrane acts as an integrated deflectable membrane layer between the two outer polymer layers, each made of a weldable thermoplastic polymer (polycarbonate). Valving is realized by applying pressure in a displacement chamber above a hydraulic channel causing the membrane to deform and to seal the channel. A pump is fabricated using a displacement chamber with a valve on the inlet and outlet. The presented components, namely valve and pump, show excellent behavior regarding response time, sealing quality, and pump rate needing only a low actuation pressure. The three-layer-stack is joined in a single process step by using laser welding, creating devices with high mechanical stability. This production technology fulfills the requirements of a high volume fabrication at high quality and has the potential to manufacture cost-efficient and reliable laboratory-on-a-chip systems. The used materials show a high chemical resistance against a broad range of commonly used liquids and good optical characteristics for the use in μTAS. This consistent technological approach represents a flexible platform for microfluidics with active components to be used in complex applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chip production rate'

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