Journal articles: 'Chipko movement'

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Mikhel, Irina. "CHIPKO: BREAKING AN ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT IN INDIA." Vostokovedenie i Afrikanistika, no. 3 (2020): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rva/2020.03.01.

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The article examines the formation of the Chipko environmental movement, whose activity in 1980 led to the suspension of long-term deforestation in northern India. The historical connection of Chipko with the campaigns of forest satyagraha, which were widespread in northern India during the struggle for independence, is examined. It is shown what role such Gandhian leaders as Mira Behn and Sarala Behn played in transforming the goals of satyagraha. Attention is drawn to the role of such a women's organization as Sarvodaya Mandal, which has become Chipko's organizational basis. The important organizational and philosophical role of such an environmental movement leader as Sunderlal Bahuguna, who became Chipko's true soul, is shown. The role of Vandana Shiva, which is not only a researcher of the Chipko movement, but is also a leading environmental theorist and practitioner of modern India, is examined.

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Shiva, Vandana, and J. Bandyopadhyay. "The Evolution, Structure, and Impact of the Chipko Movement." Mountain Research and Development 6, no. 2 (May 1986): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673267.

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Haigh, Martin J. "Understanding ‘Chipko’: the Himalayan people's movement for forest conservation." International Journal of Environmental Studies 31, no. 2-3 (June 1988): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207238808710418.

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Mikhel, Dmitriy V., and Irina V. Mikhel. "Gandhi's Successors: from Forest Satyagraha to the Chipko Social Movement." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 20, no. 4 (November 23, 2020): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7671-2020-20-4-379-384.

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The article examines the role of the ideological successors of Mahatma Gandhi in the development of his teaching on spiritual resistance to violence – Satyagraha. Much attention is paid to the history of the transformation of Forest Satyagraha campaigns, which were characteristic of the period of the struggle of India for independence, into the Chipko social movement that arose during the period of Independence. The contribution of “two English daughters” of Gandhi, Mira Ben and Sarala Ben, and an Indian woman Vandana Shiva, in the formulation of new goals for Forest Satyagraha, is analyzed. Mira Ben states the need to stop cutting down the forests of the Himalayas due to the danger of flooding and causing economic damage to rural communities. Sarala Ben discusses the dangers of a modernizing development concept and opposes it to the thesis of the importance of maintaining the climatic balance in northern India to prevent droughts and floods. Vandana Shiva, summarizing the experience of Forest Satyagraha and the Chipko movement, speaks of the priority of sustainable development over the strategy of economic growth. The article shows that the creative development of Gandhi’s ideas in relation to the protection of Indian forests and the survival of rural communities, carried out by the three successors of Gandhi in India, is important for creating a sustainable world, especially in a highly integrated global economic system.

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Coric, Dragana. "Ecofeminism as a way of resolving some environmental issues." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 148 (2014): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1448551c.

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Women and nature are connected in many different ways: with their biological status, reproductive role, discrimination. That is why ecofeminism stands for one of the main theoretical, philosophical and even practical ways of resolving the environmental problems. The representatives of this thinking find that changing positions and behaviors by leaving the patriarchal approach to everything - to the women and to the nature, can stop the degradation of the environment. Demographic significance of the women?s role, in context of environmental changes, was represented by some feminist movements, as Chipko movement in India, Green Belt movement in Kenya, Love Canal in State of New York, etc. In this paper, the author gives a short overview of connections between women and nature, and proposes some new solutions.

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Reid, Lucy. "Women and the Sacred Earth: Hindu and Christian Ecofeminist Perspectives." Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 11, no. 3 (2007): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853507x230573.

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AbstractWomen's voices within the Christian and Hindu traditions contain theoretical and practical resources for dealing with issues of ecological concern. Hinduism's teachings about Mother Earth and newly crafted eco-feminist theories in Christianity provide a philosophical context for regarding the earth as sacred. The Chipko movement, organized and implemented by local women, prevented the commercial harvesting of lumber and its consequent habitat destruction in India's Uttaranchal Province. In North America, members of Christian women's religious orders have converted many of their properties to organic gardening and teaching centers, and into wildlife sanctuaries. Both movements are providing models for ecological sustainability.

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Shah, Hemant. "Communication and marginal sites: the Chipko movement and the dominant paradigm of development communication." Asian Journal of Communication 18, no. 1 (March 2008): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292980701823757.

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Shah, Hemant, and Karin Gwinn Wilkins. "Reconsidering Geometries of Development." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 3, no. 4 (2004): 395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569150042728893.

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AbstractWe argue that the dominant geometry of development should be discarded, given the many limitations this model imposes on development policies and programs. Following a description of the dominant geometry of development, we critique this conceptualization based on grounds of morality and validity. Referencing illustrations of Japan as a development donor and the Chipko movement as an engaged community, we argue that new alternative geometries of development consider other structural and social arrangements. Finally, we consider more holistic, alternative perspectives that integrate material welfare with other humanitarian issues that transcend national boundaries.

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Moore, Niamh. "Eco/feminism and rewriting the ending of feminism: From the Chipko movement to Clayoquot Sound." Feminist Theory 12, no. 1 (April 2011): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700110390592.

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Sadowski, Ryszard F. "Aktualizacja potencjału religii w ochronie ekosystemów leśnych." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2013.11.1.01.

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Declared by the United Nations as the International Year of the Forest, 2011 demonstrated the signi#cance of forest ecosystems to all humans and the entire Earth. Religions had already become important allies in preventing damage to forests. Different religious traditions offer various proposals for forest conservation and afforestation. Since 1970 and especially after the jubilee year of 2000, people of faith established many ecological organizations to engage in environmental conservation because of their religious beliefs. All major religious traditions have a lot to offer. This article examines the way organized religions and faith-based ecological organizations are engaged in many environmental projects concerning forest ecosystems. It looks at the ecological activity of faith-based organizations such as the Chipko Movement, Appiko movement, Swadhyaya community, and the Ecological Movement of St. Francis of Assisi. The article shows that the actualization of religious potential in protecting forests is accomplished through active prevention of deforestation and climate change, afforestation, and the implementation of environmentally friendly technology.

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Moriya, Kenji, Masahi Kudo, and Yuya Chiba. "Development of Body Movement During Early Stages of Chick Embryos." Journal of the Institute of Industrial Applications Engineers 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12792/jiiae.9.60.

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Johnston, R. M., and A. Bekoff. "Constrained and flexible features of rhythmical hindlimb movements in chicks: kinematic profiles of walking, swimming and airstepping." Journal of Experimental Biology 171, no. 1 (October 1, 1992): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.171.1.43.

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Although studies of walking have generated many of the principles for motor control, walking is but one of the many behaviors that an animal produces. This study investigates the relationships among the kinematic profiles of three behaviors in chicks: walking, swimming and airstepping. In addition to describing features of the hindlimb movements, such as retraction and protraction, we also examined the intra- and interjoint coordination patterns at the hip, knee and ankle. By using multiple levels of analysis, we identified some features that are common to all three behaviors, and therefore appear to be constrained, as well as some dissimilar or flexible features. Specifically, we show that resistance differentially affects the hip, knee and ankle joints. Our results also show that each joint plays a distinctive role in these behaviors. For example, we suggest that the hip stabilizes the hindlimb and regulates the rhythmicity of its movements. We also show that movement at the knee consistently precedes movement at the other joints in each behavior. Finally, differences in ankle movements are the key features that discriminate one behavior from another. Continuity among prenatal, perinatal and postnatal behaviors in chicks is discussed.

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Sivaramakrishnan, K., and Haripriya Rangan. "Of Myths and Movements: Rewriting Chipko into Himalayan History." Environmental History 7, no. 2 (April 2002): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3985702.

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Muir, Gillian D., and K. S. V. Gowri. "Role of Motor and Visual Experience During Development of Bipedal Locomotion in Chicks." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 6 (December 2005): 3691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01121.2004.

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The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of motor and visual experience during the development of locomotion in chicks. We have previously demonstrated that when locomotor activity is restricted immediately posthatching, chicks walk with shorter stride lengths and attenuated head bobbing movements. Head bobbing is an optokinetic response in birds, driven by the movement of the visual world across the retina (i.e., optic flow). During locomotion, optic flow is generated by forward translation, and we have shown that the magnitude of head bobbing movements and stride lengths are moderately correlated in walking chicks. In the present study, we investigated this relationship more closely by examining whether imposed changes in stride length could affect head excursions during head bobbing. We manipulated stride length by hobbling chicks immediately after hatching and subsequently quantified kinematic parameters, including step timing and head excursions, during walking. Imposition of shorter stride lengths induced chicks to take more frequent steps, spend less time in contact with the ground, and shortened head excursions during head bobbing. Nevertheless, the developmental changes in head excursions were not fully accounted for by altered stride lengths, so in a separate experiment, we investigated whether the development of head bobbing relies on the normal experience of optic flow. We raised chicks under stroboscopic illumination to eliminate chicks' experience of optic flow but found that this did not significantly alter head bobbing. These results are discussed along with related findings in other species and the possible neural and biomechanical constraints underlying development of walking and head bobbing in birds.

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Bradley, Nina S., and Dongwon Y. Jahng. "Selective Effects of Light Exposure on Distribution of Motility in the Chick Embryo at E18." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 3 (September 2003): 1408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00393.2003.

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It is well established that orderly patterns of motor neuron activity, muscle recruitment, and limb movement are generated in chicks during motility by embryonic day (E)9, the midpoint in embryonic development. However, our recent work suggests that some attributes of motility, such as the rhythm of repetitive limb movements and distribution of activity, become less orderly after E9. In this study, we extend these observations by performing continuous force recordings over a 24-h period in ovo at E18 with augmented sampling of synchronized video and electromyogram (EMG) recordings. We report the distribution of three repetitive behaviors, rapid limb movement, respiratory-like movement, and beak clapping, identified in force recordings, and the general distribution of motility. We also test a model recently proposed to account for age-related changes in motility parameters. In the model, we proposed that circadian networks contribute to the age-related changes in distribution of motility. As a first test of this hypothesis, we examine whether light exposure contributes to the variable distribution of motility by comparing motility parameters at E18 for embryos incubated and tested under either a 12-h light/dark cycle or continuous light. Results suggest that exposure to light increases the total amount of activity and hastens the onset of extended respiratory-like movement sequences but does not impact expression of repetitive limb movement or beak clapping at E18. The possible influence of circadian mechanisms on embryonic behavior and insensitivity of repetitive limb movements to light exposure are discussed.

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Stettler, Maria, Roland F. Graf, and Niklaus Zbinden. "Aufzuchtshabitate für Auerhühner – ein Experiment mit Haushuhnküken | Capercaillie chick habitat – an experiment with barn fowl chicks." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0264.

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Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) populations in Switzerland declined seriously in the past decades. The national capercaillie action plan defines actions to improve forest structure and composition in order to further the populations of the largest grouse species. These habitat measures should focus on improving summer habitat for hens with chicks, because winter habitats are available in good quality and quantity. However, our knowledge on reproduction habitats in alpine conditions is limited. In this study, we investigated microclimatic conditions, i.e. plant wetness, and movement ability of barn fowl chicks in seven characteristic field layer types in the northern Swiss Lower Alps. In the experiment on movement ability, we worked with barn fowl instead of capercaillie chicks for methodological reasons. In the bilberry-dominated vegetation, we measured a significantly lower quantity of water than in the vegetation types without bilberry. In the movement experiment, we found no significant differences between the vegetation types. As a qualitative result, we observed that the chicks moved easily even in high (> 30 cm) and close bilberry vegetation. Our results suggest that bilberry-dominated vegetation provides better conditions for grouse chicks than wet meadows and pastures, because less water adheres to the bilberry plants. Thus, the chicks get less wet in bilberry vegetation, which probably has a positive influence on the survival of the chicks. Even tall and dense vegetation seems not to impede the movement of the chicks. The results of our experiment may not be directly transferable to the demands of capercaillie chicks. Nevertheless, our study provides further evidence for the importance of bilberry as capercaillie chick habitat, especially in regions with high precipitations.

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Idowu, Aluko Opeyemi. "Social protests and government responsiveness in Nigeria: a study on Bring Back Our Girls Movement." Perspectivas - Journal of Political Science 23 (December 18, 2020): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.2954.

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Socio-political movements in any country seek to ensure what they perceive to be equity in governance, accountability of government personnel and prevent issues that could lead to injustice and violence if left unattended. Socio-political movements exist worldwide and, thus, are not peculiar to developing countries. They are excellent tools for expressing democratic nature of a given society and a tool for contestation against undemocratic governments. This paper analyses the actions and reactions of the Bring Back Our Girls (BBOG) socio-political movement in Nigeria. The research question is to what extent has the movement been able to achieve accountability from the government in the quest of restoring the missing Chibok girls? The relative deprivation theoretical framework and political settlement analysis are employed to show the impact of the group reactions on the actions of the government. The analysis domiciles on the government of Nigeria. The paper concludes that democratic growth and development are sustained whenever citizens are able to approach the government by means of social movements and peaceful contestation. Resumo Os movimentos sociopolíticos em qualquer país procuram garantir o que consideram ser equidade na governança, responsabilização do governo e prevenir questões que poderiam levar à injustiça e violência se não fossem atendidas. Os movimentos sócio-políticos existem em todo o mundo e, portanto, não são peculiares aos países em desenvolvimento. São excelentes ferramentas para expressar a natureza democrática de uma determinada sociedade e uma ferramenta de contestação contra governos não democráticos. Este artigo analisa as ações e reações do movimento sócio-político Bring Back Our Girls (BBOG) na Nigéria. A questão de investigação é perceber até que ponto o movimento foi capaz de obter a responsabilização do governo no retorno das jovens Chibok desaparecidas. A análise do acordo político é utilizado para mostrar o impacto das reações de grupo nas ações do governo. A análise foca-se no governo da Nigéria. O artigo conclui que o crescimento e desenvolvimento democráticos são sustentados sempre que os cidadãos se conseguem aproximar do governo por meio de movimentos sociais e contestação pacífica.

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정채성. "Socio-Economic Characteristics of Environmental Movements in India: With Special Reference to the 'Chipko' and the 'Narmada' Movements." Journal of Indian Studies 13, no. 1 (May 2008): 193–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.21758/jis.2008.13.1.193.

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BAILEY, J. S., N. A. COX, D. E. COSBY, and L. J. RICHARDSON. "Movement and Persistence of Salmonella in Broiler Chickens following Oral or Intracloacal Inoculation." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 2698–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.12.2698.

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The dissemination of Salmonella into various lymphoid-like organs in young broiler chicks after oral and intracloacal inoculation was studied. A three-strain cocktail of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Montevideo, and Salmonella Enter-itidis was administered either orally or intracloacally to day-old chicks. After 1 h, 1 day, or 1 week, the ceca, thymus, liver and gallbladder, spleen, and bursa were sampled for the presence of Salmonella. There was a marked difference in the recovery of Salmonella 1 h postinoculation. Only 6 of 50 samples from orally inoculated chicks were positive compared with 33 of 50 samples from cloacally inoculated samples. In comparison, 24 h and 1 week after inoculation, there was no difference in the number of positive samples between oral or cloacal inoculation. The rapidity of the translocation of the Salmonella from the cloacal inoculum compared to the oral inoculum is likely due to the transient time required for Salmonella to move through the alimentary tract. The method of inoculation did not affect the distribution of serogroups. Of the three serotypes in the composite inoculum, the Salmonella Enteritidis (group D) was recovered only twice in replication 1 and not at all in replication 2. Both the Salmonella Typhimurium (serogroup B) and the Salmonella Montevideo (serogroup C1) were recovered extensively throughout the study.

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MORRISON, W. D., I. McMILLAN, and L. A. BATE. "Effect of Air Movement on Operant Heat Demand of Chicks." Poultry Science 66, no. 5 (May 1987): 854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0660854.

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Ruthrauff, Daniel R., and Brian J. McCaffery. "Survival of Western Sandpiper Broods on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska." Condor 107, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.3.597.

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Abstract The rate of chick growth in high-latitude breeding shorebirds is rapid, but little is known about the effect of chick mass, growth, and brood movements on subsequent brood survival. To address these topics, we monitored chick growth patterns, daily brood movements, and survival of Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. We assessed the effect of chick age, mass, and hatch date on brood survival using Program MARK. We mapped brood locations daily, and compared brood movement patterns between successful and unsuccessful broods. Younger chicks survived at lower rates and moved shorter distances than older chicks. The overall probability of one or more chicks from a brood surviving to 15 days of age was 0.73 ± 0.05 SE. Brood survival declined seasonally, and broods with heavier chicks survived at higher rates than those with lighter chicks. On average, successful broods fledged 1.7 ± 0.1 SE chicks. Rate of chick growth was intermediate between those of high arctic and temperate-breeding shorebirds, and chick mass at hatching declined seasonally. Western Sandpiper brood survival was lowest when chicks were young, spatially clumped, and unable to maintain homeothermy, probably because young chicks were more vulnerable to both complete depredation events and extreme weather. Our data suggest that larger, older chicks are able to avoid predators by being spatially dispersed and highly mobile; thermal independence, achieved after approximately day five, enables chicks to better endure prolonged periods of cold and low food availability. Supervivencia de Nidadas de Calidris mauri en el Delta Yukon-Kuskokwim, Alaska Resumen. La tasa de crecimiento de polluelos en aves que se reproducen a latitudes altas es rápida, pero se conoce poco sobre el efecto del peso y el crecimiento de los polluelos y de los movimientos de las crías sobre la supervivencia de las nidadas. Para evaluar estos tópicos, monitoreamos los patrones de crecimiento de polluelos, el movimiento diario de las crías, y la sobrevivencia de Calidris mauri en el Delta Yukon-Kuskokwim, Alaska. Determinamos el efecto de la edad, el peso y la fecha de eclosión de los polluelos sobre la supervivencia de la nidada utilizando el programa MARK. Mapeamos la localización de las crías diariamente, y comparamos los patrones de movimientos entre nidadas exitosas y no exitosas. Los polluelos más jóvenes tuvieron tasas de supervivencia menores y se movieron distancias más cortas que los polluelos de más edad. La probabilidad general de que uno o más polluelos de una nidada sobreviviera hasta 15 días de edad fue 0.73 ± 0.05 EE. La supervivencia de las nidadas disminuyó estacionalmente y las nidadas con polluelos de mayor peso tuvieron tasas de supervivencia mayores que las nidadas con polluelos más livianos. En promedio, las nidadas exitosas produjeron 1.7 ± 0.1 EE polluelos. La tasa de crecimiento de los polluelos fue intermedia con respecto a las aves playeras que se reproducen en el ártico y las que lo hacen en zonas templadas. El peso de los polluelos al momento de eclosionar disminuyó estacionalmente. La supervivencia de las nidadas de C. mauri fue mínima cuando los polluelos eran jóvenes, estaban agrupados y no eran capaces de mantener la homeotermia, probablemente debido a que los polluelos jóvenes eran más vulnerables a eventos de depredación completa y al clima extremo. Nuestros datos sugieren que los polluelos más grandes y de mayor edad son capaces de evitar a los depredadores al encontrarse espacialmente dispersos y ser altamente móviles; la independencia térmica que es alcanzada aproximadamente luego del día cinco permite a los polluelos soportar periodos prolongados de frío y de baja disponibilidad de alimento.

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Jones, R. B. "Does occasional movement make pecking devices more attractive to domestic chicks?" British Poultry Science 42, no. 1 (March 2001): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071660020035064.

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Lees, Daniel, Tom Schmidt, Craig D. H. Sherman, Grainne S. Maguire, Peter Dann, Glenn Ehmke, and Michael A. Weston. "An assessment of radio telemetry for monitoring shorebird chick survival and causes of mortality." Wildlife Research 46, no. 7 (2019): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18030.

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Abstract ContextMonitoring survival of free-living precocial avian young is critical for population management, but difficult to achieve. Perhaps the most promising technique available to track survival is the deployment of devices such as radio-transmitters or data loggers, which allow for tracking of the individuals. AimsTo understand if the deployment of radio-transmitters or the process of radio-tracking negatively impact chick survival by analysing survival of tagged chicks. MethodsFifty masked lapwing (Vanellus miles), 42 red-capped plover (Charadrius ruficapillus) and 27 hooded plover (Thinornis cucullatus) chicks were radio-tracked. Mortality between tagged and untagged chicks within broods was compared to examine whether radio-telemetry influenced chick survival. Key resultsThere was no statistically significant difference in survival between chicks with and without radio-transmitters. Radio-transmitters enabled the determination of cause of death for 0–28% of radio-tagged chicks. ConclusionThe survival of shorebird chicks does not appear to be affected by attachment of transmitters. ImplicationsRadio-tracking remains a promising way of studying the movement and survival of shorebird chicks, and is helpful but not reliable for assigning the cause of mortality.

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Collins, M., J. M. Cullen, and P. Dann. "Seasonal and annual foraging movements of little penguins from Phillip Island, Victoria." Wildlife Research 26, no. 6 (1999): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98003.

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Little penguins, Eudyptula minor, from a breeding colony on Phillip Island, Victoria were radio-tracked at sea during incubation, chick-rearing and non-breeding periods from 1991 to 1993. Their locations, which we have assumed to reflect foraging movements, varied according to season and breeding activities, and there were marked differences from year to year. Duration and distance of trips ranged from single day-trips a few kilometres from Phillip Island, typically during the breeding season, to longer trips outside the breeding season up to 500 km away lasting more than a month, but 95% of all birds located were within 20 km of the coast. In the breeding season foraging trips averaged 4.4 days during incubation compared with 2.1 days when there were chicks in the nest; in the non-breeding period foraging trips took 5.2 days on average. The duration of trips for adults feeding chicks increased with the age of the chicks. Birds from nests on the north and south sides of Phillip Island differed in their use of areas close to the island, but showed a similar distribution on more distant trips. The location of foraging trips is discussed in relation to information on the abundance of prey species of fish within the foraging range of the birds.

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Schroeder, Michael A., and David A. Boag. "Behaviour of spruce grouse broods in the field." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 2494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-369.

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Behaviour of juvenile spruce grouse (Dendragapus canadensis), from hatching to brood breakup, was observed in 30 radio-tracked broods inhabiting lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests of southwestern Alberta. The immediate posthatch period (first 20 days) was characterized by a close spatial relationship between the chicks and hen, with brooding being the dominant behaviour. Hens with broods appeared to respond immediately, both vocally and through movement toward their chicks, whenever the latter uttered the following calls: sreep, sury, seer, and purring. Brooding sessions decreased in frequency but not duration (median of 11 min) until they disappeared from the behavioural repertoire of the chicks at about 50 days of age. Hen–chick and intersibling distances increased as the chicks grew older. The breakup of broods appeared to result when the cohesiveness of the brood decreased to a point at which calls of the chicks no longer elicited a response from the brood hen. There was no evidence that agonism contributed to this decline in brood cohesion.

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Bradley, Nina S., Dhara Solanki, and Dawn Zhao. "Limb Movements During Embryonic Development in the Chick: Evidence for a Continuum in Limb Motor Control Antecedent to Locomotion." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 6 (December 2005): 4401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00804.2005.

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New imaging technologies are revealing ever-greater details of motor behavior in fetuses for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the form, mechanisms, and significance of fetal behavior will maximize imaging applications. The chick is readily available for experimentation throughout embryogenesis, making it an excellent model for this purpose. Yet in 40 yr since Hamburger and colleagues described chick embryonic behavior, we have not determined if motility belongs to a developmental continuum fundamental to posthatching behavior. This study examined kinematics and synchronized electromyography (EMG) during spontaneous limb movements in chicks at four time points between embryonic days (E) 9–18. We report that coordinated kinematic and/or EMG patterns were expressed at each time point. Variability observed in knee and ankle excursions at E15–E18 sorted into distinct in-phase and out-of-phase patterns. EMG patterns did not directly account for out-of-phase patterns, indicating study of movement biomechanics will be critical to fully understand motor control in the embryo. We also provide the first descriptions of 2- to 10-Hz limb movements emerging E15–E18 and a shift from in-phase to out-of-phase interlimb coordination E9–E18. Our findings revealed that coordinated limb movements persist across development and suggest they belong to a developmental continuum for locomotion. Limb patterns were consistent with the half center model for a locomotor pattern generator. Achievement of these patterns by E9 may thus indicate the embryo has completed a critical phase beyond which developmental progression may be less vulnerable to experimental perturbations or prenatal events.

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Wilson, Carol A., and Mark A. Colwell. "Movements and Fledging Success of Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) Chicks." Waterbirds 33, no. 3 (September 2010): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.033.0309.

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Al – Saygh, Majed H. "Effect of Enrofloxacin Drug on Duodenum Smooth Muscle Movement in Broiler." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 28, no. 1 (June 28, 2004): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v28i1.1069.

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Twenty chicks at (45) days old were used and divided into two equal groups , one act as treatment (Baytril) dosed orally (10 mg/kg ) for 5 days, while the control group dosed with distilled water. Duodenum was isolated in vi tro examined with autonomic agents. The result showed significant decrease in intestinal motility between treatment and control group after addition of atropine, acetycholine, atropine flowed acetycholine and after addition propranolol and propranolol flowed adrenaline. Concluded from this study that using of Enrofloxacin case a negative alteration tonic and rhythmic contraction of intestinal (smooth muscles).

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Umezaki, Yoji, Yasutsune Ariura, Syuhei Kurokawa, and Yuho IJIMA. "GM-06 TRANSIENT PHENOMENON OF CHIP GENERATION AND ITS MOVEMENT IN HOBBING : JAMMING OF CHIP FORMED IN GENERATING ON FINISHED SURFACE IN FLYTOOL SIMULATION TESTS(MANUFACTURING OF GEARS)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions 2009 (2009): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.2009.128.

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Morris, Ralph D., Michelle Woulfe, and G. D. Wichert. "Hatching asynchrony, chick care, and adoption in the common tern: can disadvantaged chicks win?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-097.

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In 1987 and 1988, common tern (Sterna hirundo) chicks at a colony near Port Colborne, Ontario, were individually colour banded according to known hatch order. Intraclutch hatch intervals produced size disparities among chicks at brood completion; third-hatched chicks were significantly lighter and at a significant survival disadvantage compared with their earlier-hatched siblings. There were differences in feeding rates according to hatch order and many third-hatched chicks obtained fewer or no feedings during our periods of observation. Sixty-five chicks known to have abandoned their home broods gained acceptance into foreign broods. Chicks that remained in the foreign brood for more than 2 days (average residency 11.9 ± 5.3 days; n = 26) were fed and brooded by the foster parents, were on average older than the youngest resident chick, but were not always the last hatched in their home brood. Conversely, chicks that were in a foreign brood for less than 2 days were no different in age from the youngest resident chick. Survival and fledging success was highest for chicks accepted into two chick broods in which they were older than the resident second chick; in effect, the adoptee became the second chick. Parents that accepted a foreign chick for more than 2 days experienced a seasonal fitness loss compared with nonadopting parents. As the only viable option available to them, selection favours movement away from home broods by chicks that may be disadvantaged there.

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Green, Patrick R., Ian B. Davies, and Mark N. O. Davies. "Interaction of Visual and Tactile Information in the Control of Chicks' Locomotion in the Visual Cliff." Perception 22, no. 11 (November 1993): 1319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p221319.

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The behaviour of two-day-old chicks placed on the deep side of a visual cliff was examined. With increasing depth of the floor below the chicks, latency to move over the deep side towards another chick on the shallow side increased, while speed of locomotion decreased. Chicks given the same incentive to step over a visible edge onto the deep side showed a stronger inhibition of movement at all depths, indicating that absolute depth of a surface and relative depth of an edge affect behaviour differently. At depths greater than 4 cm, the majority of chicks performed a jump from the deep to the shallow side, and the distances over which they jumped corresponded to those jumped when tested with a real gap. These results suggest that detection of the far side of a gap alone is sufficient to elicit a jump. Just before jumping, chicks adopted a head orientation which depended on the vertical distance of the cliff edge below them. Changes in head orientation did not maintain retinal fixation of the edge, and may instead be important in setting the correct direction of thrust when jumping.

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Van Heerden, J., and R. H. Keffen. "A preliminary investigation into the immobilising potential of a tiletamine/zolazepam mixture, metomidate, a metomidate and azaperone combination and medetomidine in ostriches (Struthio camelus)." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 62, no. 3 (September 30, 1991): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v62i3.1768.

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Ostrich chicks (n=34) were successfully immobilised with intramuscular injections of a tiletamine/zolazepam mixture at dosages of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg kg-¹; with metomidate at dosages of 15 and 20 mg kg-¹ and with a metomidate/azaperone combination at respectively 20 and 6,6 mg kg-¹, and 10 and 3,3 mg kg-¹. Unsatisfactory immobilisation with violent body movements and self traumatisation were observed in an adult ostrich after the intramuscular administration of a tiletamine/zolezepam mixture. Anaesthesia was achieved by the administration of metomidate in combination with azaperone. Medetomidine administered at a dosage rate of 0,1 mg kg-¹ did not result in immobilisation of ostrich chicks (n=4). Findings in ostrich chicks should not necessarily be extrapolated to adult birds.

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Cahyadi, Yoyo. "Ichimoku Kinko Hyo: Keunikan dan Penerapannya dalam Strategi Perdagangan Valuta Asing (Studi Kasus pada Pergerakan USD/JPY dan EUR/USD)." Binus Business Review 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v3i1.1336.

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Ichimoku Kinko Hyo is a technical analysis tool that can be used to predict the movement of a currency. Ichimoku Kinko Hyo has five components or indicators, they are Tenkan Sen (or Conversion Line), Kijun Sen (or Base Line), Chikou Span (or Lagging Span), Senkou Span A and Senkou Span B. This paper discusses the application of Ichimoku Kinko Hyo in predicting the movement of USD/JPY and EUR/USD. Daily and hourly chart have been used to conduct the analysis. The observation shows that Ichimoku Kinko Hyo relatively easier to be applied in daily chart. Ichimoku Kinko Hyo can give a prediction whether a currency pair will move in a trend or consolidation.

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Sharp, Andrew A., Edna Ma, and Anne Bekoff. "Developmental Changes in Leg Coordination of the Chick at Embryonic Days 9, 11, and 13: Uncoupling of Ankle Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): 2406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2406.

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To understand changes in motor behavior during development, kinematic measurements were made of the right leg during embryonic motility in chicks on embryonic (E) days 9, 11, and 13. This is an interesting developmental period during which the embryo first becomes large enough to be physically constrained by the shell. Additionally, sensory systems are incorporated at that time into the spinal motor circuitry. Previous electromyographic (EMG) recordings have shown that the basic pattern of muscle activity seen at E9, composed of half-center–type alternation of extensor and flexor activation, breaks down by E13. This breakdown in organization could be because of disruption of motor patterns by the immature sensory system and/or new spatial constraints on the embryo. The current article describes several changes in leg movement patterns during this period. Episodes of motility increase in duration and the intervals of time between episodes of motility decrease in length. The range of motion of the leg increases, but the overall posture of the leg becomes more flexed. It was found that in-phase coordination of movement among the hip, knee, and ankle decreased between E9 and E13 in agreement with the previous EMG recordings. However, it was also found that the decrease of in-phase coordination among the three joints was accompanied by an increase in the time any two joints were moving in the same manner. Furthermore, examination of in-phase coordination within pairs of joints showed that all three pairs were well coordinated at E9, but that at E13 the in-phase coordination of the ankle with the other two joints decreased, whereas the knee and hip coordination was maintained. This suggests that the hip-knee synergy was closely coupled and that coupling of the ankle with other joints was more labile. The authors conclude that embryos respond to the reduction of free space in the egg during this period not by decreasing the amplitude or coordination of leg movements in general, but instead by differentially controlling the movements of the ankle from those of the hip and knee. Additionally, the changes in movement patterns do not represent a decrease in organization, but rather an alteration of motor coordination possibly as the result of information from the newly acquired sensory systems. These data also support theories that limb central pattern generators (CPGs) are composed of unit CPGs for each joint that can be modulated individually and that this organization is already established early in embryogenesis.

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Jesenská, Z., and D. Bernát. "Effect of mycotoxins onin vitro movement of tracheal cilia from one-day-old chicks." Folia Microbiologica 39, no. 2 (April 1994): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02906813.

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Belnap, Starlie C., and Robert Lickliter. "Coordinated movement is influenced by prenatal light experience in bobwhite quail chicks (Colinus virginianus)." Behavioural Brain Research 327 (June 2017): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.039.

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Saiki, Michio, Ryusei Haraguchi, Kota Kimura, Kai Moriguchi, and Michihiro Takano. "Brooding Habits of the Jungle Nightjar and Relocation Movements of the Chicks." Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 45, no. 2 (2014): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3312/jyio.45.98.

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Göth, Ann, and Heather Proctor. "Pecking preferences in hatchlings of the Australian brush-turkey, Alectura lathami (Megapodiidae): the role of food type and colour." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 1 (2002): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01046.

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Chicks of megapodes, including the Australian brush-turkey, Alectura lathami, live independently, without parents to show them where and what to eat. This paper represents the first investigation of how megapode chicks find and identify food. The specific questions addressed are: whether naive brush-turkey hatchlings are able to differentiate between food and objects that do not give a nutritional reward; whether they possess a preference for certain types of food; and which factors are most likely to trigger feeding in hatchlings. The three questions were approached by pairwise choice tests of two types. In Type 1, chicks were offered mealworm larvae, fruit cubes, seeds and non-nutritious objects (pebbles); in Type 2, chicks were offered beads of four different colours (red, green, blue and yellow). The median peck rate at pebbles was always significantly lower than that at mealworms, fruit or seeds. Mealworms received significantly more pecks than seeds or pebbles. Chicks showed no clear preference for any colour. All chicks also directed some pecks at ‘other items’ that appeared to display a strong contrast against the background of the box they were kept in, either in colour (e.g. dark knotholes in light brown wood) or in shape (three-dimensional, such as claws and faeces). Hatchlings seem to direct their initial pecks at objects that have certain characteristics in common, such as contrast, movement (for live prey) and reflective surfaces (for fruit or seeds). Preference for these rather general characteristics may be adaptive considering that chicks can hatch in various habitats and different months of the year, making the types of food available at hatching unpredictable.

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39

Wang, Xi, Dan Zhao, Allison C. Milby, Gregory S. Archer, E. David Peebles, Shailesh Gurung, and Morgan B. Farnell. "Evaluation of Euthanasia Methods on Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Newly Hatched Male Layer Chicks." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061802.

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Newly hatched male layer chicks are considered as “by-products” in the egg industry and must be humanely euthanized at the hatchery. Instantaneous mechanical destruction (maceration) is the predominant euthanasia method applied in poultry hatcheries and is approved by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). However, maceration is not perceived by the public to be a humane means of euthanasia. The effects of alternative euthanasia methods, including carbon dioxide (CO2) or nitrogen (N2) inhalation, and a commercial negative pressure stunning system on behavioral and physiological responses of day-of-hatch male layer chicks, were evaluated in a field trial. Chick behaviors, including ataxia, loss of posture, convulsions, cessation of vocalization, and cessation of movement, were monitored. Serum hormones were assessed at the end of each of the alternative euthanasia treatments, including a control group allowed to breathe normal atmospheric air. The N2 method induced unconsciousness and death later than the CO2 and negative pressure methods, and increased serum corticosterone concentrations of neonatal chicks. Carbon dioxide inhalation increased serotonin concentrations as compared to controls, as well as the N2 and the negative pressure methods. The behavioral and physical responses observed in this study suggest that both CO2 inhalation and negative pressure stunning can be employed to humanely euthanize neonatal male layer chicks.

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Whittier, Joanna B., and David M. Leslie. "Survival and Movement of Chicks of the Least Tern (Sterna antillarum) on an Alkaline Flat." Southwestern Naturalist 54, no. 2 (May 2009): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/mh-29.1.

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Sultana, Shabiha, Md Rakibul Hassan, Byung Soo Kim, and Kyeong Seon Ryu. "Effect of various monochromatic light-emitting diode colours on the behaviour and welfare of broiler chickens." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 100, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0242.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different monochromatic light-emitting diode colours on the behaviour and welfare of broiler chicks. A total of 750 one-day-old chicks were used and lighting was set up as follows: pure blue (PB, 440–450 nm), bright blue (460–470 nm), sky blue (480–490 nm), greenish blue (500–510 nm), and green (530–540), while fluorescent white (400–700 nm) was used as a control. Birds were placed into 30 independent light proof pens and each light treatment was replicated five times with 25 birds in each pen. Video was recorded and behaviour was evaluated twice per day and observed five consecutive days in a week. Broiler welfare was evaluated using the characteristics of gait score, tibia dyschondroplasia, tonic immobility duration, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. In results, sitting, walking, and ground pecking behaviour were influenced by the light colour from 0 to 7 d. Extending the rearing period from 8 to 21 d resulted in increased sitting behaviour and decreased walking and pecking behaviour in chicks in the PB treatment (P < 0.05). When the growth period was extended further (22–42 d), sitting behaviour increased when chicks were exposed to PB light (P < 0.05). The effect of light colour did not significantly influence welfare of broiler chicks. Thus, the present results suggest that PB light colour decreased broiler chickens movement and thus increased duration of sitting behaviour. These results would be helpful to choose light colour for broiler producers.

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Pawlak, K., and J. Niedzióka. "Non-invasive measurement of chick embryo cardiac work." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 1 (December 11, 2011): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4265-cjas.

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This study used a non-invasive method of ballistocardiography to investigate cardiac work of chick embryos. In this method, an eggshell with electric charges on it is one capacitor plate, the other being a receiving antenna of the measuring equipment. Chick embryo cardiac work induces micro-movements of the whole egg, resulting in changes in the distances between the plates and thus in the difference of potentials between the shell and the receiving antenna. This is registered by the measuring equipment. The first single signals of cardiac work were registered on day 7 of incubation. Starting from day 9, the signal was recorded from all embryos. During the study, the heart rate decreased from 248 to 161 beats per minute and signal amplitude was found to steadily increase from 6.3 to 432.7 mV/m. Great disturbances in ballistocardiograms were observed on days preceding embryonic deaths.  

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Goldman, Jason G., and Justin N. Wood. "An automated controlled-rearing method for studying the origins of movement recognition in newly hatched chicks." Animal Cognition 18, no. 3 (February 11, 2015): 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0839-3.

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du Lac, Sascha, and Stephen G. Lisberger. "Eye movements and brainstem neuronal responses evoked by cerebellar and vestibular stimulation in chicks." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 171, no. 5 (September 1992): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00194110.

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Weimerskirch, H., O. Chastel, Y. Cherel, J. A. Henden, and T. Tveraa. "Nest attendance and foraging movements of northern fulmars rearing chicks at Bjørnøya Barents Sea." Polar Biology 24, no. 2 (January 26, 2001): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000000175.

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46

Haig, Susan M., Lewis W. Oring, Peter M. Sanzenbacher, and Oriane W. Taft. "Space Use, Migratory Connectivity, and Population Segregation Among Willets Breeding in Thewestern Great Basin." Condor 104, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 620–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.3.620.

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Abstract Western Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus) were banded (n = 146 breeding adults and chicks) and radio-marked (n = 68 adults) at three western Great Basin wetland complexes to determine inter- and intraseasonal space use and movement patterns (primarily in 1998 and 1999). Birds were then tracked to overwintering sites where migratory connectivity and local movements were documented. Willets arrived synchronously at breeding sites during mid-April and spent less than 12 weeks in the Great Basin. There were no movements to other sites in the Great Basin during the breeding or postbreeding season. However, most breeding birds moved locally on a daily basis from upland nest sites to wetland foraging sites. The mean distance breeding birds were detected from nests did not differ between sexes or between members of a pair, although these distances were greater among postbreeding than breeding birds. Home-range estimates did not differ significantly between paired males and females during breeding or postbreeding. However, female home ranges were larger following breeding than during breeding. Shortly after chicks fledged, adult Willets left the Great Basin for locations primarily at coastal and estuarine sites in the San Francisco Bay area. Limited data revealed little among-site movements once Willets arrived at the coast, and birds appeared to be site faithful in subsequent winters. Winter sites of western Great Basin Willets differed from those used by birds from other areas in the subspecies' range, suggesting another subspecies or distinct population segment may exist. This study illustrates the importance of understanding movements and space use throughout the annual cycle in conservation planning. Uso del Espacio, Conectividad Migratoria y Segregación Poblacional entre Catoptrophorus semipalmatus que se Reproducen en el Great Basin Occidental Resumen. Un total de 146 individuos reproductivos y polluelos de Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus fueron anillados y 68 marcados con radio transmisores en tres complejos de humedales del Great Basin occidental para determinar patrones inter- e intraestacionales en el uso del espacio y los movimientos, principalmente en 1998 y 1999. Las aves fueron seguidas mediante radio telemetría hasta sus áreas de invernada, donde se documentaron la conectividad migratoria y los movimientos locales. Las aves arribaron sincrónicamente a sus sitios reproductivos a mediados de abril, donde permanecieron menos de 12 semanas. No hubo movimientos hacia otros sitios del Great Basin durante la estación reproductiva o post-reproductiva. Sin embargo, muchas aves se movieron a diario localmente desde sitios de anidación en zonas altas hasta sitios de forrajeo en humedales. La distancia media entre las aves y sus nidos no difirió entre sexos ni entre miembros de una pareja, aunque estas distancias fueron mayores entre aves post-reproductivas que entre aves que estaban reproduciéndose. Los rangos de hogar no difirieron significativamente entre machos y hembras de una misma pareja durante o después de la reproducción, pero los de las hembras fueron mayores luego del período reproductivo. Poco después de que los polluelos emplumaron, los adultos abandonaron el Great Basin principalmente hacia sitios costeros o estuarinos de la Bahía de San Francisco. Una vez que las aves llegaron a la costa, se movieron poco entre sitios, y los individuos parecieron ser fieles a sus sitios en inviernos subsiguientes. Los sitios de invierno de C. s. inornatus en el Great Basin occidental difirieron de aquellos usados por aves de otras áreas del rango de esta subespecie, sugiriendo que otra subespecie o una sección poblacional distinta podría existir. Este estudio ilustra la importancia de entender los movimientos y el uso del espacio a través del ciclo anual para establecer planes de conservación.

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Bradley, Nina S. "Transformations in Embryonic Motility in Chick: Kinematic Correlates of Type I and II Motility at E9 and E12." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1486.

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Transformations in embryonic motility in chick: kinematic correlates of type I and II motility at E9 and E12. Soon after hatching, chicks exhibit an array of adaptive, coordinated behaviors. Chick embryos also acquire nearly 18 days of movement experience, referred to as embryonic motility, before hatching. The chick expresses three forms of motility, types I, II, and III, and each emerges at a different stage of embryonic development. Although much is known about the mechanisms associated with motility at early embryonic stages and at the onset of hatching, the transformations in behavior and underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Thus the purpose of this study was to determine how motility is modified during the first expected transformation, from type I to type II. It was hypothesized that kinematic features for motility at embryonic day 12 (E12) would differ significantly from features at E9 because type II motility emerges during E11. Embryos were video taped for extended intervals in ovo at E9 or E12 and entire sequences of motility were computer digitized for kinematic analyses. Results reported here indicate that several of the kinematic features characteristic of motility at E9 are also reliable features at E12. On the basis of these findings, a kinematic definition of type I motility is posed for use in subsequent behavioral studies. Several parameters distinguished motility at E12 from E9. The most notable difference between ages was the less regular timing of repetitive limb movements at E12, a finding consistent with recent reports suggesting early motility is an emergent product of a transient neural network rather than a specialized pattern generator. As predicted from established definitions for type II motility, startle-like movements were common at E12; however, they also were present in many kinematic plots at E9, suggesting the discreet age-dependent boundaries in the established definition for type II motility may require modification. Some age-related differences, such as increased intralimb coordination and excursion velocity, may be prerequisites for adaptive behavior after hatching.

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Hébert, Marie, Elisabetta Versace, and Giorgio Vallortigara. "Inexperienced preys know when to flee or to freeze in front of a threat." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 46 (October 28, 2019): 22918–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915504116.

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Using appropriate antipredatory responses is crucial for survival. While slowing down reduces the chances of being detected from distant predators, fleeing away is advantageous in front of an approaching predator. Whether appropriate responses depend on experience with moving objects is still an open question. To clarify whether adopting appropriate fleeing or freezing responses requires previous experience, we investigated responses of chicks naive to movement. When exposed to the moving cues mimicking an approaching predator (a rapidly expanding, looming stimulus), chicks displayed a fast escape response. In contrast, when presented with a distal threat (a small stimulus sweeping overhead) they decreased their speed, a maneuver useful to avoid detection. The fast expansion of the stimulus toward the subject, rather than its size per se or change in luminance, triggered the escape response. These results show that young animals, in the absence of previous experience, can use motion cues to select the appropriate responses to different threats. The adaptive needs of young preys are thus matched by spontaneous defensive mechanisms that do not require learning.

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Place, A. R. "Bile is essential for lipid assimilation in Leach's storm petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 2 (August 1, 1992): R389—R399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.2.r389.

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A tritium-labeled glycerol triether was tested as a non-absorbable lipid marker for studies of neutral lipid absorption in normal and cholestryamine-induced steatorrhic chicks of Leach's storm petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa). Absorption of triacylglycerol and wax ester (96 +/- 4.2 and 94 +/- 2.1%, respectively) in normal chicks was indistinguishable. Absorption of neutral lipids decreased with increasing quantities of resin, and with the highest dosage (14% wt/wt) less than 30% of dietary lipids were assimilated. The concentration of bile salts (greater than 500 mM) in the gallbladder of Leach's storm petrel is among the highest recorded. The bile salts are predominantly taurine conjugates of chenodeoxycholate and cholate. Biliary cholesterol levels are within the range observed in humans although biliary phospholipid levels are lower and triglyceride levels are higher. Extensive retrograde movement of duodenal contents and biliary secretions to the gizzard and proventriculus were found. Although similarities in fat and bile salt assimilation exist between seabirds and mammals, there do exist differences that make non-polar lipid assimilation (i.e., wax esters) more efficient in seabirds.

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MacLaurin, Catherine I., J. Brian Mahoney, James W. Haggart, J. Russell Goodin, and Peter S. Mustard. "The Jackass Mountain Group of south-central British Columbia: depositional setting and evolution of an Early Cretaceous deltaic complex1This article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of New insights in Cordilleran Intermontane geoscience: reducing exploration risk in the mountain pine beetle-affected area, British Columbia.2Earth Science Sector (ESS) Contribution 20100280." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no. 6 (June 2011): 930–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e11-035.

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The Lower Cretaceous Jackass Mountain Group of southwestern British Columbia records a complex history of deltaic and proximal marine sedimentation in a tectonically active area of the Canadian Cordillera. Two Jackass Mountain Group successions, exposed in the Camelsfoot Range and Chilko Lake regions and separated by ∼125 km across the northwest–southeast-trending Yalakom fault, provide details of stratigraphy, sedimentology, petrography, and geochemistry of the group. Restoring dextral movement across the Yalakom fault indicates that these locales were adjacent to one another during deposition; data presented herein support this reconstruction. In addition, detailed sedimentological investigations reveal widespread shallow-marine and deltaic features, indicating that deposition occurred predominantly within a large, shallow-water deltaic system. This interpretation is crucial to the understanding of regional facies patterns and for predicting hydrocarbon potential in adjacent subsurface rocks. New porosity, permeability, and thermal maturity data augment information collected from Jackass Mountain Group strata in the subsurface and indicate that some units represent potential hydrocarbon source rocks.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chipko movement'

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