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Journal articles on the topic 'Chiral symmetry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

PIROGOV, YU F. "CHIRAL GAUGE E6 AS A BINDING GROUP FOR COMPOSITE LEPTONS, QUARKS AND HIGGS BOSONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 09, no. 09 (April 10, 1994): 1397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x94000613.

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The uniqueness of the chiral gauge E6 symmetry in providing the mechanism of binding for composite models is stressed. A maximally symmetric pattern of chiral symmetry breaking, consistent with dynamical mass generation along with preservation of the strongly coupled E6 gauge symmetry, is considered. Chiral anomaly matching conditions for the residual chiral symmetry are studied and likely massless composite fermions are found. The possibility for these fermions as well as Goldstone bosons to be treated eventually as leptons, quarks and Higgs bosons is discussed. The scheme possesses the generic realistic-like features and could serve as a prototype for a realistic composite model.

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2

Liu, Keh-Fei. "Baryons and chiral symmetry." International Journal of Modern Physics E 26, no. 01n02 (January 2017): 1740016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830131740016x.

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The relevance of chiral symmetry in baryons is highlighted in three examples in the nucleon spectroscopy and structure. The first one is the importance of chiral dynamics in understanding the Roper resonance. The second one is the role of chiral symmetry in the lattice calculation of [Formula: see text] term and strangeness. The third one is the role of chiral [Formula: see text] anomaly in the anomalous Ward identity in evaluating the quark spin and the quark orbital angular momentum. Finally, the chiral effective theory for baryons is discussed.

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3

Koch, Volker. "Aspects of Chiral Symmetry." International Journal of Modern Physics E 06, no. 02 (June 1997): 203–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301397000147.

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This article is an attempt to a pedagogical introduction and review into the elementary concepts of chiral symmetry in nuclear physics. Effective chiral models such as the linear and nonlinear sigma model will be discussed as well as the essential ideas of chiral perturbation theory. Some applications to the physics of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions will be presented.

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4

Inagaki, Tomohiro, Yamato Matsuo, and Hiromu Shimoji. "Four-Fermion Interaction Model on ℳD−1 ⊗ S1." Symmetry 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11040451.

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Four-fermion interaction models are often used as simplified models of interacting fermion fields with the chiral symmetry. The chiral symmetry is dynamically broken for a larger four-fermion coupling. It is expected that the broken symmetry is restored under extreme conditions. In this paper, the finite size effect on the chiral symmetry breaking is investigated in the four-fermion interaction model. We consider the model on a flat spacetime with a compactified spatial coordinate, M D − 1 ⊗ S 1 and obtain explicit expressions of the effective potential for arbitrary spacetime dimensions in the leading order of the 1 / N expansion. Evaluating the effective potential, we show the critical lines which divide the symmetric and the broken phase and the sign-flip condition for the Casimir force.

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5

Weise, W. "Chiral symmetry breaking." Nuclear Physics A 543, no. 1-2 (June 1992): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(92)90431-i.

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6

Katsantonis, Ioannis, Sotiris Droulias, Costas M. Soukoulis, Eleftherios N. Economou, and Maria Kafesaki. "Scattering Properties of PT-Symmetric Chiral Metamaterials." Photonics 7, no. 2 (June 17, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7020043.

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The combination of gain and loss in optical systems that respect parity–time (PT)-symmetry has pointed recently to a variety of novel optical phenomena and possibilities. Many of them can be realized by combining the PT-symmetry concepts with metamaterials. Here we investigate the case of chiral metamaterials, showing that combination of chiral metamaterials with PT-symmetric gain–loss enables a very rich variety of phenomena and functionalities. Examining a simple one-dimensional chiral PT-symmetric system, we show that, with normally incident waves, the PT-symmetric and the chirality-related characteristics can be tuned independently and superimposed almost at will. On the other hand, under oblique incidence, chirality affects all the PT-related characteristics, leading also to novel and uncommon wave propagation features, such as asymmetric transmission and asymmetric optical activity and ellipticity. All these features are highly controllable both by chirality and by the angle of incidence, making PT-symmetric chiral metamaterials valuable in a large range of polarization-control-targeting applications.

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7

Meisinger, Peter N., and Michael C. Ogilvie. "Chiral symmetry restoration and N symmetry." Physics Letters B 379, no. 1-4 (June 1996): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(96)00447-9.

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8

Hoshino, Y. "Chiral symmetry, symmetry restoration in QCD2." Il Nuovo Cimento A 90, no. 1 (November 1985): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02734945.

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9

Iwazaki, Aiichi. "Chiral symmetry breaking by monopole condensation." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 23n24 (August 24, 2017): 1750139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17501391.

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Under the assumption of Abelian dominance in QCD, we have shown that chiral condensate is locally present around each QCD monopole. The essence is that either charge or chirality of a quark is not conserved, when the low energy massless quark collides with QCD monopole. In reality, the charge is conserved so that the chirality is not conserved. Reviewing the presence of the local chiral condensate, we show by using chiral anomaly that chiral nonsymmetric quark pair production takes place when a color charge is putted in a vacuum with monopole condensation, while chiral symmetric pair production takes place in a vacuum with no monopole condensation. Our results strongly indicate that the chiral symmetry is broken by the monopole condensation.

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10

ZHUANG, PENGFEI. "LOW-MOMENTUM PION ENHANCEMENT INDUCED BY CHIRAL SYMMETRY RESTORATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, no. 03 (January 30, 2004): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04016490.

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The thermal and nonthermal pion production by sigma decay and its relation with chiral symmetry restoration in a hot and dense matter are investigated. The nonthermal decay into pions of sigma mesons which are popularly produced in chiral symmetric phase leads to a low-momentum pion enhancement as a possible signature of chiral phase transition at finite temperature and density.

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11

Rho, Mannque. "Multifarious Roles of Hidden Chiral-Scale Symmetry: “Quenching” gA in Nuclei." Symmetry 13, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081388.

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I discuss how the axial current coupling constant gA renormalized in scale symmetric chiral EFT defined at a chiral matching scale impacts on the axial current matrix elements on beta decays in nuclei with and without neutrinos. The “quenched” gA observed in nuclear superallowed Gamow–Teller transitions, a long-standing puzzle in nuclear physics, is shown to encode the emergence of chiral-scale symmetry hidden in QCD in the vacuum. This enables one to explore how trace-anomaly-induced scale symmetry breaking enters in the renormalized gA in nuclei applicable to certain non-unique forbidden processes involved in neutrinoless double beta decays. A parallel is made between the roles of chiral-scale symmetry in quenching gA in highly dense medium and in hadron–quark continuity in the EoS of dense matter in massive compact stars. A systematic chiral-scale EFT, presently lacking in nuclear theory and potentially crucial for the future progress, is suggested as a challenge in the field.

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12

Daas, Jesse, Wouter Oosters, Frank Saueressig, and Jian Wang. "Asymptotically Safe Gravity-Fermion Systems on Curved Backgrounds." Universe 7, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7080306.

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We set up a consistent background field formalism for studying the renormalization group (RG) flow of gravity coupled to Nf Dirac fermions on maximally symmetric backgrounds. Based on Wetterich’s equation, we perform a detailed study of the resulting fixed point structure in a projection including the Einstein–Hilbert action, the fermion anomalous dimension, and a specific coupling of the fermion bilinears to the spacetime curvature. The latter constitutes a mass-type term that breaks chiral symmetry explicitly. Our analysis identified two infinite families of interacting RG fixed points, which are viable candidates to provide a high-energy completion through the asymptotic safety mechanism. The fixed points exist for all values of Nf outside of a small window situated at low values Nf and become weakly coupled in the large Nf-limit. Symmetry-wise, they correspond to “quasi-chiral” and “non-chiral” fixed points. The former come with enhanced predictive power, fixing one of the couplings via the asymptotic safety condition. Moreover, the interplay of the fixed points allows for cross-overs from the non-chiral to the chiral fixed point, giving a dynamical mechanism for restoring the symmetry approximately at intermediate scales. Our discussion of chiral symmetry breaking effects provides strong indications that the topology of spacetime plays a crucial role when analyzing whether quantum gravity admits light chiral fermions.

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13

Mañes, Juan L., Eugenio Megías, Manuel Valle, and Miguel Á. Vázquez-Mozo. "Non-Abelian anomalous constitutive relations of a chiral hadronic fluid." EPJ Web of Conferences 258 (2022): 10006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202225810006.

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We study the constitutive relations of a chiral hadronic fluid in presence of non-Abelian’t Hooft anomalies. Analytical expressions for the covariant currents are obtained at first order in derivatives in the chiral symmetric phase, for both two and three quark flavors in the presence of chiral imbalance. We also investigate the constitutive relations after chiral symmetry breaking at the leading order.

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14

Vlieg, Elias. "Symmetry and symmetry breaking during crystal growth." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314090597.

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Two cases of symmetry and its breaking will be discussed in the context of crystal growth: chirality and surfaces. Chiral symmetry is a particularly interesting form of symmetry in crystal growth that may even be directly related to the homochirality that is found in Nature. About 10% of the chiral compounds crystallize as so-called racemic conglomerates, i.e. as separate crystals with only left or only right-handed molecules. The first experiments of Pasteur on a tartaric acid salt were an example of this. When crystallizing such compounds, one would expect a (symmetric) 50:50 mixture of both types of crystals, but often this is not the case. We will discuss (1) the chiral symmetry breaking in such systems [1], (2) the formation of epitaxial conglomerates that partially hide the true symmetry and (3) a phase transition from a racemic crystal (with both left- and right-handed molecules in the unit cell) to a racemic conglomerate. X-ray diffraction is often insufficient to fully characterize such systems, and solid-state NMR and computer simulations yield important additional insights. The symmetry of a bulk crystal is by definition broken at its surface, and this can manifest itself in different ways. Muscovite mica, as an example, can be made extremely flat by cleaving and therefore the bulk glide plane symmetry can be lost at the surface [2]. Charge neutrality dictates the distribution of the ions at the surface of mica and seems to be determined by local variations in the Al/Si ratio that are invisible for X-ray diffraction. By isomorphous replacement of the topmost K ions, mica can be functionalized to specifically react with other compounds.

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15

COHEN, THOMAS D., and LEONID YA GLOZMAN. "A SIMPLE TOY MODEL FOR EFFECTIVE RESTORATION OF CHIRAL SYMMETRY IN EXCITED HADRONS." Modern Physics Letters A 21, no. 25 (August 20, 2006): 1939–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732306021360.

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A simple solvable toy model exhibiting effective restoration of chiral symmetry in excited hadrons is constructed. A salient feature is that while physics of the low-lying states is crucially determined by the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry, in the high-lying states the effects of chiral symmetry breaking represent only a small correction. Asymptotically the states approach the regime where their properties are determined by the underlying unbroken chiral symmetry.

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16

Wang, Juven, and Yi-Zhuang You. "Symmetric Mass Generation." Symmetry 14, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14071475.

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The most well-known mechanism for fermions to acquire a mass is the Nambu–Goldstone–Anderson–Higgs mechanism, i.e., after a spontaneous symmetry breaking, a bosonic field that couples to the fermion mass term condenses, which grants a mass gap for the fermionic excitation. In the last few years, it was gradually understood that there is a new mechanism of mass generation for fermions without involving any symmetry breaking within an anomaly-free symmetry group, also applicable to chiral fermions with anomaly-free chiral symmetries. This new mechanism is generally referred to as the symmetric mass generation (SMG). It is realized that the SMG has deep connections with interacting topological insulator/superconductors, symmetry-protected topological states, perturbative local and non-perturbative global anomaly cancellations, and deconfined quantum criticality. It has strong implications for the lattice regularization of chiral gauge theories. This article defines the SMG, summarizes the current numerical results, introduces an unifying theoretical framework (including the parton-Higgs and the s-confinement mechanisms, as well as the symmetry-extension construction), and presents an overview of various features and applications of SMG.

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17

DAHIYA, HARLEEN, and NEETIKA SHARMA. "STRANGENESS AND CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING." Modern Physics Letters A 26, no. 04 (February 10, 2011): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311034785.

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The implications of chiral symmetry breaking and SU(3) symmetry breaking have been studied in the chiral constituent quark model (χCQM). The role of hidden strangeness component has been investigated for the scalar matrix elements of the nucleon with an emphasis on the meson–nucleon sigma terms. The χCQM is able to give a qualitative and quantitative description of the "quark sea" generation through chiral symmetry breaking. The significant contribution of the strangeness is consistent with the recent available experimental observations.

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18

Furui, S., R. Kobayashi, and M. Nakagawa. "Chiral symmetry breaking in hidden local symmetry." Il Nuovo Cimento A 108, no. 9 (September 1995): 1051–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02790315.

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19

DUNDEE, B., J. PERKINS, and G. CLEAVER. "OBSERVABLE/HIDDEN SECTOR BROKEN SYMMETRY FOR SYMMETRIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 16 (June 30, 2006): 3367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06031090.

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A four-dimensional heterotic string model of free fermionic construction is presented wherein mirror symmetry breaking between observable and hidden sector gauge groups occurs in spite of mirror symmetry between observable and hidden sector worldsheet fermion boundary conditions. The differentiation is invoked by an asymmetry in GSO projections necessarily resulting from the symmetry of the free fermionic boundary conditions. In the specific examples shown, an expected nonchiral Pati–Salam mirror universe model is transformed into a chiral model with enhanced hidden sector gauge symmetry and reduced observable sector gauge symmetry: [ SU (4)C ⊗ SU (2)L ⊗ SU (2)R]O ⊗ [ SU (4)C ⊗ SU (2)L ⊗ SU (2)R]H, is necessarily transformed into a chiral [ SU (4)C ⊗ SU (2)L]O ⊗ [ SO (10) ⊗ SU (2)R]H model because of an unavoidable asymmetry in GSO projections.

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20

Li, Shi-Feng, Cui-Yu-Yang Zhou, Jie-Yu Lu, Xin-Ye Zou, and Jian-Chun Cheng. "Probing of the topological phase transition in a disordered 1D acoustic system." AIP Advances 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 095111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0114007.

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The methods to determine the Zak phase introduced by previous studies are usually limited to the periodic systems protected by the inversion symmetry. In this work, we build a one-dimensional chiral symmetric acoustic chain with controllable disorder to break its inversion symmetry. By the mean chiral displacement method, we detect the Zak phase in order to observe the topological phase transition induced purely by disorder. The finding exhibits the topological Anderson insulator phase, in which an otherwise trivial acoustic Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model is driven non-trivial by disorder accompanied by the change of the topological sign. This method could also be utilized in chiral symmetry broken and non-Hermitian systems. The result reveals that disorder introduced in the acoustic devices may induce the change of the topological phase, which is promising for the design of new acoustic devices.

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21

Melcher, Christof. "Chiral skyrmions in the plane." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, no. 2172 (December 8, 2014): 20140394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0394.

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Magnets without inversion symmetry are a prime example of a solid-state system featuring topological solitons on the nanoscale, and a promising candidate for novel spintronic applications. Magnetic chiral skyrmions are localized vortex-like structures, which are stabilized by antisymmetric exchange interaction, the so-called Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction. In continuum theories, the corresponding energy contribution is, in contrast to the classical Skyrme mechanism from nuclear physics, of linear gradient dependence and breaks the chiral symmetry. In the simplest possible case of a ferromagnetic energy in the plane, including symmetric and antisymmetric exchange and Zeeman interaction, we show that the least energy in a class of fields with unit topological charge is attained provided the Zeeman field is sufficiently large.

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22

López‐Castillo, Alejandro. "Chiral symmetry conservation principle." Chirality 34, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.23371.

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23

Bernard, Véronique, Norbert Kaiser, T. S. H. Lee, and Ulf-G. Meissner. "Chiral symmetry and thresholdπ0electroproduction." Physical Review Letters 70, no. 4 (January 25, 1993): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.70.387.

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24

Kubodera, Kuniharu. "Chiral symmetry in nuclei." Nuclear Physics A 670, no. 1-4 (May 2000): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(00)00079-8.

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25

Cohen, Thomas D. "Hadrons and Chiral Symmetry." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 195 (November 2009): 59–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2009.10.012.

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26

Hosaka, A., D. Jido, Y. Nemoto, and M. Oka. "Chiral symmetry for baryons." Nuclear Physics A 663-664 (January 2000): 707c—710c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(99)00727-7.

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27

Hosaka, Atsushi, Daisuke Jido, and Makoto Oka. "Chiral symmetry of baryons." Nuclear Physics A 721 (June 2003): C705—C710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(03)01162-x.

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28

Kirchbach, Mariana. "Elements of chiral symmetry." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 43, no. 3-4 (March 1993): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01589850.

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29

Holstein, Barry R. "RadiativeKl3decays and chiral symmetry." Physical Review D 41, no. 9 (May 1, 1990): 2829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.41.2829.

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30

Jido, D., M. Oka, and A. Hosaka. "Chiral Symmetry of Baryons." Progress of Theoretical Physics 106, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 873–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp.106.873.

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31

Brown, G. E., K. Kubodera, M. Prakash, and M. Rho. "Strangeness and chiral symmetry." Nuclear Physics A 479 (March 1988): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(88)90436-8.

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32

Stam, K. "Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking." Physics Letters B 152, no. 3-4 (March 1985): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(85)91177-3.

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33

Gasser, J., and H. Leutwyler. "Thermodynamics of chiral symmetry." Physics Letters B 188, no. 4 (April 1987): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(87)91652-2.

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34

DMITRAŠINOVIĆ, V., ATUSHI HOSAKA, and KEITARO NAGATA. "A LAGRANGIAN FOR THE CHIRAL (½, 0) ⊕ (0, ½) QUARTET NUCLEON RESONANCES." International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, no. 01 (January 2010): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301310014650.

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We study the nucleon and three N* resonances' properties in an effective linear realization chiral SUL(2)×SUR(2) and UA(1) symmetric Lagrangian. We place the nucleon fields into the so-called "naive" (½, 0) ⊕ (0, ½) and "mirror" (0, ½) ⊕ (½, 0) (fundamental) representations of SUL(2)×SUR(2), two of each — distinguished by their UA(1) chiral properties, as defined by an explicit construction of the nucleon interpolating fields in terms of three quark (Dirac) fields. We construct the most general one-meson–baryon chiral interaction Lagrangian assuming various parities of these four nucleon fields. We show that the observed masses of the four lowest-lying nucleon states can be well reproduced with the effective Lagrangian, after spontaneous symmetry breakdown, without explicit breaking of UA(1) symmetry. This does not mean that explicit UA(1) symmetry breaking does not occur in baryons, but rather that it does not have a unique mass prediction signature that exists, e.g. in the case of spinless mesons. We also consider briefly the axial couplings with chiral representation mixing.

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35

MIYAKE, SHOGO, and KEN-ICHI SHIZUYA. "CONSISTENT QUANTIZATION OF A CHIRAL GAUGE THEORY IN FOUR DIMENSIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 04, no. 27 (December 20, 1989): 2675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732389002975.

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Using a gauge-symmetric formulation of anomalous gauge theories, we study the consistency and symmetry contents of a chiral gauge theory in four dimensions. The gauge symmetry, restored by the inclusion of the Wess-Zumino term, is spontaneously broken and the gauge field acquires a mass. Symmetry arguments are used to determine the particle spectrum and the current algebra of the model. Our analysis indicates that, apart from a question of renormalizability, the present theory is a consistent gauge theory.

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36

Creutz, Michael. "Confinement, chiral symmetry, and the lattice." Acta Physica Slovaca. Reviews and Tutorials 61, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 1–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10155-011-0001-y.

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Confinement, chiral symmetry, and the latticeTwo crucial properties of QCD, confinement and chiral symmetry breaking, cannot be understood within the context of conventional Feynman perturbation theory. Non-perturbative phenomena enter the theory in a fundamental way at both the classical and quantum levels. Over the years a coherent qualitative picture of the interplay between chiral symmetry, quantum mechanical anomalies, and the lattice has emerged and is reviewed here.

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37

Rakhmanova, G. R., A. N. Osipov, D. I. Ilin, I. V. Shushakova, and I. V. Iorsh. "Non-collinear ground state and stable bimerons from four-spin chiral interactions in D_3h magnet." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2015, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2015/1/012118.

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Abstract We demonstrate that four-spin interactions in crystals with D3h point group of symmetry can cause a phase transition from a collinear state to a non-collinear magnetic ground state (such as magnetic vortices or magnetic skyrmions), while all anti-symmetric chiral terms are forbidden by symmetry in such crystals. Moreover, D3h point group rather common among two dimensional magnets. Taking into account possible four-spin chiral exchange interactions is important for understanding noncollinear magnetic order in these systems. We also address a possible stabilization of bimerons by the same contribution.

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38

Osmanaj (Zeqirllari), Rudina, and Dafina Hyka (Xhako). "Minimally doubled fermions and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817504002.

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Chiral symmetry breaking in massless QCD is a very important feature in the current understanding of low energy physics. Low - lying Dirac modes are suitable to help us understand the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, since the formation of a non zero chiral condensate is an effect of their accumulation near zero. The Banks – Casher relation links the spectral density of the Dirac operator to the condensate with an identity that can be read in both directions. In this work we propose a spectral method to achieve a reliable determination of the density of eigenvalues of Dirac operator near zero using the Gauss – Lanczos quadrature. In order to understand better the dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and use the method we propose, we have chosen to work with minimally doubled fermions. These kind of fermions have been proposed as a strictly local discretization of the QCD fermions action, which preserves chiral symmetry at finite cut-off. Being chiral fermions, is easier to work with them and their low - lying Dirac modes and to understand the dynamical spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking.

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39

Li, Niu, Si-Na Wei, and Wei-Zhou Jiang. "Nuclear Potentials Relevant to the Symmetry Energy in Chiral Models." Symmetry 14, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030474.

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We employ the extended Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL), linear-σ models, and the density-dependent model with chiral limits to work out the mean fields and relevant properties of nuclear matter. To have the constraint from the data, we re-examine the Dirac optical potentials and symmetry potential based on the relativistic impulse approximation (RIA). Unlike the extended NJL and the density-dependent models with the chiral limit in terms of the vanishing scalar density, the extended linear-σ model with a sluggish changing scalar field loses the chiral limit at the high-density end. The various scalar fields can characterize the different Schrödinger-equivalent potentials and kinetic symmetry energy in the whole density region and the symmetry potential in the intermediate density region. The drop in the scalar field due to the chiral restoration results in a clear rise of the kinetic symmetry energy. The chiral limit in the models gives rise to the softening of the symmetry potential and thereof the symmetry energy at high densities.

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40

Pavlov, Valerii A., Yaroslav V. Shushenachev, and Sergey G. Zlotin. "Сhiral and Racemic Fields Concept for Understanding of the Homochirality Origin, Asymmetric Catalysis, Chiral Superstructure Formation from Achiral Molecules, and B-Z DNA Conformational Transition." Symmetry 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2019): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11050649.

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The four most important and well-studied phenomena of mirror symmetry breaking of molecules were analyzed for the first time in terms of available common features and regularities. Mirror symmetry breaking of the primary origin of biological homochirality requires the involvement of an external chiral inductor (environmental chirality). All reviewed mirror symmetry breaking phenomena were considered from that standpoint. A concept of chiral and racemic fields was highly helpful in this analysis. A chiral gravitational field in combination with a static magnetic field (Earth’s environmental conditions) may be regarded as a hypothetical long-term chiral inductor. Experimental evidences suggest a possible effect of the environmental chiral inductor as a chiral trigger on the mirror symmetry breaking effect. Also, this effect explains a conformational transition of the right-handed double DNA helix to the left-handed double DNA helix (B-Z DNA transition) as possible DNA damage.

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41

Fernández, Francisco, and Jorge Segovia. "Historical Introduction to Chiral Quark Models." Symmetry 13, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020252.

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Chiral symmetry, and its dynamical breaking, has become a cornerstone in the description of the hadron’s phenomenology at low energy. The present manuscript gives a historical survey on how the quark model of hadrons has been implemented along the last decades trying to incorporate, among other important non-perturbative features of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the dynamical chiral symmetry breaking mechanism. This effort has delivered different models such as the chiral bag model, the cloudy bag model, the chiral quark model or the chiral constituent quark model. Our main aim herein is to provide a brief introduction of the Special Issue “Advances in Chiral Quark Models” in Symmetry and contribute to the clarification of the differences among the above-mentioned models that include the adjective chiral in their nomenclature.

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Middelkoop, Teije C., Júlia Garcia-Baucells, Porfirio Quintero-Cadena, Lokesh G. Pimpale, Shahrzad Yazdi, Paul W. Sternberg, Peter Gross, and Stephan W. Grill. "CYK-1/Formin activation in cortical RhoA signaling centers promotes organismal left–right symmetry breaking." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 20 (May 10, 2021): e2021814118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021814118.

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Proper left–right symmetry breaking is essential for animal development, and in many cases, this process is actomyosin-dependent. In Caenorhabditis elegans embryos active torque generation in the actomyosin layer promotes left–right symmetry breaking by driving chiral counterrotating cortical flows. While both Formins and Myosins have been implicated in left–right symmetry breaking and both can rotate actin filaments in vitro, it remains unclear whether active torques in the actomyosin cortex are generated by Formins, Myosins, or both. We combined the strength of C. elegans genetics with quantitative imaging and thin film, chiral active fluid theory to show that, while Non-Muscle Myosin II activity drives cortical actomyosin flows, it is permissive for chiral counterrotation and dispensable for chiral symmetry breaking of cortical flows. Instead, we find that CYK-1/Formin activation in RhoA foci is instructive for chiral counterrotation and promotes in-plane, active torque generation in the actomyosin cortex. Notably, we observe that artificially generated large active RhoA patches undergo rotations with consistent handedness in a CYK-1/Formin–dependent manner. Altogether, we conclude that CYK-1/Formin–dependent active torque generation facilitates chiral symmetry breaking of actomyosin flows and drives organismal left–right symmetry breaking in the nematode worm.

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JIDO, D., T. HYODO, and A. HOSAKA. "THE STRUCTURE OF N(1535) IN THE ASPECT OF CHIRAL SYMMETRY." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 27n30 (September 30, 2008): 2389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308029447.

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The structure of N(1535) is discussed in dynamical and symmetry aspects based on chiral symmetry. We find that the N(1535) in chiral unitary model has implicitly some components other than meson-baryon one. We also discuss the N(1535) in the chiral doublet picture.

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Nespolo, Massimo, and Amani Hind Benahsene. "Symmetry and chirality in crystals." Journal of Applied Crystallography 54, no. 6 (October 20, 2021): 1594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576721009109.

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A classification scheme relating the chirality of molecules to the type of crystal structures (chiral or achiral) they may form is presented. With respect to similar classifications proposed in the past, some corrections and extensions are introduced. In particular, (1) it is shown that chiral crystal structures from achiral molecules can occur in 28 types of space group having screw axes np , with p ≠ n/2, not in any Sohncke type of space group; (2) it is shown that the restriction on Z′ > 1 for kryptoracemates is contradicted by examples with Z′ = 1; and (3) the case of scalemic enantioenriched solutions, absent from most classifications, is included. Chiral crystal structures from purely inorganic (non-molecular) compounds are addressed too.

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45

Hananel, Uri, Assaf Ben-Moshe, Haim Diamant, and Gil Markovich. "Spontaneous and directed symmetry breaking in the formation of chiral nanocrystals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 23 (May 16, 2019): 11159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821923116.

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Symmetry plays a crucial part in our understanding of the natural world. Mirror symmetry breaking is of special interest as it is related to life as we know it. Studying systems which display chiral amplification, therefore, could further our understanding of symmetry breaking in chemical systems, in general, and thus also of the asymmetry in Nature. Here, we report on strong chiral amplification in the colloidal synthesis of intrinsically chiral lanthanide phosphate nanocrystals, measured via circularly polarized luminescence. The amplification involves spontaneous symmetry breaking into either left- or right-handed nanocrystals below a critical temperature. Furthermore, chiral tartaric acid molecules in the solution direct the amplified nanocrystal handedness through a discontinuous transition between left- and right-handed excess. We analyze the observations based on the statistical thermodynamics of critical phenomena. Our results demonstrate how chiral minerals with high enantiopurity can form in a racemic aqueous environment.

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Torres-Rincon, Juan M. "Degeneracy Patterns of Chiral Companions at Finite Temperature." Symmetry 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081400.

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Chiral symmetry represents a fundamental concept lying at the core of particle and nuclear physics. Its spontaneous breaking in vacuum can be exploited to distinguish chiral hadronic partners, whose masses differ. In fact, the features of this breaking serve as guiding principles for the construction of effective approaches of QCD at low energies, e.g., the chiral perturbation theory, the linear sigma model, the (Polyakov)–Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model, etc. At high temperatures/densities chiral symmetry can be restored bringing the chiral partners to be nearly degenerated in mass. At vanishing baryochemical potential, such restoration follows a smooth transition, and the chiral companions reach this degeneration above the transition temperature. In this work I review how different realizations of chiral partner degeneracy arise in different effective theories/models of QCD. I distinguish the cases where the chiral states are either fundamental degrees of freedom or (dynamically-generated) composed states. In particular, I discuss the intriguing case in which chiral symmetry restoration involves more than two chiral partners, recently addressed in the literature.

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MENG, J., B. QI, S. Q. ZHANG, and S. Y. WANG. "CHIRAL SYMMETRY IN ATOMIC NUCLEI." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 27n30 (September 30, 2008): 2560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308029800.

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The significant progresses of the chirality in atomic nuclei are briefly reviewed for both experimental and theoretical sides. Chiral doublet bands beyond one-particle and one-hole coupled with a triaxial rotor as well as the possibilities of new phenomenon MχD are discussed.

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WETTERICH, C. "QUANTIZATION OF CHIRAL ANTISYMMETRIC TENSOR FIELDS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, no. 10 (April 20, 2008): 1545–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08039335.

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Chiral antisymmetric tensor fields can have chiral couplings to quarks and leptons. Their kinetic terms do not mix different representations of the Lorentz symmetry and a local mass term can be forbidden by symmetry. The chiral couplings to the fermions are asymptotically free, opening interesting perspectives for a possible solution to the gauge hierarchy problem. We argue that the interacting theory for such fields can be consistently quantized, in contrast to the free theory which is plagued by unstable solutions. We suggest that at the scale where the chiral couplings grow large the electroweak symmetry is spontaneously broken and a mass term for the chiral tensors is generated nonperturbatively. Massive chiral tensors correspond to massive spin-one particles that do not have problems of stability. We also propose an equivalent formulation in terms of gauge fields.

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AOKI, SINYA. "MASSIVE FERMION AND CHIRAL GAUGE SYMMETRY." Modern Physics Letters A 05, no. 31 (December 20, 1990): 2607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390003036.

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A mass-dependent odd-parity term in the effective action of chiral gauge theories as well as the usual mass-independent chiral anomaly have been shown to exist. In particular, this mass-dependent term is equal to the anomaly with opposite sign in the limit of infinite fermion mass, and therefore no odd-parity term remains in this limit. We also consider the different regularizations which produce the Wess-Zumino term in the infinite fermion mass limit.

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Watson, T. B., and Z. E. Musielak. "Chiral symmetry in Dirac equation and its effects on neutrino masses and dark matter." International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, no. 30 (October 23, 2020): 2050189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20501894.

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Chiral symmetry is included into the Dirac equation using the irreducible representations of the Poincaré group. The symmetry introduces the chiral angle that specifies the chiral basis. It is shown that the correct identification of these basis allows explaining small masses of neutrinos and predicting a new candidate for Dark Matter massive particle.

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