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Journal articles on the topic 'Chitin nanowhiskers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kausar, Ayesha. "Polymeric nanocomposites reinforced with nanowhiskers: Design, development, and emerging applications." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 36, no. 3 (January 5, 2020): 312–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087919898731.

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This article provides insights into nanowhisker nanofiller particles, different categories of polymer/nanowhisker nanocomposites, and broad span of applications. Nanowhiskers are hierarchical needle-like elementary crystallites, often used as nanofillers in polymers. Cellulose, chitin, zinc oxide, fullerene, and aluminum nitride-based nanowhiskers have been employed in matrices. Inclusion of organic and inorganic nanowhiskers in polymers has enhanced thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, thermal stability, water resistance, and other physical properties of nanocomposites. Polymer/nanowhisker nanocomposites have found technical applications in supercapacitors, sensors, anticorrosion agents, antibacterial agents, and drug delivery systems. Future research directions for potential applications rely on material design, nanowhisker functionalization, better dispersion, better reinforcement, and better processing techniques.

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2

Rizvi, Reza, Brendan Cochrane, Hani Naguib, and Patrick C. Lee. "Fabrication and characterization of melt-blended polylactide-chitin composites and their foams." Journal of Cellular Plastics 47, no. 3 (May 2011): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x11402549.

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This study details the fabrication and foaming of melt-blended polylactide (PLA) and chitin composites. The chitin used for compounding was as-received, as chitin nanowhiskers and as chitin nanowhiskers with a compatibilizing agent. The chitin nanowhiskers were produced by an acid-hydrolysis technique and their morphology was examined with transmission electron microscopy. The composite morphology was characterized with scanning electron microscopy and was related to the observed thermal, rheological, and mechanical behaviors of the composites. Chitin was found to decrease the thermal stability of the composites. Addition of chitin was also found to reduce the viscosity of the composites, which is believed to be because of the hydrolysis of PLA during melt blending of chitin in suspension. The stiffness of the composites was found to increase with increasing chitin content while the strength was found to decrease. Porous PLA—chitin composites were produced by a two-step batch-foaming technique, and the expansion behavior was correlated with the visco-elastic observations. The statistical significance of chitin type and composition dependence on the mechanical properties and foam morphologies were evaluated.

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3

Meshkat, Seyyed Salar, Mojtaba Nasiri Nezhad, and Mohammad Reza Bazmi. "Investigation of Carmine Dye Removal by Green Chitin Nanowhiskers Adsorbent." Emerging Science Journal 3, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2019-01181.

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A green adsorbent was evaluated to remove the carmine dye. Chitin nanowhiskers were synthesized via acid hydrolyzed method. The diameter of the synthesized chitin whiskers was about 20 nm and had 200 to 400 nm length. The morphology and chemical structure of the synthesized adsorbent were investigated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X- Ray Diffraction (XRD). The adsorption process parameters of the carmine dye removal were optimized as follow: adsorption time (3 h), initial carmine dye solution concentration (100 ppm), mass loaded of the chitin whiskers suspension 1% weight of chitin nanowhiskers, as an adsorbent (1.4 g). The removal efficiency of the carmine dye adsorption was about 85% which is modified 15% better than the previous researches. The results indicated that carmine dye molecules were absorbed by hydrogen bonding mechanism due to the N-H bond in the chitin nanowhiskers structure.

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4

Pereira, Antonio G. B., Edvani C. Muniz, and You-Lo Hsieh. "Chitosan-sheath and chitin-core nanowhiskers." Carbohydrate Polymers 107 (July 2014): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.046.

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5

Chi-Yan Li, Sharon, Yu-Chen Sun, Qi Guan, and Hani Naguib. "Effects of chitin nanowhiskers on the thermal, barrier, mechanical, and rheological properties of polypropylene nanocomposites." RSC Advances 6, no. 76 (2016): 72086–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra11623j.

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6

Jin, Tony, Tracy Liu, Edmond Lam, and Audrey Moores. "Chitin and chitosan on the nanoscale." Nanoscale Horizons 6, no. 7 (2021): 505–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nh00696c.

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Nanochitin and nanochitosan are nanowhiskers combining the structural strength of nanocellulose with the versatile chemistry of chitin/chitosan. We review their fabrication, properties and uses, with a focus on recent progress.

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7

Mohd Asri, Syazeven Effatin Azma, Zainoha Zakaria, Azman Hassan, and Mohamad Kassim Mohamad Haafiz. "Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid/Treated Fermented Chitin Nanowhiskers Biocomposites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 606 (August 2014): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.606.89.

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The market share of biodegradable polymers from renewable sources has grown rapidly in the plastic industry. Properties of the polymers from renewable resources can be enhanced through blending and composite formation. Fermented chitin is a by-product in a bacterial prawn waste fermentation for protein recovery which has undergone mild chemical treatment producing treated fermented chitin (TFC). TFC was further acid hydrolysed to produce chitin nanowhiskers (TFCNW). The chitin nanowhiskers was used as filler in polylactic acid (PLA) through solution casting method. Atomic Force Microscopy showed TFCNW particles are uniformly dispersed in PLA matrix but tends to agglomerate as TFCNW loading increased. Tensile strength of the biocomposite film increased up to 12.4 MPa at 2 phr TFCNW which it decreased with further addition of TFCNW. The Young’s modulus increased with increasing of TFCNW content up to 3.69 GPa. However, elongation at break of the biocomposite film decreased by 66 % upon addition of TFCNW when compared to pure PLA.

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8

Mohd Asri, Syazeven Effatin Azma, Zainoha Zakaria, Azman Hassan, and Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim. "EFFECT OF CHITIN SOURCE AND CONTENT ON PROPERTIES OF CHITIN NANOWHISKERS FILLED POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES." IIUM Engineering Journal 21, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v21i2.1469.

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This study investigates the use of chitin nanowhiskers (CHW) from different chitin sources to develop CHW reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite. Chitin sources used in this study were commercial chitin (CC), fermented chitin (FC) and treated fermented chitin (TFC) whereby FC and TFC were obtained from fermentation of prawn waste. The chitin was then undergoes acid hydrolysis to produce commercial chitin nanowhiskers (CCHW), fermented chitin nanowhiskers (FCHW) and treated fermented chitin nanowhiskers (TFCHW). PLA was chosen due to several advantages such as biodegradability, good mechanical strength and in line with global pressure to improve environmental pollution aspects. Tensile strength for PLA/FCHW, PLA/TFCHW and PLA/CCHW increased with increasing filler content until it reached optimum value at 1 phr, 2 phr and 3 phr, respectively. Young’s modulus for the nanocomposites increased with increasing filler content but elongation at break decreased significantly with increasing filler content for all types of nanocomposites. TGA results indicated that PLA/CHW nanocomposites displayed better thermal stability as compared to pure PLA. The biodegradability and water absorption of nanocomposites increased with increasing filler content.The overall results confirm that PLA nanocomposites from FC are not inferior than PLA nanocomposites from CC and therefore has similar potential to be used in packaging applications. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini menyelidik penggunaan nanowisker kitin (CHW) dari sumber kitin yang berbeza untuk membangunkan komposit poli(asid laktik) (PLA) bertetulang CHW. Sumber-sumber kitin yang digunakan dalam kajian ini terdiri daripada kitin komersial (CC), kitin ditapai (FC) dan kitin ditapai yang dirawat (TFC) di mana FC dan TFC diperoleh daripada penapaian sisa udang. Kitin kemudiannya menjalani proses hidrolisis asid untuk menghasilkan nanowisker kitin komersial (CCHW), nanowisker kitin ditapai (FCHW) dan nanowisker kitin ditapai yang dirawat (TFCHW). PLA dipilih kerana kelebihannya misalnya kebolehan pereputan-bio, kekuatan mekanikal yang baik dan sesuai dengan tekanan global untuk memperbaiki aspek pencemaran alam sekitar. Kekuatanreganganuntuk PLA/FCHW, PLA/TFCHW dan PLA/CCHW meningkat dengan peningkatan kandungan pengisi sehingga mencapai nilai optimum masing-masing pada 1 phr, 2 phr dan 3 phr. Modulus Young bagi komposit nano meningkat dengan peningkatan kandungan pengisi tetapi ciri pemanjangan takat putus menurun dengan ketara dengan peningkatan kandungan pengisi bagi semua jenis komposit nano. Keputusan TGA menunjukkan bahawa komposit nano PLA/CHW memaparkan kestabilan terma yang lebih baik berbanding dengan PLA tulen. Kadar pereputan-bio dan penyerapan air komposit nano meningkat dengan peningkatan kandungan pengisi. Hasil keseluruhan mengesahkan bahawa komposit nano PLA daripada FC tidak lebih rendah daripada komposit nano PLA dari CC dan berpotensi serupa untuk digunakan dalam aplikasi pembungkusan.

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9

Liu, Liang, Rong Wang, Juan Yu, Lijiang Hu, Zhiguo Wang, and Yimin Fan. "Adsorption of Reactive Blue 19 from aqueous solution by chitin nanofiber-/nanowhisker-based hydrogels." RSC Advances 8, no. 28 (2018): 15804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra01563e.

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10

Villanueva, María Emilia, Ana Salinas, Luis Eduardo Díaz, and Guillermo Javier Copello. "Chitin nanowhiskers as alternative antimicrobial controlled release carriers." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 1 (2015): 614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj01522c.

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11

Araki, Jun, Yuta Yamanaka, and Kousaku Ohkawa. "Chitin-chitosan nanocomposite gels: reinforcement of chitosan hydrogels with rod-like chitin nanowhiskers." Polymer Journal 44, no. 7 (March 14, 2012): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pj.2012.11.

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12

Jiang, Suisui, Yang Qin, Jie Yang, Man Li, Liu Xiong, and Qingjie Sun. "Enhanced antibacterial activity of lysozyme immobilized on chitin nanowhiskers." Food Chemistry 221 (April 2017): 1507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.143.

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13

Lisboa, Hugo. "Reinforcement of poly (vinyl alcohol) films with alpha-chitin nanowhiskers." Polímeros 28, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.07916.

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14

Garcia, Ignacio, Itxaso Azcune, Pablo Casuso, Pedro M. Carrasco, Hans-J. Grande, Germán Cabañero, Dimitrios Katsigiannopoulos, et al. "Carbon nanotubes/chitin nanowhiskers aerogel achieved by quaternization-induced gelation." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 132, no. 37 (June 18, 2015): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.42547.

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15

Petrova, Valentina A., Alexey S. Golovkin, Alexander I. Mishanin, Dmitry P. Romanov, Daniil D. Chernyakov, Daria N. Poshina, and Yury A. Skorik. "Cytocompatibility of Bilayer Scaffolds Electrospun from Chitosan/Alginate-Chitin Nanowhiskers." Biomedicines 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8090305.

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In this work, a bilayer chitosan/sodium alginate scaffold was prepared via a needleless electrospinning technique. The layer of sodium alginate was electrospun over the layer of chitosan. The introduction of partially deacetylated chitin nanowhiskers (CNW) stabilized the electrospinning and increased the spinnability of the sodium alginate solution. A CNW concentration of 7.5% provided optimal solution viscosity and structurization due to electrostatic interactions and the formation of a polyelectrolyte complex. This allowed electrospinning of defectless alginate nanofibers with an average diameter of 200–300 nm. The overall porosity of the bilayer scaffold was slightly lower than that of a chitosan monolayer, while the average pore size of up to 2 μm was larger for the bilayer scaffold. This high porosity promoted mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. The cells formed spherical colonies on the chitosan nanofibers, but formed flatter colonies and monolayers on alginate nanofibers. The fabricated chitosan/sodium alginate bilayer material was deemed promising for tissue engineering applications.

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16

Wang, Jintian, Zhiqiang Chen, Aaron (Qi) Guan, Nicole Raymonde Demarquette, and Hani E. Naguib. "Ionic liquids facilitated dispersion of chitin nanowhiskers for reinforced epoxy composites." Carbohydrate Polymers 247 (November 2020): 116746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116746.

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17

Maalihan, Reymark D., Bryan B. Pajarito, and Rigoberto C. Advincula. "3D-printing methacrylate/chitin nanowhiskers composites via stereolithography: Mechanical and thermal properties." Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020): 1819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.063.

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18

Lertwattanaseri, Tipparat, Naoya Ichikawa, Tetuo Mizoguchi, Yasuyuki Tanaka, and Suwabun Chirachanchai. "Microwave technique for efficient deacetylation of chitin nanowhiskers to a chitosan nanoscaffold." Carbohydrate Research 344, no. 3 (February 2009): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2008.10.018.

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19

Tang, Hua, Jing Wu, Dongjian Li, Congcan Shi, Guangxue Chen, Minghui He, and Junfei Tian. "High-strength paper enhanced by chitin nanowhiskers and its potential bioassay applications." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 150 (May 2020): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.154.

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20

Peng, Chao, and Guangxue Chen. "Preparation and Assessment of Heat-Treated α-Chitin Nanowhiskers Reinforced Poly(viny alcohol) Film for Packaging Application." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 2, 2018): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101883.

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In this study, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite films enhanced by α-chitin nanowhiskers (ChWs) were prepared through heat treatment. The obtained membranes were assessed by means of FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, regular light transmittance, mechanical tests, permeability and water absorption. The influence of the nano-component and heat treatment on the mechanical, thermal and water-resistant properties of the composite membrane were analyzed. From the results of the work, the produced films with excellent barrier properties and inexpensive raw processed materials have great prospects in packaging applications.

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21

Petrova, Valentina A., Vladimir Y. Elokhovskiy, Sergei V. Raik, Daria N. Poshina, Dmitry P. Romanov, and Yury A. Skorik. "Alginate Gel Reinforcement with Chitin Nanowhiskers Modulates Rheological Properties and Drug Release Profile." Biomolecules 9, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9070291.

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Hydrogels are promising materials for various applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wastewater treatment. In this work, we designed an alginate (ALG) hydrogel containing partially deacetylated chitin nanowhiskers (CNW) as a filler. Gelation in the system occurred by both the protonation of alginic acid and the formation of a polyelectrolyte complex with deacetylated CNW surface chains. Morphological changes in the gel manifested as a honeycomb structure in the freeze-dried gel, unlike the layered structure of an ALG gel. Disturbance of the structural orientation of the gels by the introduction of CNW was also expressed as a decrease in the intensity of X-ray diffraction reflexes. All studied systems were non-Newtonian liquids that violated the Cox-Merz rule. An increase in the content of CNW in the ALG-CNW hydrogel resulted in increases in the yield stress, maximum Newtonian viscosity, and relaxation time. Inclusion of CNW prolonged the release of tetracycline due to changes in diffusion. The first phases (0–5 h) of the release profiles were well described by the Higuchi model. ALG-CNW hydrogels may be of interest as soft gels for controlled topical or intestinal drug delivery.

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22

Peng, Chao, Junfei Xu, Guangxue Chen, Junfei Tian, and Minghui He. "The preparation of α-chitin nanowhiskers-poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels for drug release." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 131 (June 2019): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.015.

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23

Fan, Yimin, Hayaka Fukuzumi, Tsuguyuki Saito, and Akira Isogai. "Comparative characterization of aqueous dispersions and cast films of different chitin nanowhiskers/nanofibers." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 50, no. 1 (January 2012): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.09.026.

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24

Carsi, Marta, Maria J. Sanchis, Clara M. Gómez, Sol Rodriguez, and Fernando G. Torres. "Effect of Chitin Whiskers on the Molecular Dynamics of Carrageenan-Based Nanocomposites." Polymers 11, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11061083.

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Films of carrageenan (KC) and glycerol (g) with different contents of chitin nanowhiskers (CHW) were prepared by a solution casting process. The molecular dynamics of pure carrageenan (KC), carrageenan/glycerol (KCg) and KCg with different quantities of CHWs as a filler was studied using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. The analysis of the CHW effect on the molecular mobility at the glass transition, Tg, indicates that non-attractive intermolecular interactions between KCg and CHW occur. The fragility index increased upon CHW incorporation, due to a reduction in the polymer chains mobility produced by the CHW confinement of the KCg network. The apparent activation energy associated with the relaxation dynamics of the chains at Tg slightly increased with the CHW content. The filler nature effect, CHW or montmorillonite (MMT), on the dynamic mobility of the composites was analyzed by comparing the dynamic behavior of both carrageenan-based composites (KCg/xCHW, KCg/xMMT).

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25

Druzian, Susanne Pedroso, Natalia Pollon Zanatta, Letícia Nascimento Côrtes, Angélica Fátima Mantelli Streit, and Guilherme Luiz Dotto. "Preparation of chitin nanowhiskers and its application for crystal violet dye removal from wastewaters." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 28 (October 28, 2018): 28548–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3547-0.

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26

Pereira, Antonio G. B., Edvani C. Muniz, and You-Lo Hsieh. "1H NMR and 1H–13C HSQC surface characterization of chitosan–chitin sheath-core nanowhiskers." Carbohydrate Polymers 123 (June 2015): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.017.

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27

Pereira, Antonio G. B., Cátia S. Nunes, Adley F. Rubira, Edvani C. Muniz, and André R. Fajardo. "Effect of chitin nanowhiskers on mechanical and swelling properties of Gum Arabic hydrogels nanocomposites." Carbohydrate Polymers 266 (August 2021): 118116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118116.

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28

Nasirinezhad, Mojtaba, Seyed Reza Ghaffarian, and Mahdi Tohidian. "Nanocomposite Membranes Based on Imidazole-Functionalized Chitin Nanowhiskers for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 60, no. 9 (March 5, 2021): 663–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2021.1892977.

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29

Abdul Manan, Fatin Myra, Nursyafreena Attan, Nashi Widodo, Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein, and Roswanira Abdul Wahab. "Rhizomucor miehei lipase immobilized on reinforced chitosan–chitin nanowhiskers support for synthesis of eugenyl benzoate." Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 48, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2017.1405021.

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30

Shi, Yu, Gang Wu, Si-Chong Chen, Fei Song, and Yu-Zhong Wang. "Green Fabrication of High-Performance Chitin Nanowhiskers/PVA Composite Films with a “Brick-and-Mortar” Structure." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 48 (November 23, 2020): 17807–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06736.

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31

Rodrigues, Francisco H. A., Cristiane Spagnol, Antonio G. B. Pereira, Alessandro F. Martins, André R. Fajardo, Adley F. Rubira, and Edvani C. Muniz. "Superabsorbent hydrogel composites with a focus on hydrogels containing nanofibers or nanowhiskers of cellulose and chitin." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131, no. 2 (July 24, 2013): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.39725.

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32

Kadokawa, Jun-ichi, Akihiko Takegawa, Shozaburo Mine, and Kamalesh Prasad. "Preparation of chitin nanowhiskers using an ionic liquid and their composite materials with poly(vinyl alcohol)." Carbohydrate Polymers 84, no. 4 (April 2011): 1408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.049.

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33

Nasirinezhad, Mojtaba, Seyed Reza Ghaffarian, and Mahdi Tohidian. "Eco-friendly polyelectrolyte nanocomposite membranes based on chitosan and sulfonated chitin nanowhiskers for fuel cell applications." Iranian Polymer Journal 30, no. 4 (January 23, 2021): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13726-020-00895-5.

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34

Wang, Mian, Han Xue, Zhiwei Feng, Binfeng Cheng, and Haijie Yang. "Increase of tensile strength and toughness of bio-based diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with chitin nanowhiskers." PLOS ONE 12, no. 6 (June 12, 2017): e0177673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177673.

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35

Dominic C.D., Midhun, Rani Joseph, P. M. Sabura Begum, Aswathy Raghunandanan, Nelwin T. Vackkachan, Dileep Padmanabhan, and Krzysztof Formela. "Chitin nanowhiskers from shrimp shell waste as green filler in acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber: Processing and performance properties." Carbohydrate Polymers 245 (October 2020): 116505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116505.

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36

Abdelrahman, R. M., A. M. Abdel-Mohsen, M. Zboncak, J. Frankova, P. Lepcio, L. Kobera, M. Steinhart, et al. "Hyaluronan biofilms reinforced with partially deacetylated chitin nanowhiskers: Extraction, fabrication, in-vitro and antibacterial properties of advanced nanocomposites." Carbohydrate Polymers 235 (May 2020): 115951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115951.

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37

Pereira, Antonio G. B., André R. Fajardo, Adriana P. Gerola, Jean H. S. Rodrigues, Celso V. Nakamura, Edvani C. Muniz, and You-Lo Hsieh. "First report of electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers mats with chitin and chitosan nanowhiskers: Fabrication, characterization, and antibacterial activity." Carbohydrate Polymers 250 (December 2020): 116954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116954.

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38

Abd Manan, Fatin Myra, Nursyafreena Attan, Zainoha Zakaria, Naji Arafat Mahat, and Roswanira Abdul Wahab. "Insight into the Rhizomucor miehei lipase supported on chitosan-chitin nanowhiskers assisted esterification of eugenol to eugenyl benzoate." Journal of Biotechnology 280 (August 2018): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.05.015.

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39

Wang, Yihui, Yujing Sun, Man Li, Liu Xiong, Xingfeng Xu, Na Ji, Lei Dai, and Qingjie Sun. "The formation of a protein corona and the interaction with α-amylase by chitin nanowhiskers in simulated saliva fluid." Food Hydrocolloids 102 (May 2020): 105615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105615.

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40

Espadín, Andres, Lenin Tamay De Dios, Erika Ruvalcaba, Josefina Valadez-García, Cristina Velasquillo, Ismael Bustos-Jaimes, Humberto Vázquez-Torres, Miquel Gimeno, and Keiko Shirai. "Production and characterization of a nanocomposite of highly crystalline nanowhiskers from biologically extracted chitin in enzymatic poly(ε-caprolactone)." Carbohydrate Polymers 181 (February 2018): 684–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.094.

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41

Kim, Su Jun, Bo Min Hong, and Won Ho Park. "The effects of chitin/chitosan nanowhiskers on the thermal, mechanical and dye adsorption properties of electrospun PVA nanofibrous membranes." Cellulose 27, no. 10 (April 30, 2020): 5771–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03191-w.

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42

Mohd Asri, Syazeven Effatin Azma, Zainoha Zakaria, Azman Hassan, Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim, and Reza Arjmandi. "Exploring the Effects of Fermented Chitin Nanowhiskers on Tensile and Thermal Properties of Poly(ethylene glycol) modified Polylactic Acid Nanocomposites." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n2.2002.

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The incorporation of fermented chitin nanowhiskers (FCHW) into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) increased the tensile modulus and strength of PLA at the expense of ductility. The brittleness of PLA can be overcome with the use of plasticizer such as polyethylene glycols (PEG). The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of FCHW on the tensile and thermal properties PLA incorporated with PEG as plasticizer (PLA/PEG). PLA/PEG and FCHW reinforced PLA/PEG nanocomposites were prepared using solution mixing technique. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the thermal properties while tensile properties were determined from the tensile test. The incorporation of PEG successfully increased the ductility and tensile strength of PLA at the expense of modulus. Based on the tensile properties, 5 phr PEG was chosen for further investigation on the effect of FCHW on PEG modified PLA. Incorporation of 1 phr FCHW PLA/PEG increased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus. However, the tensile strength decreased with further addition of FCHW. The elongation at break of PLA/PEG decreased drastically with the incorporation of 1 phr FCHW and decreased gradually with further increase of FCHW. The thermal stability from TGA of FCHW reinforced PLA/PEG nanocomposites at 5 phr FCHW content was observed to be significantly higher compared to PLA/PEG, as indicated by T20 and Tmax.

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43

Oun, Ahmed A., and Jong-Whan Rhim. "Preparation of multifunctional chitin nanowhiskers/ZnO-Ag NPs and their effect on the properties of carboxymethyl cellulose-based nanocomposite film." Carbohydrate Polymers 169 (August 2017): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.042.

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Araki, Jun, and Yuta Yamanaka. "Anionic and cationic nanocomposite hydrogels reinforced with cellulose and chitin nanowhiskers: effect of electrolyte concentration on mechanical properties and swelling behaviors." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 25, no. 10 (July 28, 2014): 1108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.3361.

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Wang, Rong, Liang Liu, Juan Yu, Zhiguo Wang, Lijiang Hu, and Yimin Fan. "Versatile protonic acid mediated preparation of partially deacetylated chitin nanofibers/nanowhiskers and their assembling of nano-structured hydro- and aero-gels." Cellulose 24, no. 12 (October 3, 2017): 5443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1511-7.

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Manan, Fatin Myra Abd, Nursyafreena Attan, Zainoha Zakaria, Aemi S. Abdul Keyon, and Roswanira Abdul Wahab. "Enzymatic esterification of eugenol and benzoic acid by a novel chitosan-chitin nanowhiskers supported Rhizomucor miehei lipase: Process optimization and kinetic assessments." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 108 (January 2018): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.09.004.

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Heath, Lindy, Lifan Zhu, and Wim Thielemans. "Chitin Nanowhisker Aerogels." ChemSusChem 6, no. 3 (January 18, 2013): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201200717.

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Haijie Yang, Mian Wang,. "Chitin Nanowhisker Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 4, no. 7 (July 15, 2015): 6651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/ijirset.2015.0407200.

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Hu, Yanlei, Liang Liu, Juan Yu, Zhiguo Wang, and Yimin Fan. "Preparation of Silk Nanowhisker-Composited Amphoteric Cellulose/Chitin Nanofiber Membranes." Biomacromolecules 21, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 1625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00223.

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Gopi, Sreerag, Rupert Kargl, Karin Stana Kleinschek, Anitha Pius, and Sabu Thomas. "Chitin nanowhisker – Inspired electrospun PVDF membrane for enhanced oil-water separation." Journal of Environmental Management 228 (December 2018): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.039.

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