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Journal articles on the topic 'Chloramben'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Knerr, Larry D., Herbert J. Hopen, and Nelson E. Balke. "Effect of Naptalam on Chloramben Toxicity, Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)." Weed Science 39, no. 1 (March 1991): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500057817.

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Laboratory studies demonstrated that naptalam safens cucumber against the phytotoxic effects of chloramben. In petri dish studies, cucumber seedlings grown from seeds exposed to chloramben plus naptalam had greater shoot growth, root growth, and dry weight than seedlings grown from seeds exposed to chloramben alone. Naptalam also partially reversed the reduction in dry weight of various plant parts caused by exposure of roots of hydroponically grown seedlings to chloramben. More radioactivity from root-applied14C-chloramben remained in cucumber roots and less was translocated to shoots with a14C-chloramben plus naptalam treatment than with a14C-chloramben alone treatment. Naptalam appeared to influence chloramben metabolism. In various plant parts, concentrations of chloramben and its metabolites differed between the two treatments.
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2

Wehtje, Glenn, John W. Wilcut, and John A. Mcguire. "Paraquat Phytotoxicity, Absorption, and Translocation in Peanut and Selected Weeds as Influenced by Chloramben." Weed Science 40, no. 3 (September 1992): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500051936.

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The interaction of chloramben and paraquat on weed control and crop safety in peanuts was examined in a series of experiments. Greenhouse experiments revealed that chloramben was antagonistic toward paraquat on sicklepod and peanut, which are species tolerant to chloramben and sensitive to paraquat Control of Florida beggarweed, a species sensitive to both herbicides, was generally improved with tank mixtures. Similar results were obtained in field studies. Antagonism obtained with tank-mixing chloramben plus paraquat was also obtained by applying chloramben prior to paraquat Studies with14C-labeled herbicides on Florida beggarweed revealed that chloramben inhibited foliar penetration of paraquat, but paraquat had no effect on foliar penetration of chloramben.
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3

Knerr, Larry D., and Herbert J. Hopen. "Naptalam as a Safener Against Chloramben in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)." Weed Technology 3, no. 3 (September 1989): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003253x.

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Naptalam at 6.7 kg ae/ha applied with chloramben at 2.0 to 4.5 kg ae/ha was a safener for chloramben phytotoxicity to cucumber as expressed by increased dry weight in the greenhouse and yield in the field, but the protection was inadequate to be commercially acceptable. Naptalam applied in seed coatings also protected cucumber from chloramben phytotoxicity in the greenhouse but were ineffective in the field. Delaying chloramben application 24 to 72 h after naptalam application in the field increased the safening effect to a level that may be commercially acceptable. The safening effect was only to cucumber as effective weed control was achieved with chloramben and naptalam.
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4

Orr, Wendel B., Chaudhry A. Ozair, and Loren J. Moshier. "Factors Influencing Postemergence Activity of Chloramben in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)." Weed Science 35, no. 6 (November 1987): 853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500079467.

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Efficacy of soil and/or foliage applications of the sodium salt of chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) was compared, and the influence of growth stage and oil base within adjuvants on chloramben efficacy was evaluated on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. # ABUTH). In greenhouse experiments, soil applications reduced growth of velvetleaf treated at the six- to seven-leaf stage (15-cm height) more than did foliage applications. Simulated rainfall applied 48 h after chloramben was applied to foliage significantly increased chloramben activity. Chloramben plus an oil concentrate applied at 3.4 kg ae/ha plus 2.3 L/ha reduced fresh and dry weight less as growth stage advanced in both greenhouse and field experiments. Origin of oil present in the oil concentrate did not influence the activity of chloramben plus oil concentrate in either the greenhouse or in the field. Chloramben plus oil concentrate reduced seed capsule (boll) production 70% or more in velvetleaf plants treated at each of three growth stages in one year and reduced capsule production 90, 90, and 28% in plants treated at early vegetative, late vegetative, and flowering stages, respectively, in the second year. Viability of seed was less from plants treated at a vegetative stage compared to the flowering stage.
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5

Ozair, Chaudhry A., Loren J. Moshier, and Georgina M. Werner. "Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Foliage-Applied Chloramben in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and Soybean (Glycine max)." Weed Science 35, no. 6 (November 1987): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500079297.

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A quantitative assay using14C-chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) revealed that velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. # ABUTH) leaves absorbed a greater amount of chloramben formulated as an acid than as a sodium salt. A surfactant increased14C-chloramben absorption 5 days, but not 1 day, after application. Translocation of14C-label out of treated leaves was greater in velvetleaf than in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Differences in the amount of14C-label as unmetabolized chloramben in ethyl acetate extracts of treated leaves were not detected between velvetleaf and soybean. The amount of unmetabolized chloramben was greater in the shoot above the treated leaf in velvetleaf (58% of total label recovered) than in soybean (35% of recovered label). The amount of recovered14C-label in unextractable form was greater in treated leaves of soybean compared to velvetleaf.
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6

Staub, Jack E., Larry D. Knerr, and Leslie A. Weston. "Evaluations and Correlated Responses for Resistance to Chloramben Herbicide in Cucumber." HortScience 26, no. 7 (July 1991): 905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.7.905.

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The U.S. cucumber germplasm collection (753 accessions) and U.S. adapted processing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) inbreds and hybrids were surveyed for response to 6.7 kg ae/ha of chloramben. Nine plant introductions (PI 165952, 173892, 179676, 275411, 277741, 279464, 279465, 436609, and 482464) were classified as tolerant to chloramben, based on percentage and rate of field emergence and seedling vigor. All adapted strains evaluated were susceptible to chloramben injury. The chloramben-tolerant accessions (C0) were subjected to two cycles of recurrent half-sib family selection that resulted in 11 C2 families. These families, a susceptible adapted line (WI 2870), and the resistant PI 436609 were evaluated in the field (6.7 kg ae/ha) and laboratory (0.0, 0.01, and 0.0001 M) for response to chloramben challenge. Significant (P = 0.05) differences between families were observed for percentage emergence and phytotoxicity ratings. Correlations between emergence and phytotoxicity ratings at two dates were low (r2 = -0.32 and – 0.05). Significant (P = 0.05) interfamily differences were also recorded for percentage germination, hypocotyl length, primary root length, and number of lateral roots in the laboratory. Correlated responses between these growth variables were high (r2 = 0.78 to 0.84), but correlations between field and laboratory observations were low (r2 = -0.31 to 0.24). We hypothesize that the genetic response to chloramben challenge under laboratory conditions depends on the concentration of the chemical administered. Chemical name used: 3-amino-2, 5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben).
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7

Gorski, Stanley F., Stephen Reiners, and Richard Hassell. "Chloramben for Weed Control on Muck-grown Lettuce,Lactuca sativa, and Endive,Cichorium endivia." Weed Technology 2, no. 3 (July 1988): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00030542.

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Chloramben effectively controlled weeds in lettuce and endive grown on muck soils better than thiobencarb and chlorpropham. Chloramben at 1.1 kg ai/ha controlled two weeds economically important on muck soils, livid amaranth and oakleaf goosefoot. Chloramben applied preemergence at 1.1 kg/ha and higher caused early stunting of lettuce which the lettuce outgrew by harvest. Field-seeded endive was stunted severely at these same rates, severely reducing yield. Transplants improved tolerance of all crops. Effective use rates on muck soils were 25% to 50% of those typically used on mineral soils.
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8

Staub, Jack E., Larry D. Knerr, and Herbert J. Hopen. "Plant Density and Herbicides Affect Cucumber Productivity." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 1 (January 1992): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.1.48.

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The growth and yield of three cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes were evaluated in 1987 and 1988 using three planting arrangements and four weed control treatments. A monoecious, indeterminate, normal leaf cultivar, Calypso, a gynoecious, normal leaf size determinate × monoecious determinate F1 hybrid (UW 11234), and a gynoecious, determinate little leaf inbred line (WI 50476) were evaluated for fruit yield at a 30-cm equidistant (109,000 plants/ha), a 20-cm equidistant (242,000 plants/ha), and a 43-cm row (272,000 plants/ha) spacing. Weed control treatments consisted of an unweeded control, naptalam benzoic acid at 6.7 kg ae/ha, chloramben at 4.5 kg ae/ha, and the herbicides in combination. Although number and weight of fruit per hectare increased with increasing plant density, fruit weight per plant decreased with increasing density. Fruit harvested from plants in unweeded control plots were significantly smaller than those in herbicide-treated plots, and fruit yield of unweeded control plots was lower than in nonweedy plots in 1987. In 1987, plants in plots treated with naptalam produced smaller fruit than plants in plots treated with chloramben or chloramben plus naptalam. Although fruit yield per plant in 1987 was similar in chloramben plots with or without naptalam and generally higher than that of plots treated only with naptalam, fruit yields from naptalam-treated plants were highest in 1988. `Calypso' usually produced more and larger fruit than the determinate genotypes. Based on comparisons of fruit per plant under comparable spacings, productivity of WI 5047G was often lower and its fruit were smaller than those of normal leaf genotypes. Plants of WI 5047G may not attain the source capacity needed for adequate fruit growth before the onset of anthesis, thus producing smaller fruit. Chemical names used: (2-[(1-naphtalenylamino)carbonyl)benzoic acid (naptalam); 3-amino-2,5dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben).
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9

Wehtje, G., and R. B. Reed. "Control of Florida Beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum) in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) with Chloramben1." Peanut Science 12, no. 2 (July 1, 1985): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/pnut.12.2.0007.

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Abstract Experiments were conducted in 1983 and 1984 to evaluate control of Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (SW) DC.] in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) with chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) applied at 2.2 kg ai/ha at ground cracking; and chloramben (with crop oil concentrate included at 2 L/ha) applied at either 0.6, 1.1, 2.2, or 3.4 kg ai/ha, at either 30, 45, 60, 75, or 90 days after planting (DAP). Maximum control (as indicated by weed weight at harvest) was achieved with the ground-cracking treatment, and with postemergence applications of 2.2 kg/ha, or higher applied at 30 DAP. Later applications resulted in progressively less control. Peanuts were tolerant to all rates evaluated, as indicated by yield and grade, provided the application was either before or after the flowering and pegging period (45 to 60 DAP). Growth chamber studies indicated that a spreader-sticker type adjuvant (i.e. a petroleum or vegetable based oil-surfactant blends) was essential for acceptable postemergence activity. Comparisons of autoradiograms prepared from peanuts and Florida beggarweed plants where 14C-chloramben had been applied to the foliage and thin layer chromatographic analysis of foliar extracts indicated that the relative tolerance of peanuts could be attributed to the combined effects of limited absorption and translocation, as well as the enhanced ability of peanuts to convert the absorbed chloramben to a non phytotoxic N-glucosyl conjugate.
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10

Monks, David W., Kathie E. Kalmowitz, and Thomas J. Monaco. "Influence of Herbicides on Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) Plant Production." Weed Technology 6, no. 1 (March 1992): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00034436.

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Studies were conducted to determine the response of ‘Jewel’ sweetpotato in propagation beds to DCPA and napropamide. Napropamide at 2.2 and 4.4 kg ha–1caused slight injury, and reduced plant number and weight when compared with the untreated control. Napropamide at 1.1 kg ha–1combined with chloramben at 3.3 kg ha–1was not injurious; plant production was equal to the untreated control, diphenamid at 4.4 kg ha–1, and chloramben at 3.3 kg ha–1. DCPA at 8.3 and 10.0 kg ha–1caused unacceptable injury and reduced plant number and weight.
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11

Jan, M. Rasul, Jasmin Shah, and Nadia Bashir. "Flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of chloramben." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 88, no. 1 (January 15, 2008): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067310701336353.

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12

Monks, David W., Jonathan R. Schultheis, and Robert J. Mills. "Effects of Weeds and Herbicides on Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) Transplant Production Using Polyethylene Bed Covers." Weed Technology 10, no. 2 (June 1996): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00039944.

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Studies determined the effect of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, and a mixture of these on ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Jewel’ sweetpotato transplant production with or without polyethylene bed covers. Effects of herbicides on Beauregard in propagation beds were also studied. Black and infrared transmissible (IRT) plastic covers gave near 100% control of goosegrass and common lambsquarters, resulting in the greatest number and weight of Jewel transplants per plot. Common lambsquarters reduced transplant number and weight per plot with Jewel under clear plastic covers when compared with black and IRT plastic covers. Beauregard transplant number was not affected by row cover treatment. However, with data combined over all covers, Beauregard transplant weight per plot was lowest for treatments with weeds compared to weed-free plots. With the exception of DCPA, no significant (10% or greater) injury to Beauregard was observed with diphenamid, napropamide, chloramben, or chloramben plus fluazifop.
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13

FRIESEN, G. H., and D. A. WALL. "TOLERANCE OF LENTIL (Lens culinaris Medik.) TO HERBICIDES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-017.

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Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) was tolerant to trifluralin, ethalfluralin, triallate, metolachlor and metribuzin applied preplant soil incorporated at rates of 1.1, 1.1, 1.7, 2.6 and 0.28 kg (a.i.)/ha, respectively. Chloramben and EPTC applied in a similar manner at rates of 2.0 and 3.0 kg (a.i.)/ha, respectively, injured lentils. Diclofop methyl, sethoxydim, fluazifop butyl, haloxyfop methyl and several experimental grass-specific herbicides were tolerated by lentil but propanil and flam-prop methyl were phytotoxic to this crop. Lentil was also tolerant to tank mixtures of trifluralin and triallate, trifluralin and metribuzin, metolachlor and metribuzin, and sequential treatments of dinitroaniline-type herbicides applied preplant incorporated followed by a post-emergence application of metribuzin or dinoseb. Lentil seed density was reduced by triallate in 1983 and seed size was reduced by flamprop methyl in 1982 and by trifluralin, triallate, metolachlor, EPTC, chloramben, metribuzin and trifluralin + metribuzin mixtures in 1983.Key words: Herbicides, lentil, preplant incorporated, postemergence, seed quality, sequential treatments
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14

Riggle, Bruce D., and Donald Penner. "Controlled Release of Three Herbicides by the Kraft Lignin PC940C." Weed Science 36, no. 2 (March 1988): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500074609.

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A pine kraft lignin (PC940C) controlled the release of14C-chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid),14C-metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one], and14C-alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] as measured by water leaching in soil columns. As more PC940C was used, a concentration effect was found with more of the three herbicides being retained in the top portion of the soil columns. Combinations of alachlor and metribuzin applied with PC940C did not alter the retention in the top portion of the soil columns of either14C-metribuzin or14C-alachlor compared to each herbicide applied with PC940C alone. This would suggest that, at the rate of PC940C used, there was no competition between either herbicide for the controlled-release function of PC940C. The percentage of14C-chloramben,14C-metribuzin, and14C-alachlor retained by PC940C in the top portion of the columns was very similar. Combinations of metribuzin and alachlor without PC940C reduced the mobility of both14C-metribuzin and14C-alachlor. Finally,3H-PC940C was found to be immobile in soil columns leached with water.
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15

Bianco Prevot, A., M. Vincenti, A. Bianciotto, and E. Pramauro. "Photocatalytic and photolytic transformation of chloramben in aqueous solutions." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 22, no. 2 (September 1999): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(99)00046-6.

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16

DALE, J. E. "Soybean weed control by chloramben granules coated with haloxyfop-methyl." Weed Research 25, no. 3 (June 1985): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1985.tb00639.x.

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17

WALL, D. A., F. A. KIEHN, and G. H. FRIESEN. "TOLERANCE OF COLUMBIA JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE TO SELECTIVE HERBICIDES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 835–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-118.

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Columbia Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) exhibited satisfactory tolerance to preplant incorporated applications of ethalfluralin, trifluralin, pendimethalin, EPTC and chloramben in field experiments conducted from 1983 to 1985. Applications of metribuzin resulted in chlorosis and necrosis of leaf margins, and reduced plant height. Yield of tubers did not differ significantly between the hand-weeded and the weedy check plots indicating a high tolerance of Jerusalem artichoke to weed interference.Key words: Helianthus tuberosus L., weed control, crop tolerance, tuber yield
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18

Misra, Bijay, Phillip W. Graebing, and J. S. Chib. "Photodegradation of Chloramben on a Soil Surface: A Laboratory-Controlled Study†." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45, no. 4 (April 1997): 1464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf960778x.

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19

Mueller, Thomas C., Thomas B. Moorman, and Martin A. Locke. "Detection of Herbicides Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy." Weed Science 40, no. 2 (June 1992): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500057337.

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Fluorescence spectroscopy offers several advantages over other methods of detection and quantitation of chemical compounds. This technique has been underutilized in detection and quantitation of herbicides. The fluorescence properties of 39 herbicides representing several major types of chemistry were determined. The fluorescence of analytical standards was measured in acetonitrile, acetonitrile + water, and acetonitrile + water + strong acid. Fourteen of the 39 herbicides fluoresced to some extent, and seven (bentazon, chloramben, difenzoquat, fluometuron, imazaquin, MCPA, and norflurazon) were identified as good candidates for further method development. The technical advantages and disadvantages of fluorescence spectroscopy of herbicides are discussed.
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20

Riggle, Bruce D., and Donald Penner. "Kraft lignin adsorption of alachlor and chloramben as a controlled-release function evaluation." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 42, no. 11 (November 1994): 2631–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00047a047.

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21

Ivany, Jerry A., and Kevin V. McCully. "Evaluation of Herbicides for Sweet White Lupin (Lupinus albus)." Weed Technology 8, no. 4 (December 1994): 819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00028748.

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The response of sweet white lupin to several herbicides was evaluated over five years at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (PEI) and two years at Cornhill, New Brunswick (NB). Excellent crop tolerance was found to the herbicides: chloramben, ethalfluralin, fluazifop-P, linuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, and trifluralin. None of the above herbicides affected crop grain yield or 1000 seed weight. Sweet white lupin was slightly injured by metribuzin at 500 g ai/ha but yields and 1000 seed weight were not affected. Higher rates of metribuzin reduced lupin yield and 1000 seed weight. Imazethapyr applied POST with 0.25% v/v Agral 90 and 1.0% v/v 28% N fertilizer caused severe crop injury and reduced lupin yields.
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22

Porter, Wayne C. "HERBICIDES FOR USE IN SWEET POTATO PLANT BEDS." HortScience 28, no. 4 (April 1993): 261A—261. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.261a.

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Selected herbicides, alone or in combination with polyethylene bed covers, were evaluated for preemergence weed control in sweet potato plant beds. No injury to sweet potato transplants was found when the herbicide was applied to the soil surface of freshly bedded sweet potato roots before application of the polyethylene or was applied to newly emerged transplants immediately after the bed cover was removed. Some foliar chlorosis was observed in transplants from beds treated with clomazone, but after the first transplant pulling, no reappearance occurred. Clomazone, chloramben, and napropamide provided excellent control of all annual grasses. Herbicides, regardless of timing of application, did not adversely affect number or weight of sweet potato transplants. Beds covered with polyethylene film produced more transplants at the early and total harvests than the uncovered beds.
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23

Glaze, Norman C., and Melvin R. Hall. "Cultivation and Herbicides for Weed Control in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)." Weed Technology 4, no. 3 (September 1990): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025896.

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Alachlor, chloramben, cinmethylin, diphenamid, fluazifop, fluazifop-P, metolachlor, metribuzin, napropamide, oryzalin, and sethoxydim were applied on transplanted sweet potato at Tifton, GA, during 1982 to 1985. The weeds most prevalent were large crabgrass, Florida pusley, smallflower morningglory, and yellow nutsedge. No significant phytotoxicity was observed from any herbicide treatment over the 4 yr. Cultivation at 4 wk is advantageous to eliminate early flushes of weeds which escape control and reform the beds. Alachlor or metolachlor at 4.5 and 3.4 kg ha-1, respectively, and metribuzin controlled weeds best. Although no serious phytotoxicity was evident, these treatments tended to cause lowered yields of marketable roots while marginally affecting total yields in most cases. Metribuzin was the only compound which controlled late-season broadleaf weeds such as smallflower morningglory effectively.
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24

Burnside, Orvin C., William H. Ahrens, Bobby J. Holder, Melvin J. Wiens, Michelle M. Johnson, and Eric A. Ristau. "Efficacy and Economics of Various Mechanical Plus Chemical Weed Control Systems in Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Weed Technology 8, no. 2 (June 1994): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00038719.

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Various mechanical plus chemical weed control systems for dry bean production were evaluated at Carrington, ND and Crookston and Staples, MN during 1991 and 1992. A dozen tillage plus herbicide weed control systems are available to growers that can provide selective and effective weed control in dry beans without reliance on chloramben—a standard herbicide on dry beans that has been lost. Dry bean yields were similar with low or high level tillage treatments because most of the herbicide treatments with one cultivation gave adequate weed control and any additional tillage did not improve weed control. Kidney bean yields and prices were greater than either pinto or navy beans so the net returns (bean market value minus production costs) were much greater for kidney bean production. Dry bean producers in the North Central part of the U.S. have at their disposal dependable mechanical plus chemical weed control systems, and their market value has been sufficient to make dry bean production very economical in this region.
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25

Nkwen-Tamo, Ernest, L. S. Jeffery, Laren R. Robison, and Von D. Jolley. "Soil-Applied Herbicide and Soil-Temperature Effects in Pinto Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Weed Technology 3, no. 4 (December 1989): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00032838.

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Effects and interactions of two soil temperatures, 19 ± 1 and 27 ± 3 C, and seven soil-applied herbicide treatments on the morphological development and concentrations of eight essential nutrients in leaves, stems, and roots of pinto beans were determined. Soil temperature did not affect overall plant morphology but did affect some nutrient concentrations in the roots, stems, and leaves. Combinations of alachlor plus trifluralin at 2.2 plus 0.28 kg ai/ha and EPTC plus trifluralin at 2.2 plus 0.28 kg ai/ha caused greater negative effects than when the herbicides were applied separately. Oryzalin at 0.56 kg ai/ha and EPTC at 3.4 kg ai/ha induced the least number of morphological effects, while alachlor at 3.4 kg ai/ha, chloramben at 2.2 kg ai/ha, and trifluralin applied at 0.56 kg ai/ha produced an intermediate number. Alachlor, trifluralin, and combinations of alachlor plus trifluralin and EPTC plus trifluralin inhibited nodule growth. Each herbicide affected different nutrients. Alachlor plus trifluralin affected the level of each nutrient in at least one plant tissue. Many herbicide-soil temperature interactions occurred.
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26

Bryson, Charles T., and Edward M. Croom. "Herbicide Inputs for a New Agronomic Crop, Annual Wormwood (Artemisia annua)." Weed Technology 5, no. 1 (March 1991): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00033376.

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Annual wormwood has been cultivated on a small scale for production of the artemisinin class of antimalarial drugs in sufficient quantities for preclinical and clinical trials. Large scale cultivation will require a reliable, efficient crop production system. Production systems using 32 herbicides alone or in combinations were evaluated in growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments at Stoneville, MS from 1985 through 1988. The herbicide treatments that provided the best weed control were (A) metolachlor at 2.2 kg ai ha-1preemergence (PRE), (B) chloramben at 2.2 kg ai ha-1(PRE), or (C) trifluralin at 0.6 kg ai ha-1preplant soil incorporated (PPI) followed by fluazifop at 0.2 + 0.2 kg ai ha-1postemergence broadcast (POST) and acifluorfen at 0.6 kg ai ha-1(POST). These herbicide production systems provided excellent weed control (≥85%) and minimal crop injury (≤10%) with no effect on crop height or weight at harvest. Production of artemisinin was not reduced by herbicide treatments A, B, and C in 1987 and treatments B and C in 1988 when compared with the hand-weeded plots.
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27

Ogg, Alex G. "Variation in Response of Four Nightshades (Solanumspp.) to Herbicides." Weed Science 34, no. 5 (September 1986): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500067837.

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In field experiments at Prosser, WA, black nightshade (Solanum nigrumL. # SOLNI), eastern black nightshade (S. ptycanthumDun. # SOLPT), American black nightshade (S. americanumMill. # SOLAM), hairy nightshade (S. sarrachoidesSendtner # SOLSA), and sometimes accessions within a species responded differentially to herbicides applied preplant incorporated, preemergence, or postemergence. Also, the response of the nightshades to some of the herbicides varied significantly between years. Generally, black nightshade was more tolerant of herbicides than were the other three species. An accession of black nightshade from England and an accession of eastern black nightshade from Minnesota were the most tolerant of herbicides of eight accessions evaluated. Of the 25 herbicides evaluated, preplant-incorporated applications of ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine] and preemergence applications of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid), lactofen [1′-(carboethoxy)ethyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate], and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl] acetamide] controlled all species best. These herbicides reduced the oven-dry weights of both accessions of all four species of nightshades by 93% or more. Nightshades varied widely in their response to the thiocarbamates.
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Thiam, Abdoulaye, Ignasi Sirés, Ricardo Salazar, and Enric Brillas. "On the performance of electrocatalytic anodes for photoelectro-Fenton treatment of synthetic solutions and real water spiked with the herbicide chloramben." Journal of Environmental Management 224 (October 2018): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.065.

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29

Renner, Karen A., and Gary E. Powell. "Response of Navy Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Grown in Rotation to Clomazone, Imazethapyr, Bentazon, and Acifluorften." Weed Science 40, no. 1 (March 1992): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500057088.

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The response of ‘C-20’ navy bean and ‘Frankenmuth’ soft white winter wheat grown in rotation to clomazone, imazethapyr, bentazon, and acifluorfen was examined. Clomazone at 560 and 430 g ai ha−1plus 800 g ai ha−1pendimethalin and 2000 g ai ha−1chloramben visibly injured navy bean in 1 of 2 yr. However, navy bean seed moisture at harvest and yield was not reduced compared to the weed-free control. PPI and PRE treatments of 70 g ai ha−1imazethapyr did not injure navy bean or reduce yield. Imazethapyr applied POST at 70 g ha−1plus nonionic surfactant visibly injured navy bean. The addition of urea ammonium nitrate to imazethapyr enhanced visible injury and seed moisture compared to nonionic surfactant alone in 1 of 2 yr. However, seed yield was not reduced. Seed moisture at harvest was greater following treatment with 430 g ai ha−1acifluorfen plus nonionic surfactant or urea ammonium nitrate and 140 and 280 g ha−1acifluorfen plus 840 g ai ha−1bentazon in 1 of 2 yr compared to the weed-free control, but yield was not reduced. Wheat yield was reduced in 2 of 2 and 1 of 2 yr by 560 g ha−1and 430 g ha−1clomazone, respectively, plus pendimethalin plus chloramben compared to the weed-free control. Wheat yield was not reduced by imazethapyr, bentazon, or acifluorfen.
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30

Adhikari, Rekha A., A. Sathasivan, and K. C. Bal Krishna. "Effect of biofilms grown at various chloramine residuals on chloramine decay." Water Supply 12, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.015.

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Maintaining longer lasting disinfectant residual in a distribution system is highly important to prevent microbial re-growth and hence to deliver safe drinking water. However, various factors such as microbes present in bulk water, sediment, or attached to pipe wall and biofilms accelerates the chloramine decay. Among them, biofilms are a major factor in accelerating chloramine decay as they provide a habitat for the microbes. Thus, this study investigates the effect of biofilms in terms of chloramine decay in the distribution system. Biofilms were grown under various chloramine residuals and different ages of biofilms were investigated by subjecting them to batch tests. Experimental results repeatedly showed that chloramine decay due to biofilms is independent of its growth condition, particularly for different chloramine residuals.
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31

Edgell, Kenneth W., Elizabeth J. Erb, Raymond J. Wesselman, James E. Longbottom, N. Dodhiwala, M. Fencl, R. Hanisch, et al. "Gas Chromatographic/Electron Capture Detection Method for Determination of Chlorinated Acids in Water: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 1098–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.5.1098.

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Abstract A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) inter laboratory method validation study was conducted on USEPA Method 515.1, "Determination of Chlorinated Acids in Water by Gas Chromatography with an Electron Capture Detector. "This method is one of the 6 pesticide methods developed for the USEPA National Pesticide Survey (NPS). Method recovery and precision for analyses of sub-ppb to low-ppb concentrations of chlorinated acids were determined in reagent water and finished drinking waters. The analytes evaluated in the study included the 12 pesticides that were quantitatively measured in the National Pesticide Survey (bentazon, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid, DCPA-diacid, dicamba, dichlorprop, 5-hydroxydicamba, pentachlorophenol, picloram, 2,4,5- T, and 2,4,5-TP) and 5 pesticides (acif luorfen, chloramben, dalapon, dinoseb, and 4-n it ro phenol) that were only qualitatively assessed in the National Pesticide Survey because of recognized method imprecision. The study design was based on Youden's nonreplicate plan for collaborative tests of analytical methods. The waters were spiked with 17 chlorinated acids, each at 6 concentration levels, prepared as 3 Youden pairs. Eight laboratories extracted the spiked test waters at pH <2 with ethyl ether, performed a solvent exchange with methyl tert-butyl ether, prepared methyl esters of the extracted acids using diazomethane, and analyzed an aliquot of each derivatized extract by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The submitted data were analyzed using a USEPA computer program, which measured recovery and precision for each of the 17 compounds and compared the performance of the method between water types. Method 515.1 was judged acceptable for the 12 NPS analytes recovered quantitatively; mean percent recoveries at 10-15 times the method detection limits ranged from 79 to 105% in reagent water and from 75 to 123% in finished drinking water. In reagent water, overall precision (reproducibility relative standard deviation, RSDR) ranged from 9.6 to 34.2% and in finished drinking water, the RSDR ranged from 11.9 to 37.0%. Single-analyst precision (RSD for repeatability, RSDr) ranged from 5.8 to 17.7% in reagent water and from 4.6 to 27.9% in drinking water. Results for the 5 other NPS analytes were too inaccurate or imprecise and, for these compounds, supported use of the method for qualitative measurements only; the 5 compounds are not included in the adopted method. The method has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL for determination of residues of 12 chlorinated acids in finished drinking water.
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32

Chowdhury, Shakhawat, and Pascale Champagne. "Selecting Water Disinfection Processes using Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Technique." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.002.

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Abstract Drinking water treatment strategies generally involve treatment processes such as screening, coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration/adsorption followed by disinfection. Disinfection approaches include chlorine/chlorine (chloramine), granular activated carbon with post chlorine (chloramine), ozone/chlorine (chloramine), chlorine dioxide/ chlorine (chloramine), chloramine/chloramine, and ultraviolet radiation/chlorine (chloramine). However, comparative evaluation of these disinfection methodologies and their application to a particular source of water is rare. In this study, a framework for multicriteria decision making has been developed. Human health risk, cost, technical feasibility, and disinfection performance have been incorporated as the criteria for evaluation of the disinfection approach. A fuzzy synthetic evaluation technique has been incorporated where fuzzy triangular membership functions were developed to capture the uncertainties of the basic attributes. This paper compares three disinfection approaches: chlorination, granular activated carbon with post chlorination, and chloramination through a multistage hierarchy risk management model in which the analytical hierarchy process has been used to determine the relative importance of various attributes at different hierarchy levels. The evaluation process was found to be sensitive to the assignment of relative importance of the attributes. Chlorination was evaluated as the best disinfection approach in most of the cases.
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33

Guo, Qianjun, Zaili Zhang, Zhengbo Ma, Yongmei Liang, and Wei Liu. "Fluorescence characteristics of natural organic matter in water under sequential exposure to UV irradiation/chlor(am)ination." Water Supply 14, no. 1 (September 12, 2013): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.166.

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The organic matter in International Humic Substances Society Natural Organic Matter (IHSS NOM) water exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and chlor(am)ine sequentially under practically relevant conditions was characterized based on fluorescence spectra. IHSS NOM water exposed to UV irradiation or chlor(am)ine alone was also evaluated. Both chlor(am)ine alone and UV/chlor(am)ine exposure showed similar chlor(am)ine demand and fluorescence spectra. UV irradiation and UV/chlorine exposure diminished the fluorescence intensity of IHSS NOM water, while UV/chloramine exposure resulted in increased fluorescence intensity. When compared with the results obtained following chlor(am)ination alone, IHSS NOM water showed decreased chlorine decay and increased chloramine decay after UV irradiation/chlor(am)ination. Additionally, IHSS NOM water exposed to UV/chloramine and chloramine showed less disinfection by-product (DBP) formation than water subjected to UV/chlorine and chlorine. Overall, these findings indicate that UV irradiation degrades NOM molecules to low-molecular-weight fractions, facilitating the subsequent reaction with chlor-(am)ine. However, chlorine and chloramine play different roles in the reaction. Chlorine degradation and substitution dominates the process of UV/chlorine exposure, while chloramine substitution is the major reaction during UV/chloramine exposure.
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34

Krenzelok, Edward, and Rita Mrvos. "Chlorine/Chloramine." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 33, no. 4 (January 1995): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563659509028922.

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35

&NA;. "Chloramine-T." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1431 (December 2012): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201214310-00038.

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36

Bal Krishna, K. C., Arumugam Sathasivan, and Scott Garbin. "Wider presence of accelerated chemical chloramine decay in severely nitrifying conditions." Water Supply 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 1090–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.093.

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Popularity of chloramine has been dampened by nitrification, which is believed to highly accelerate chloramine decay. This can seriously compromise the primary goal of using chloramine as a secondary disinfectant. Our previous laboratory-scale studies showed that highly accelerated chemical decay of chloramine was caused by soluble microbial products (SMPs) released by microbes under severely nitrifying conditions. To understand whether a similar phenomenon exists in full-scale distribution systems, samples were collected from four full-scale systems supplied from different water sources and have been compared with results obtained from laboratory-scale systems. The results verified that the acceleration typical in severely nitrified water is common in full-scale chloraminated systems under severely nitrifying conditions.
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37

Woolschlager, J., B. Rittmann, P. Piriou, L. Kiene, and B. Schwartz. "Using a comprehensive model to identify the major mechanisms of chloramine decay in distribution systems." Water Supply 1, no. 4 (June 1, 2001): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0073.

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The principle mechanisms of chloramine residual decay in drinking water distribution systems is examined using a comprehensive model of chloramine reactions calibrated to distribution system data. The results reveal that four principle chloramine decay mechanisms must be considered, including: reactions with hypochlorous acid/ion (HOCl/OCl-); an auto- catalytic reaction in which chloramines spontaneously decay in the absence of other reactants; oxidation reactions with reduced forms of organics and iron; and biologically-catalyzed reactions, such as the reactions with nitrite produced by nitrifiers as well as the direct cometabolism of chloramines by nitrifiers. The chloramine reaction model fits the distribution system data best when all of these reactions, including cometabolism of chloramines by nitrifiers, are included in the model.
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38

Thunberg, Richard L., Alan J. Sexstone, Joseph P. Calabrese, and Gary K. Bissonnette. "Effects of antecedent fermentative and respiratory growth on the detection of chloramine-stressed Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-077.

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In vitro laboratory studies were performed to assess the effects of antecedent growth conditions on the recovery of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 following chloramine disinfection. Six- and 18-h cultures of each organism were grown under aerobic, fermentative, and nitrate-reducing conditions prior to disinfection. At predetermined time intervals during a 10-min exposure to chloramine, survivors were surface plated on nonselective recovery media to determine Cnt values. It was observed that nitrate-reducing growth predisposed the test organisms towards an increased sensitivity to chloramine stress over cells grown under fermentation or aerobic conditions (p < 0.01).Key words: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, chloramine, survival, antecedent growth conditions.
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39

Tian, Xiao Yan, and Wei Zhang. "Experimental Study on Combing Chloramine and Potassium Permanganate to Inactivate Total Coliform Group." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2649.

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The inactivation efficacy of total coliform group is compared with independent of chloramine, potassium permanganate, and the combination of the two using prepared water samples. The results show that, firstly, the combination effect is slightly better than that of individual chloramine disinfection at the same dosage. According to the Berenbaum formula, when the concentration ratio of chloramine and potassium permanganate is 0.71, there is a synergistic effection on inactivating total coliform group.
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40

Dawson, Verdel K., and Ruth A. Davis. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Chloramine-T and Its Primary Degradation Product, ρ-Toluenesulfonamide, in Water." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 2 (March 1, 1997): 316–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.2.316.

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Abstract N-sodium-N-chloro-ρ-toiuenesulfonamide (chloramine-T) effectively controls bacterial gill disease (BGD) in cultured fishes. BGD, a common disease of hatchery-reared salmonids, causes more fish losses than any other disease among these species. This study describes a liquid chromatographic (LC) method that is capable of direct, simultaneous analysis of chloramine-T and its primary degradation product, ρ-toluenesulfonamide (ρ-TSA), in water. The procedure involves reversed-phase (C18) LC analysis with ion suppression, using 0.01 M phosphate buffer at pH 3. The mobile phase is phosphate buffer-acetonitrile (60 + 40) at 1 mL/min. Both chemicals can be detected with a UV spectrophotometer at 229 nm; the method is linear up to 40 mg chloramine-T or ρ-TSA/L. Mean recoveries were 96.4 ± 6.1% for water samples fortified with 0.03 mg chloramine-T/L and 95.3 ± 4.6% for water samples fortified with 0.005 mg ρ-TSA/L. Limits of detection without sample enrichment for chloramine-T and ρ-TSA are 0.01 mg/L and 0.001 mg/L, respectively.
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41

Renner, Rebecca. "More chloramine complications." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 18 (September 2004): 342A—343A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es040615m.

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42

Yeston, J. "CHEMISTRY: Chloramine Complexities." Science 320, no. 5876 (May 2, 2008): 586a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.320.5876.586a.

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43

George, Elizabeth, Subramania Vivekanandan, and Kandasamy Sivakumar. "Chloramine-B sesquihydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 56, no. 10 (October 15, 2000): 1208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270100007617.

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44

Powell, Mark D., David J. Speare, and Neil MacNair. "Effects of Intermittent Chloramine-T Exposure on Growth, Serum Biochemistry, and Fin Condition of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-174.

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Chloramine-T is a commonly used therapeutic agent for the treatment of bacterial gill and skin diseases in the intensive aquaculture of salmonids; however, little is known about its effects on healthy fish. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed weekly to 5, 10, and 20 mg active chloramine-T ingredient∙L−1 in a 20-tank replicate flow-through facility. Control fish were treated with tank water only. Growth parameters and haematocrits were taken twice weekly and serum biochemistry was measured on termination of the experiment. Absolute growth rates were suppressed but only statistically significantly in fish treated with 20 mg chloramine-T∙L−1 compared with controls. Fish exposed to 10 and 20 mg chloramine-T∙L−1 showed significant predisposition to an erosive dermatitis of the caudal fin which appeared to be caused by opportunistic pathogens of the genus Pseudomonas spp. and Flavobacter spp. Haematocrits decreased in controls and ail treatments. A significant concentration-dependent decrease in plasma sodium and chloride was observed. Plasma glucose levels did not vary and were similar to those reported for unstressed trout. We recommend that care be taken when using chloramine-T prophylactically and that concentrations of less than 10 mg∙L−1 be used.
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45

Ma, Kai, Jiankun Hu, Hongda Han, Lin Zhao, Rong Li, and Xiao Su. "Characters of chloramine decay in large looped water distribution system – the case of Tianjin, China." Water Supply 20, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 1474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.063.

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Abstract In the water distribution system of a large city, chloramine could experience rapid decay as residence time extends, which may further threaten drinking water safety. A correlation analysis was conducted between the total chlorine residual of four sites on the distribution system and the water quality of the corresponding water treatment plant with data from 2016 to 2018 for the city of Tianjin. The results showed that the total chlorine residuals of all sites were negatively correlated with the temperature of the treated water, while the total chlorine residual of pipeline water did not uniformly correlate with that of the treated water. Further, a chloramine decay calculation study showed that pipe wall-induced decay contributes a lot of chloramine losses by conducting Total Chloramine Decay Model (TCDM) calibration with the monitored data. Hence, increasing the total chlorine residual of treated water, especially in the hot season, may not effectively maintain the disinfectant concentration at an ideal level.
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46

Meinertz, Jeffery R., Guy R. Stehly, William H. Gingerich, and Shari L. Greseth. "Performance of a Proposed Determinative Method for p-TSA in Rainbow Trout Fillet Tissue and Bridging the Proposed Method with a Method for Total Chloramine-T Residues in Rainbow Trout Fillet Tissue." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 1332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.5.1332.

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Abstract Chloramine-T is an effective drug for controlling fish mortality caused by bacterial gill disease. As part of the data required for approval of chloramine-T use in aquaculture, depletion of the chloramine-T marker residue (para-toluenesulfonamide; p-TSA) from edible fillet tissue of fish must be characterized. Declaration of p-TSA as the marker residue for chloramine-T in rainbow trout was based on total residue depletion studies using a method that used time consuming and cumbersome techniques. A simple and robust method recently developed is being proposed as a determinative method for p-TSA in fish fillet tissue. The proposed determinative method was evaluated by comparing accuracy and precision data with U.S. Food and Drug Administration criteria and by bridging the method to the former method for chloramine-T residues. The method accuracy and precision fulfilled the criteria for determinative methods; accuracy was 92.6, 93.4, and 94.6% with samples fortified at 0.5X, 1X, and 2X the expected 1000 ng/g tolerance limit for p-TSA, respectively. Method precision with tissue containing incurred p-TSA at a nominal concentration of 1000 ng/g ranged from 0.80 to 8.4%. The proposed determinative method was successfully bridged with the former method. The concentrations of p-TSA developed with the proposed method were not statistically different at p &lt; 0.05 from p-TSA concentrations developed with the former method.
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47

Tkachenko, H., N. Kurhaluk, and J. Grudniewska. "ALTERATIONS OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLES AND CARDIAC TISSUE OF SALMONID AFTER DISINFECTING PROCEDURE WITH CHLORAMINE-T." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 125 (2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2021-125-37-46.

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Chloramine-T is a widely used disinfectant for the treatment of gill diseases of fish in freshwater and can be toxic to fish. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the safety of this disinfecting product (as it has been attracting researchers’ attention for applying in aquatic animals) for fish health using markers of aerobic and anaerobic capacity (i.e. lactate dehydrogenase activity) in the skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), grayling (Thymallus thymallus Linck), and brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario). Twenty-two clinically healthy rainbow trout, twenty-one brown trout, and twenty graylings were exposed to Chloramine-T in a final concentration of 9 mg per L. The Control group of fish was handled in the same way as the exposed groups. Fish were bathed for 20 min and repeated three times every 3 days. Two days after the last bathing fish were sampled. In the skeletal muscle tissue, LDH activity was decreased in the rainbow trout and grayling after disinfection by Chloramine-T compared to the unhandled controls. On the other hand, LDH activity was increased in the skeletal muscle tissue of brown trout. In the cardiac tissue, disinfection by Chloramine-T caused the decrease of LDH activity in rainbow trout, brown trout, and grayling. Moreover, in unhandled controls, LDH activity in the cardiac tissue was higher by 107.5% (p = 0.000) in brown trout and by 57.6% (p = 0.001) in the grayling compared to the values obtained in skeletal muscles. The present investigation demonstrates the alterations in LDH activity in the skeletal muscles and cardiac tissue after the disinfecting procedure with Chloramine-T in dose 9 mg per L. Although, after disinfection, the rainbow trout, brown trout, and grayling showed decreased trends of aerobic responses in the cardiac tissue indicating adaptive response against the Chloramine-T toxicity. Similar trends were observed in the skeletal muscles of rainbow trout and grayling. On the other hand, LDH activity in the skeletal muscles of brown trout after the disinfecting procedure with Chloramine-T was increased. Therefore, these biochemical parameters can be considered as indicators for the assessment of disinfecting effects, although further studies are required for investigating the mechanism involved in this pattern.
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48

Bal Krishna, KC, Maneesha P. Ginige, and Arumugam Sathasivan. "Is nitrite from nitrification the only cause of microbiologically induced chloramine decay?" Microbiology Australia 39, no. 3 (2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18044.

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Nitrite, produced by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), was traditionally thought to be the only cause of microbiologically mediated decay of chloramine. The development and application of microbial decay factor method and bacterial community studies, for the first time have revealed many other factors such as soluble microbial products (SMPs) and bacteria other than AOB mediating the decay of chloramine.
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49

Ouyang, Banlai, Guanyinsheng Qiu, Deming Liu, Kejian Xia, Yanxia Zheng, and Hongxin Mei. "Synthesis of N-Arylsulfonamides by a Copper-Catalyzed Reaction of Chloramine-T and Arylboronic Acids at Room Temperature." Synlett 29, no. 01 (August 29, 2017): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1590978.

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A copper-catalyzed Chan–Lam-coupling-like reaction of a (het)arylboronic acid and chloramine-T (or a related compound) has been developed for the synthesis of N-arylsulfonamides at room temperature in moderate to good yields, with good tolerance of functional groups. In this process, it is believed that chloramine-T serves as an electrophile.
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50

Pan, Xinhui, Xiaobing Xin, Ying Mao, Xin Li, Yanan Zhao, Yidi Liu, Ke Zhang, Xiaoda Yang, and Jinhui Wang. "3-Benzoylisoxazolines by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition: Chloramine-T-Catalyzed Condensation of α-Nitroketones with Dipolarophiles." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 3491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123491.

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In this study, 3-benzoylisoxazolines were synthesized by reacting alkenes with various α-nitroketones using chloramine-T as the base. The scope of α-nitroketones and alkenes is extensive, including different alkenes and alkynes to form various isoxazolines and isoxazoles. The use of chloramine-T, as the low-cost, easily handled, moderate base for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is attractive.
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