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Journal articles on the topic 'Chlorinated aromatic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Golinske, Dirk, Jürgen Voss, and Gunadi Adiwidjaja. "Electrocarboxylation of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 65, no. 6 (2000): 862–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20000862.

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Chorinated benzenes (1, 4), biphenyls (6, 9), dibenzofurans (10, 15, 17, 18), 2-chlorodibenzo[1,4]dioxine (24) and 1-chloronaphthalene (26) as well as dibenzofuran (12) and naphthalene (27) themselves were transformed into carboxylic acids by galvanostatic electroreduction in the presence of carbon dioxide ("electrocarboxylation"). Dry DMF was used as solvent, zinc or stainless steel as cathode and magnesium as a sacrificial anode in an undivided cell. Hydrogenation of aromatic rings was not observed. However, reductive addition of two molecules of carbon dioxide to form dihydrodicarboxylic acids, e.g. 22 and 29, occurs in the dibenzofuran and naphthalene series.

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2

Weidlich, Tomáš, Barbora Kamenická, Klára Melánová, Veronika Čičmancová, Alena Komersová, and Jiří Čermák. "Hydrodechlorination of Different Chloroaromatic Compounds at Room Temperature and Ambient Pressure—Differences in Reactivity of Cu- and Ni-Based Al Alloys in an Alkaline Aqueous Solution." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (2020): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10090994.

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It is well known that the hydrodechlorination (HDC) of chlorinated aromatic contaminants in aqueous effluents enables a significant increase in biodegradability. HDC consumes a low quantity of reactants producing corresponding non-chlorinated and much more biodegradable organic compounds. Two commonly used precious metals free Al alloys (Raney Al-Ni and Devarda’s Al-Cu-Zn) were compared in reductive action in an alkaline aqueous solution. Raney Al-Ni alloy was examined as a universal and extremely effective HDC agent in a diluted aqueous NaOH solution. The robustness of Raney Al-Ni activity is illustrated in the case of HDC of polychlorinated aromatic compounds mixture in actual waste water. In contrast, Devarda’s Al-Cu-Zn alloy was approved as much less active for HDC of the tested chlorinated aromatic compounds, but with a surprisingly high selectivity on cleavage of C-Cl bonds in the meta and sometimes the ortho position in chlorinated aniline and sometimes chlorinated phenol structures. The reaction of both tested alloys with chlorinated aromatic compounds in the aqueous NaOH solution is accompanied by dissolution of aluminum. Dissolved Al in the alkaline HDC reaction mixture is very useful for subsequent treatment of HDC products by coagulation and flocculation of Al(OH)3 caused by simple neutralization of the alkaline aqueous phase after the HDC reaction.

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3

Bell, KH. "Chlorosulfination of Aromatic Methyl Ethers with Thionyl Chloride." Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 8 (1985): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9851209.

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Aromatic sulfinyl chlorides have been prepared in high yield by direct chlorosulfination of some aromatic ethers (1,3-dimethoxybenzene, 2- methyl- and 4-chloro-1,3-dimethoxybenzene, 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene, 1- and 2-methoxynaphthalene, 1,5-, 1,7-, 2,6- and 2,7- dimethoxynaphthalene ) with thionyl chloride alone at or below room temperature. Under the same conditions, 1,4-dimethoxynaphthalene and 1,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene yield chlorinated starting materials and sulfides. 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene yields chlorinated starting material, sulfide, and a chlorinated disulfide. Some other ethers (e.g. anisole, 1,2- and 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, 5-chloro-1,3-dimethoxybenzene) are unreactive under these conditions.

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4

Arora, Pankaj Kumar, and Hanhong Bae. "Role of Dehalogenases in Aerobic Bacterial Degradation of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/157974.

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This review was conducted to provide an overview of dehalogenases involved in aerobic biodegradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds. Additionally, biochemical and molecular characterization of hydrolytic, reductive, and oxygenolytic dehalogenases was reviewed. This review will increase our understanding of the process of dehalogenation of chlorinated aromatic compounds.

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5

Jechorek, M., K. D. Wendlandt, and M. Beck. "Cometabolic degradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds." Journal of Biotechnology 102, no. 1 (2003): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1656(03)00005-1.

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6

Hitchman, M. L., R. A. Spackman, N. C. Ross, and C. Agra. "Disposal methods for chlorinated aromatic waste." Chemical Society Reviews 24, no. 6 (1995): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/cs9952400423.

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7

May, Eric. "Microbiological decomposition of chlorinated aromatic compounds." International Biodeterioration 23, no. 5 (1987): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-3036(87)90020-0.

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8

Kaiser, P. "Microbiological decomposition of chlorinated aromatic compounds." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Microbiologie 138, no. 4 (1987): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0769-2609(87)90069-x.

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9

Bhatia, A. L., H. Tausch, and G. Stehlik. "Mutagenicity of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic compounds." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 14, no. 1 (1987): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(87)90082-0.

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10

Dahlman, O., A. Reimann, P. Ljungquist, et al. "Characterization of Chlorinated Aromatic Structures in High Molecular Weight BKME-Materials and in Fulvic Acids from Industrially Unpolluted Waters." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (1994): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0704.

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This paper presents the results of a comprehensive characterization of chlorinated aromatic structures in high molecular weight organic material from bleached kraft mill effluents (BKME) and industrially unpolluted surface waters and groundwaters. After oxidative degradation (permanganate) of the organic materials and derivatization (diazomethane) of the degradation products obtained, the occurrence of chlorinated aromatic degradation products was investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. About twenty chlorinated methyl esters of aromatic carboxylic acids were identified in degraded samples of both industrial and natural origin. The identified compounds originated from chlorinated 4-hydroxyphenyl, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, “condensed” guaiacyl, syringyl and veratryl units present as structural elements in the high molecular weight organic materials studied. Degradation products originating from mono- and dichlorinated 4-hydroxyphenyl units dominated in the degraded samples from unpolluted environments, whereas degradation products originating from chlorinated guaiacyl and syringyl units were most abundant in the degraded softwood and hardwood BKME samples. A special study of the monochlorinated isomers of 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester showed that the 6-chloro isomer dominated in the degraded BKME samples whereas about equal amounts of the 5-chloro and 6-chloro isomers were found in degraded fulvic acids isolated from unpolluted waters.

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11

Wang, Guangli, Rong Li, Shunpeng Li, and Jiandong Jiang. "A Novel Hydrolytic Dehalogenase for the Chlorinated Aromatic Compound Chlorothalonil." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 11 (2010): 2737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01547-09.

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ABSTRACT Dehalogenases play key roles in the detoxification of halogenated aromatics. Interestingly, only one hydrolytic dehalogenase for halogenated aromatics, 4-chlorobenzoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehalogenase, has been reported. Here, we characterize another novel hydrolytic dehalogenase for a halogenated aromatic compound from the 2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (chlorothalonil)-degrading strain of Pseudomonas sp. CTN-3, which we have named Chd. Chd catalyzes a hydroxyl substitution at the 4-chlorine atom of chlorothalonil. The metabolite of the Chd dehalogenation, 4-hydroxy-trichloroisophthalonitrile, was identified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Chd dehalogenates chlorothalonil under anaerobic and aerobic conditions and does not require the presence of cofactors such as CoA and ATP. Chd contains a putative conserved domain of the metallo-β-lactamase superfamily and shows the highest identity with several metallohydrolases (24 to 29%). Chd is a monomer (36 kDa), and the isoelectric point (pI) of Chd is estimated to be 4.13. Chd has a dissociation constant (Km ) of 0.112 mM and an overall catalytic rate (k cat) of 207 s−1 for chlorothalonil. Chd is completely inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, diethyl pyrocarbonate, and N-bromosuccinic acid. Site-directed mutagenesis of Chd revealed that histidines 128 and 157, serine 126, aspartates 45, 130 and 184, and tryptophan 241 were essential for the dehalogenase activity. Chd differs from other reported hydrolytic dehalogenases based on the analysis of amino acid sequences and catalytic mechanisms. This study provides an excellent dehalogenase candidate for mechanistic study of hydrolytic dehalogenation of halogenated aromatic compound.

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12

Konstantinov, Alexandre D., Andrea N. Johnston, and Nigel J. Bunce. "Successive photocyanation of highly chlorinated aromatic compounds." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 77, no. 8 (1999): 1366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v99-127.

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Successive photocyanation was found to be a general reaction when chlorinated aromatic compounds were photolyzed with sodium cyanide. The products were polycyanated hydroxychloro compounds with various degrees of chlorine replacement. Although the products from some substrates could be isolated, identified, and characterized, most reactions proceeded with low regioselectivity, which limits their synthetic potential. Quantum yields of substrate disappearance increased with the number of chlorine substituents on a substrate, and followed the expected relationship ϕ-1 is proportional to [CN-]-1. In some cases, ϕ depended also on the concentration of the chloro compound, indicating the involvement of excimers, although the major reaction channel appears to be SN2Ar*. Sensitization and quenching experiments established the triplet excited state to be reactive for all substrates tested.Key words: photocyanation, chlorinated aromatic compounds.

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13

OHKUBO, Tadamichi, Sumio GOTO, Osamu ENDO, Tetsuhito HAYASHI, Etsuo WATANABE, and Hideaki ENDO. "Mutagenicity of Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons containing Oxygen." Journal of Environmental Chemistry 6, no. 4 (1996): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5985/jec.6.533.

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14

Boyle, Michael. "The Environmental Microbiology of Chlorinated Aromatic Decomposition." Journal of Environmental Quality 18, no. 4 (1989): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1989.00472425001800040001x.

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15

Not Available, D. Wang, M. Piao, S. Chu, and X. Xu. "Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Polyvinylchloride Combustion." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66, no. 3 (2001): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001280009.

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16

Piao, M., S. Chu, and X. Xu. "Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Polyvinylchloride Combustion." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66, no. 3 (2001): 0326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-001-0009-y.

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17

Dang, Juan, Xiangli Shi, Qingzhu Zhang, Jingtian Hu, and Wenxing Wang. "Insights into the mechanism and kinetics of the gas-phase atmospheric reaction of 9-chloroanthracene with NO3 radical in the presence of NOx." RSC Advances 5, no. 102 (2015): 84066–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11918a.

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18

Wang, Xianli, Junfeng Wu, and Biao Liu. "Pressurized liquid extraction of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil samples using aqueous solutions." RSC Advances 6, no. 83 (2016): 80017–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra13973f.

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19

van Eekert, M. H. A., and G. Schraa. "The potential of anaerobic bacteria to degrade chlorinated compounds." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 8 (2001): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0462.

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Chlorinated ethenes and chlorinated aromatics are often found as pollutants in sediments, groundwater, and wastewater. These compounds were long considered to be recalcitrant under anaerobic conditions. In the past years however, dechlorination of these compounds has been found to occur under anaerobic conditions at contaminated sites and in wastewater treatment systems. This dechlorination is mainly attributed to halo-respiring bacteria, which are able to couple this dechlorination to energy conservation via electron transport coupled phosphorylation. The dechlorinating activities of the halo-respiring bacteria seem to be confined to the dechlorination of chloroethenes and chlorinated aromatic compounds. In addition, methanogenic and acetogenic bacteria are also able to reduce the chlorinated ethenes via a-specific cometabolic pathways. Although these latter reactions may not be important in the remediation of contaminated sites, they may be of substantial influence in the start-up of remediation processes and in the application of granular sludge from UASB reactors. Specific halo-respiring bacteria may be used to increase the dechlorination activities via bioaugmentation in the case that the appropriate microorganisms are not present at the contaminated site or in the sludge.

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20

Gupta, Ashutosh Kumar, Arindam Chakraborty, Santanab Giri, Venkatesan Subramanian, and Pratim Chattaraj. "Toxicity of Halogen, Sulfur and Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds." International Journal of Chemoinformatics and Chemical Engineering 1, no. 1 (2011): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcce.2011010105.

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In this paper, quantitative–structure–toxicity–relationship (QSTR) models are developed for predicting the toxicity of halogen, sulfur and chlorinated aromatic compounds. Two sets of compounds, containing mainly halogen and sulfur inorganic compounds in the first set and chlorinated aromatic compounds in the second, are investigated for their toxicity level with the aid of the conceptual Density Functional Theory (DFT) method. Both sets are tested with the conventional density functional descriptors and with a newly proposed net electrophilicity descriptor. Associated R2, R2CV and R2adj values reveal that in the first set, the proposed net electrophilicity descriptor (??±) provides the best result, whereas in the second set, electrophilicity index (?) and a newly proposed descriptor, net electrophilicity index (??±) provide a comparable performance. The potential of net electrophilicity index to act as descriptor in development of QSAR model is also discussed.

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21

Fan, Yun, Haijun Zhang, Dan Wang, et al. "Simultaneous determination of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in fly ashes discharged from industrial thermal processes." Analytical Methods 9, no. 35 (2017): 5198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ay01545c.

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22

Lou, Zimo, Zheni Wang, Jiasheng Zhou, Chuchen Zhou, Jiang Xu, and Xinhua Xu. "Pd/TiC/Ti electrode with enhanced atomic H* generation, atomic H* adsorption and 2,4-DCBA adsorption for facilitating electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination." Environmental Science: Nano 7, no. 5 (2020): 1566–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0en00182a.

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23

Berwanger, Della J., and James F. Barker. "Aerobic Biodegradation of Aromatic and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Commonly Detected in Landfill Leachates." Water Quality Research Journal 23, no. 3 (1988): 460–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1988.034.

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Abstract Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons are hazardous organics which persist in groundwater impacted by landfill leachate. Recent studies have indicated that the aromatics biodegrade readily under aerobic conditions. Similarly, methane-oxidizers are reported to metabolize trichloroethylene. This study investigates an in-situ biorestoration scheme involving stimulating aerobic biodegradation in a contaminated anaerobic, methane-saturated groundwater using hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen source. Batch biodegradation experiments were conducted with groundwater and core obtained from the Gloucester Landfill, Ottawa, Canada. Hydrogen peroxide, added at a non-toxic level, provided oxygen which promoted the rapid biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, o-, m-, and p-xylene. Morphologically different methane-oxidizing cultures were obtained from Gloucester groundwater and a surface sediment. Both cultures degraded trichloroethylene in microcosms containing a mineral media and Gloucester core. Degradation was not observed when the mineral madia was replaced with Gloucester groundwater, or when other chlorinated hydrocarbons were added. Additional research is required to identify and overcome this inhibition to trichloroethylene biodegradation, before this remedial strategy can be employed.

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24

Boerth, Donald W., and Anthony C. Arvanites. "Nucleophilic aromatic substitution in chlorinated aromatic systems with a glutathione thiolate model." Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 30, no. 7 (2016): e3640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.3640.

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25

Christiansen, Nina, Hanne V. Hendriksen, Kimmo T. Järvinen, and Birgitte K. Ahring. "Degradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds in UASB reactors." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 1 (1995): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0055.

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Data on anaerobic degradation of chloroaromatic compounds in Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors (UASB-reactor) are presented and compared. Special attention is given to the metabolic pathways for degradation of chlorinated phenols by granular sludge. Results indicate that PCP can be degraded in UASB-reactors via stepwise dechlorination to phenol. Phenol will subsequently be converted to benzoate before ring cleavage. Dechlorination proceeds via different pathways dependent upon the inocula used. Results are further presented on the design of special metabolic pathways in granules which do not possess this activity using the dechlorinating organism, Desulfomonile tiedjei. Additionally, it is shown that it is possible to immobilize Dechlorosporium hafniense, a newly isolated dechlorinating anaerobe, into granular sludge, thereby introducing an ability not previously present in the granules.

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26

Murschell, Trey, and Delphine K. Farmer. "Atmospheric OH Oxidation of Three Chlorinated Aromatic Herbicides." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 8 (2018): 4583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06025.

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27

Gobas, Frank A. P. C., Edmund J. McNeil, Lesley Lovett-Doust, and G. Douglas Haffner. "Bioconcentration of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic macrophytes." Environmental Science & Technology 25, no. 5 (1991): 924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00017a015.

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28

Meer, Jan Roelof. "Genetic adaptation of bacteria to chlorinated aromatic compounds." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 15, no. 2-3 (1994): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00137.x.

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29

Scholten, J., K. Chang, P. Babbitt, H. Charest, M. Sylvestre, and D. Dunaway-Mariano. "Novel enzymic hydrolytic dehalogenation of a chlorinated aromatic." Science 253, no. 5016 (1991): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1853203.

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30

HITCHMAN, M. L., R. A. SPACKMAN, N. C. ROSS, and C. AGRA. "ChemInform Abstract: Disposal Methods for Chlorinated Aromatic Waste." ChemInform 27, no. 29 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199629296.

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31

Choudhry, G. G., G. R. B. Webster, and O. Hutzinger. "Environmental aquatic photochemistry of chlorinated aromatic pollutants (CAPs)∗." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 17, no. 4 (1988): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248809357295.

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32

Kakimoto, Kensaku, Haruna Nagayoshi, Yoshimasa Konishi, et al. "Atmospheric chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in East Asia." Chemosphere 111 (September 2014): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.072.

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33

VANDERMEER, J. "Genetic adaptation of bacteria to chlorinated aromatic compounds." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 15, no. 2-3 (1994): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-6445(94)90115-5.

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34

Rogers, Ian H., Ian K. Birtwell, and George M. Kruzynski. "Organic Extractables in Municipal Wastewater Vancouver, British Columbia." Water Quality Research Journal 21, no. 2 (1986): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1986.014.

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Abstract Composite five to seven-day sample s of chlorinated and unchlorinated primary-treated municipal wastewater were collected at the Iona Island treatment plant during a 62-day exposure of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). No differences between chlorinated and unchlorinated samp les were detectable and only 9 chlorinated extractables we re identified. Mass spectrometric analysis of sewage and sludge extracts identified 100 base/neutral components and 60 acidic substances. Some major constituent s we re quantified. Fatty acids, petroleum hydrocarbons, aromatic acids and chemical disinfectants we re predominant. Toxic compounds present included chlorophenols, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s) and nonylphenols plus nonylphenolethoxylates. Tetrachlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) reached maximum levels of 7.8 and 13.2 μg · L−l respectively. The PAH’s we re heavily concentrated in sludge samples. Nonylphenol was present in wastewater and sludge but the corresponding ethoxylates occurred only in wastewater. PCB’s were detectable only in sludge. Some novel identifications included two substituted monochiorophenol disinfectants and two generic drugs.

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35

Getty, J. D., S. G. Westre, D. Z. Bezabeh, G. A. Barrall, M. J. Burmeister, and P. B. Kelly. "Detection of Benzene and Trichloroethylene in Sooting Flames." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 4 (1992): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924124907.

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The utility of resonance Raman spectroscopy as an analytical method is studied for application to multicomponent sooting flames. Far-ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra of benzene and trichloroethylene in methane diffusion flames have been obtained. The feasibility of flame temperature determination has been demonstrated for the benzene/methane flame. Resonance enhancement provides the sensitivity and selectivity required to detect low concentrations of aromatics and chlorinated hydrocarbons, in contrast to conventional spontaneous Raman spectroscopy, which suffers from low sensitivity and interference from laser-induced fluorescence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

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36

Nobbs, Denis, and Glen Chipman. "Contaminated site investigation and remediation of chlorinated aromatic compounds." Separation and Purification Technology 31, no. 1 (2003): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5866(02)00159-4.

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37

Xu, Yang, Lili Yang, Minghui Zheng, et al. "Chlorinated and Brominated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Metallurgical Plants." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 13 (2018): 7334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01638.

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38

Shiraishi, Hiroaki, Norman H. Pilkington, Akira Otsuki, and Keiichiro Fuwa. "Occurrence of chlorinated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in tap water." Environmental Science & Technology 19, no. 7 (1985): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00137a001.

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39

Lazar, Liliana, Ion Balasanian, and Florin Bandrabur. "CONVERSION OF CHLORINATED AROMATIC DERIVATIVES ON METALLIC OXIDES CATALYSTS." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 4, no. 1 (2005): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2005.004.

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40

Fennell, Donna E., Ivonne Nijenhuis, Susan F. Wilson, Stephen H. Zinder, and Max M. Häggblom. "Dehalococcoides ethenogenesStrain 195 Reductively Dechlorinates Diverse Chlorinated Aromatic Pollutants." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 7 (2004): 2075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034989b.

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41

Joshi, Sudhir N., Sandhya M. Vyas, Huimin Wu, Michael W. Duffel, Sean Parkin, and Hans-Joachim Lehmler. "Regioselective iodination of chlorinated aromatic compounds using silver salts." Tetrahedron 67, no. 39 (2011): 7461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2011.07.064.

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42

HUANG, MengYu, AnPing PENG, and Cheng GU. "Catalytic polymerization of chlorinated aromatic pollutants on natural montmorillonite." Chinese Science Bulletin 62, no. 24 (2017): 2709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n972017-00215.

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43

Masuda, Yoshito. "Toxic Evaluation of Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Environments." Toxicology and Industrial Health 7, no. 5-6 (1991): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379100700515.

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44

Goswami, Debabrata, Ranjit S. Sarpal, and Sneh K. Dogra. "Fluorescence Quenching of Few Aromatic Amines by Chlorinated Methanes." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 64, no. 10 (1991): 3137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.64.3137.

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45

Sinkkonen, Seija. "Environmental analysis of chlorinated aromatic thioethers, sulphoxides and sulphones." Journal of Chromatography A 642, no. 1-2 (1993): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80075-j.

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46

Venkateswaran, Krishnan, John M. Stadlbauer, Mark E. Laing, et al. "Intra-molecular selectivity of muonium towards chlorinated aromatic compounds." Hyperfine Interactions 87, no. 1 (1994): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02068488.

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47

Huang, Li Kun, and Guang Zhi Wang. "Study on Species and Distribution of Volatile Organic Compounds in WWTP." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2035.

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This study carried on a qualitative analysis on emission and distribution of VOCs and quantitative analysis on BTEX and chlorinated hydrocarbon emitted from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). At the same time, the variations of BETX and chlorinated hydrocarbon in three-phases in the biological treatment process in lab-scale were investigated. Results revealed that the low molecular weight hydrocarbon, BTEX (benzene, toluene, xylene) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chlorylene, tetrachloroethylene) were the main components of VOCs. Primary clarifier volatilized thirty-three species of VOCs, which was most in the WWTP. The remaining organic compounds in this unit belonged to refractory organics that was hardly decomposed by microbe. The more complex aromatic compounds in VOCs were detected.

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48

Tillotson, Joseph, Bharat P. Bashyal, MinJin Kang, et al. "Selective inhibition of p97 by chlorinated analogues of dehydrocurvularin." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 25 (2016): 5918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob00560h.

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49

Barker, James F. "Volatile Aromatic and Chlorinated Organic Contaminants in Groundwater at Six Ontario Landfills." Water Quality Research Journal 22, no. 1 (1987): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1987.003.

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Abstract Studies of the migration of organic contaminants in shallow aquifers impacted by landfill leachate at six sites in Ontario are reported. Three sites are located on very permeable sand deposits, one on less permeable sand till and two on fractured sedimentary bedrock. The migration rate and persistence of volatile, one-and-two carbon, halogenated hydrocarbons (halocarbons) and volatile aromatic hydrocarbons are emphasized. These compounds are ubiquitous in sanitary landfill leachates and are quite mobile in groundwater. They are at very low concentrations (less than 5 ppb each) at the Borden landfill site, where most waste was burned before landfilling. At the Woolwich site, volatile halocarbons are found at very low concentrations (less than 0.5 ppb each) up to one kilometer from the site, indicating that they may be very mobile and persistent in this aquifer. Attenuation, probably due mainly to dispersion, has resulted in only sub-ppb concentrations persisting beyond two hundred meters of the site. The contaminant plume at North Bay has been discharging to the surface about eight hundred meters from the site for a number of years. Some mobile volatile organics, therefore, are found throughout the plume. Halo-carbons do not persist and some aromatics appear to be undergoing biodegradation as well. For these and other contaminants, dramatic attenuation is observed within the eight hundred meter plume, probably as the result of dispersion. Groundwater velocities in the less-permeable sand and sand till at the new Borden site are much lower than in the other aquifers, so contaminants have only migrated perhaps two hundred meters laterally. Volatile halocarbons may be migrating at the groundwater velocity, while some retardation of aromatics may be occurring. However, the erratic contaminant distribution complicates the consideration of contaminant migration. Contaminant distributions are irregular in fractured bedrock at the Bay-view and Hamilton sites. The irregular and generally low concentration of halocarbons, coupled with the generally-poor background water quality in these bedrock flow systems, makes the definition of the zone of contamination at these sites very difficult. Although these low-porosity carbonate/ shale bedrock systems could distribute leachate contamination through a large volume of rock, it is encouraging to note the rather restricted zone of clearly-impacted groundwater. The major, mobile organic contaminants at the Hamilton site are the volatile aromatic hydrocarbons. Recognition of only-slightly-impacted groundwater at this site is complicated by the occurrence of these organics at ppb levels in apparently uncontaminated, background groundwater. Temporal variations, over weeks and years, are found for all contaminants at these sites. Input from the landfill appears to be temporally variable and so is a major cause of subsequent variations within the leachate plume. The processes of dispersion, which smoothes such variations at some sites (Borden), does not appear to be effective at damping temporal variability along the plume at North Bay nor in the fractured-bedrock systems.

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50

Khan, Nida Tabassum, Namra Jameel, and Maham Jamil Khan. "Overview of Different Waste Treatment Methods." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH 3, no. 03 (2018): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21477/ijapsr.3.3.2.

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Wastes including chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, refractory organic compounds, aromatic derivatives, radionuclides etc., poses a serious threat to the environment. Therefore numerous in situ /ex situ treatment method are formulated to remove or immobilize such contaminates occurring in soil, water or air to minimize its harmful effects.

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