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Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Chlorinated water supplies.'
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Journal articles on the topic "Chlorinated water supplies":
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Millership, S. E., and B. Chattopadhyay. "Aeromonas hydrophila in chlorinated water supplies." Journal of Hospital Infection 6, no. 1 (March 1985): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6701(85)80021-9.
LeChevallier, M. W., C. D. Cawthon, and R. G. Lee. "Factors promoting survival of bacteria in chlorinated water supplies." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54, no. 3 (1988): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.54.3.649-654.1988.
Wyn-Jones, A. P., J. Watkins, C. Francis, M. Laverick, and J. Sellwood. "Enteric viruses in drinking water supplies." Water Supply 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0080.
Two rural spring drinking water supplies were studied for their enteric virus levels. In one, serving about 30 dwellings, the water was chlorinated before distribution; in the other, which served a dairy and six dwellings the water was not treated. Samples of treated (40 l) and untreated (20 l) water were taken under normal and heavy rainfall conditions over a six weeks period and concentrated by adsorption/elution and organic flocculation. Infectious enterovirus in concentrates was detected in liquid culture and enumerated by plaque assay, both in BGM cells, and concentrates were also analysed by RT-PCR. Viruses were found in both raw water supplies. Rural supplies need to be analysed for viruses as well as bacterial and protozoan pathogens if the full microbial hazard is to be determined.
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Corso, Magali, Catherine Galey, René Seux, and Pascal Beaudeau. "An Assessment of Current and Past Concentrations of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water throughout France." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081669.
In France, 95% of people are supplied with chlorinated tap water. Due to the presence of natural organic matter that reacts with chlorine, the concentrations of chlorination by-products (CBPs) are much higher in chlorinated water produced from surface water than from groundwater. Surface water supplies 33% of the French population. Until the 1980s, almost all surface water utilities pre-chlorinated water at the intake. Pre-chlorination was then gradually banned from 1980 to 2000. Trihalomethanes (THMs) are the only regulated CBP in France. Since 2003, THMs have been monitored at the outlet of all utilities. This study assessed current (2005–2011) and past (1960–2000) exposure of the French population to THMs. We developed an original method to model THM concentrations between 1960 and 2000 according to current concentrations of THMs, concentration of total organic carbon in raw and finished water, and the evolution of water treatments from 1960 onward. Current and past mean exposure of the French population to THMs was estimated at 11.7 µg·L−1 and 17.3 µg·L−1, respectively. In the past, approximately 10% of the French population was exposed to concentrations >50 µg·L−1 vs. 1% currently. Large variations in exposure were observed among France’s 100 administrative districts, mainly depending on the water origin (i.e., surface vs. ground), ranging between 0.2 and 122.1 µg·L−1 versus between 1.8 and 38.6 µg·L−1 currently.
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Nair, J., R. Gibbs, K. Mathew, and G. E. Ho. "Suitability of the H2S method for testing untreated and chlorinated water supplies." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 6 (September 1, 2001): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0354.
Rainwater, borewater and catchment water are used for domestic water supply purposes with or without treatment in remote areas around the world. These places seldom have any facilities for routine testing of their drinking water. A simple on-site testing method is highly required in such areas. The H2S method has been tested for treated drinking water and was found to have a good correlation with the standard methods. The present study was aimed at assessing the suitability of the H2S method for testing different sources of drinking water. Since these types of water may contain H2S producing bacteria not of faecal origin the occurrence of false results in this method cannot be overruled. Therefore it was worthwhile to study whether the positive results are true positive results and what percentage of false positive and false negative results could be expected while using this test for routine analysis of water samples. Results were compared with the results using standard procedures for testing total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The present experiment analysed 121 rainwater samples, 17 borewater samples, 41 catchment water samples and 74 remote Aboriginal community water samples. Rainwater, borewater and catchment water samples gave true results of 78.5%, 82.3% and 80.5% respectively while the treated and untreated community samples gave true results of 93.7 and 84.6% respectively. It was concluded that in the developing countries where the acceptable level of total coliform is <10 MPN, the H2S method would be a good test to identify microbial contamination. In other regions, the H2S method could be used as a screening test for drinking water supplies.
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MacLeod, Clara, Rachel Peletz, Francis Kere, Aminata M’Baye, Michael Onyango, Sadat Aw, Mamadou El Hadj Issabre, Rosalind Tung, and Ranjiv Khush. "Are Presence/Absence Microbial Tests Appropriate for Monitoring Large Urban Water Supplies in Sub-Saharan Africa?" Water 11, no. 3 (March 8, 2019): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030491.
Screening for fecal contamination via microbial water quality monitoring is a critical component of safe drinking water provision and public health protection. Achieving adequate levels of microbial water quality testing, however, is a challenge in resource-limited settings. One strategy for addressing this challenge is to improve the efficiency of monitoring programs. In African countries, quantitative microbial testing methods are commonly used to monitor chlorinated piped water systems. However, presence/absence (P/A) tests may provide an appropriate alternative for water supplies that generally show negative fecal contamination results. This study compares 1048 water quality test results for samples collected from five African urban water systems. The operators of the systems conducted parallel tests on the 1048 samples using their standard quantitative methods (e.g., most probable number or membrane filtration) and the Colitag™ method in P/A format. Combined data demonstrates agreement rates of 97.9% (1024/1046) for detecting total coliforms and 97.8% (1025/1048) for detecting E. coli. We conclude that the P/A test offers advantages as a simpler and similarly sensitive measure of potential fecal contamination for large, urban chlorinated water systems. P/A tests may also offer a cost-effective alternative to quantitative methods, as they are quicker to perform and require less laboratory equipment.
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LeChevallier, Mark W., Cheryl D. Cawthon, and Ramon G. Lee. "Mechanisms of Bacterial Survival in Chlorinated Drinking Water." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1988): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0277.
Experiments showed that attachment of bacteria to surfaces provided the greatest increase in disinfection resistance. Attachment of high nutrient grown, unencapsulated, Klebsiellapneumoniae to glass microscope slides afforded the microorganisms as much as a 150 fold increase in disinfection resistance. Other mechanisms which increased disinfection resistance included: the age of the biofilm, bacterial encapsulation and previous growth conditions (e.g. growth medium, and growth temperature). These factors increased chlorine resistance from two to ten fold. The choice of disinfectant residual was shown to influence the type of resistance mechanism observed. Disinfection by free chlorine was affected by surfaces, age of the biofilm, encapsulation and nutrient effects. Disinfection by monochloramine, however, was only affected by surfaces. Importantly, the research showed that these resistance mechanisms were multiplicative (e.g. the resistance provided by one mechanism could be multiplied by the resistance provided by a second). These results provide important insights to understand the survival of bacteria in chlorinated drinking water supplies.
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FURTADO, C., G. K. ADAK, J. M. STUART, P. G. WALL, H. S. EVANS, and D. P. CASEMORE. "Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992–5." Epidemiology and Infection 121, no. 1 (August 1998): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898001083.
Following the introduction of an improved surveillance system for infectious intestinal disease outbreaks in England and Wales, the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre received reports of 26 outbreaks between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 1995 in which there was evidence for waterborne transmission of infection. In these 26 outbreaks, 1756 laboratory confirmed cases were identified of whom 69 (4%) were admitted to hospital. In 19 outbreaks, illness was associated with the consumption of drinking water from public supplies (10 outbreaks) or private supplies (9 outbreaks). The largest outbreak consisted of 575 cases. In 4 of the remaining 7 outbreaks, illness was associated with exposure to swimming pool water. Cryptosporidium was identified as the probable causative organism in all 14 outbreaks associated with public water supplies and swimming pools. Campylobacter was responsible for most outbreaks associated with private water supplies. This review confirms a continuing risk of cryptosporidiosis from chlorinated water supplies in England and Wales, and reinforces governmental advice to water utilities that water treatment processes should be rigorously applied to ensure effective particle removal. High standards of surveillance are important for prompt recognition of outbreaks and institution of control measures. As microbiological evidence of water contamination may be absent or insufficient to implicate a particular water supply, a high standard of epidemiological investigation is recommended in all outbreaks of suspected waterborne disease.
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POLLOCK, K. G. J., D. YOUNG, C. ROBERTSON, S. AHMED, and C. N. RAMSAY. "Reduction in cryptosporidiosis associated with introduction of enhanced filtration of drinking water at Loch Katrine, Scotland." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 1 (April 16, 2013): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000678.
SUMMARYPrevious evidence has suggested an association between cryptosporidiosis and consumption of unfiltered drinking water from Loch Katrine in Scotland. Before September 2007, the water was only micro-strained and chlorinated; however, since that time, coagulation and rapid gravity filtration have been installed. In order to determine risk factors associated with cryptosporidiosis, including drinking water, we analysed data on microbiologically confirmed cases of cryptosporidiosis from 2004 to 2010. We identified an association between the incidence of cryptosporidiosis and unfiltered Loch Katrine drinking water supplied to the home (odds ratio 1·86, 95% confidence interval 1·11–3·11, P = 0·019). However, while filtration appears to be associated with initially reduced rates of cryptosporidiosis, evidence suggests it may paradoxically make those consumers more susceptible to other transmission routes in the long-term. These findings support implementation of similar treatment for other unfiltered drinking-water supplies, as a means of reducing cryptosporidiosis associated with drinking water.
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Donati, M., E. Cremonini, A. Di Francesco, L. Dallolio, R. Biondi, R. Muthusamy, and E. Leoni. "Prevalence of Simkania negevensis in chlorinated water from spa swimming pools and domestic supplies." Journal of Applied Microbiology 118, no. 4 (February 17, 2015): 1076–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12761.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chlorinated water supplies":
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Ranmuthugala, Geethanjali Piyawadani. "Disinfection by-products in drinking water and genotoxic changes in urinary bladder epithelial cells." Phd thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48021.
There is much debate on the carcinogenic potential of disinfection by-products (DBP) in chlorinated water supplies. Until recently, epidemiological studies have been limited in their ability to examine accurately the risk of cancer with exposure to environmental carcinogens. This has largely been due to the long latency periods associated with cancer development, and the difficulties in accurately estimating chronic exposure. Although there is evidence, from predominantly case-control studies, of increased bladder cancer with exposure to chlorinated water supplies, the evidence is inconclusive. ¶ In an attempt to determine the carcinogenic potential of trihalomethanes (THMs) in chlorinated water, this study utilises DNA damage to bladder cells, evident as micronuclei, as a pre-clinical outcome measure. Using a pre-clinical marker helps overcome some of the limitations associated with long latency periods. The study improves on previous studies by estimating exposure to DBP at an individual level, and takes into consideration ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure. ¶ A cohort study was undertaken in three Australian communities. The Bungendore (NSW) water supply was not chlorinated thereby providing a community unexposed to DBPs from chlorinated water. Canberra (ACT) and Adelaide (SA) had intermediate and relatively higher (but still within NHMRC guideline levels) of DBPs in the reticulation system. ...
Books on the topic "Chlorinated water supplies":
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Notarianni, Kathy A. Comparison of fire sprinkler piping materials: Steel, copper, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride and polybutylene, in residential and light hazard installations. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994.
A, Jackson Margaret, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Comparison of fire sprinkler piping materials: Steel, copper, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride and polybutylene, in residential and light hazard installations. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994.
Book chapters on the topic "Chlorinated water supplies":
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Biswal, Trinath, and Pravin Kumar Kar. "Plastic Pollution and Its Effect on the Environment." In Handbook of Research on Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Plastic Pollution, 1–28. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9.ch001.
Chlorinated plastics releases harmful chemicals and toxic substances into the surrounding soil, which can then seep into ground water or other surrounding surface water bodies in the form of a black thick liquid known as leachate causing sever water pollution. This water, if used as drinking water, causes serious harm to both plants and animals. Many advanced polymer composites used in various fields can leach into water forming hurdles. Plastic pollution is potentially poisonous to animals, which can then affect human food supplies. Plastic materials contain a number and variety of chemicals that are carcinogenic and mutagenic in nature. The five R's (recycle, reuse, reduce, remove, and refuse) can control the plastic pollution in our environment. This chapter explores plastic pollution and its effect on the environment.
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El-Farhan, Yassar H., and Kate M. Scow. "Coupling Vapor Transport and Transformation of Volatile Organic Chemicals." In Vadose Zone Hydrology. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195109900.003.0013.
Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) are the most prevalent group of organic goundwater contaminants and originate primarily from industrial sources (Westerick et al., 1984). Many VOCs are aliphatics, of which a number are halogenated, and aromatics, which may or may not be chlorinated. As a class, these chemicals are highly volatile, many are relatively insoluble, and some have densities greater than that of water. The high volatility of these chemicals has supported a belief that fluxes of these materials from soil to the atmosphere arc so great that their persistence in soil is short-lived and the probability of groundwater contamination is small. However, groundwater monitoring data show that this is not the case and that many of these chemicals are posing potential threats to human health and the environment through contamination of water supplies (U.S. EPA, 1980). Even though VOCs are so widespread in the environment, our ability to adequately predict their transport and transformation in soil and the vadose zone is greatly lacking. This problem is further compounded by the fact that most sites are not contaminated with single compounds, but with mixtures of VOCs. As will be discussed later, the presence of other VOCs greatly complicates our ability to predict the behavior, both physical and biological, of a given chemical. Microbial communities play a pivotal role in the duration of contaminants from natural and managed environments and thus in reducing human exposure to toxins. A broad range of bioremediation approaches exist for contaminated soils and vadose material (Nelson et al., 1987, 1988; Marker and Kim 1990; Gibson and Sayler, 1992) and range from unmanaged to highly engineered systems. The unmanaged biodegradation of pollutants by indigenous microbial communities is increasingly becoming a remediation option in certain cases and is called “passive” or “intrinsic” bioremediation. Biostimulation usually involves additions of nutrients, electron acceptors, or cosubstrates to enhance the activity of indigenous microbial communities.
