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Journal articles on the topic 'Chlorination of α'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Guthrie, J. Peter, and John Cossar. "The chlorination of isobutyrophenone: determination of its pKa value and of the course of the reaction." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 3 (1990): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-061.

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Chlorination of isobutyrophenone in alkaline aqueous solution leads to formation of α-hydroxyisobutyrophenone as the first detectable intermediate; a slow subsequent oxidation gives benzoate. From the rates of the initial chlorinations we have been able to determine the pKa value for the ketone as 18.18 ± 0.50. α-Chloroisobutyrophenone undergoes surprisingly rapid alkaline hydrolysis, kOH = 71.9 ± 1.5 M−1 s−1. Keywords: isobutyrophenone, chlorination, enolization, pKa, hydrolysis.

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2

Tabolin, Andrey A., Anastasia A. Fadeeva та Sema L. Ioffe. "Chlorination of Conjugated Nitroalkenes with PhICl2 and SO2Cl2 for the Synthesis of α-Chloronitroalkenes". Synthesis 52, № 18 (2020): 2679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707396.

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Chlorination of conjugated nitroalkenes with iodobenzene dichloride or sulfuryl chloride to give target α-chloronitroalkenes in good yields is described. Details of the procedure depend on the donating ability of the nitroalkene substituents. The activity of the described chlorinating agents increases in order ‘PhICl2/Py’ < ‘SO2Cl2’ < ‘SO2Cl2/HCl’ with the former producing the best yields for highly donating substrates and the latter for non-activated groups. An autocatalytic role of hydrogen chloride and the chemoselectivity of chlorination were also demonstrated.

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3

Stamhuis, Eize J., Henk Maatman, and Geert E. H. Joosten. "Reactions of alicyclic ketones in carbon tetrachloride. II. Kinetics of the chlorination of 2-chlorocyclopentanone and 2-chlorocyclohexanone, catalyzed by hydrogen chloride." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 9 (1986): 1690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-278.

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The kinetics of the direct chlorination of 2-chlorocyclopentanone (2-mccp) and 2-chlorocyclohexanone (2-mcch) in carbon tetrachloride, catalyzed by hydrogen chloride, were studied. Reaction products are all the possible 2,2-, 2,5-, and 2,6-dichloro compounds. The ratios depend on the concentrations of the monochloro compound and hydrogen chloride. Surprisingly, even at conversions of the monochloro compound as low as 2%, 2,2,5-trichlorocyclopentanone and 2,2,6-trichlorocyclohexanone, respectively, are also formed. The chlorination reaction of both monochloro ketones shows zero order in chlorin

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4

Xue, Da, Yuna Li, Jisheng Liu та ін. "Mechanism of Chlorination Process: From Propanoic Acid to α-Chloropropanoic Acid and Byproducts Using Propanoic Anhydride as Catalyst". Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1307541.

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This article reports on findings regarding the mechanism of chlorination process. In this experiment, propanoic acid was chlorinated to α-chloropropanoic acid in a lab-scale glass tube reactor operating at 130°C. Propanoic anhydride and concentrated sulfuric acid were, respectively, used as the catalyst and the promoter. This experiment adopted the DFT method to calculate the activation energy of routes for the synthesis α-chloropropanoic acid, β-chloropropanoic acid, α,α-dichloropropanoic acid, and α,β-dichloropropanoic acid. The results showed that the main route of α-chloropropanoic acid wa

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5

Dalla Croce, Piero, Raffaella Ferraccioli та Alberto Ritieni. "Selective α-Chlorination of Acetylpyrroles". Synthesis 1990, № 03 (1990): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1990-26833.

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6

De Luca, Lidia, Luca Ledda, Andrea Porcheddu, Massimo Carraro, Luisa Pisano та Silvia Gaspa. "Metal-Free Synthesis of α-H Chlorine Alkylaromatic Hydrocarbons Driven by Visible Light". Molecules 30, № 2 (2025): 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30020312.

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Chlorination is a widely used strategy at the industrial level. Chlorinated products represent indispensable building blocks in synthetic chemistry. Here, we report the synthesis of benzyl chlorides and α-chloro alkyl arenes, mediated by visible light, starting from variously substituted toluenes and N,N-dichloroacetamide as a chlorinating reagent. This methodology is a valid alternative to the syntheses previously reported in the literature. It is a metal-free process and does not involve the use of additives or radical initiators.

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7

Kam, Mei Kee, Akira Sugiyama, Ryouta Kawanishi та Kazutaka Shibatomi. "Asymmetric Synthesis of Tertiary α -Hydroxyketones by Enantioselective Decarboxylative Chlorination and Subsequent Nucleophilic Substitution". Molecules 25, № 17 (2020): 3902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173902.

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Chiral tertiary α-hydroxyketones were synthesized with high enantiopurity by asymmetric decarboxylative chlorination and subsequent nucleophilic substitution. We recently reported the asymmetric decarboxylative chlorination of β-ketocarboxylic acids in the presence of a chiral primary amine catalyst to obtain α-chloroketones with high enantiopurity. Here, we found that nucleophilic substitution of the resulting α-chloroketones with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide yielded the corresponding α-hydroxyketones without loss of enantiopurity. The reaction proceeded smoothly even at a tertiary carbon. Th

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8

Guthrie, J. Peter, and John Cossar. "The chlorination of propiophenone; determination of pKa value and of the course of the reaction." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 11 (1990): 2060–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-315.

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Chlorination of propiophenone in alkaline aqueous solution leads to formation of α-hydroxypropiophenone as the first detectable intermediate; this undergoes slower oxidation to aromatic acids without any accumulation of further intermediates. From the rates of the initial chlorination we have been able to determine the pKa value as 17.56 ± 0.51. Keywords: propiophenone, chlorination, hydrolysis, rearrangement, pKa.

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9

Karama, Usama. "One-pot synthesis of (E)-α-chloro-α,β-unsaturated esters". Journal of Chemical Research 2009, № 7 (2009): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823409x460678.

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Chlorination of a phosphonate anion derived in situ from methyl bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphonoacetate 2 followed by the addition of aldehydes constitutes a stereoselective single flask procedure for the preparation of E-configured α-chloro-α,β-unsaturated esters.

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10

Webster, W. "The chlorination of α-chloroethylbenzene. II". Journal of Applied Chemistry 3, № 8 (2007): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010030803.

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11

Peng, Menglin, Yunhua Xie, Siyu Song, et al. "NBS-Mediated C(sp2)-H Bond Chlorination of Enaminones: Using DCE as Chlorine Source." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 22 (2024): 12073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212073.

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Commercial DCE is excavated as both a “Cl” source and a solvent for the vinyl C(sp2)-H chlorination. The strategy involves a metal-free NBS-mediated C(sp2)-H chlorination of enaminones, and affords diverse, functionalized α-chlorinated enaminones with a Z-configuration. This mild and effective approach not only advances the vinyl C(sp2)-H chlorination, employing DCE as the “Cl” source, but also provides a new strategy for accessing chlorinated enaminone derivatives.

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12

Kitahara, Kazumasa, Haruna Mizutani, Seiji Iwasa та Kazutaka Shibatomi. "Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Chloro-α-halo Ketones by Decarboxylative Chlorination of α-Halo-β-ketocarboxylic Acids". Synthesis 51, № 23 (2019): 4385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690009.

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Chiral α-chloro-α-fluoro ketones were synthesized by enantioselective decarboxylative chlorination of α-chloro-β-ketocarboxylic acids in the presence of a chiral amine catalyst. The reaction yielded the corresponding α-chloro-α-fluoro ketones with moderate-to-high enantioselectivity (up to 90% ee). The method was also applied to the synthesis of α-bromo-α-chloro ketones with 90% ee.

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13

Chen, Tao, Rui Peng, Wenxin Hu, and Fu-Min Zhang. "Iron(iii) chloride hexahydrate-promoted selective hydroxylation and chlorination of benzyl ketone derivatives for the construction of hetero-quaternary scaffolds." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 41 (2016): 9859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob01733a.

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A tunable α-hydroxylation/α-chlorination of benzylketone derivatives for the construction of hetero-quaternary units has been developed by iron(iii) chloride hexahydrate-mediated selective transformations.

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14

Mikołajczyk, Marian, Wanda H. Midura, Sławomir Grzejszczak та ін. "α-Phosphoryl sulfoxides VIII. Stereochemistry of α-chlorination of α-phosphoryl sulfoxides". Tetrahedron 50, № 27 (1994): 8053–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85289-3.

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15

Braga, Paulo F. A., Caroline R. dos S. Brigido, Camila P. Pinto, Silvia C. A. França та Gustavo D. Rosales. "Extracting Lithium from Brazilian α-Spodumene via Chlorination Roasting". Mining 5, № 1 (2025): 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining5010019.

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The lithium market has been expanding due to the high demand for lithium-ion batteries, which are essential for electric and hybrid vehicles as well as portable devices. This has driven the search for new lithium ore deposits and the development of more efficient extraction and processing technologies. The main methods used for lithium extraction from hard rock ores include the acid process, the alkaline process, and chlorination roasting. This study investigated a chlorination process applied to α-spodumene extracted in Brazil for lithium chloride (LiCl) production. The ore underwent thermal

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16

France, Stefan, Harald Wack, Andrew E. Taggi та ін. "Catalytic, Asymmetric α-Chlorination of Acid Halides". Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, № 13 (2004): 4245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja039046t.

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17

Armesto, X. L., M. L. Canle та J. A. Santaballa. "α-amino acids chlorination in aqueous media". Tetrahedron 49, № 1 (1993): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)80525-1.

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18

Halland, Nis, Alan Braunton, Stephan Bachmann, Mauro Marigo та Karl Anker Jørgensen. "Direct Organocatalytic Asymmetric α-Chlorination of Aldehydes". Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, № 15 (2004): 4790–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja049231m.

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19

Shibatomi, Kazutaka, та Akira Narayama. "Catalytic Enantioselective α-Chlorination of Carbonyl Compounds". Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry 2, № 10 (2013): 812–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajoc.201300058.

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20

Ma, Junma, Takumi Suzuki, Satoru Kuwano та Takayoshi Arai. "Catalytic Asymmetric Chlorination of β-Ketoesters Using N-PFB-PyBidine-Zn(OAc)2". Catalysts 10, № 10 (2020): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101177.

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A PyBidine-Zn(OAc)2 complex catalyzed asymmetric chlorination of β-ketoesters. With assistance of NaHCO3, a newly developed N-pentafluorobenzyl-PyBidine (N-PFB-PyBidine)-Zn(OAc)2 catalyst promoted the reaction of α-benzyl-β-ketoesters with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) to give the chlorinated products with up to 82% ee. Results of a mechanistic study suggested that zinc-enolate of β-ketoesters was formed on the basic (N-PFB-PyBidine)-Zn(OAc)2 catalyst. The α-chlorinated-β-ketoester was successfully transformed into the chiral epoxide through sequential asymmetric chlorination/cyano-epoxidation in

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21

Zhang, Yuhan, Xuesong Zhao, Baoyue Shang, et al. "Study on mechanism and kinetics of iron removal by chlorination roasting of coal gangue." Metallurgical Research & Technology 121, no. 2 (2024): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2024013.

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Utilizing the abundant kaolin resources within coal gangue is economically beneficial, although the iron-containing phase in the minerals hampers the value of its utilization. In the present study, CaCl2 served as the chlorination agent for iron removal from coal gangue through chlorination roasting. The study revealed that when the roasting temperature is below 800 °C, CaCl2 decomposes into HCl and reacts with the iron content to form chloride, which then volatilizes. Comparatively, when the roasting temperature exceeds 800 °C, CaCl2 will decompose to produce HCl and Cl2 to accelerate the vol

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22

Langler, RF, and JL Steeves. "Sulfonyl Esters. V. A Preparation of Dichloromethyl Sulfones." Australian Journal of Chemistry 47, no. 8 (1994): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9941641.

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23

Hiegel, Gene A., Diane Dutton Faher, Justin C. Lewis, Tan Duc Tran, Gregory G. Hobson та Farhad Farokhi. "α‐Chlorination of Carboxylic Acids Using Trichloroisocyanuric Acid". Synthetic Communications 34, № 5 (2004): 889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/scc-120028361.

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24

Brummond, Kay M., та Kirsten D. Gesenberg. "α-Chlorination of ketones using p-toluenesulfonyl chloride". Tetrahedron Letters 40, № 12 (1999): 2231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00213-0.

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25

Brochu, Michael P., Sean P. Brown та David W. C. MacMillan. "Direct and Enantioselective Organocatalytic α-Chlorination of Aldehydes". Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, № 13 (2004): 4108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja049562z.

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26

Marigo, Mauro, Stephan Bachmann, Nis Halland, Alan Braunton та Karl Anker Jørgensen. "Highly Enantioselective Direct Organocatalytic α-Chlorination of Ketones". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43, № 41 (2004): 5507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200460462.

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27

Marigo, Mauro, Stephan Bachmann, Nis Halland, Alan Braunton та Karl Anker Jørgensen. "Highly Enantioselective Direct Organocatalytic α-Chlorination of Ketones". Angewandte Chemie 116, № 41 (2004): 5623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200460462.

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28

MIKOLAJCZYK, M., W. H. MIDURA, S. GRZEJSZCZAK та ін. "ChemInform Abstract: α-Phosphoryl Sulfoxides. Part 8. Stereochemistry of α- Chlorination of α-Phosphoryl Sulfoxides." ChemInform 25, № 50 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199450178.

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29

Kajigaeshi, Shoji, Takaaki Kakinami, Masayuki Moriwaki, Shizuo Fujisaki, Kimihiro Maeno та Tsuyoshi Okamoto. "α-Chlorination of Aromatic Acetyl Derivatives with Benzyltrimethylammonium Dichloroiodate". Synthesis 1988, № 07 (1988): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1988-27633.

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30

Xu, Zijin, Deyan Zhang, та Xinzhuo Zou. "α‐Chlorination of Acetophenones Using 1,3‐Dichloro‐5,5‐Dimethylhydantoin". Synthetic Communications 36, № 2 (2006): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397910500334637.

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31

Kordik, Cheryl P., та Allen B. Reitz. "Unexpected α-Chlorination of Tertiary Enaminones using Benzyltrimethylammonium Dichloroiodate". Journal of Organic Chemistry 61, № 16 (1996): 5644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo9606214.

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32

Shibatomi, Kazutaka, та Akira Narayama. "ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective α-chlorination of Carbonyl Compounds." ChemInform 45, № 8 (2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201408263.

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33

Nikishin, Gennady I., Nadezhda I. Kapustina, Lyubov' L. Sokova, Oleg V. Bityukov та Alexander O. Terent'ev. "H2O2/HCl system: Oxidation-chlorination of secondary alcohols to α,α′-dichloro ketones". Tetrahedron Letters 61, № 31 (2020): 152154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152154.

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34

Cho, Eunjeong, Myungjin Kim, Aravindan Jayaraman, Jimin Kim та Sunwoo Lee. "Synthesis of α,α-Dichloroketones through Sequential Reaction of Decarboxylative Coupling and Chlorination". European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2018, № 6 (2018): 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201701640.

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35

Zhang, Xuan, Zikuan Wang, Jun Gao, and Wenjian Liu. "Chlorination versus hydroxylation selectivity mediated by the non-heme iron halogenase WelO5." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 16 (2020): 8699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp00791a.

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O<sub>2</sub> activation in WelO5 (an α-KG dependent halogenase) leads to a Fe(IV)O species with an equatorial conformation. After hydrogen abstraction, the hydroxyl ligand is far from the substrate radical which leads to the chlorination selectivity

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36

Stamhuis, Eize J., Henk Maatman, Henk Stinissen, and Geert E. H. Joosten. "Reactions of alicyclic ketones in carbon tetrachloride. I, The kinetics of the chlorination of cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone catalyzed by hydrogen chloride." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 9 (1986): 1681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-277.

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The kinetics of the direct chlorination of cyclopentanone (cp) and cyclohexanone (ch) in carbon tetrachloride, catalyzed by hydrogen chloride, was studied. The rate of chlorination, measured by flow and stopped-flow techniques, is zero order in chlorine; the order in cp and ch increases from 1 at [cp] and [ch] of 0.01 M concentration to 2 at concentrations of 1 M. This is explained by self-association of the ketones in carbon tetrachloride solutions. The order in hydrogen chloride is 1. Since this compound is one of the products, the reaction is autocatalytic. Deuterium isotope effects and the

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37

O'Connell, Jenny L., Jamie S. Simpson, Paul G. Dumanski, Gregory W. Simpson та Christopher J. Easton. "Aromatic chlorination of ω-phenylalkylamines and ω-phenylalkylamides in carbon tetrachloride and α,α,α-trifluorotoluene". Org. Biomol. Chem. 4, № 14 (2006): 2716–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b605010g.

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38

Bellesia, Franco, Monica Boni, Franco Ghelfi та Ugo M. Pagnoni. "Methyl α,α-dichloro-esters by oxidation-chlorination of cyclic acetals with trichloroisocyanuric acid". Tetrahedron Letters 35, № 18 (1994): 2961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76672-x.

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39

Çimen, Yasemin, Seçkin Akyüz та Hayrettin Türk. "Facile, efficient, and environmentally friendly α- and aromatic regioselective chlorination of toluene using KHSO5 and KCl under catalyst-free conditions". New Journal of Chemistry 39, № 5 (2015): 3894–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj00118h.

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40

Yoon, Yong-Jin, Yong-Dae Park, Jeum-Jong Kim, Su-Dong Cho, Sang-Gyeong Lee та J. Russell Falck. "2-Chloropyridazin-3(2H)-ones as Electrophilic Chlorinating Agents: Effective α-Chlorination of Active Methylene/Methine Compounds". Synthesis, № 7 (2005): 1136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-861845.

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41

Kim, Kyoung Mahn, Kun Hoe Chung, Jae Nyoung Kim та Eung K. Ryu. "A Facile Synthesis of α-Chloro Enones by Oxidative Chlorination". Synthesis 1993, № 03 (1993): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1993-25846.

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42

Pashkevich, Kazimir I., Victor I. Saloutin та Maksim B. Bobrov. "The electrophilic thionation and chlorination of polyfluorinated α-Keto esters". Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 41, № 3 (1988): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(00)81042-8.

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43

Cheh, Albert M. "Mutagen production by chlorination of methylated α,β-unsaturated ketones". Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology 169, № 1-2 (1986): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(86)90010-8.

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44

Brummond, Kay M., та Kirsten D. Gesenberg. "ChemInform Abstract: α-Chlorination of Ketones Using p-Toluenesulfonyl Chloride." ChemInform 30, № 25 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199925057.

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45

Nuraini, Iftihatun, and Hening Darpito. "PENGARUH PEMBUBUHAN KAPORIT TERHADAP PARAMETER PH DAN AMONIA EFFLUENT PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH RUMAH SAKIT." JURNAL TECHLINK 2, no. 1 (2023): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.59134/jtnk.v2i1.485.

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Water pollution from hospitals comes from waste water; one of the parameters that disturbs aesthetics is ammonia. Ammonia comes from the process of reforming amino acids by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. One of the ammonia treatment is the chlorination method. The purpose of this study was to reduce the ammonia level of hospital wastewater using the chlorination method. Chlorination is used using hypochlorous acid (HOCl-) or chlorine. The chlorine dose used in the study was 2 mg / l, 4 mg / l, 6 mg / l, 8 mg / l and 10 mg / l. Data analysis using Complete Randomized Design using one way ANOVA

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46

Fosu, Allen Yushark, Ndue Kanari, James Vaughan, and Alexandre Chagnes. "Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene." Metals 10, no. 10 (2020): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10101312.

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This review adds to the public domain literature on the extraction of lithium from mineral ores. The focus is on the pyrometallurgical pre-treatment of spodumene. Information on the phase transformation from α to β, the heat treatment methods as well as the behavior of various compounds in the roasting processes are evaluated. Insight into the chemical thermodynamics of the baking process is evaluated using HSC Chemistry software up to 1200 °C. It was observed that the alkaline, sulfation, chlorination (using Cl2 and CaCl2), carbonizing (to form Li2CO3) and fluorination processes were feasible

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47

Murphy, Graham, та Keith Coffey. "Dichlorination of α-Diazo-β-dicarbonyls Using (Dichloroiodo)benzene". Synlett 26, № 08 (2015): 1003–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1380304.

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α-Diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were chlorinated using (dichloro)iodobenzene and an activating catalyst. A broad range of reaction rates was observed, which paralleled the relative stability/nucleophilicity of the diazo compounds. Acyclic diazocarbonyls reacted faster than cyclics, and β-diketones were much faster to react than β-keto esters or β-diesters. Lewis acid activation was used for the first time, allowing us to overcome instances of poor chemoselectivity. Though the yields ranged from low to good, this chlorination reaction has again proven a mild and effective halogenation strategy.

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48

Huang, Qi Mao, Jing Jing Huang, Hong Zhou, Zhi Quan Pan та Ru An Chi. "Synthesis and Application of α-Chloro Oleic Acid Monoester Floating Collector". Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (травень 2011): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.596.

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Novel floatation collector for phosphate ore, α-chloro oleic acid monoester of tartaric acid, was synthesized by steps of chlorination, acylation, esterification with oleic acid as raw material. The flotation properties for a low-grade collophanite in Hubei were evaluated. Result showed that novel collector had better performance than common fatty acid collector by less dosage. Its further application and promotion is significant for reducing the mineral processing cost of low-grade phosphate rocks.

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49

Chênevert, Robert, and Guy Ampleman. "Chloration de l'acétanilide et de la benzanilide en présence des cyclodextrines et de l'amylose." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 2 (1987): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-051.

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The ratio of ortho to para isomers in chlorination of acetanilide and benzanilide is changed in favour of the para isomer when the reactants are entrapped in cyclodextrins or amylose. The dissociation constant and the time-averaged position of acetanilide in the α-cyclodextrin cavity have been determined by proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

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De Buyck, L., F. Casaert, C. De Lepeleire та N. Schamp. "α,α-Dichloroaldehydes and α,α-Dichlorocarboxylic Acids from Long Chain 1-Alkanols. Improved Chlorination in the System DMF-CHCl3-MgCl21". Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 97, № 7 (2010): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19880970708.

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