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Journal articles on the topic 'Chlorination of Ketones'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Stamhuis, Eize J., Henk Maatman, and Geert E. H. Joosten. "Reactions of alicyclic ketones in carbon tetrachloride. II. Kinetics of the chlorination of 2-chlorocyclopentanone and 2-chlorocyclohexanone, catalyzed by hydrogen chloride." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 9 (1986): 1690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-278.

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The kinetics of the direct chlorination of 2-chlorocyclopentanone (2-mccp) and 2-chlorocyclohexanone (2-mcch) in carbon tetrachloride, catalyzed by hydrogen chloride, were studied. Reaction products are all the possible 2,2-, 2,5-, and 2,6-dichloro compounds. The ratios depend on the concentrations of the monochloro compound and hydrogen chloride. Surprisingly, even at conversions of the monochloro compound as low as 2%, 2,2,5-trichlorocyclopentanone and 2,2,6-trichlorocyclohexanone, respectively, are also formed. The chlorination reaction of both monochloro ketones shows zero order in chlorin

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2

Haynes, RK, SC Vonwiller, JP Stokes та LM Merlino. "The Preparation of Some β-Sulfonylacrylate Thioesters and β-Sulfonylvinyl Ketones". Australian Journal of Chemistry 41, № 6 (1988): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9880881.

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β- Sulfonylacrylate phenyl and t-butyl thioesters , and β- sulfonylvinyl ketones have been prepared by oxidation of the corresponding β-aryl- and β-alkyl- thio compounds. In one case the β- sulfonylvinyl ketone was obtained from an epoxy sulfone . The β-aryl- and β-alkyl- thio compounds were obtained by chlorination- dehydrochlorination of saturated precursors. The reactions of 3-( phenylthio ) propionyl chloride with organocadmium and Grignard reagents were used to prepare some of the saturated precursors of the β- sulfonylvinyl ketones.

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3

Stamhuis, Eize J., Henk Maatman, Henk Stinissen, and Geert E. H. Joosten. "Reactions of alicyclic ketones in carbon tetrachloride. I, The kinetics of the chlorination of cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone catalyzed by hydrogen chloride." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 9 (1986): 1681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-277.

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The kinetics of the direct chlorination of cyclopentanone (cp) and cyclohexanone (ch) in carbon tetrachloride, catalyzed by hydrogen chloride, was studied. The rate of chlorination, measured by flow and stopped-flow techniques, is zero order in chlorine; the order in cp and ch increases from 1 at [cp] and [ch] of 0.01 M concentration to 2 at concentrations of 1 M. This is explained by self-association of the ketones in carbon tetrachloride solutions. The order in hydrogen chloride is 1. Since this compound is one of the products, the reaction is autocatalytic. Deuterium isotope effects and the

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4

Kitahara, Kazumasa, Haruna Mizutani, Seiji Iwasa та Kazutaka Shibatomi. "Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Chloro-α-halo Ketones by Decarboxylative Chlorination of α-Halo-β-ketocarboxylic Acids". Synthesis 51, № 23 (2019): 4385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690009.

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Chiral α-chloro-α-fluoro ketones were synthesized by enantioselective decarboxylative chlorination of α-chloro-β-ketocarboxylic acids in the presence of a chiral amine catalyst. The reaction yielded the corresponding α-chloro-α-fluoro ketones with moderate-to-high enantioselectivity (up to 90% ee). The method was also applied to the synthesis of α-bromo-α-chloro ketones with 90% ee.

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5

Švec, Petr. "Chlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in acidic aqueous medium." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, no. 8 (1985): 1842–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19851842.

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The course of chlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (I) in water and approximately 20% sulfuric and hydrochloric acids has been investigated. In all these media the reaction gives primarily 2,4,6,6-tetrachloro-2,4-cyclohexadienone (II) which is subsequently chlorinated under formation of polychlorinated alicyclic ketones or isomerized to give the more stable 2,4,6,6-tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadienone (III), the precursor of further arising chlorinated 1,4-benzoquinones. The ratio of the arising polychlorinated alicyclic ketones to chlorinated 1,4-benzoquinones is significantly influenced by conc

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6

Hiegel, Gene A., and Kim B. Peyton. "Chlorination of Ketones with Trichloroisocyanuric Acid." Synthetic Communications 15, no. 5 (1985): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397918508063816.

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7

Gordon, JLM, MP Hartshorn, RJ Martyn, WT Robinson, and GJ Wright. "The Mechanism and Stereochemistry of Chlorination of 2,4-Dichloro-3,,5,6-trimethylphenol and 2,4-Dichloro-3,6-dimethylphenol." Australian Journal of Chemistry 47, no. 2 (1994): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9940279.

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Electrophilic attack of chlorine on 2,4,6-trichloro-3,5,6-trimethylcyclohexa-2,4-dienone (2a) gives the trans-pentachloro ketones (3a) and (4a), while similar reaction of 2,4,6-trichloro-3,6-dimethylcyclohexa-2,4-dienone (2b) gives the trans- pentachloro ketones (3b) and (4b), resulting from 2,5- and 4,5-addition of chlorine. The probable stereochemistry of chlorine addition in ketones (3b) and (4b) is determined by chlorination of 2,4-dibromo-3,6-dimethylphenol (6). X-Ray crystal structures are reported for compounds (3a,b), (7) and (8).

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8

Guthrie, J. Peter, John Cossar, and Jinqiao Lu. "Dihydroxyacids from the chlorination of ketones: an unexpected process." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 12 (1991): 1904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-275.

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Chlorination of propiophenone in aqueous alkali at room temperature, with low concentrations of hypochlorite, leads to 2-phenylglyceric acid as the major product. This acid is formed by further oxidation of 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione, which is an intermediate in the oxidation of propiophenone. Formation of this acid is reasonable in the light of other halogenation chemistry. Analogous reactions are observed for butyrophenone, which yields 2,3-dihydroxy-2-phenylbutanoic acid, and for cycloheptanone, which yields 1,2-dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid. Key words: 2-phenylglyceric acid, propiophe

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9

Liu, Xingchao, Lu Wang, and Jianping Zou. "Mn(III)-Mediated Chlorination of Conjugated Ketones." Chinese Journal of Chemistry 29, no. 10 (2011): 2097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.201180363.

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10

Hartshorn, MP, MC Judd, and WT Robinson. "The Chlorination of 2-Tert-Butyl-4,6-Dimethylphenol and 2,6-Di-Tert-Butyl-4-Methylphenol. The Formation of 5,6-Dichloro-4-Methylenecyclohex-2-Enones." Australian Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 12 (1986): 2121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9862121.

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The chlorination in acetic acid of 2-t-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol (1) gives two chloromethylene compounds (4) and (5), and trichloro ketones (6) and (7). In contrast, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (2) gives six chlorination products (14)-(19). The notable feature of the reactions is the modification of the 4-methyl groups of the phenols (1) and (2). The modes of formation of all reaction products are described. X-ray structure determinations are reported for compounds (5),(6),(15),(17), (19) and (21).

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11

Brummond, Kay M., та Kirsten D. Gesenberg. "α-Chlorination of ketones using p-toluenesulfonyl chloride". Tetrahedron Letters 40, № 12 (1999): 2231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00213-0.

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12

Marigo, Mauro, Stephan Bachmann, Nis Halland, Alan Braunton та Karl Anker Jørgensen. "Highly Enantioselective Direct Organocatalytic α-Chlorination of Ketones". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43, № 41 (2004): 5507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200460462.

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13

Marigo, Mauro, Stephan Bachmann, Nis Halland, Alan Braunton та Karl Anker Jørgensen. "Highly Enantioselective Direct Organocatalytic α-Chlorination of Ketones". Angewandte Chemie 116, № 41 (2004): 5623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200460462.

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14

Zenkevich, Igor G., Eugene V. Eliseenkov, Alexander N. Kasatochkin, Zoya A. Zhakovskaya, and Larissa O. Khoroshko. "Gas chromatographic identification of chlorination products of aliphatic ketones." Journal of Chromatography A 1218, no. 21 (2011): 3291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.056.

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15

Reyes, Julius R., and Viresh H. Rawal. "Reductive Chlorination and Bromination of Ketones via Trityl Hydrazones." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55, no. 9 (2016): 3077–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201510909.

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16

Liu, Xingchao, Lu Wang, and Jianping Zou. "ChemInform Abstract: Mn(III)-Mediated Chlorination of Conjugated Ketones." ChemInform 43, no. 10 (2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201210082.

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17

Reyes, Julius R., and Viresh H. Rawal. "Reductive Chlorination and Bromination of Ketones via Trityl Hydrazones." Angewandte Chemie 128, no. 9 (2016): 3129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201510909.

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18

Chen, Xiaowei, Siying Chong, Ganggang Du, et al. "Diacetoxyiodobenzene Promoted Chlorination of Silyl Enol Ether of Aryl Ketones." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 36, no. 5 (2016): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc201511041.

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19

Cheh, Albert M. "Mutagen production by chlorination of methylated α,β-unsaturated ketones". Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology 169, № 1-2 (1986): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(86)90010-8.

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20

Shan, Gang, Gui-Yi Huang, Yu Rao, and Hui Zhang. "Palladium-catalyzed ortho-selective CH bond chlorination of aromatic ketones." Chinese Chemical Letters 26, no. 10 (2015): 1236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2015.07.011.

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21

Brummond, Kay M., та Kirsten D. Gesenberg. "ChemInform Abstract: α-Chlorination of Ketones Using p-Toluenesulfonyl Chloride." ChemInform 30, № 25 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199925057.

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22

Hartshorn, MP, AD Roddick, PJ Steel, and GJ Wright. "The Chlorination of 2-t-Butyl-4-chloro-6-methylphenol. Some Reactions of Chlorine and Nitrogen Dioxide With 6-Chlorocyclohexa-2,4-dienones Derived From 2-t-Butyl-4-chloro-6-methylphenol." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 4 (1992): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9920721.

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Chlorinations of 2-t-butyl-4-chloro-6-methylphenol(10) and of the mixture of 4,6-dichlorocyclo-hexa-2,ddienones (11) and (12) give the tetrachloro ketones (13)-(15). Reaction of the dichlorocyclohexa-2,4-dienone mixture with nitrogen dioxide gives predominantly dichloro dinitro ketones (17) which rearrange on chromatography to yield the hydroxy dienone (21). X-Ray crystal structures are reported for compounds (13)-(15), (20) and (21).

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23

Glaser, Julius, and Imre Toth. "Novel regioselective chlorination of aliphatic ketones via mono-organothallium(III) derivatives." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 17 (1986): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39860001336.

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24

Prebil, Rok, та Stojan Stavber. "The α-Chlorination of Aryl Methyl Ketones under Aerobic Oxidative Conditions". Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 356, № 6 (2014): 1266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsc.201301012.

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25

BORAH, P., and P. CHOWDHURY. "ChemInform Abstract: Manganese Mediated Stereospecific Chlorination of Steroidal Olefins and Ketones." ChemInform 28, no. 12 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199712181.

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26

Hartshorn, MP, KA Hayman, RJ Martyn, et al. "The Chlorination of 4-Chloro-2,3,6-trimethylphenol. Some Addition-Reactions of 4,6-Dichlorocyclohexa-2,4-dienones." Australian Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 10 (1990): 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9901729.

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Reaction of a mixture of 6-chlorocyclohexa-2,4-dienones (4) and (5) with chlorine in acetic acid gives the tetrachloro ketones (2) and (3), the major products of chlorination of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol (1a) or 4-chloro-2,3,6-trimethylphenol (1b). Reactions of this mixture of 6- chlorocyclohexa-2,4-dienones (4) and (5) in acetic acid with chlorine acetate, chlorine, chlorine in the presence of sodium acetate, and in benzene with nitrogen dioxide are described. -Ray crystal structure determinations are reported for compounds (3), (6)-(8) and (11)-(13).

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27

Gupta, Arvind K., Jyotiranjan Acharya Deepak Pardasani, and Devendra K. Dubey. "N,N′-Dichlorobis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)urea (CC-2): An Efficient Reagent for Conversion of Oximes to Ketones." Journal of Chemical Research 2007, no. 7 (2007): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823407x218093.

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A method for the rapid conversion of oximes into the corresponding carbonyl compounds using N,N′-dichlorobis (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)urea (CC-2) at room temperature is described. The method is economical as the solid byproduct bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)urea could be removed by filtration and recycled after re-chlorination.

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28

Fraser, Robert R., and Fanzuo Kong. "The Chlorination of Ketones Using Trimeihylchlorosilane and Dimetwylsulfoxide With Bromide Ion Catalysis." Synthetic Communications 18, no. 10 (1988): 1071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397918808060892.

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29

Nikishin, Gennady I., Nadezhda I. Kapustina, Lyubov' L. Sokova, Oleg V. Bityukov та Alexander O. Terent'ev. "H2O2/HCl system: Oxidation-chlorination of secondary alcohols to α,α′-dichloro ketones". Tetrahedron Letters 61, № 31 (2020): 152154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152154.

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30

Prebil, Rok, та Stojan Stavber. "ChemInform Abstract: The α-Chlorination of Aryl Methyl Ketones under Aerobic Oxidative Conditions." ChemInform 45, № 37 (2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201437046.

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31

Gordon, JLM, MP Hartshorn, RJ Martyn, WT Robinson, and GJ Wright. "The Mechanism and Stereochemistry of Chlorination of Some 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenols; X-Ray Crystal Structures of Some Polyhalo Ketones." Australian Journal of Chemistry 47, no. 6 (1994): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9941071.

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The additions of chlorine to the 2,4,6-trichloro-5,6-dimethyl- (7a) and 2,4,6-trichloro-6-methyl- (7b) cyclohexa-2,4-dienones to give pentachlorocyclohexenones (8)-(11) are described. The stereochemistry of some of these additions has been determined from structural studies of the chlorination products of the 2,4-dibromophenols (12). X-Ray crystal structure determinations are reported for compounds (11b), (18), (20) and (23).

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32

Mammadov, E. I., V. A. Huseynova, S. T. Mekhtieva, and S. Q. Ismayilova. "NEW SYNTHESIS OF 3- AND 1,3-PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES BASED ON 1-CYCLOALKYL-2,3-DICHLORO-1-PROPANONES." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 4 (December 8, 2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2022-4-89-94.

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1-Cycloalkyl-2-propene-1-ones were synthesized by electrophilic addition of cycloalkanecarboxylic acid chlorides and its mono- and dichloride-substituted derivatives to ethylene in the presence of an AlCl3 catalyst at a temperature of –10 ÷ –150C in a dichloroethane medium. The resulting vinyl ketones were converted by chlorination in CCl4 at –50C to the corresponding 1-cycloalkyl-2,3-dichloro-1-propanones, which form 1-R´-3-cycloalkylpyrazoles with hydrazine and phenylhydrazine in ethanol or toluene. The structure of the obtained pyrazoles was confirmed by the data of IR and H1NMR spectra and

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33

Roy, Subhas Chandra, Kalyan Kumar Rana, Chandrani Guin та Biplab Banerjee. "Ceric ammonium nitrate catalyzed mild and efficient α-chlorination of ketones by acetyl chloride". Arkivoc 2003, № 9 (2004): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0004.905.

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34

Heasley, Victor L., Stephen L. Elliott, Paul E. Erdman та ін. "Chlorination of α,β-unsaturated ketones and esters in the presence of acid scavengers". J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, № 3 (1991): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p29910000393.

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35

Yakabe, Shigetaka, Masao Hirano та Takashi Morimoto. "α-Chlorination of Ketones with Sodium Chlorite, Mn(acac)3, and Alumina in Dichloromethane". Synthetic Communications 28, № 1 (1998): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397919808005082.

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36

Guthrie, J. Peter, and John Cossar. "The chlorination of isobutyrophenone: determination of its pKa value and of the course of the reaction." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 3 (1990): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-061.

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Chlorination of isobutyrophenone in alkaline aqueous solution leads to formation of α-hydroxyisobutyrophenone as the first detectable intermediate; a slow subsequent oxidation gives benzoate. From the rates of the initial chlorinations we have been able to determine the pKa value for the ketone as 18.18 ± 0.50. α-Chloroisobutyrophenone undergoes surprisingly rapid alkaline hydrolysis, kOH = 71.9 ± 1.5 M−1 s−1. Keywords: isobutyrophenone, chlorination, enolization, pKa, hydrolysis.

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37

Sugita, Toshio, Hiroshi Ito, Akihiko Nakajima та ін. "Chlorination of Acyclic β-Diketones. Formation and Stability of β-Chloro-β,γ-unsaturated Ketones". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 60, № 2 (1987): 721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.60.721.

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38

Chan Lee, Jong, та Hyun Jung Park. "Efficient α‐Chlorination of Aryl Ketones Using Aluminum Chloride/Urea–Hydrogen Peroxide in Ionic Liquid". Synthetic Communications 36, № 6 (2006): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397910500449641.

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39

Tsuruta, Takehiko, Tetsuya Harada, Hiroshi Nishino та Kazu Kurosawa. "The α-Chlorination of Aryl Ketones with Manganese(III) Acetate in the Presence of Chloride Ion". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 58, № 1 (1985): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.58.142.

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40

Zenkevich, I. G., E. V. Eliseenkov, A. N. Kasatochkin, Z. A. Zhakovskaya, and L. O. Khoroshko. "Identification of the chlorination products of aliphatic ketones by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Chemistry 66, no. 4 (2011): 396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061934811040174.

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41

HEASLEY, V. L., S. L. ELLIOTT, P. E. ERDMAN та ін. "ChemInform Abstract: Chlorination of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones and Esters in the Presence of Acid Scavengers." ChemInform 22, № 24 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199124093.

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42

YAKABE, S., M. HIRANO та T. MORIMOTO. "ChemInform Abstract: α-Chlorination of Ketones with Sodium Chlorite, Mn(acac)3, and Alumina in Dichloromethane." ChemInform 29, № 21 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199821059.

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43

Rigas, Fotis, and Danae Doulia. "Spectrophotometric determination of iron (III) catalyst in organic compound chlorinations." Technium Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 3, no. 8 (2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v3i8.4399.

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In the science or industrial practice of chemical processes, iron (III) is sometimes used as a catalyst in organic compound chlorinations due to its effectiveness and low cost. Thus, a fast and easy method of determination in the system is useful especially when metallic iron is used as a precursor which is readily converted into iron (III) chloride by the gaseous chlorine used in the chlorination reactor. In the latter case, the determination of the produced catalytically effective iron (III) is a prerequisite for controlling the kinetic progress of chlorination. In this work, a method for th

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44

Roh, ShiYoung, and Joseph W. Bruno. "Oxidative chlorination of aldehydes and ketones by molybdenum(IV): a synthetic route to molybdenum(III) halide complexes." Inorganic Chemistry 25, no. 17 (1986): 3105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00237a038.

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45

Zhou, Zhong Shi, Li Li та Xue Han He. "A simple and convenient method for direct α-chlorination of ketones with ammonium chloride and Oxone®". Chinese Chemical Letters 23, № 11 (2012): 1213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2012.09.014.

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46

Wei, Han-Xun, Sun Hee Kim, Thomas D. Caputo, David W. Purkiss та Guigen Li. "Highly Stereoselective α-Hydroxyalkylation/Chlorination of α,β-Acetylenic Ketones—An Efficient Approach to β-Halogeno Baylis–Hillman Adducts". Tetrahedron 56, № 16 (2000): 2397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00151-4.

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47

Zhou, Zhong Shi, Li Li та Xue Han He. "ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Convenient Method for Direct α-Chlorination of Ketones with Ammonium Chloride and Oxone®." ChemInform 44, № 14 (2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201314043.

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48

Wei, Han-Xun, Sun Hee Kim, Thomas D. Caputo, David W. Purkiss та Guigen Li. "ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereoselective α-Hydroxyalkylation/Chlorination of α,β-Acetylenic Ketones. An Efficient Approach to β-Halogeno Baylis-Hillman Adducts." ChemInform 31, № 30 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200030044.

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49

Calvert, JL, MP Hartshorn, WT Robinson, and GJ Wright. "The Chlorination of 4-Methylbenzene-1,2-diamine: the Formation of 2,3,4,5,5-Pentachloro-6,6-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohex-2-enone Hydrate and Some Transformation Products." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 2 (1992): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9920361.

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Chlorination of 4-methylbenzene-1,2-diamine gives the pentachloro ketone (3) which, on treatment with base, is converted mainly into the hydroxy acid (4). Methylated derivatives (5) and (6), and an unexpected transformation product of the hydroxy acid (4) are described. The chlorination of tetrachlorocatechol (8) gives the hexachloro ketone (9). X-Ray crystal structure determinations are reported for compounds (3)-(7) and (9).

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Zhang, Ai, Xinyuan Jiang, Qiancheng Wang, et al. "Assessment of Glucocorticoid Removal by UVA/Chlorination and Ozonation: Performance Comparison in Kinetics, Degradation Pathway, and Toxicity." Water 14, no. 16 (2022): 2493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162493.

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Abstract:

Glucocorticoids (GCs) have drawn great concern due to widespread contamination in the environment and application in treating COVID-19. This work aimed to compare the performance of UVA/chlorination and ozonation on GC removal in terms of removal efficiency, degradation pathway, and toxicity change, with fluocinolone acetonide (FA), triamcinolone acetonide (TA), and clobetasol propionate (CP) as target compounds. The results showed that both UVA/chlorination and ozonation could degrade GCs. Compared with UVA/chlorination (removal efficiency of 89% for FA, 86% for TA, and 90% for CP at 7 h), oz

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