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Journal articles on the topic 'Chlorine radicals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Taniguchi, Tsuyoshi. "Recent Advances in Reactions of Heteroatom-Centered Radicals." Synthesis 49, no. 16 (2017): 3511–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588481.

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Heteroatom-centered radicals show versatile reactivity and offer useful synthetic methods in organic chemistry. The development of new approaches for forming heteroatom-centered radicals has recently expanded the practicality of radical chemistry for synthesis. This review focuses on recent advances in reactions of representative heteroatom-centered radicals.1 Introduction2 Group 17 Elements: Chlorine and Bromine Radicals3 Group 15 and Group 16 Elements3.1 Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Centered Radicals3.2 Phosphorus- and Sulfur-Centered Radicals3.3 Other Radicals4 Group 14 Elements: Silicon-Centered R

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2

Rehorek, Detlef, Edward G. Janzen, and Yashige Kotake. "On the spin trapping of chlorine atoms. Competition from chloride ions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 7 (1991): 1131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-167.

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Chlorine atoms generated by photolysis of hexachloroethane add to C-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) to form persistent spin adducts that are readily detectable by EPR spectroscopy. The presence of chloride ions reduces spin adduct formation competitively. Chlorine atoms also react with tetraphenylarsenium ions to liberate phenyl radicals by radical replacement. Key words: EPR, spin trapping, C-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone, PBN, photolysis, chlorine atoms, tetraphenylarsenium ion, hexachloroethane.

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3

Ngai, Ming-Yu, Arghya Banerjee, and Zhen Lei. "Acyl Radical Chemistry via Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis." Synthesis 51, no. 02 (2018): 303–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610329.

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Visible-light photoredox catalysis enables easy access to acyl radicals under mild reaction conditions. Reactive acyl radicals, generated from various acyl precursors such as aldehydes, α-keto acids, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, acyl thioesters, acyl chlorides, or acyl silanes, can undergo a diverse range of synthetically useful transformations, which were previously difficult or inaccessible. This review summarizes the recent progress on visible-light-driven acyl radical generation using transition-metal photoredox catalysts, metallaphotocatalysts, hypervalent iodine catalysts or organic pho

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4

Faxon, C. B., and D. T. Allen. "Chlorine chemistry in urban atmospheres: a review." Environmental Chemistry 10, no. 3 (2013): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13026.

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Environmental context Atmospheric chlorine radicals can affect the chemical composition of the atmosphere through numerous reactions with trace species. In urban atmospheres, the reactions of chlorine radicals can lead to effects such as increases in ozone production, thus degrading local and regional air quality. This review summarises the current understanding of atmospheric chlorine chemistry in urban environments and identifies key unresolved issues. Abstract Gas phase chlorine radicals (Cl•), when present in the atmosphere, react by mechanisms analogous to those of the hydroxyl radical (O

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5

Kawata, Hiroyuki, Masahiro Kohno, Kohei Nukina, et al. "Identifying the chloroperoxyl radical in acidified sodium chlorite solution." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0252079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252079.

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The present study identified the active radical species in acidic sodium chlorite and investigated the feasibility of quantifying these species with the diethylphenylenediamine (DPD) method. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was used to identify the active species generated in solutions containing sodium chlorite (NaClO2). The ESR signal was directly observed in an acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) aqueous solution at room temperature. This ESR signal was very long-lived, indicating that the radical was thermodynamically stable. The ESR parameters of this signal did not coincide with pr

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6

Trukhin, Aleksei V., Evgeny V. Eliseenkov, and Aleksei S. Dneprovskii. "Cyclopropylbenzene ring opening by chlorine atom: radicals or radical ions?" Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 16, no. 3 (2003): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.589.

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7

Yeston, Jake. "A complex role for chlorine radicals." Science 372, no. 6544 (2021): 803.12–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.372.6544.803-l.

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8

Jewell, Deborah Rae, Lukose Mathew, and John Warkentin. "Rate constant for chlorine abstraction from CCl4 by the 5-hexenyl radical." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 2 (1987): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-052.

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Cyclization of the 5-hexenyl free radical to the cyclopentylmethyl free radical was used to clock chlorine atom abstraction by 5-hexenyl from carbon tetrachloride in solution. The source of 5-hexenyl radicals was 5-hexenyl[1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl]diazene ((CH3)2C(OH)N=N(CH2)4CH=CH2), which decomposes thermally in CCl4 by a radical chain mechanism to afford chloroform, acetone, nitrogen, 6-chloro-1-hexene, cyclopentylchloromethane, 1-hexene, and methylcyclopentane as primary products. 6-Chloro-1-hexene is converted, in part, to a secondary product, 1,1,1,3,7-pentachloroheptane, by radical chai

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9

Wojnárovits, László, and Erzsébet Takács. "Rate constants of dichloride radical anion reactions with molecules of environmental interest in aqueous solution: a review." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 31 (2021): 41552–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14453-w.

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AbstractNatural waters, water droplets in the air at coastal regions and wastewaters usually contain chloride ions (Cl-) in relatively high concentrations in the milimolar range. In the reactions of highly oxidizing radicals (e.g., •OH, •NO3, or SO4•-) in the nature or during wastewater treatment in advanced oxidation processes the chloride ions easily transform to chlorine containing radicals, such as Cl•, Cl2•-, and ClO•. This transformation basically affects the degradation of organic molecules. In this review about 400 rate constants of the dichloride radical anion (Cl2•-) with about 300 o

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10

Liu, Yiming, Qi Fan, Xiaoyang Chen, et al. "Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 4 (2018): 2709–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2709-2018.

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Abstract. Chlorine radicals can enhance atmospheric oxidation, which potentially increases tropospheric ozone concentration. However, few studies have been done to quantify the impact of chlorine emissions on ozone formation in China due to the lack of a chlorine emission inventory used in air quality models with sufficient resolution. In this study, the Anthropogenic Chlorine Emissions Inventory for China (ACEIC) was developed for the first time, including emissions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and molecular chlorine (Cl2) from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration (waste incinerati

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11

Seto, Akira, Yuki Ochi, Hiroaki Gotoh, et al. "Trapping chlorine radicals via substituting nitro radicals in the gas phase." Analytical Methods 8, no. 1 (2016): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay01118c.

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Chlorine radicals (Cl˙), generated by the YAG laser photolysis (λ = 355 nm) of Cl<sub>2</sub> in the gas phase, were captured by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH˙) and were characterized using ion attachment ionization-quadrupole mass spectrometry.

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12

Ganiev, Ilgiz M., Qadir K. Timerghazin, Alexey F. Khalizov, et al. "Complexes of chlorine dioxide with nitroxyl radicals." Tetrahedron Letters 40, no. 25 (1999): 4737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00837-0.

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13

Ravishankara, A. R. "Are chlorine atoms significant tropospheric free radicals?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 33 (2009): 13639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907089106.

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14

Balcerak, Ernie. "Chlorine radicals measured in Eyjafjallajökull volcanic plume." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 92, no. 33 (2011): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011eo330007.

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15

Wu, C. H., C. Y. Kuo, C. D. Dong, C. W. Chen, and Y. L. Lin. "Removal of sulfonamides from wastewater in the UV/TiO2 system: effects of pH and salinity on photodegradation and mineralization." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 2 (2019): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.053.

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Abstract The effects of salinity on the photodegradation and mineralization of sulfonamides in the UV/TiO2 system were investigated. The goals of this study were to analyze the effects of pH and salinity on the sulfonamide concentration and total organic carbon (TOC) during the removal of sulfonamides in a UV/TiO2 system. Four sulfonamides – sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethizole (SFZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and sulfathiazole (STZ) - were selected as parent compounds. The photodegradation and mineralization rates of sulfonamides in the UV/TiO2 system satisfy pseudo-first-order kinetics. Direct ph

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16

Weiss, Günter, Antonio Diez-Ruiz, Christian Murr, Igor Theur, and Dietmar Fuchs. "Tryptophan Metabolites as Scavengers of Reactive Oxygen and Chlorine Species." Pteridines 13, no. 4 (2002): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.2002.13.4.140.

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Abstract Upon stimulation with interferon-γ, a typical Thl cell-derived cytokine, human monocyte-dertved macrophages produce neopterin derivatives and in parallel degrade the essential amino acid L-tryptophan to L-kynurenine and subsequently to 3-hydroxyanthramlic acid and anthramlic acid. In parallel, stimulated macrophages produce reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid. Earlier, neopterin and 7.8-dihydroneoptenn were found to enhance or decrease effects of reactive oxygen species in vitro, depending on concentration and on environmental condition. In this stu

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17

Riedel, T. P., G. M. Wolfe, K. T. Danas, et al. "An MCM modeling study of nitryl chloride (ClNO<sub>2</sub>) impacts on oxidation, ozone production and nitrogen oxide partitioning in polluted continental outflow." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 11 (2013): 28973–9006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-28973-2013.

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Abstract. Nitryl chloride (ClNO2) is produced at night by reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on chloride containing surfaces. ClNO2 is photolyzed during the morning hours after sunrise to liberate highly reactive chlorine atoms (Cl·). This chemistry takes place primarily in polluted environments where the concentrations of N2O5 precursors (nitrogen oxide radicals and ozone) are high, though it likely occurs in remote regions at lower intensities. Recent field measurements have illustrated the potential importance of ClNO2 as a daytime Cl· source and a nighttime NOx reservoir. However, th

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18

Riedel, T. P., G. M. Wolfe, K. T. Danas, et al. "An MCM modeling study of nitryl chloride (ClNO<sub>2</sub>) impacts on oxidation, ozone production and nitrogen oxide partitioning in polluted continental outflow." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 8 (2014): 3789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3789-2014.

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Abstract. Nitryl chloride (ClNO2) is produced at night by reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on chloride containing surfaces. ClNO2 is photolyzed during the morning hours after sunrise to liberate highly reactive chlorine atoms (Cl·). This chemistry takes place primarily in polluted environments where the concentrations of N2O5 precursors (nitrogen oxide radicals and ozone) are high, though it likely occurs in remote regions at lower intensities. Recent field measurements have illustrated the potential importance of ClNO2 as a daytime Cl· source and a nighttime NOx reservoir. However, th

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19

Seyyedi, Behnam, Mohammad Edrisi, Maryam Seyyedi, and Gholamreza Mahdavinia. "A new single step synthesis of copper phthalocyanine green using microwave irradiation effects in functionalisation of C−H bonds in aromatic rings." Pigment & Resin Technology 43, no. 3 (2014): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-04-2013-0029.

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Purpose – The paper introduces a new method for single step synthesis of copper phthalocyanine green pigment using microwave irradiation to activate C−H bonds on the aromatic rings that are possible by creation of chlorine radicals. The aims of this study are to investigate the possibility of high-efficiency product reaction, removing acidic wastewater, time optimization, and maximizing number of chlorine on aromatic rings. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a new synthesis technique, which does not have the problems of the conventional methods. Microwave irradiation is used as a

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20

Marcon, Jennifer, Gérard Mortha, Nathalie Marlin, Florian Molton, Carole Duboc, and Auphélia Burnet. "New insights into the decomposition mechanism of chlorine dioxide at alkaline pH." Holzforschung 71, no. 7-8 (2017): 599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0147.

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Abstract The mechanism of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) decomposition in an alkaline medium has been investigated. The formation of radicals and chlorinated species was studied in aqueous solutions containing ClO2 and simple model compounds of lignin or cellulose (vanillin, vanillyl alcohol, veratryl alcohol, methylglucoside and cellobiose) at acidic and alkaline pHs. Because hypochlorite (ClO−) is an intermediate occurring in the course of the reaction mechanism, similar experiments were carried out with solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) at alkaline and acidic pHs. Electron paramagnetic reso

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21

Le, Giang Truong, Nguyen Thuy Ta, Trung Quoc Pham, and Yen Hai Dao. "Response Surface Analysis of Fenobucarb Removal by Electrochemically Generated Chlorine." Water 11, no. 5 (2019): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11050899.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the electrochemical formation of active chlorine and its subsequent use for the degradation of the pesticide fenobucarb. Initially, the process of electrochemical active chlorine production was investigated using an electrochemical flow-cell with a Ti/RuO2 plate electrode. The contribution of four main factors (chloride concentration, current density, the retention time of chloride in the cell (flow rate), and initial pH of inlet solution) to form active chlorine was determined by a central composite design (CCD). The influence of the four variab

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22

Carmichael, Alasdair J., and Linda Steel-Goodwin. "Trichloroethylene radicals generated by ionizing radiation. An EPR/spin trapping study." Human & Experimental Toxicology 16, no. 6 (1997): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719701600607.

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Trichloroethylene (TCE) was exposed in the presence of the spin trap N- tert-butyl-α-phenyl nitrone (PBN, 0.1 M) to ionizing radiation from two different sources in an attempt to determine the origin of the spin-trapped radicals generating the EPR spectra in precision cut liver slices. TCE samples were irradiated with 18 MeV electrons to a total dose of 1000 Gy in a linear accelerator (LINAC) or exposed to 60Co γ-rays to total doses of 100 Gy and 1000 Gy. The results show that three PBN adducts were generated during the LINAC radiations. Two of these spin adducts correspond to the addition of

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23

Tian, Siyu, Xiaofei Jia, Ling Wang, et al. "The Mn-catalyzed paired electrochemical facile oxychlorination of styrenes via the oxygen reduction reaction." Chemical Communications 55, no. 80 (2019): 12104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc06746a.

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24

Wang, Lili, and Xiaowei Liu. "Degradation of Aqueous Polycyclic Musk Tonalide by Ultraviolet-Activated Free Chlorine." Processes 7, no. 2 (2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7020095.

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Chlorine-incorporating ultraviolet (UV) provides a multiple barrier for drinking water disinfection. Meanwhile, post-UV employment can promote the degradation of micropollutants by radical production from chlorine residual photolysis. This work studied the degradation of one such chemical, tonalide (AHTN), by low-pressure UV-activated free chlorine (FC) under typical UV disinfection dosage of <200 mJ·cm−2 and water matrix of filtered tank effluent. AHTN was rapidly degraded by UV/FC in accordance with pseudo-first-order kinetics. The reaction rate constants of AHTN with reactive chlorine sp

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25

Cox, R. A., Martin Fowles, David Moulton, and Richard P. Wayne. "Kinetics of the reactions of nitrate radicals with chlorine atoms and chlorine monoxide." Journal of Physical Chemistry 91, no. 12 (1987): 3361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100296a051.

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26

Remucal, C. K., and D. Manley. "Emerging investigators series: the efficacy of chlorine photolysis as an advanced oxidation process for drinking water treatment." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2, no. 4 (2016): 565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ew00029k.

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The photolysis of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite (OCl<sup>−</sup>) produces a suite of reactive oxidants, including hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), chlorine radicals (Cl˙), and ozone (O<sub>3</sub>).

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27

Saran, Manfred, Ingrid Beck-Speier, Barbara Fellerhoff, and Georg Bauer. "Phagocytic killing of microorganisms by radical processes:consequences of the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with chloride yielding chlorine atoms." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 26, no. 3-4 (1999): 482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00187-7.

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28

Gordon, Dilyara, and Alfa Mikhaylov. "Reactions taking place during molecular chlorine impact on monomers in a wide range of temperatures." e-Polymers 15, no. 6 (2015): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2015-0059.

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AbstractBy electron spin resonance, ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopy, and chromatography, calorimetry, elemental analysis and gravimetric methods, we determined the low-temperature impact of molecular chlorine on monomers and the free radicals that spontaneously form. The radicals that formed initiated the polymerization and chlorination reactions that occurred during the mixture of chlorine+monomer, which were prepared at 77 K and heated to 300 K. For the monomers that were in solid state at 300 K, the reactions proceeded in the temperature range near the chlorine melting point (

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29

Utsumi, Hideo, Sang-Kuk Han, and Kazuhiro Ichikawa. "Enhancement of hydroxyl radical generation by phenols and their reaction intermediates during ozonation." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (1998): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0247.

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Generation of hydroxyl radicals, one of the major active species in ozonation of water was directly observed with a spin-trapping/electron spin resonance (ESR) technique using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolineN-oxide (DMPO) as a spin-trapping reagent. Hydroxyl radical were trapped with DMPO as a stable radical, DMPO-OH. Eighty μM of ozone produced 1.08 X 10-6M of DMPO-OH, indicating that 1.4% of •OH is trapped with DMPO. Generation rate of DMPO-OH was determined by ESR/stopped-flow measurement. Phenol derivatives increased the amount and generation rate of DMPO-OH, indicating that phenol derivatives en

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30

Maricq, M. Matti, Joseph J. Szente, E. W. Kaiser, and Jichun Shi. "Reaction of Chlorine Atoms with Methylperoxy and Ethylperoxy Radicals." Journal of Physical Chemistry 98, no. 8 (1994): 2083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100059a017.

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31

da Silva Corrêa, Carlos M. M., Maria Augusta B. C. S. Oliveira, Maria de Lurdes S. Almeida, Paula C. M. Rodrigues, Maria M. B. Fonseca, and Jorge M. A. C. Estrada. "Chlorine abstraction from arenesulphonyl chlorides by substituted phenyl radicals." J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, no. 11 (1989): 1643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p29890001643.

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32

Wang, Dongyu S., and Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz. "Secondary organic aerosol from chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 22 (2017): 13491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13491-2017.

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Abstract. Recent studies have found concentrations of reactive chlorine species to be higher than expected, suggesting that atmospheric chlorine chemistry is more extensive than previously thought. Chlorine radicals can interact with hydroperoxy (HOx) radicals and nitrogen oxides (NOx) to alter the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. They are known to rapidly oxidize a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in the atmosphere, yet little is known about secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from chlorine-initiated photooxidation and its atmospheric implications. Environmenta

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33

Ding, Feng, Yong Xie, Tengyan Wu, and Na Liu. "Influence of chloride ions on organic contaminants decolorization through the Fe0-activated persulfate oxidation process: efficiency and intermediates." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 3 (2019): 563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.303.

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Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of chloride ions (Cl−) on organic contaminants decolorization by the Fe0-activated persulfate process (PS/Fe0), as well as the generation of transformation products. Orange II (OII) was chosen as the target pollution. The results indicated that Cl− influenced the OII decolorization by PS/Fe0 system, resulting in the generation of chlorine-containing by-products. OII containing Cl− solution can be efficiently decolorized by PS/Fe0 process, and the decolorization efficiencies changed depending on Cl− concentration due to the reaction be

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34

Shadyro, Oleg, Alexandra Lisovskaya, Galina Semenkova, Irina Edimecheva, and Nadezda Amaegberi. "Free-radical Destruction of Sphingolipids Resulting in 2-hexadecenal Formation." Lipid Insights 8 (January 2015): LPI.S24081. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/lpi.s24081.

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The action of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and γ-radiation on aqueous lysosphingolipid dispersions was found to produce 2-hexadecenal (Hex). This process includes the stages of formation of nitrogen-centered radicals from the starting molecules and the subsequent fragmentation of these radicals via the rupture of C–C and O–H bonds. These findings prove the existence of a nonenzymatic pathway of sphingolipid destruction leading to the formation of Hex, which possesses a wide spectrum of biological activity. Analysis of the effect of HOCl on transplantable rat glioma C6 cells and human embryonic kid

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Wang, Bing, Qi Zhang, Yongdi Fu, et al. "Degradation of Trimethoprim Using the UV/Free Chlorine Process: Influencing Factors and Optimal Operating Conditions." Water 13, no. 12 (2021): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121656.

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Trimethoprim (TMP) is a pharmaceutical compound, which is commonly found in the water environment. The UV/chlorine process forms several reactive species, including hydroxyl radicals (HO•) and reactive chlorine species, to degrade contaminants. The influencing factors and the optimal operational conditions for the degradation of TMP by the UV/chlorine process were investigated. The degradation of TMP was much faster by the UV/chlorine process as compared to the UV alone or free chlorine alone process. A kinetic model was developed to simulate the degradation of TMP and determine the unknown ra

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Cheng, Bing-Ming, Eh Piew Chew, Wen-Ching Hung, Jürg Eberhard, and Yuan-Pern Lee. "Photoionization studies of sulfur radicals and products of their reactions." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (1998): 1041–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597016075.

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A discharge flow–photoionization mass spectrometric system coupled to a synchrotron is employed to study intermediates and products of sulfur radical reactions related to atmospheric chemistry. Sulfur radicals are generated from reactions of oxygen or chlorine atoms with sulfur compounds in a flow tube. The gaseous reaction products are sampled into the ionization region via a three-stage differential pumping scheme. Photoionization spectra and ionization energies are measured by dispersing synchrotron radiation to ionize the samples. Using this technique, photoionization spectra and ionizatio

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Beitz, Toralf, Wolfgang Bechmann, and Rolf Mitzner. "Investigations of Reactions of Selected Azaarenes with Radicals in Water. 2. Chlorine and Bromine Radicals." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 102, no. 34 (1998): 6766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp980655a.

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38

Russell, J. J., S. M. Senkan, J. A. Seetula, and D. Gutman. "Kinetics and thermochemistry of ethenyl and chloroethenyl radicals: study of the ethenyl + hydrogen chloride = ethene + chlorine atom and chloroethenyl + hydrogen chloride = chloroethene + chlorine atom reactions." Journal of Physical Chemistry 93, no. 13 (1989): 5184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100350a032.

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39

Jeong, Daun, Roger Seco, Dasa Gu, et al. "Integration of airborne and ground observations of nitryl chloride in the Seoul metropolitan area and the implications on regional oxidation capacity during KORUS-AQ 2016." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 19 (2019): 12779–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12779-2019.

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Abstract. Nitryl chloride (ClNO2) is a radical reservoir species that releases chlorine radicals upon photolysis. An integrated analysis of the impact of ClNO2 on regional photochemistry in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) during the Korea–United States Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) 2016 field campaign is presented. Comprehensive multiplatform observations were conducted aboard the NASA DC-8 and at two ground sites (Olympic Park, OP; Taehwa Research Forest, TRF), representing an urbanized area and a forested suburban region, respectively. Positive correlations between daytime Cl2 and ClNO2 wer

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40

Spencer, Julie A., Michael Barclay, Miranda J. Gallagher, et al. "Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (November 15, 2017): 2410–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.240.

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The ability of electrons and atomic hydrogen (AH) to remove residual chlorine from PtCl2 deposits created from cis-Pt(CO)2Cl2 by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is evaluated. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements as well as thermodynamics calculations support the idea that electrons can remove chlorine from PtCl2 structures via an electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) process. It was found that the effectiveness of electrons to purify deposits greater than a few nanometers in height is compromised by the limited escape dep

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Zhang, X. Z., R. C. Francis, D. B. Dutton, and R. T. Hill. "Article." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 7 (1998): 1064–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-103.

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Peracetic acid (Pa) is now being used for totally chlorine-free delignification and bleaching of wood pulps. During the process, metals desorb from the pulp fibers into the aqueous solution. Of the relevant metals in bleaching systems, cobalt(II) and vanadium(V) are the most potent in wastefully decomposing Pa to O2. In the present study, radical scavenging by N,N'-(5-nitro-1,3-phenylene)-bisglutaramide (GAMID) indicates that free-radical mechanisms are operative. Kinetic data support a free-radical decomposition mechanism previously described for Co(II). A similar type of mechanism, involving

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Wang, Yonghong, Matthieu Riva, Hongbin Xie, et al. "Formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules from chlorine-atom-initiated oxidation of alpha-pinene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 8 (2020): 5145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5145-2020.

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Abstract. Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) from atmospheric oxidation of alpha-pinene can irreversibly condense to particles and contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Recently, the formation of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) from heterogeneous reactions, followed by its subsequent photolysis, is suggested to be an important source of chlorine atoms in many parts of the atmosphere. However, the oxidation of monoterpenes such as alpha-pinene by chlorine atoms has received very little attention, and the ability of this reaction to form HOMs is completely unstudied. Here, cha

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Jung, Y. J., B. S. Oh, J. W. Kang, M. A. Page, M. J. Phillips, and B. J. Mariñas. "Control of disinfection and halogenated disinfection byproducts by the electrochemical process." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 12 (2007): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.409.

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The aim of this study was to investigate some aspects of the performance of electrochemical process as an alternative disinfection strategy, while minimising DBPs, for water purification. The study of electrochemical processes has shown free chlorine to be produced, but smaller amounts of stronger oxidants, such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide and OH radicals (•OH), were also generated. The formation of mixed oxidants increased with increasing electric conductivity, but was limited at conductivities greater than 0.6 mS/cm. Using several microorganisms, such as E. coli and MS2 bacteriophage, inacti

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Yang, Qiaomu, Yu-Heng Wang, Yusen Qiao, et al. "Photocatalytic C–H activation and the subtle role of chlorine radical complexation in reactivity." Science 372, no. 6544 (2021): 847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd8408.

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The functionalization of methane, ethane, and other alkanes derived from fossil fuels is a central goal in the chemical enterprise. Recently, a photocatalytic system comprising [CeIVCl5(OR)]2− [CeIV, cerium(IV); OR, –OCH3 or –OCCl2CH3] was disclosed. The system was reportedly capable of alkane activation by alkoxy radicals (RO•) formed by CeIV–OR bond photolysis. In this work, we present evidence that the reported carbon-hydrogen (C–H) activation of alkanes is instead mediated by the photocatalyst [NEt4]2[CeCl6] (NEt4+, tetraethylammonium), and RO• are not intermediates. Spectroscopic analyses

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Kaiser, E. W., L. Rimai, and T. J. Wallington. "A study of the kinetics of the reactions of ethyl radicals with oxygen, chlorine and chlorine atoms." Journal of Physical Chemistry 93, no. 10 (1989): 4094–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100347a044.

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Procaccini, Carlo, Joseph W. Bozzelli, John P. Longwell, Kenneth A. Smith, and Adel F. Sarofim. "Presence of Chlorine Radicals and Formation of Molecular Chlorine in the Post-Flame Region of Chlorocarbon Combustion." Environmental Science & Technology 34, no. 21 (2000): 4565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es001051z.

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CAMARGO, Mairo Fabio. "COMPUTATIONAL THEORETICAL STUDY OF ENERGIES INVOLVED IN OZONE DECOMPOSITION BY CHLORINATED RADICALS IN THE HIGH ATMOSPHERE LAYERS." Periódico Tchê Química 08, no. 4 (2007): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v4.n08.2007.agosto/5_pgs_38_44.pdf.

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They had been analyzed by computational simulation, the mechanisms of the decomposition of ozone, catalyzed for atomic chlorine. The objective of the work was centered in the calculation of the surfaces of potential energy (PES) when the chlorine atom is forced if to approach to one of atoms of oxygen of ozone. The calculations had been effected using method DFT (B3LYP) associated to the bases of Dunning (cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ and cc-pVQZ). The calculations had been effected using the program of quantum calculations Gaussian03. The energy of joined activation is compatible with the experimental dat

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Sheps, Leonid, Andrew C. Crowther, Christopher G. Elles, and F. Fleming Crim. "Recombination Dynamics and Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions of Chlorine Radicals in Solution." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 109, no. 19 (2005): 4296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp051072l.

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Otter, Philipp, Katharina Mette, Robert Wesch, et al. "Oxidation of Selected Trace Organic Compounds through the Combination of Inline Electro-Chlorination with UV Radiation (UV/ECl2) as Alternative AOP for Decentralized Drinking Water Treatment." Water 12, no. 11 (2020): 3275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113275.

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A large variety of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) to degrade trace organic compounds during water treatment have been studied on a lab scale in the past. This paper presents the combination of inline electrolytic chlorine generation (ECl2) with low pressure UV reactors (UV/ECl2) in order to allow the operation of a chlorine-based AOP without the need for any chlorine dosing. Lab studies showed that from a Free Available Chlorine (FAC) concentration range between 1 and 18 mg/L produced by ECl2 up to 84% can be photolyzed to form, among others, hydroxyl radicals (OH) with an UV energy input

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Priestley, Michael, Michael le Breton, Thomas J. Bannan, et al. "Observations of organic and inorganic chlorinated compounds and their contribution to chlorine radical concentrations in an urban environment in northern Europe during the wintertime." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 18 (2018): 13481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13481-2018.

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Abstract. A number of inorganic (nitryl chloride, ClNO2; chlorine, Cl2; and hypochlorous acid, HOCl) and chlorinated, oxygenated volatile organic compounds (ClOVOCs) have been measured in Manchester, UK during October and November 2014 using time-of-flight chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (ToF-CIMS) with the I− reagent ion. ClOVOCs appear to be mostly photochemical in origin, although direct emission from vehicles is also suggested. Peak concentrations of ClNO2, Cl2 and HOCl reach 506, 16 and 9 ppt respectively. The concentrations of ClNO2 are comparable to measurements made in London, bu

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