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Journal articles on the topic 'Chlorine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Svenson, Doug R., Hou-min Chang, Hasan Jameel, and John F. Kadla. "The role of non-phenolic lignin in chlorate-forming reactions during chlorine dioxide bleaching of softwood kraft pulp." Holzforschung 59, no. 2 (2005): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.017.

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Abstract The affect of phenolic hydroxyl groups on the reaction efficiency during chlorine dioxide pre-bleaching of a softwood kraft pulp was investigated. The removal of phenolic hydroxyl groups via pulp methylation did not adversely affect the chlorine dioxide bleaching efficiency or the amount of chlorate formed during exposure to chlorine dioxide. Ion analysis of the reaction systems revealed that the formation of chloride and chlorite ions during the bleaching process were very similar between the kraft and methylated kraft pulps. These results indicate that the kinetic rates of lignin ox

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2

Gomelya, Mykola, Yana Kryzhanovska, Iryna Makarenko, Tetyana Shabliy, and Oleksandr Kyrylyuk. "Evaluation of the efficiency of the processing of sodium chloride solutions by electrodialysis in a three-chamber electrolyzer using a high-basic anionite." Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, no. 2 (June 30, 2025): 60–69. https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.2.2025.333975.

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The desalination process of highly mineralized waters is a rather multifactorial process that depends on a number of technical, economic and environmental aspects. This is an important stage for obtaining fresh water for its further use in various areas: from drinking water supply to industry. Processing of reverse osmosis water desalination concentrates is a relevant area of research not only in terms of waste disposal, but also in the development of low-waste resource-efficient production, which requires the implementation of innovative solutions and obtaining secondary useful products. One

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3

Gambardella, Mario, Santad Kongpricha, James J. Pitts, and Albert W. Jache. "Disproportionation of chlorine in hydrogen fluoride and related media." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 11 (1989): 1828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-283.

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Chlorine can be made to disproportionate to chlorine monofluoride and chloride, taking advantage of Le Chatelier's principle in several different ways. It will disproportionate to form insoluble silver chloride and chlorine monofluoride when silver fluoride is present. It will disproportionate in a melt of alkali metal fluorides to form alkali metal chlorides and chlorine monofluoride. The alkali metal chlorides will react with hydrogen fluoride to regenerate the metal fluorides and hydrogen chloride. Chlorine will also disproportionate in hydrogen fluoride containing antimony pentafluoride to

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4

Paun, Iuliana, Florentina Laura Chiriac, Vasile Ion Iancu, Florinela Pirvu, Marcela Niculescu, and Nicoleta Vasilache. "Disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution system of Bucharest City." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 1 (2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2021.102.

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Chlorine is widely used in Romania and all over the world as a disinfectant of drinking water. During the chlorination process, the natural organic matter and inorganic ions react with chlorine forming disinfection by-products (DBPs). The predominant organic disinfection by-products are trihalomethanes (THMs) while the main inorganic disinfection by-products are chlorate and chlorite ions. THMs were detected in all investigated drinking water samples from Bucharest distribution system with values from 27.8 µg/L up to 75.1 µg/L, which are below the maximum concentration value admitted by Romani

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5

MOKIIЕNKO, Andrii, Larysa SPASONOVA, and Oleksandr BONDARCНUK. "ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE, CHLORITE AND CHLORATE ANIONS IN DRINKING WATER." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 317, no. 1 (2023): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2023-317-1-294-299.

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The analysis shows that the primary measure for the purification of drinking water is its reliable disinfection with oxidants, which are chlorine and its compounds, chlorine dioxide, ozone. The aim of the article is to analyze the existing methods for determination of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, hypochlorite and chlorate anions in drinking water. To analyze the chlorine dioxide strength solutions (to control the generator performance) the iodometric method (determination of chlorine dioxide concentration, concentration of free chlorine, chlorite and chlorate anions; relative error ≤ 5%) and th

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6

Lapina, E. A., S. A. Zverev, S. V. Andreev, and K. A. Sakharov. "Determination of chlorine-containing compounds in disinfectants using ion-exchange chromatography." Fine Chemical Technologies 18, no. 3 (2023): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2023-18-3-254-264.

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Objectives. To develop a method for the determination of hypochlorite, chloride, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate ions in solution; to determine the limits of detection and quantitation for ClO−, Cl−, ClO2−, ClO3−, and ClO4− ions; to evaluate the applicability of the developed method and its suitability for disinfectant analysis.Methods. Ionic chromatography using a conductometric detection system in isocratic elution mode.Results. The method developed for chromatographic determination of chlorine-containing ions can be used to quantify the content of hypochlorite, chloride, chlorite, chlor

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7

Xu, Cuisheng, Ningke Hao, Lei Zhan, et al. "High Purity Chlorine Dioxide Generation Based on the Mixed Reductant: From the Laboratory to Industry." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 13, no. 4 (2019): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2019.1885.

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Methanol was used as reducing agent in the chlorine dioxide generation technology, and sodium chlorate was reduced to form chlorine dioxide under acidic conditions. The side reaction during the preparation process would produce chlorine, which results in a high content of chlorine in the product and leads to an increase in the amount of AOX formation during pulp bleaching. In this work, the chlorine dioxide generation technology based on the mixed reductant was developed. On the basis system based on the methanol method, a high-purity chlorine dioxide for pulp bleaching was successfully produc

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8

Moore, Nathan, Shelir Ebrahimi, Yanping Zhu, Chengjin Wang, Ron Hofmann, and Susan Andrews. "A comparison of sodium sulfite, ammonium chloride, and ascorbic acid for quenching chlorine prior to disinfection byproduct analysis." Water Supply 21, no. 5 (2021): 2313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.059.

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Abstract This study compared 3 commonly used quenching agents for dechlorinating samples prior to disinfection byproduct (DBP) analysis under typical drinking water sampling conditions for a representative suite of chlorination byproducts. Ascorbic acid and sodium sulfite quenched the residual free chlorine to below detection within 5 seconds. Ammonium chloride did not quench the chlorine to below detection with up to a 70% molar excess, which agrees with published ammonium chloride-chlorine chemistry. With respect to the DBPs, ascorbic acid worked well for the trihalomethanes and haloacetic a

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9

Wu, Ming Song, Xun Xu, Xin Yang Xu, et al. "High-Purity Chlorine Dioxide Generation Process from Sodium Chlorate by Using Waste Molasses." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3924.

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A new chlorate-based chlorine dioxide generation process was developed by using waste molasses as reductant in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst. The optimum technological condition was determined as 80 oC, 50% sulfuric acid, molasses and sodium chlorite weight ratio of 1:4. The best conversion rate and purity of chlorine dioxide was 73.8% and 95.1%, respectively. Chlorite was found in the reacting mixtures, and major reactions of in process were inferred. The results obtained provides a new way for waste molasses comprehensive utilization and chlorine dioxide generation.

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10

Monteiro, Mayra K. S., Ángela Moratalla, Cristina Sáez, Elisama V. Dos Santos, and Manuel A. Rodrigo. "Production of Chlorine Dioxide Using Hydrogen Peroxide and Chlorates." Catalysts 11, no. 12 (2021): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11121478.

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Chlorine dioxide was produced by the reduction of chlorate with hydrogen peroxide in strongly acidic media. To avoid reaction interference during measuring procedures, UV spectra were acquired to monitor the chlorate reduction. This reduction led to the formation of chlorine dioxide and notable concentrations of chlorite and hypochlorous acid/chlorine, suggesting that the hydrogen peroxide:chlorate ratio is important. Once chlorates are transformed to chlorine dioxide, the surplus hydrogen peroxide promoted the further reaction of the chlorinated species down to less-important species. Moreove

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11

Mikkelsen, Marie K., Jesper B. Liisberg, Maarten M. J. W. van Herpen, Kurt V. Mikkelsen, and Matthew S. Johnson. "Photocatalytic chloride-to-chlorine conversion by ionic iron in aqueous aerosols: a combined experimental, quantum chemical, and chemical equilibrium model study." Aerosol Research 2, no. 1 (2024): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-31-2024.

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Abstract. Prior aerosol chamber experiments show that the ligand-to-metal charge transfer absorption in iron(III) chlorides can lead to the production of chlorine (Cl2/Cl). Based on this mechanism, the photocatalytic oxidation of chloride (Cl−) in mineral dust–sea spray aerosols was recently shown to be the largest source of chlorine over the North Atlantic. However, there has not been a detailed analysis of the mechanism that includes the aqueous formation equilibria and the absorption spectra of the iron chlorides nor has there been an analysis of which iron chloride is the main chromophore.

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12

Chandrasekara Pillai, K., Tae Ok Kwon, Bo Bae Park, and Il Shik Moon. "Using RuO2 anode for chlorine dioxide production in an un-divided electrochemical cell." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 8 (2010): 2151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.131.

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Chlorine dioxide is a well known powerful disinfectant. Although there are several chemical and electrochemical methods developed for on-line chlorine dioxide generation, the details are mostly confined as patents. We studied in this work the electrochemical generation of dissolved chlorine dioxide from an un-buffered solution of sodium chlorite and sodium chloride mixture in an un-divided electrochemical cell set-up with RuO2-coated-Ti anode and Pt-coated-Ti cathode under constant current mode. Various process parameters including feed flow rate (10 to 150 ml/min), feed solution pH (2.3 to 9.

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13

Li, Xue, Zhijing Zhao, Zheng Qu, et al. "A Review of Traditional and Emerging Residual Chlorine Quenchers on Disinfection By-Products: Impact and Mechanisms." Toxics 11, no. 5 (2023): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11050410.

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Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are the most common organic contaminants in tap water and are of wide concern because of their highly developmental toxic, cytotoxic, and carcinogenic properties. Typically, to control the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms, a certain concentration of residual chlorine is retained in the factory water, which reacts with the natural organic matter and the disinfection by-products that have been formed, thus affecting the determination of DBPs. Therefore, to obtain an accurate concentration, residual chlorine in tap water needs to be quenched prior to trea

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14

Marchesi, Isabella, Greta Ferranti, Annalisa Bargellini, et al. "Monochloramine and chlorine dioxide for controlling Legionella pneumophila contamination: biocide levels and disinfection by-product formation in hospital water networks." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 4 (2013): 738–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.079.

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Legionella colonization in hospital hot water distribution networks was evaluated following 36 months of continuous treatment with monochloramine and compared with chlorine dioxide. Nitrite, nitrate, chlorite, chlorate, bromide, trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids as well as the biocide concentration at sampled points were measured. Only 8/84 samples treated with monochloramine were found contaminated and after the first 8 months of treatment no Legionella was isolated. Chlorine dioxide was associated with a strong reduction in Legionella contamination compared to pre-treatment, but differenc

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15

Hicks, Scott D., Silei Xiong, Curt J. Bougher, Grigori A. Medvedev, James Caruthers, and Mahdi M. Abu-Omar. "Mechanistic study of a manganese porphyrin catalyst for on-demand production of chlorine dioxide in water." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 19, no. 01-03 (2015): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424615500376.

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A water-soluble manganese porphyrin complex was examined for the catalytic formation of chlorine dioxide from chlorite under ambient temperature at pH 5.00 and 6.90. Quantitative kinetic modeling allowed for the deduction of a mechanism that accounts for all experimental observations. Catalysis is initiated via an OAT (Oxygen Atom Transfer) reaction resulting in formation of a putative manganese(V) oxo species, which undergoes ET (Electron Transfer) with chlorite to form chlorine dioxide. As chlorine dioxide accumulates in solution, chlorite consumption slows down and ClO 2 reaches a maximum a

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16

Krenzelok, Edward, and Rita Mrvos. "Chlorine/Chloramine." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 33, no. 4 (1995): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563659509028922.

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17

Rodriguez, Rocio Aranda, Boniface Koudjonou, Brian Jay, Guy L. LeBel, and Frank M. Benoit. "Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in Drinking Water from Eight Systems Using Chlorine Dioxide." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 1 (2008): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.003.

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Abstract A study was initiated to determine the presence of organic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water treated with chlorine dioxide (ClO2). One potential advantage for the use of ClO2 as a disinfectant is the reduced formation of organic DBPs. Generally, water treated with ClO2 produces chlorite and chlorate ions, but there is limited information regarding the presence of halogenated organic DBPs. Eight systems that use chlorine dioxide as part of the water disinfection process were investigated. All systems in this study applied chlorine as a primary or secondary disinfectant

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18

Narkis, N., and A. Katz-Stoller. "Back to pre-disinfection of highly polluted waters." Water Supply 2, no. 3 (2002): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0106.

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The initial pre-disinfection was one of the stages that most contributed to the formation of a large number of halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs). The threat and awareness to the formation of chlorine disinfection by-products, refrained from using pre-disinfection with chlorine in the treatment of contaminated raw waters, to be used as drinking water. The main purpose of this research was to study whether chlorine dioxide can be used for pre-disinfection in the treatment of highly polluted wastewaters and surface waters. Chlorine dioxide was found suitable, as a replacement for chlori

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19

Borziak, O., V. Zhuravel, and M. Hudymenko. "The influence of chloride ion diffusion on the structure of cement composites containing carbonate additives." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1376, no. 1 (2024): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1376/1/012023.

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Abstract One way to reduce the diffusion of chlorides deep into concrete is to bind chlorine ions into stable hydration products. It is known that systems containing carbonates have an increased binding capacity towards chlorides. The goal of this work is to study the effect of carbonate additives on the depth of diffusion of chlorine ions in cement composites (mortars). As controls, samples of mortar were made using cement CEM I 42.5 R as binder. In the main samples, 15% of cement was replaced by carbonates - chalk and limestone. The strength characteristics of mortar samples kept in water an

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20

Ferchichi, Olfa, Najoua Derbel, Thibaud Cours, and Alexander Alijah. "Dichlorine peroxide (ClOOCl), chloryl chloride (ClCl(O)O) and chlorine chlorite (ClOClO): very accurate ab initio structures and actinic degradation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 7 (2020): 4059–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06875a.

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The structural parameters of the three most stable isomers with formula Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, dichlorine peroxide, chloryl chloride and chlorine chlorite, were determined by high-level ab initio theory. The photodissociation pathways were investigated.

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21

Gao, Yue, Na Li, Xuan Qi, et al. "A Dual Photoelectrode System for Solar-Driven Saltwater Electrolysis: Simultaneous Production of Chlorine and Hydrogen." Crystals 15, no. 3 (2025): 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15030233.

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Chlorine plays an essential role in various industries, such as wastewater treatment, disinfection, plastics, and pharmaceuticals, contributing to a significant global demand. Traditional methods of chlorine production, including chemical reactions involving manganese dioxide, potassium chlorate, and potassium permanganate, as well as the electrolysis of saturated salt solutions, are associated with safety and efficiency concerns. This study introduces a novel approach for the photoelectrocatalytic production of chlorine gas through the oxidation of chloride ions in potassium chloride solution

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Moratalla, Ángela, Mayra K. S. Monteiro, Cristina Sáez, Elisama V. Dos Santos, and Manuel A. Rodrigo. "Full and Sustainable Electrochemical Production of Chlorine Dioxide." Catalysts 12, no. 3 (2022): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12030315.

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With the final purpose of manufacturing electrochemically-based devices that produce chloride dioxide efficiently, this paper focuses on the production of chlorates and hydrogen peroxide in two different electrochemical cells, in which operation conditions are selected to obtain high efficiencies, and in the subsequent combination of both electrochemically manufactured solutions to produce chlorine dioxide. Results demonstrate that suitable reagents can be produced by electrolyzing 20 g L−1 sodium chloride solutions at 50 mA cm−2 and 50 °C, and 3000 mg L−1 NaClO4 solutions at 5.0 mA cm−2 and 1

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Tang, Honghu, Lihua Zhao, Yue Yang, Haisheng Han, Li Wang, and Wei Sun. "Dissolution Kinetics of Chlorine from Iron Ore Sintering Dust." Metals 11, no. 8 (2021): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081185.

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Chlorine is generated during iron ore sintering, mostly in the form of alkali chlorides and primarily accumulates in sintering dust, which must be removed before reusing. In this study, an in-situ monitor leaching system based was designed to detect chloride ion water leaching behaviors in real-time and improve the understanding of chlorine dissolution kinetic behaviors in water. Various parameters, including water leaching temperature, solid/liquid ratio, stirring speed, particle size and surfactant addition have been studied. Meanwhile their chlorine dissolution data exhibited a good fit to

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Mitrofanova, S. A., and I. V. Murav’eva. "Determination of chlorine in dusty waste in ferronickel production: Analysis and estimation of uncertainty." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 9 (2022): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-629-636.

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A key stage in ferronickel production is sulfate-chlorination roasting, after which and at subsequent stages (up to the final product) exhaust gases are formed in the system accompanied by dust and metal chloride vapors outlet in roasting furnace. Enrichment of wastes during their removal with condensed chlorides indicates a decrease in the efficiency of sulfate-chlorination roasting. Therefore, the control of mineral chlorine in filter sediments is important both from the standpoint of environmental monitoring and evaluation of the technological process efficiency. In order to determine miner

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25

Fosu, Allen Yushark, Bastien Demeusy, Frédéric Diot, et al. "Selective Extraction of Valuable and Critical Metals in Cassiterite Concentrate by Dry Chlorination, Part I: Thermodynamic and Modelling Perspective." Materials 17, no. 17 (2024): 4186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17174186.

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The chlorination of oxides of major concern in cassiterite concentrate with various chlorinating agents is investigated in light of their thermodynamic feasibilities to extract and recover their valuable metal components. Mechanisms responsible for the processes and their Gibbs free energy changes as a function of temperature to selectively separate and/or recover the metal(s) of interest and unwanted ones as their metallic chlorides are identified. Attention is given to gaseous (Cl2 and Cl2 + CO mixture) and solid (CaCl2 and MgCl2) chlorine sources, from which Cl2 + CO shows no reaction selec

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Kitaeva, D. Kh, A. G. Buyanovskaya, O. A. Levinskaya, and S. L. Dzvonkovski. "Determination of low chlorine content in organic compounds and polymers using an «Expert-006» coulometer." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 84, no. 7 (2018): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2018-84-7-16-20.

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A method of visual mercurimetric titration of chloride ions is widely used in elemental microanalysis for determination of chlorine content in organic substances after their combustion in an oxygen-filled flask. However, when chlorine content is less than 0.5%, the mercurimetric method fails to provide essential accuracy, and a more sensitive method of chlorine coulometric titration by electrogenerated silver ions appeared favorable. We consider a possibility of determining the microgram content of chloride-ions in solutions using a digital coulometric analyzer («Expert-006» produced by «Econi

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Coates, John D., Urania Michaelidou, Royce A. Bruce, Susan M. O’Connor, Jill N. Crespi, and Laurie A. Achenbach. "Ubiquity and Diversity of Dissimilatory (Per)chlorate-Reducing Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 12 (1999): 5234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.12.5234-5241.1999.

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ABSTRACT Environmental contamination with compounds containing oxyanions of chlorine, such as perchlorate or chlorate [(per)chlorate] or chlorine dioxide, has been a constantly growing problem over the last 100 years. Although the fact that microbes reduce these compounds has been recognized for more than 50 years, only six organisms which can obtain energy for growth by this metabolic process have been described. As part of a study to investigate the diversity and ubiquity of microorganisms involved in the microbial reduction of (per)chlorate, we enumerated the (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria

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Chowdhury, Shakhawat, and Pascale Champagne. "Selecting Water Disinfection Processes using Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Technique." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 1 (2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.002.

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Abstract Drinking water treatment strategies generally involve treatment processes such as screening, coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration/adsorption followed by disinfection. Disinfection approaches include chlorine/chlorine (chloramine), granular activated carbon with post chlorine (chloramine), ozone/chlorine (chloramine), chlorine dioxide/ chlorine (chloramine), chloramine/chloramine, and ultraviolet radiation/chlorine (chloramine). However, comparative evaluation of these disinfection methodologies and their application to a particular source of water is rare. In this s

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Schwan, A. M., R. Martin, and W. Goessler. "Chlorine speciation analysis in blood by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry." Analytical Methods 7, no. 21 (2015): 9198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02426a.

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The present work describes the development of a robust method for the determination of traces of the anionic chlorine species chlorite and chlorate in blood matrices (estimated detection limits ∼0.5–1.0 mg Cl L<sup>−1</sup>) by ion chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

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KAUR, SIMRAN, DAVID J. SMITH, and MARK T. MORGAN. "Chloroxyanion Residue Quantification in Cantaloupes Treated with Chlorine Dioxide Gas." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 9 (2015): 1708–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-576.

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Previous studies show that treatment of cantaloupes with chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at 5 mg/liter for 10 min results in a significant reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in initial microflora, an increase in shelf life without any alteration in color, and a 4.6- and 4.3-log reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes, respectively. However, this treatment could result in the presence of chloroxyanion residues, such as chloride (Cl−), chlorite (ClO2−), chlorate (ClO3−), and perchlorate (ClO4−), which, apart from chloride, are a toxicity concern. Radiolabeled chlorine dioxide (36Cl

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Rav-Acha, Ch, A. Serri, E. (Goldstein) Choshen, and B. Limoni. "Disinfection of Drinking Water Rich in Bromide with Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide, While Minimizing the Formation of Undesirable By-Products." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 4-5 (1985): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0164.

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Although chlorine dioxide does not form trihalomethanes (THM) and produces very few non-volatile haloorganic materials in drinking water, intensive investigations bearing on the formation of chlorite by ClO2 disinfection reveal that the rate of chlorite formation reflects the rate of ClO2 consumption and as long as the amount of ClO2 applied is behind its demand, about 60% of the chlorine dioxide consumed is converted into chlorite. Mixtures of Cl2 and ClO2, which may successfully reduce the formation of haloorganic compounds, as well as of chlorite in the absence of bromide, fail to do this w

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Novoselova, Alena, Vladimir Shishkin, and Vladimir Khokhlov. "Redox Potentials of Samarium and Europium in Molten Lithium Chloride." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 56, no. 11 (2001): 754–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2001-1110.

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Abstract The samarium (III)/(II) and europium (III)/(II) redox potentials in molten lithium chloride were measured using the direct potentiometric method in the temperature range from 923 to 1094 K. Glassy carbon was used as the indifferent working electrode, and the standard chlorine electrode as a reference. The total concentration of rare-earth chlorides dissolved in molten lithium chloride did not exceed 4.5 mol%.

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Diyamandoglu, V. "Nitrate and chloride formation in chloramination." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 9 (1994): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0453.

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The formation of nitrate and chloride as end-products of chloramination (combined chlorination) was investigated at pH ranging between 6.9 and 9.6 at 25°C. The experimental results comprised concentration-time profiles of combined chlorine residuals along with nitrate and chloride. Nitrite, if present, was always below the detectibility limit of the analytical method used (25 ppb). Mass balances on chlorine species depicted that chloride formed during the slow decay of combined chlorine residuals does not account for all the chlorine lost. This substantiates the formation of other reaction end

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Shin, H. S. "Simultaneous reduction of by-products of chlorine dioxide and chlorine using Fe(II)–Al(III) coagulant mixture." Water Supply 11, no. 3 (2011): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.054.

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Ferrous iron has been considered very useful for removal of chlorite, a by-product of chlorine dioxide. However, a serious problem can occur associated with high residual iron concentrations in water after Fe(II) treatment, especially at weak acidic condition (pH 6), having a higher capacity of chlorite reduction. Simultaneous removal of chlorite, dissolved iron, and humic acids was achieved with a Fe(II) –Al(III) (1:5) coagulant mixture. Moreover, a significant reduction of chlorine by-products formed after subsequent post chlorination was observed. The by-products of chlorine dioxide and chl

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Gao, Weiwei, Thomas A. Baker, Ling Zhou, Dilini S. Pinnaduwage, Efthimios Kaxiras, and Cynthia M. Friend. "Chlorine Adsorption on Au(111): Chlorine Overlayer or Surface Chloride?" Journal of the American Chemical Society 130, no. 11 (2008): 3560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja077989a.

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Guo, Qianjun, Zaili Zhang, Zhengbo Ma, Yongmei Liang, and Wei Liu. "Fluorescence characteristics of natural organic matter in water under sequential exposure to UV irradiation/chlor(am)ination." Water Supply 14, no. 1 (2013): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.166.

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The organic matter in International Humic Substances Society Natural Organic Matter (IHSS NOM) water exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and chlor(am)ine sequentially under practically relevant conditions was characterized based on fluorescence spectra. IHSS NOM water exposed to UV irradiation or chlor(am)ine alone was also evaluated. Both chlor(am)ine alone and UV/chlor(am)ine exposure showed similar chlor(am)ine demand and fluorescence spectra. UV irradiation and UV/chlorine exposure diminished the fluorescence intensity of IHSS NOM water, while UV/chloramine exposure resulted in increas

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Gao, Kangning, Jie Lu, Xi Wang, Dengxin Li, and Shihong Xu. "Effect of cations on the removal rate of chloride ions and mechanism analysis in high-salt wastewater." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 9 (2021): 2232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.098.

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Abstract Precipitation dechlorination has the advantage of being a simple process with a low cost. However, there are few reports on the effect of cations on dechlorination. In this study, we investigated the effect of cations in high-salt wastewater on the removal of chlorine ions by cuprous chloride precipitation and analysed the corresponding mechanism. A series of investigations revealed that Fe3+ could oxidise sulphite, thereby reducing the removal rate of chlorine ions. The reaction between magnesium and sulphite results in precipitation, which has a slightly adverse effect on the remova

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Qiu, Yinan, Yan Yang, Na Yang, et al. "Corrosion of Iron Covered with Iron Oxide Film by Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride Gases: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study Using the ReaxFF." Energies 15, no. 12 (2022): 4237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124237.

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Flue gas produced by biomass fuel combustion contains various chlorine-containing substances and is an important factor causing biomass boiler corrosion. The corrosion processes of chlorine, hydrogen chloride and water on iron covered with an intact/damaged oxide film were investigated under the high temperature of 1300 K through reactive molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the diffusion processes of oxygen and chlorine are similar and can be divided into three stages: rapid diffusion, continuous diffusion, and no oxide film (stable). Oxygen diffusion in Fe2O3 into a pure iron

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Janků, Josef, Jiří Burkhard, and Luděk Vodička. "Reaction of adamantanone, diamantanone, and their derivatives with thionyl chloride." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 8 (1987): 2028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19872028.

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In reaction of adamantanone, diamantanone, and their chloro or oxo derivatives with thionyl chloride the oxo group is replaced with two chlorine atoms under formation of geminal dichloro derivatives. The presence of a chlorine atom or an oxo group in both ketones reduces the reaction rate. The reaction rate decreases with decreasing distance between the substituent and the carbonyl group. Ketones with chlorine atom in α- or β-axial position do not react with thionyl chloride. The reaction is accelerated by hydrogen chloride whereas in the presence of pyridine no reaction was observed.

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Wiesenthal, K. E., M. J. McGuire, and I. H. Suffet. "Characteristics of salt taste and free chlorine or chloramine in drinking water." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 5 (2007): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.191.

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Abstract Salty taste with or without chlorine or chloramine flavour is one of the major consumer complaints to water utilities. The flavour profile analysis (FPA) taste panel method determined the average taste threshold concentration for salt (NaCl) in Milli-Q water to be 640±3 mg/L at pH 8. Chlorine and chloramine disinfectants have no antagonistic or synergistic effects on the taste of NaCl, salt, in Milli-Q water. The flavour threshold concentrations for chlorine or chloramine in Milli-Q water alone or in the presence of NaCl could not be estimated by the Weber-Fechner curves due to the ch

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Miles, Jeﬀrey, Laurent Mossé, and Jim Grau. "Formation Chlorine Measurement From Spectroscopy Enables Water Salinity Interpretation: Theory, Modeling, and Applications." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 61, no. 6 (2020): 549–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv61n6-2020a2.

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Many methods of calculating water saturation require knowing the chloride concentration in formation water. Chlorides have a strong effect on water properties, and they impact saturation estimates that are based on resistivity, dielectric dispersion, or thermal neutron absorption. Here we introduce a new direct quantitative measurement of formation chlorine from nuclear spectroscopy, enabling a continuous log of water salinity within a limited radial depth. Neutron capture spectroscopy is sensitive to chlorine and is a natural fit for measuring its concentration, except that the spectrum conta

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Zhuravel, Vitalii, Teresa Rucińska, and Olga Borziak. "Investigation of the Diffusion of Chloride Ions in Blended Cement Pastes." ce/papers 6, no. 6 (2023): 1265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2970.

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AbstractWhen exposed to aggressive environments containing chlorides, the chlorine ion partially binds to the usual Portland cement mortar and changes its mineralogy. Chlorine ions entering the system displace sulfate from the monosulfoaluminate. Such systems form Kusel's salt at low chloride concentrations and Friedel's salt at higher concentrations. Unbound chloride ions remain dangerous for reinforcing steel, which diffuse deep into the concrete and destroy the passivating layer on the reinforcement. To assess the protective properties of concrete in relation to metal reinforcement, it is p

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Gobinddass, M. L., J. Molinie, S. Richard, K. Panechou, A. Jeannot, and S. Jean-Louis. "Coastal Sea Salt Chlorine Deposition Linked to Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Oscillation in French Guiana." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77, no. 5 (2020): 1723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-19-0032.1.

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Abstract Sea salt chloride is a major component of atmospheric aerosol and its behavior is an essential element in determining the climate. Two atmospheric chlorine deposition measurement procedures were performed between 2004 and 2008 by the French Guiana Regional Air Observatory (ORA), in the coastal plain of Sinnamary. The main goal was to determine the background spatial distribution of marine chlorine in order to evaluate the impact of Ariane rocket hydrogen chloride emission. To determine the chlorine concentration level, weekly samples from 10 sites were analyzed. A seasonal pattern was

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Srinivasan, Arjun, Gregory Bova, Tracy Ross, et al. "A 17-Month Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Water Treatment System to Control Legionella Species in a Hospital Water Supply." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 8 (2003): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502254.

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AbstractObjective:To assess the safety and efficacy of a chlorine dioxide water treatment system in controlling Legionella in a hospital water supply.Design:For 17 months following installation of the system, we performed regular water cultures throughout the building, assessed chlorine dioxide and chlorite levels, and monitored metal corrosion.Results:Sites that grew Legionella species decreased from 41% at baseline to 4% (P = .001). L. anisa was the only species recovered and it was found in samples of both hot and cold water. Levels of chlorine dioxide and chlorite were below Environmental

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Motupally, Sathya, Dennie T. Mah, Francisco J. Freire, and John W. Weidner. "Recycling Chlorine from Hydrogen Chloride: A New and Economical Electrolytic Process." Electrochemical Society Interface 7, no. 3 (1998): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.f07983if.

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In the chemical industry, chlorine is one of the most widely used chemicals. The chlorine molecule is often used as a modifier or as an aid to manufacture other chemicals. Oftentimes, some or all of the chlorine used is reduced to hydrogen chloride, a waste byproduct.

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Новицький Д. Ю., Костюк В. А. та Кобилянський В. Я. "ДІОКСИД ХЛОРУ В АСПЕКТІ МІКРОБІОЛОГІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ВОДОПРОВІДНОЇ ВОДИ". Science Review, № 4(21) (31 травня 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_sr/31052019/6487.

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In the article the use of chlorine dioxide for disinfection of water from Dnipro River are considered. The results of the industrial testing of disinfection chlorine dioxide technology with using of De NORA Model T70G4000 Chlorine Dioxide Generator for Kyiv water supply system are presented. The Model T70G4000 chlorine dioxide generator is a two-chemical system, utilizing commercially available concentrations of hydrochloric acid (32-33%) and sodium chlorite (24-25%) in the production of chlorine dioxide. No chlorine gas is required. Use of solutions of chlorine dioxide for treatment of tap wa

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Ortenberg, E., L. Groisman, and C. Rav-Acha. "Taste and odour removal from an urban groundwater establishment – a case study." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 1-2 (2000): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0302.

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A deep groundwater well was established in a village near Tel-Aviv, in order to supply drinking water for its 30,000 inhabitants. Although all water characteristics were within the range permitted by the Israeli regulations, operators received complaints about a funny taste and a rotten-egg odour in the water. This was attributed to the presence of 0.38 mgL–1 hydrogen sulfide. Removing the odour by the usual method of aeration was impossible because of the populated surroundings. Therefore it was decided to examine chemical oxidants for taste and odour removal. A treatment with 8 mgL–1 of chlo

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Kim, Gwangmok, and Sangwon Park. "Chloride Removal of Calcium Aluminate-Layered Double Hydroxide Phases: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (2021): 2797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062797.

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Chlorine is a critical element with respect to the use of fossil fuel, recycling of industrial wastes, and water purification. Chlorine could form toxic chemical compounds, corrode pipe systems and boilers, and contaminate surface and ground waters. Calcium aluminate-layered double hydroxides are one of the most promising materials to remove chlorides due to the chemisorption mechanism, since the phases have positively charged interlayers. Many studies on the synthesis and the characterization of calcium aluminate-layered double hydroxides have been extensively conducted, whereas few studies h

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Jiang, Deng Ling, Bo Wen Chen, and Guo Wei Ni. "Application of Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water Disinfection." Advanced Materials Research 461 (February 2012): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.461.497.

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Chlorine dioxide was applied to drinking water for reducing the quantity of organic pollutants such as chloroform and the taste and odor problems. A modified mode for operation in tap water plant was proposed following an investigation of the reaction mechanism by which ClO2 reacts with aquatic organic materials. By using such techniques, by-products such as chlorite and chlorate were effectively minimized and high quality drinking water was produced with reduced production cost of water treatment.

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Huang, Junling, Linhan Xu, Yu Wang, et al. "Ultrafast Rechargeable Aluminum-Chlorine Batteries Enabled by a Confined Chlorine Conversion Chemistry in Molten Salts." Materials 18, no. 8 (2025): 1868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081868.

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Rechargeable metal chloride batteries, with their high discharge voltage and specific capacity, are promising for next-generation sustainable energy storage. However, sluggish solid-to-gas conversion kinetics between solid metal chlorides and gaseous Cl2 cause unsatisfactory rate capability and limited cycle life, hindering their further applications. Here we present a rechargeable aluminum-chlorine (Al-Cl2) battery that relies on a confined chlorine conversion chemistry in a molten salt electrolyte, exhibiting ultrahigh rate capability and excellent cycling stability. Both experimental analys

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