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Journal articles on the topic 'Chlorofluorocarbons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Michael O Jonas. "The ozone hole and a phase change in lower stratospheric temperature." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2024): 1319–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.2.0531.

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Depletion of ozone over Antarctica was first observed in the late 1970s, and discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole was announced in the 1980s as having started in 1979. The ozone hole was defined as the area with total column ozone less than 220 Dobson units. Analysis of ozone, temperature, chlorofluorocarbon and nitrous oxide data from 1963 onwards suggests that the annual ozone minimum at the South Pole is related to lower stratospheric temperature independently of chlorofluorocarbons and nitrous oxide. There were ozone holes, ie. column ozone less than 220 Dobson Units, at the South Pole in several years before 1979 (the date that the ozone hole is reported to have first appeared) when chlorofluorocarbon concentrations were much lower than today and lower than in 1979. An early 1980s phase change in the lower stratospheric temperature at the South Pole at altitudes between 250 hPa and 100 hPa, and at some lower altitudes, coincides with a phase change in the annual South Pole ozone minimum. The phase change is not visible in chlorofluorocarbon or nitrous oxide data. This raises the possibility that, over a multi-annual or decadal timescale, lower stratospheric temperature has more effect than chlorofluorocarbons or nitrous oxide on atmospheric ozone concentration over the South Pole. Alternatively, temperature and ozone may both be reacting to some other influence.

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2

Kawasaki, Naohito, Seiki Tanada, Takeo Nakamura, and Ikuo Abe. "The Recovery of Chlorofluorocarbons and Chlorofluorocarbon Replacements by Surface Modified Activated Carbon." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 172, no. 2 (June 1995): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1995.1266.

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3

Maltagliati, Luca. "Chlorofluorocarbons detection perspectives." Nature Astronomy 6, no. 3 (March 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01646-7.

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4

McFarland, Mack, and Jack Kaye. "CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS AND OZONE." Photochemistry and Photobiology 55, no. 6 (June 1992): 911–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb08540.x.

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5

Anderson, Philip O. "Chlorofluorocarbons in medicinals." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 47, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 1382–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/47.6.1382.

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6

McFarland, Mack. "Chlorofluorocarbons and ozone." Environmental Science & Technology 23, no. 10 (October 1989): 1203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00068a004.

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7

Ellmers, S. "Alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons." BMJ 298, no. 6680 (April 22, 1989): 1100–1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6680.1100-c.

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8

Boyes, A. "Alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons." BMJ 298, no. 6686 (June 3, 1989): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6686.1521-c.

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9

Plotkin, S. "Clinical comparison of preinjection anesthetics." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 88, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-88-2-73.

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To minimize injection anxiety and discomfort, the podiatric surgeon can choose from a variety of topical anesthetics. Available modalities include skin refrigerants (also referred to as vapocoolants), needleless injection systems, iontophoresis, and eutectic mixtures of topical anesthetic cream such as EMLA Cream. Many of the vapocoolants contain chlorofluorocarbons, which are known to damage the ozone layer, a stratospheric layer that filters out harmful ultraviolet B radiation. In accordance with the 1992 Montreal Protocol, which banned the manufacture of certain chlorofluorocarbon compounds, many commonly used vapocoolants will no longer be available. Some newly marketed vapocoolants produce extremely cold temperatures, limiting their use. This article discusses the properties of various vapocoolants and other topical anesthetics and compares their effectiveness in patient trials.

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10

Elliot, Scott, and F. S. Rowland. "Chlorofluorocarbons and stratospheric ozone." Journal of Chemical Education 64, no. 5 (May 1987): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed064p387.

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11

Coady, T. J., A. Day, D. Seaton, G. D. Bell, and A. Carter. "MEASUREMENT OF EXHALED CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS." Lancet 332, no. 8623 (December 1988): 1286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92895-4.

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12

Weigel, Kurt. "Replacing Chlorofluorocarbons in Industry." Journal of the IEST 33, no. 6 (November 1, 1990): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.33.6.u56m732613437655.

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Scientific evidence indicates that ozone depletion over the South Pole is more serious than was suspected a few years ago. As a result, production of the principal ozone-depleting compounds is scheduled to be phased out over the next decade. The impact of the elimination of these chemicals on industries will be immediate and significant, with the aerospace and electronics industries among the most severely affected. Alternative solvents, refrigerants, and foam-blowing agents are being developed, but will not be available in commercial quantities until 1992 at the earliest. Meanwhile, CFC users are working with the chemical manufacturers, EPA, DoD, and various research organizations, to speed up the process of identifying and implementing alternative compounds or processes. Most of the proposed alternatives have some drawbacks when compared with CFCs, but can be implemented safely if the user takes the time to understand the issues thoroughly and involves all affected parties in the decision-making process.

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13

Hoffman, J. S., and J. B. Wells. "Environmental regulations on chlorofluorocarbons." International Journal of Thermophysics 10, no. 3 (May 1989): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00507976.

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14

SHINODA, Kiyonori, Daisaku MIYATANI, Tadashi NAKAMURA, Yoshiki SHIGAKI, Kensei YASUDA, Kazuaki SAEKI, and Takahiro ARAI. "Catalytic Decomposition of Chlorofluorocarbons in the Presence of Alcohols. Decomposition of Various Chlorofluorocarbons." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 4 (1995): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1995.261.

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15

IBUSUKI, Takashi. "Stratospheric ozone depletion by chlorofluorocarbons." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 68, no. 3 (1989): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.68.190.

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16

Cohn, Jeffrey P. "Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer." BioScience 37, no. 9 (October 1987): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310709.

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17

Brune, William H. "Ozone Crisis:The Case Against Chlorofluorocarbons." Weatherwise 43, no. 3 (June 1990): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1990.9927127.

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18

Blanchard, M., L. Wendlinger, and P. Canesson. "Heterogeneous catalytic reactions of chlorofluorocarbons." Applied Catalysis 59, no. 1 (March 1990): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)82191-0.

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19

Tajima, Masahiro, Miki Niwa, Yasushi Fujii, Yutaka Koinuma, Reiji Aizawa, Satoshi Kushiyama, Satoru Kobayashi, Koichi Mizuno, and Hideo Ohuˆchi. "Decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons on TiO2ZrO2." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 12, no. 4 (July 1997): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(96)00078-1.

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20

Oster, H., C. Sonntag, and K. O. Münnich. "Groundwater age dating with chlorofluorocarbons." Water Resources Research 32, no. 10 (October 1996): 2989–3001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96wr01775.

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21

Qin, Dajun, and Hao Wang. "Chlorofluorocarbons and3H/3He in groundwater." Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences 44, S1 (February 2001): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02916786.

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22

Deam, Rowan T., Austin R. Dayal, Trevor McAllister, Alan E. Mundy, Robert J. Western, Laurence M. Besley, Anthony J. D. Farmer, E. Corinna Horrigan, and Anthony B. Murphy. "Interconversion of chlorofluorocarbons in plasmas." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 3 (1995): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39950000347.

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23

Saunders, Graham C. "Defluorination of Perfluoroalkanes and Chlorofluorocarbons." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 35, no. 22 (December 1996): 2615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199626151.

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24

Sekiguchi, Hidetoshi, Takuya Honda, and Atsushi Kanzawa. "Thermal plasma decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons." Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 13, no. 3 (September 1993): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01465876.

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25

Harris, Neil R. P. "Frank Sherwood ‘Sherry’ Rowland. 28 June 1927—10 March 2012." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 68 (March 4, 2020): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2019.0032.

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Sherry Rowland was a chemist who made substantial contributions in the fields of radiochemistry and atmospheric science. He is best known for his research on the stratosphere as, with Mario Molina, he wrote the seminal paper describing how chlorofluorocarbons deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, noting that any ozone depletion would be accompanied by a consequent increase in ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface. In 1995 he, along with Paul Crutzen, was awarded the Nobel Prize for this ground-breaking work. Sherry's career was much more rounded than this brief précis suggests. His various roles included: manager of a semi-professional baseball team while in graduate school; founding chairman of the Chemistry Department at the University of California at Irvine (UCI); tireless and effective advocate for the need to take action on chlorofluorocarbon emissions and climate change; Foreign Secretary of the National Academy of Sciences; and last, but certainly not least, devoted husband, father and grandfather.

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26

Newman, Paul A. "Preserving Earth’s Stratosphere." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-oct-5.

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This article discusses that ozone levels in the Arctic and Antarctic should begin to recover due to reductions in chlorofluorocarbon production, but greenhouse warming may exacerbate losses of the gas in the polar region. It is important to understand the life cycle of ozone molecules because it plays such a vital role in screening harmful ultraviolet radiation. The concentrations of certain gases, such as these highly reactive chlorine compounds, have a critical effect on ozone levels. The chlorine found in the stratosphere comes principally from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). A CFC release becomes well mixed throughout the troposphere in about one year. The CFCs, which enter the stratosphere from the tropical upper-troposphere region, have been measured by the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). Recent research has suggested that greenhouse warming may lead to significant cooling of the polar region. If so, this cooling may exacerbate ozone losses despite decreasing chlorine and bromine levels.

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27

KOBAYASHI, Satoru, Satoshi KUSHIYAMA, Reiji AIZAWA, Koichi MIZUNO, Hideo OHUCHI, and Masahiro SHINBO. "Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Chlorofluorocarbons. I. Study of Adsorption Isotherm for Chlorofluorocarbons on Zeolites." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 9 (1994): 828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1994.828.

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28

Laube, J. C., and A. Engel. "First atmospheric observations of three chlorofluorocarbons." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 7, 2008): 6683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-6683-2008.

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Abstract. We report the first atmospheric observations of the Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) trifluorochloroethene, 3-chloropentafluoropropene and 4,4-dichlorohexafluoro-1-butene by means of Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture and Mass Spectrometric detection (GC-ECD-MS) in air samples taken at the Taunus Observatory operated by the University of Frankfurt (Main) and the Jungfraujoch High Altitude Research Station in Switzerland. These substances belong to a class of CFCs containing a double bond and are suspected to originate from the production and thermal degradation of widely used fluoropolymers like polychlorotrifluoroethene (PCTFE). Their atmospheric lifetimes are expected to be rather short. As a quantitative calibration is not available for these species by now we use a relative sensitivity method to estimate the observed atmospheric abundances. Identification was possible because of an air plume containing high concentrations of these substances. We suggest that the abundances found on this occasion originated from a local source. However, we have also observed the novel CFCs in air masses representative of background conditions, though with much lower concentrations. These species and some of their degradation products are toxic and could also be relevant for stratospheric and tropospheric ozone depletion.

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29

Laube, J. C., and A. Engel. "First atmospheric observations of three chlorofluorocarbons." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 17 (September 2, 2008): 5143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5143-2008.

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Abstract. We report the first atmospheric observations of the Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) trifluorochloroethene, 3-chloropentafluoropropene and 4,4-dichlorohexafluoro-1-butene by means of Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture and Mass Spectrometric detection (GC-ECD-MS) in air samples taken at the Taunus Observatory operated by the University of Frankfurt (Main) and the Jungfraujoch High Altitude Research Station in Switzerland. These substances belong to a class of CFCs containing a double bond and are suspected to originate from the production and thermal degradation of widely used fluoropolymers like polychlorotrifluoroethene (PCTFE). Their atmospheric lifetimes are expected to be rather short. A quantitative calibration could only be derived for trifluorochloroethene but not for the other species by now. Thus, we use a relative sensitivity method to get a first indication of the observed atmospheric abundances. Identification was possible because of an air plume containing high concentrations of these substances. We suggest that the abundances found on this occasion originated from a local source. However, we have also observed the novel CFCs in air masses representative of background conditions, though with much lower concentrations. These species and some of their degradation products are toxic and could also be relevant for stratospheric and tropospheric ozone depletion.

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30

Partridge, M., and A. Woodcock. "Metered dose inhalers free of chlorofluorocarbons." BMJ 310, no. 6981 (March 18, 1995): 684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6981.684.

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31

Rowland, F. Sherwood. "Chlorofluorocarbons and the Antarctic Ozone ‘Hole’." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 3 (1986): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900036213.

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32

EMBER, LOIS. "Lack of market stalls new chlorofluorocarbons." Chemical & Engineering News 65, no. 21 (May 25, 1987): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v065n021.p018.

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33

Kanta Rao, P., K. S. Rama Rao, and A. Hari Padmasri. "Transformation of Chlorofluorocarbons Through Catalytic Hydrodehalogenation." CATTECH 7, no. 6 (December 2003): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:catt.0000007167.66882.76.

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34

Russell Stephen, D., and A. Sexton Douglas. "5362450 Laser controlled decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons." Environment International 21, no. 3 (January 1995): XXXV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(95)99346-4.

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35

Sherwood Rowland, F. "Earth's changing atmosphere: chlorofluorocarbons and ozone." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 10, no. 4 (December 1990): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(90)90028-x.

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36

Stix, Thomas H. "Removal of chlorofluorocarbons from the Earth’s atmosphere." Journal of Applied Physics 66, no. 11 (December 1989): 5622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.343669.

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37

IBUSUKI, Takashi. "Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone Layer by Chlorofluorocarbons." Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society 41, no. 9 (1992): 867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos1956.41.867.

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38

Ueno, Hiroyuki, Yoshiharu Iwasaki, Sukehisa Tatsuichi, and Masataka Soufuku. "Destruction of Chlorofluorocarbons in a Cement Kiln." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 47, no. 11 (November 1997): 1220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1997.10464068.

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39

Tajima, Masahiro, Miki Niwa, Yasushi Fujii, Yutaka Koinuma, Reiji Aizawa, Satoshi Kushiyama, Satoru Kobayashi, Koichi Mizuno, and Hideo Ohuˆchi. "Decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons on W/TiO2–ZrO2." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 14, no. 1-2 (December 1997): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(97)00015-5.

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40

Takita, Yusaku, Hironori Wakamatsu, Masami Tokumaru, Hiroyasu Nishiguchi, Masami Ito, and Tatsumi Ishihara. "Decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons over metal phosphate catalysts." Applied Catalysis A: General 194-195 (March 2000): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(99)00353-1.

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41

Takita, Yusaku, Hironori Wakamatsu, Gong-Liang Li, Yoshihiko Moro-oka, Hiroyasu Nishiguchi, and Tatsumi Ishihara. "Decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons over metal phosphate catalysis." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 155, no. 1-2 (April 2000): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1169(99)00324-6.

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42

Wei, James. "Boiling Points and Melting Points of Chlorofluorocarbons." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 39, no. 8 (August 2000): 3116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie9909439.

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43

ZURER, PAMELA. "EPA calls for total ban on chlorofluorocarbons." Chemical & Engineering News 66, no. 40 (October 3, 1988): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v066n040.p008.

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44

Jacob, E. "Catalytic decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons and related compounds." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 45, no. 1 (October 1989): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(00)84488-7.

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45

England, Matthew H. "Using chlorofluorocarbons to assess ocean climate models." Geophysical Research Letters 22, no. 22 (November 15, 1995): 3051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95gl02670.

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46

Brasseur, G., and C. Granier. "Mount Pinatubo Aerosols, Chlorofluorocarbons, and Ozone Depletion." Science 257, no. 5074 (August 28, 1992): 1239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5074.1239.

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47

Denovan, Barbara A., and Stuart E. Strand. "Biological degradation of chlorofluorocarbons in anaerobic environments." Chemosphere 24, no. 7 (April 1992): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(92)90012-g.

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48

Martin, R. Scott, Kenneth E. Garrison, Stanley E. Manahan, J. Steven Morris, and David W. Larsen. "The destruction of chlorofluorocarbons during ChemChar gasification." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 34, no. 4 (May 1999): 795–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529909376866.

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49

Lijun, Han, John L. Bullister, and David P. Wisegarver. "Study of dissolved chlorofluorocarbons in Lake Washington." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 21, no. 2 (June 2003): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02843148.

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50

Rowland, F. Sherwood. "Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by Chlorofluorocarbons(Nobel Lecture)." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 35, no. 16 (September 6, 1996): 1786–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199617861.

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