Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chloroform-methanol

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Chloroform-methanol'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Chloroform-methanol"

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Akinniyi, Ganiyu, Funmilola Fisusi, and Bamigboye Taiwo. "Molluscicidal activities of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit extract, Aridanin and their particulate formulations on adult and newly hatched Biomphalaria glabrata snails." Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry 4, no. 6 (2019): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v4i6.217.

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The study investigated the molluscicidal activities of chloroform/methanol (1:1) extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera and isolated Aridanin. It also developed useable particulate formulation of chloroform methanol extract and Aridanin and evaluated their molluscicidal activities. This is with a view to providing information on development of useable particulate formulations for the control of snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis. The plant material was extracted successively in n-hexane (100%), chloroform (100%), chloroform/methanol (1:1) and methanol (100%) respectively by maceration. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of chloroform methanol extract was performed using column chromatography to isolate the active compound, Aridanin. Particulate formulations of chloroform methanol extract and Aridanin were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method. Molluscicidal screening on adult and newly hatched Biomphalaria glabrata snails was evaluated according to WHO protocols. The blank polymer formulation, dechlorinated water and Niclosamide served as controls. The result showed that Aridanin demonstrated the highest molluscicidal activity on adult B. glabrata snails with 24 h- LC50 of 1.61 ppm. The chloroform methanol extract had an LC50 value of 23.00 ppm, while particulate formulation of Aridanin and chloroform methanol extract had LC50 of 13.40 and 170.60 ppm respectively. This study showed that newly hatched B. glabrata snails are less susceptible to molluscicides compared to adult snails (P
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Reber, Eleanora A. "Comparison of Neutral Compound Extraction from Archaeological Residues in Pottery Using Two Methodologies: A Preliminary Study." Separations 8, no. 1 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8010006.

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This study compares chloroform/methanol extraction and acidic methanol extraction of neutral compounds in absorbed lipid pottery residues from fourteen archaeological sherds. Previous studies have established that fatty acid extraction is more effective with acidic methanol extraction. This study suggests that acidic methanol extraction of neutral compounds, including sterols, alkanols, alkanes, and terpenoids, is more effective than or comparable to chloroform/methanol solvent extraction in most cases. The acidic methanol method extracts sterols, terpenoids, and alkanes more effectively than or comparably to chloroform/methanol extraction.
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Moreira, Ilídio Ximenes, Aloysius M. Kopong, and Vinsensia H. B. Hayon. "ANALISIS KANDUNGAN KIMIA EKSTRAK BIJI MAHONI DENGAN PELARUT KLOROFORM DAN METANOL." EDUSAINTEK: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains dan Teknologi 11, no. 3 (2024): 1378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47668/edusaintek.v11i3.1254.

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Mahogany is a plant that grows freely in forests, gardens, and various areas and as a plant that has the benefits and economic value. However, now mahogany has been cultivated and is known as a traditional medicinal plant for humans and animals. The objective of this research is to identify the chemical compounds contained in the mahogany seed extract with methanol and chloroform solvents. The research used mahogany seeds with methanol and chloroform solvent. After that, was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and GC-MS instrument. The results of the TLC test when used the methanol solvent with eluent chloroform: ethyl acetate: n-hexane as 4 points, an Rf value are 0.2237; 0.3818; 0.4727; and 0.6363. The eluent of chloroform solvent is n-Hexane: ethyl acetate as 5 points, Rf value are 0.1145; 0.2581; 0.3709; 0.5855; and 0.6709. Then, it was analyzed with the GC-MS instrument, revealing that the mahogany seed extract from each solvent contained 26 peaks for the methanol solvent and 16 peaks for the chloroform solvent. Therefore, it was analyzed with the GC-MS instrument, revealing that the mahogany seeds extract as 26 peaks for the methanol solvent and 16 peaks for the chloroform solvent. Thus, can be concluded that the mahogany seeds extracts with methanol and chloroform solvents have the same and also different contents and compound groups, depending on the polarity of the groups and/or compounds contained in mahogany seeds towards methanol and chloroform solvents. Therefore, concluding that the seeds extract with methanol and chloroform solvents contain the same compounds and different compounds depends on the polarity of the groups/or substance in the mahogany seeds with methanol and chloroform solvent. That’s way, we would like suggest to the future researchers be able to isolate the chemical content of the mahogany seeds and test their toxicity.
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C, Nwokonkwo Dorothy. "UTILIZATION OF AQUEOUS, METHANOL AND CHLOROFORM EXTRACTS OF LOCAL PLANTS- IXORA COCCINEA AND HIBISCUS SABDARRIFFA (ZOBO) FROM ABAKALIKI AS FABRIC DYES." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 11, no. 5 (2015): 3576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v11i5.4476.

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This investigation dealt with the dyeing and fastness properties of crude constituents of Ixora coccinea and Hibiscus sabdarriffa plant species extracted using distilled water, methanol and chloroform. Approximately 150 g of each sample was soaked in the chosen solvent for four weeks, the percentage yields of the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of Ixora coccinea were 38.47% and 13.40 % and 3.88 % respectively; Hibiscus sabdariffa gave yields of 22.85 % for the aqueous extract, 12.24 % for the methanol extract and 3.79 % for the chloroform extract. Aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of Ixora coccinea were all pink in colour; Hibiscus sabdariffa gave red aqueous extract, red methanol extract and orange chloroform extract. The extracts were used without further purification in dyeing unmordanted and mordanted cotton and polyester fabrics. Different colour shades were obtained after dyeing. The mordanted fabrics using CuSO4, FeSO4 and K2CrO7 were fast to acid, alkali and washing.Key words dyeing, extract, fastness, mordant, solvent
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Benay, Gael, and Georges Wipff. "The effect of solvent heterogeneity on the solvation and complexation of alkali cations by 18-crown-6: a simulation study in the 90 : 10 chloroform/methanol mixture." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 5 (2016): 4662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj03527a.

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Stein, Tiffany, Mariana Romero, Frank Pérez, and Douglas Rodríquez. "Design of a System for the Recovery of Residual Organic Solvents based on Extractive Distillation." Ciencia en Revolución 5, no. 16 (2019): 107–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670664.

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Environmental liabilities in the pharmaceutical sector constitute a problem, which must be solved with sustainable development criteria. The production of new drugs should also be accompanied by procedures that neutralize or give the possibility of reuse of the discarded substances. The purpose of this research was the development of a separation system, by extractive distillation for the treatment and recovery of a chloroform-methanol azeotropic mixture, which represents an organic waste generated in the production process of pulmonary surfactants. Water was used as an extracting agent for the separation of the organic waste formed by chloroform-methanol in a 2:1 ratio. The distillate obtained was chloroform, and the residual methanol-water was subsequently separated by simple distillation. The purity of the fractions obtained from chloroform and methanol was determined, by pycnometry and refractometry. The following results are obtained for chloroform 91.47% and 90.11%; of purity and for methanol 46.64%, and 54.75% purity respectively. Additionally, the chloroform purity was quantified by gas chromatography yielding a result of 96.70\% The data obtained show that the proposed design is presented as an alternative for the recovery of residual solvents from the pharmaceutical industry.
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Rohman, Abdul, and Sugeng Riyanto. "Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia, L)." agriTECH 25, no. 3 (2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.13347.

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This research aimed to determine antioxidant activity of Morinda citrifolia, L fruit extracts. Morinda citrifolia, L fruit was ground, extracted by methanol, and partitioned by using chloroform and ethyl acetate to recover extracts of methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate respectively. These extracts were diluted to various concentrations i.e. 1, 5, and 10 %, and were determined their antioxidant activities by linoleic-thiocyanate method. The result showed that extracts of Morinda citrifolia, L fruit had antioxidant activity in the order of ethyl acetate extract > chloroform extract > methanol extract. Antiradical activity tests were carried out by using DPPH (2,2-dipheny1-1-piaylhydrazil) method, the results showed that ethyl acetate extract, chloroform extract, and methanol extract revealed IC50 46,7, 227,7 and 888,6 pg/ml, respectively.
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Dobush, Gloria R., C. Davison Ankney, and David G. Krementz. "The effect of apparatus, extraction time, and solvent type on lipid extractions of snow geese." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 8 (1985): 1917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-285.

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Variability in apparatus, solvent type, and extraction time for lipid extractions is common in the literature. To investigate the effect of this methodological variability on the amount and type of material extracted, equal subsamples of snow goose (Chen caerulescens) homogenate were extracted in Soxhlet and Goldfisch fat extractors with petroleum ether, diethyl ether, chloroform–methanol, and a petroleum ether–chloroform–methanol mixture for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. The type of solvent used had the largest effect on the amount of material that was extracted. Petroleum ether and diethyl ether extracted few nonlipids, but chloroform–methanol extracted relatively large amounts of nonlipids. We conclude that chloroform–methanol, when used in a Goldfisch or Soxhlet fat extractor, is an inappropriate solvent for studies dealing with body composition.
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Taghavi, Toktam, Hiral Patel, Omololu E. Akande, and Dominique Clark A. Galam. "Total Anthocyanin Content of Strawberry and the Profile Changes by Extraction Methods and Sample Processing." Foods 11, no. 8 (2022): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11081072.

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Anthocyanins are the primarily pigments in many flowers, vegetables, and fruits and play a critical role in human and plant health. They are polyphenolic pigments that are soluble in water and usually quantified by spectrophotometric methods. The two main methods that quantify anthocyanins are pH differential and organic solvent-based methods. Our hypothesis was that these methods extract different anthocyanin profiles. Therefore, this experiment was designed to identify anthocyanin profiles that are extracted by pH differential and organic solvent-based methods and observe their total anthocyanin content from strawberries. Six methods were tested in this experiment to quantify and profile anthocyanins in strawberry fruits by spectrophotometry and Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) respectively. Four methods used organic solvents (methanol, and chloroform-methanol) in different combinations. The next two methods were pH differential and a combination of organic solvent and the pH differential method. The results suggest that acidified chloroform-methanol extracted the highest anthocyanin content compared to water-based solvents. Methanol-water based solvents also performed better than methanol alone, because both methanol and water may extract different profiles of anthocyanins. Water-based extracts had the greatest absorbance at a lower wavelength (498 nm), followed by methanol (508 nm), and chloroform (530 nm). Chloroform-methanol solvent with higher pH (3.0) extracted pelargonidin as the main anthocyanin, while methanol and water-based solvents (with lower pH 1.0–2.0) extracted delphinidin as their main anthocyanin as identified by UHPLC. Therefore, chloroform-methanol and methanol-water solvents were the best solvents for extracting anthocyanins from strawberries. Also, freeze-dried strawberries had higher anthocyanin contents compared to fresh or frozen samples.
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Wood, Lindsay W. "Chloroform–Methanol Extraction of Chlorophyll a." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 1 (1985): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-005.

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Chloroform–methanol (2:1, v/v) extracts significantly more (P < 0.001) chlorophyll a from algal cultures and from freshwater and seawater microcosms than does dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, absolute methanol with hydrogen sulfide, or 90% acetone. For chlorophyte cultures it yields 97% or more of the chlorophyll a within a 4-h steeping period without grinding. It can be used with both calibrated spectrophotometry and fluorometric instrumentation. Sample filtration onto MgCO3-coated filters is recommended to ensure buffering of the extraction mixture. Holding the filters in chloroform–methanol at 4 °C or room temperature in the dark prevents loss of chlorophyll a for at least 10 d. More refined analyses of phaeophytin and other chlorophylls require the use of chloroform–methanol–water (2:2:1.8, by volume) and placement in a separatory funnel. After 24 h the lower (chloroform) layer contains all of the chlorophyll. Strict pH control is required for pheophytin determinations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chloroform-methanol"

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Thakare, Kalpana. "Changes in Pancreatic and Jejunal Histopatholgy and Serum IFN-γ, TNF-α Levels in Type 1 Diabetes: Role of Chloroform Methanol Soluble Gliadin Proteins". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33891.

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Chloroform methanol (CM) soluble extract of a cereal-based diet has been suggested to induce type 1 diabetes in an experimental animal model of type 1 diabetes. However, the individual constituent of this extract responsible for the disease induction and its disease pathogenesis mechanism remained unexplored. A previous study in our laboratory failed to show that the sphingolipid enriched fraction of CM soluble extract of wheat gluten triggers type 1 diabetes. Therefore, to study the involvement of CM soluble gliadin proteins in type 1 diabetes, we retrospectively analyzed proteins from sphingolipid enriched extract. SDS-PAGE analysis of CM soluble extract of wheat gluten and sphingolipid enriched fraction exhibited protein bands corresponding to the masses of the wheat gliadins, suggesting the presence of gliadin proteins in the CM soluble sphingolipid enriched extract. We studied the effect of five different dietary treatments on the histopathology of pancreatic tissue from BBdp rats includes insulitis scores i.e. lymphocytic infiltration in islet of Langerhans in order to test gliadin specific sphingolipid enriched extract (GSLEE) as possible a diabetogen. However, there were no significant differences in pancreatic insulitis scores and lymphoid tissue content due to addition of (GSLEE) to the hydrolyzed casein (HC) diet. We also investigated changes in jejunal histopathology and sera IFN-γ, TNF-α cytokine concentration in type 1 diabetes, induced by GSLEE. A decrease in jejunal CD4+ and γδ TCR + cell counts and inflammatory cell infiltrate were observed due to presence of CM soluble GSLEE in the HC diet, although this decrease was not statistically significant. A significant increase in sera IFN-γ cytokine concentration was found in BBdp rats fed the HC + GSLEE diet as compared to rats on HC diet. A numerical decrease in sera TNF-α concentration was also observed in BBdp rats fed the HC + GSLEE diet, when compared to BBdp rats on the HC diet. In contrast, a significant increase in serum IFN-γ concentrations in BBdp rats were observed after removing the CM soluble GSLEE from the wheat gluten based diet (WG) when compared to the WG diet alone. Removing GSLEE from WG diet resulted in insignificant increase in serum TNF-α concentration in BBdp rats when compared to WG dietary treatment group's BBdp rats. However, there were no significant differences in jejunal enteropathy parameters (i.e. lymphocytic infiltration, mucosal thickness, epithelial erosion, jejunal villi flattenings), jejunal CD4+ and jejunal γδ TCR+ cell counts; pancreatic insulitis scores, lymphoid tissue content after removing the CM soluble GSLEE from the WG diet when compared to the WG diet. Since overall findings regarding the CM soluble GSLEE's potential to induce type 1 diabetes by changing pancreatic and jejunal histopathology and elevating serum IFN-γ, TNF-α cytokine levels largely remained inconclusive, further investigations are warranted regarding immune suppression potential of the CM soluble sphingolipids in type 1 diabetes and the search of diabetogenic agents remaining in the residue after CM extraction.<br>Master of Science
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Book chapters on the topic "Chloroform-methanol"

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Yuan-Huffman, Qingwen Wendy. "Poly(tetrahydrofuran)." In Polymer Data Handbook. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195181012.003.0185.

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Abstract Polymerization None Cationic ring-opening living polymerization (1–3) Solvents None Benzene, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, Chloroform (4–6) Nonsolvents None Petroleum ether, hexane, methanol, water (4–6)
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Yuan-Huffman, Qingwen Wendy. "Poly(propylene oxide)." In Polymer Data Handbook. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195181012.003.0170.

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Abstract Polymerization None Ring-opening polymerization 1 Typical copolymersNone Ethylene oxide–propylene oxide copolymer 2 Solvents None Benzene, ethanol, dioxane, N,N-dimethylacetamide, chloroform, 3 tetrahydrofuran, methanol (hot), acetone
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Kanchana, Parijatham, Devasani Vaishnavi, and Y. Sabitha. "Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Activity of Indigofera Tirunelvelica and Basella Alba." In Convergence of Technology & Biology - Transforming Life Sciences. Shanlax Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.34293/ctbtls.2025.ch012.

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The objective of this research is to compare the anti- biofilm and antimicrobial activity of Indigofera tirunelvelica and Basella alba. This study helps us to understand the anti-biofilm activity &amp; antimicrobial of extracts from Indigofera tirunelvelica and Basella alba against common biofilm-forming bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus thuringiensis and biofilmforming fungi, such as Aspergillus Niger and Canadian. For this experimentation, leaf extract (methanol, chloroform &amp; aqueous) of Indigofera tirunelvelica and Basella alba were used. Bacteria and fungi stains are cultured in tryptic soy broth and sabouraud dextrose broth respectively. The bacterium and fungi were cultured in well plates and incubated for 24 to 48 hours. The treatment with Indigofera tirunelvelica and Basella alba varying degrees of biofilm inhibition in bacteria and fungi respectively. For klebsiella and streptococcus higher biofilm inhibition of 18mm was observed. Similar with aspergillus and Canadian 12mm was observed. Aqueous showed more inhibition activity than methanol, chloroform taken in Indigofera tirunelvelica and Basella. In basella the inhibition activity is more promising.
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PS, Ramani. "Chapter-20 Chloroform-Methanol Treated, Ethylene Oxide Gas Sterilized Bone Allografts: A Bone Bank." In Textbook of Spinal Surgery Vol 1 &amp 2 (A Comprehensive Guide to the Management of Spinal Problems). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10955_20.

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Thangaraj, Parimelazhagan, Pezzuto M. John, Tamara P. Kondratyuk, Eun-Jung Park, Murugan Rajan, and Simeon O. Kotchoni. "Inhibition of Nitric Oxide and Free Radical Production by Leaf and Stem Extracts of Psychotria nilgiriensis." In Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants for Cancer Therapy and Chemoprevention. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815238549124010008.

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Psychotria nilgiriensis was used in traditional medicine as to cure chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the evaluation of different combination of solventbased fractions from stem and leaves of P. nilgiriensis for free radical scavenging activity, inhibitory potential against nitric oxide radicals, and tentative identification of active metabolites were carried out. The antioxidant activity of solvent extracts was determined by DPPH· scavenging, TAC, and ORAC assays using spectrophotometer analysis. Further, nitric oxide production inhibition was studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages RAW 264.7 cells. Fraction-based bioactive chemical compound identification was performed using an LC-MS metabolomics approach. With each of the assays, activity was observed with various extracts derived from both the stem and the leaf. The two active extracts, one obtained with Psychotria nilgiriensis leaf ethyl acetate: methanol (PLEM, 40/60 v/v), and another one obtained with P. nilgiriensis stem chloroform: ethyl acetate (PSCE, 70/30 v/v), about 10-15% of the chemical components were identified. With PLEM, N,N-bis(2-ethylhexyl)hydroxylamine was higher in concentration, whereas PSCE, N,N-dioctylhydroxylamine was higher in concentration compared to other metabolites. Thus, the present findings suggest that the P. nilgiriensis leaf and stem could have medicinal value as an antioxidant for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Some of the chemical constituents such as hydroxylamine derivatives could also be of value.
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Parijatham Kanchana, S., Poojita Pabbu, and Y. Sabitha. "In Bitro Studies on Alpha Glucosidase and Alpha Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Indigofera Tirunelvelica and Basella Alba." In Convergence of Technology & Biology - Transforming Life Sciences. Shanlax Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.34293/ctbtls.2025.ch017.

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Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disorder characterized by Hyperglycaemia (elevated levels of blood glucose), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes etc. India is referred to as the “diabetes capital of the world” because. Around 77 million people are diagnosed with diabetes which makes it the second most affected country after China. Since antidiabetic drugs prescribed today have frequent side effects, research on plant-based alternatives is needed. This study aims to find out the antidiabetic activity of Indigofera tirunelvelica and Basella alba by evaluating their in vitro inhibitory enzyme activities. Treatment may involve inhibition of enzymes responsible for carbohydrate degradation, such as Alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase, in order to maintain blood sugar levels. For this experiment, the plant extract was made using methanol, chloroform, and distilled water. The activity of amylase and glucosidase was measured spectrophotometrically. Inhibitory potential was measured using regression equation. IC₅₀ values were calculated for all the samples including Acarbose. The IC₅₀ value of Acarbose(standard) was 13.91μg/ml. The IC₅₀ value of Indigofera tirunelvelica (36.83μg/ml) was less compared to Basella alba (53.96μg/ml) This indicates a stronger inhibitory effect of Indigofera tirunelvelica as it has the nearest value to that of the standard (Acarbose). Significant inhibition was seen in Indigofera tirunelvelica compared to Basella alba which suggests that, these plants can contribute for future research in the treatment of diabetes.
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Pereira T.M., Dagli M.L.Z., Mennecier G., and Zezell D.M. "Influence of fixation products used in the histological processing in the FTIR spectra of lung cells." In Advances in Biomedical Spectroscopy. IOS Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-184-7-111.

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Among the optical characterization techniques, the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can offer high sensibility and accuracy to detect minimal chemical changes into the biological sample and in principle, can be used to differentiate the normal from neoplastic tissues. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the differences on FTIR spectra of the normal cell due to different fixation protocols for histological processing. Immortalized, non-cancerous mice lung epithelial cell line e10 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, USA) was maintained in complete e10 culture medium (CMRL-1066 (Gibco), 10% SUF and L-glutamine 200 mM). The cultures were fixed with following substances: 5% formalin in PBS, methacarn (60% methanol, 30% chloroform and 10% acetyl acid), 70% alcohol and also the unfixed cells, were cultured and maintained in PBS. The FTIR spectra were acquired on a Nicolet 6700 (Thermo Scientific Nicolet&amp;trade;, Waltham, MA, USA) spectrophotometer at 4 cm&amp;minus;1resolution, 30 scans, in the 4000&amp;ndash;500 cm&amp;minus;1spectral range. Nine infrared spectra were obtained from each fixation protocol. Main region of spectra used in the analysis was 1800&amp;ndash;800 cm&amp;minus;1. All spectra were analyzed by vector normalization, to determine any possible difference in bands and peak position. These results indicate that all fixing protocol change some of the specific characteristics of FTIR spectra. The formalin fixation was the protocol that caused less modification on the spectra related to the unfixed one. Therefore the choice of the fixing protocol depends on the specific information wanted from the spectra.
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"are purified lipid contents and others are not, and the puri-(Paspalum scrobiculatum), and barnyard (Echinocloa fied lipid content depends on the purification method. colona). Sridhar and Lakshminarayana [32] also reported Starch lipids (SL) are those bound to starch, and they FL contents of 5.0, 5.6, and 2.2% for Proso, Foxtail, and are the most difficult to extract. Since true SL are present Finger millet, respectively. Taira [45] found slightly high-inside the starch granules, even a very polar solvent such er average FL (ether extraction) contents for glutinous as WSB cannot extract them at ambient temperature. Effi-foxtail millet (4.2-5.1%, average 4.7% of 21 samples) cient extraction of SL requires mixtures of hot aqueous al-than for nonglutinous foxtail millet (4.0-4.7%, average cohol in proportions optimized for controlled swelling of 4.4% of 31 samples). Among millet, pearl millet contains the starch granules and solubilization of the lipids [25]. the most FL. The best solvents are n-propanol or isopropanol with water Lipid contents of rice in Table 2 were cited by Morrison (3:1, by volume) used under nitrogen at 100°C. However, [3] using the data of Nechaev and Sandler [2]. Taira and some n-butanol—water and methanol-water mixtures also Chang [46] reported that the average nonglutinous brown are reasonably efficient extraction solvents at 100°C [25]. rice FL (ether extraction) contents of 20 varieties each of Recently, a third lipid category was introduced. Starch sur-Indica and Japonica types were 2.7% (2.38-2.91%) and face lipids (SSL) are portions of the nonstarch lipids 2.9% (2.54-3.58%), respectively. More recently, Taira et (NSL), which become firmly absorbed onto or into starch al. [47] reported the average FL contents of 15 nongluti-granules during the separation of pure starch [24]. nous varieties as 2.5% (2.24-2.97%) for Indica, 2.5% Lipids are minor components of the cereal grains shown (2.12-2.94%) for Japonica, 2.7% (2.35-3.03%) for Sinica, in Table 2. Data in this table, expressed on a dry basis, and 2.6% (2.11-2.99%) for Japonica types. were calculated from reported values [3,16,26-41]. Also, some BL or TL contents were calculated by subtracting FL from TL or by adding FL to BL, depending on the avail-B. Nonstarch Lipid Classes of Grains ability of data. The FL contents range from 1.5 to 2% of Lipids can be separated into three broad classes by open-the kernel weights of barley, rice, rye, triticale, and wheat column silicic acid chromatography. Nonpolar lipids (NL) grains. They range from 3 to 7% of the kernel weights of are first eluted by chloroform, glycolipids (GL) are eluted oats, millet, corn, and sorghum. However, BL contents in next by acetone, and phospholipids (PL) are eluted last grains are more uniform than FL contents. Therefore, the with methanol. Mixtures of GL and PL are polar lipids FL:BL ratio is substantially higher for corn, millet, oats, (PoL). After NL elution from a silicic acid column, PoL and sorghum than for rye, triticale, and wheat grains. The can be eluted with methanol without the GL elution step. FL:BL ratios for barley and rice are intermediate. Lipids can also be separated into various classes by thin-High oil-containing grains such as corn are continuous-layer chromatography (TLC) using different development ly bred for higher oil content with improved production solvent systems. Each individual lipid class migrates dif-yield. Application of wide-line NMR spectroscopy for ferently on the thin-layer plate, and the difference in mi-nondestructive analysis of the oil content in single corn gration rates makes it possible to separate complex lipids kernels made selection for higher oil content more efficient into classes. The NL consists of SE, TG, DG, MG, and [42]. Corn hybrids with 6-8.5% oil content and grain FFA (see Table 1). The total NL content is obtained by yields equal to those of good commercial hybrids were adding these NL class contents as measured by densitome-produced [43]. try. Thus, the NL content of samples may differ, to some Several kinds of millet exist, and the lipid data in the extent, depending on methodology used (column separa-literature are confusing. Rooney compared the FL (ether tion or TLC separation). extraction) contents of several types of millet in a review The data [1,13,27,29,32,36-38,40,48-58] shown in paper [16]. The average FL contents of pearl millet (Pen-Table 3 may be used for only approximate comparison of nisetum typhoids) were 5.1% (4.1-5.6%, 14 samples), the NL content from different grains because some were 5.4% (2.8-8.0%, 167 samples, [44]), 5.6% (4.3-7.1%, 40 obtained by column chromatography and some by TLC. samples), and 6.2% (4.2-7.4%, 35 samples) [16]. Other All cereal grain lipids are richer in NL than in other class-reported average FL contents were 4.8% (4.6-5.0%, 6 es: 60-70% of the TL are NL in wheat (hexaploid), triti-samples) for foxtail millet (Setaria Italica), 5.8% cale, and rye; 65-80% for barley and oat groats; 77-87% (5.5-6.3%, 6 samples) for Japanese millet (Echinochloa for sorghum and rice; and 75-96% for corn and millet crusgalli), and 4.2% (3.8-4.9%, 20 samples) for proso (Pennisetum americanum). Sridhar and Lakshminarayana millet (Panicum miliaceum) [16]. Sridhar and Lakshmi-[32] reported 82, 80, and 79% of NL for Foxtail, Proso, narayana [30] reported a FL content range of 3.4-5.7% for and Finger millet, respectively. There are significant vari-small millet, including little (Panicum sumatrense), kodo etal effects on the NL/PoL ratio for corn and millet (P." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-43.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chloroform-methanol"

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Som, Ayub Md, Norizan Ahmat, Hairul Amani Abdul Hamid, et al. "Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Hylocereus undatus</i> Foliage: Effects of Using Different Drying and Assays Methods." In 5th International Conference on Global Sustainability and Chemical Engineering 2021 (ICGSCE2021). Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-m2r02u.

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Phytochemical screening was conducted on Hylocereusundatus foliage to determine the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins using methanol and chloroform solvents via oven-dried and open air-dried methods. As for the antioxidant activity, powdered Hylocereusundatus foliage were extracted using both solvents through Ferric Reduction Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay; and the findings were then compared to 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Ipicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay from previous studies. Results revealed that for both methods in phytochemical screening, flavonoids were present only in methanol extract; however, saponins were present in both extracts. No alkaloid and tannins were present in both extracts using both methods. Antioxidant activity results revealed that the methanol extract (59.05%) and chloroform extract (20.58%) using the FRAP assay were comparable to that of DPPH assay in which methanol extract (88.81%) and chloroform extract (38.30%) were obtained. It concludes that Hylocereusundatus has comparable phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity based on the different drying and assay methods.
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Camacho-Corona, María del Rayo, Deyani Nocedo-Mena, and Mauricio González-Ferrara. "Triterpenoids identified by GC-MS in chloroform/methanol extract from leaves of Cissus incisa." In MOL2NET 2018, International Conference on Multidisciplinary Sciences, 4th edition. MDPI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mol2net-04-05924.

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Sümer Tüzün, B., Ö. Özçınar, and B. Kıvçak. "The Green Synthesis, Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Anthemis tricolor Boiss. Methanol and Chloroform Extracts." In GA 2017 – Book of Abstracts. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608379.

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Bed, Rashmi Karamchand, Ameeta Ravikumar, and V. Ravi Kumar. "In Situ Direct Transesterification Process Optimization for Biodiesel Production from Aspergillus Terreus Wet Biomass." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/imvw5693.

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The popular saying “Never let a crisis go to waste” holds true today as global energy crisis has created opportunity for energy transition. To contribute towards bioenergy technology we developed a microbial biorefinery based cheap and abundantly available agro-waste, sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse detoxified liquid hydrolysate supplemented with lipid accumulation media (DLH-LAM) substrate generated biomass of oleaginous Aspergillus terreus and its strain improved variant TB21 and was used for in-situ direct transesterification for biodiesel (FAME) generation. The efficiency of downstream processing was improved by optimizing the in-situ transesterification process. Time and energy consuming process of biomass drying was replaced by wet biomass harvested post fermentation. Hazardous chloroform was compensated with greener alternative, methanol. H2SO4 promoted biomass dehydration and catalysis of the transesterification reaction, limiting chemicals usage. Biomass loading, H2SO4 , methanol and reaction time were statistically optimized by Plackett-Burman design (PBD) experiments. A. terreus wild type grown in 3% DLH-LAM at 30 ˚C, 120 hours’ showed FAME yield 66 mg/g of wet biomass in 5 minutes of reaction time at 121˚C, 15 psi, compared to 24.51 mg/g FAME from dried biomass transesterified at 65 ˚C for 3 hours of reaction time (Bioenerg. Res.). TB21 showed comparatively higher FAME yield of 86.55 mg/g wet biomass, 2.6 times higher than 33.43 mg/g FAME from dried biomass under same conditions. This work is being taken forward with GC analysis and scale-up to fermenter level.Direct usage of wet biomass, replacement of chloroform, reduction in reaction time from 3 hours to 5 minutes, while achieving 2.6 times higher FAME yields shows the efficiency of the process optimized. Decarboniza­tion challenges can therefore be overcome with the development of such sound biodiesel generation system efficient in terms of time, energy, cost, and environmentally sustainable. Key words: biodiesel; process optimization; in-situ direct transesterification; Plackett-Burman; Aspergillus terreus
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Dogariu, Arthur, Paul M. Buck, David J. Hagan, and Eric W. Van Stryland. "Pump-Probe Experiments in Organic Solutions for Optical Limiting." In Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals and Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1996.nthe.13.

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We report a series of picosecond excite-probe and femtosecond continuum excite-probe experiments performed on solutions of organic dyes. These experiments show the dynamics and spectral range of utility for these materials which have shown promise for applications in optical limiting devices. The metallo-organic dye solutions used were: Silicon Naphthalocyanine (SiNc) in methanol, tetrakis(β-cumylphenoxy) Lead Phthalocyanine (PbPc(β-CP)4) in chloroform and Zinc meso-Tetra(p-methoxyphenyl)Tetrabenzporphyrin (ZnTMOTBP) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Initial studies involved Z-Scan and picosecond pump-probe measurements on these solutions at 532 nm.[1-3] All of these materials exhibited large reverse saturable absorption (RSA), i.e. the excited-state cross-section is larger than that of the ground-state.
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Raischi, Viorica, Ecaterina Covaci, Lorena A. Filip, Simona Codruta Heghes, and Oara Neumann. "Enhancing polyphenol delivery systems for effective chronic kidney disease management." In "Fiziologia şi sănătatea", congresul fiziologilor. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Medical Sciences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.52692/cfzl2024.37.

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Nature provided the inspiration and the ingredients for therapeutic medicine. More than 50% of all current medicinal drugs are made from herbal plants, roots, and fruits. According to the World Health Organization, 75% of the world's population uses plant-based medicine. These products contain only purified ingredients that may reduce the final product's antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, we aim to develop a method of extraction that may stabilize the antioxidant properties of the product. Polyphenols are organic compounds found in fruits and vegetables such as onions, grapes, berries, cherries, broccoli, and citrus. Polyphenols exhibit significant antibacterial and antimicrobial activity, antihypertensive and vasodilator effects, and antihypercholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic activities. Conventional extraction methods, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, or microwave-assisted extraction, use solvents with different polarities (ethanol, methanol, water, and chloroform) or elevated temperatures. Here, we developed a method of extraction and stabilization that involves an alcoholic solution and plant-based stabilizers.
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"Towards green extraction: A study on solvent selection and methods for antioxidant activities of Diplazium esculentum Retz. and Stenochlaena palustris." In Sustainable Processes and Clean Energy Transition. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902516-56.

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Abstract. Green extraction method by combination of stirring method with no presence of heat and the use of aqueous as solvent were highlighted in this study. Various solvents (aqueous, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol) and two extraction methods (stirring and Soxhlet) were used to study their effect on the yield, qualitative phytochemical content, and antioxidant properties of Diplazium esculentum Retz. and Stenochlaena palustris. Stirring extraction method in aqueous has shown to provide highest yield in both plant species with D. esculentum at 8.88% and S. palustris at 9.40%. Saponin was also seen present in both aqueous extracts qualitatively. In the case of FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assay, aqueous extract of D. esculentum (DEA) had the highest value with 687.57 + 0.01 μg Fe(II)E/ml, while stirring method in various solvents had shown to produce high antioxidant activities compared to Soxhlet method. This study revealed that aqueous extracts by stirring method is a promising method for extraction of plant materials and at the same time leading towards a green environment.
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Deneanu, Nicoleta, Magdalena Dianu, and Ion Teoreanu. "Packaging and Conditioning of Solvent Wastes From Decontamination Operation Cernavoda NPP." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4759.

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Solvent wastes produced at Cernavoda NPP consist of miscellaneous acetone, toluene, methanol, chloroform, triclorethan, white spirit and ethylene glycol. These are normally LLW containing only relatively small quantities of beta/gamma emitting radionuclides and varying amounts of tritium with activity below E08Bq/l. This paper is a review of some current innovative work of Waste Management Facility from Institute for Nuclear Research Pitesti in the development of a viable solidification technology to convert solvent wastes into a stable monolithic form, which minimises the probability to release tritium in the environment during interim storage, transportation and final disposal. The paper presents the author’s research on immobilisation of solvent wastes by cementation using aluminium stearate additive. A quality assurance program should accompany the production of waste forms. The goal of all tests should be to obtain a license for a certain process from a competent authority. The process will be clean, which means there will be no secondary waste and low doses to the personnel will be achieved; the product quality will meet any National requirement and the reproducibility of the process meets any QA requirement.
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Prisco, D., P. G. Rogasi, R. Paniccia, A. Panetta, M. Coppo, and G. F. Gensini. "LIPID COMPOSITION OF PLATELETS FROM PATIENTS AFFECTED BY Ila HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644568.

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Platelets from patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (IIa HLP), a condition associated with high prevalence of atherosclerosis and of its thrombotic complications, are known to be hyperresponsive to aggregating stimuli and to synthesize increased amounts of thromboxane A2. In order to search if these functional alterations can depend on a different platelet lipid composition, we studied 12 young patients ( aged 20 to 34 years) affected by Ila HLP and 12 suitable controls with similar dietary habits. Lipids were extracted from washed platelets with a chloroform/methanol (2/1) mixture. After silicic acid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography different lipid fractions were eluted and fatty acid methylesters were prepared by acid transmethanolysis. The esters were extracted with hexane and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Different fatty acids were identified on the basis of retention time with respect to standard methylester mixtures and silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography. Cholesterol and lipid phosphorus were assayed by colorimetric methods. Both cholesterol and phospholipid content of platelets were higher in patients than in controls with a significant increase of cholesterol/ phospholipid molar ratio (p&lt;0.05). The percentage content of the phospholipid fractions was not different from that of controls. On the contrary the proportion of saturated fatty acids esterified in the different phospholipid fractions was significantly increased (minimum p&lt;0.05). In addition thromboxane A2 production by platelets from patients with Ila HLP was higher than in controls (&lt;0.001). Our results indicate that lipid composition of platelets from patients with Ila HLP is altered and may be responsible for the enhanced platelet activity described in these patients.
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Castejon, Natalia. "Eco-friendly Strategies to Produce Bioactive Lipids from the omega-3 Rich Microalga Nannochloropsis Gaditana." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/rwfn7404.

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Microalgae are considered a promising alternative source of omega-3 long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFAs) since they are the primary producers of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids in the marine environment. Extraction methods commonly used for the isolation of these bioactives are based on conventional techniques, which imply the use of high volumes of organic solvents and high energy requirements, producing health and environmental problems. In this sense, greener alternatives need to be developed to meet the global consumer demand for natural ingredients and eco-friendly products. In this work, the use of ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) technology in combination with environmentally friendly solvents was evaluated as a green strategy to efficiently extract the omega-3 lipids from the microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana. The microalgal biomass was pretreated with different commercial enzymes (Viscozyme® L, Celluclast® 1.5 L, and Saczyme® Yield) and the results were compared with the traditional Folch method (2:1 chloroform/methanol). A promising extraction approach was developed using Saczyme® Yield and ethanol as solvent, achieving a lipid yield of 25.7% ± 0.5, comparable to the results obtained with the traditional method (27.3% ± 0.7) (p &gt; 0.05). Similar omega-3 content was found by GC-MS analysis for both lipid extracts (30.2% ± 2.9 and 29.2% ± 1.0 for the green and the traditional method, respectively), showing that the environmentally friendly approaches did not negatively affect the fatty acid profile. Additionally, the bioactivity of the produced lipids was investigated by a spectrum of in vitro cell-based assays measuring potential endpoints of interest like cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In conclusion, this work provides relevant results for new eco-friendly extraction approaches to produce functional omega-3 lipids with potential applications in the food industry, avoiding the use of toxic solvents and reducing the environmental impact.
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Reports on the topic "Chloroform-methanol"

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ภัตรพานิช, ชำนาญ, та สุวรรณา เหลืองชลธาร. การศึกษาเพื่อกำหนดมาตรฐานของสมุนไพรบัวบกและสิ่งสารสกัดที่มีฤทธิ์ทางยา : รายงานการวิจัย. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 2005. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2005.25.

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งานวิจัยนี้มุ่งศึกษาข้อมูลพื้นฐานของสมุนไพรบัวบกเพื่อใช้กำหนดคุณลักษณะของพืชและสิ่งสกัดบัวบกที่มีสาระสำคัญ triterpene glycoside, Madecassoside (MS) และ Asiaticoside (AS) เพื่อการควบคุมคุณภาพ การศึกษาแบ่งเป็น 2 ส่วนหลัก ได้แก่การศึกษาคุณลักษณะของพืชบัวบกที่เป็นวัตถุดิบ และการศึกษาข้อมูลพื้นฐานที่มีผลต่อคุณลักษณะของสารสกัดบัวบก ได้ใช้เกณฑ์มาตรฐานสมุนไพรของกลุ่มประเทศอาเซียนเป็นแนวทางในการศึกษาคุณลักษณะของพืชบัวบก ได้แก่ (1) การตรวจสอบเอกลัษณ์ทางเภสัชเวททั้งวิธีทางมหทรรศ์และจุลทรรศ์สำหรับพืชสดและผงพืชแห้ง (2) การตวจสอบเอกลักษณ์ทางเคมีซึ่งประกอบด้วยวิธีทดสอบ saponin การทดสอบ Liebermann-Burchard และการทดสอบ tannin (3) การทดสอบด้วย TLC (4) การทดสอบทางกายภาพ ซึ่งประกอบด้วยการตรวจปริมาณสารปนปลอมปริมาณน้ำหนักที่หายเมื่อทำให้แห้ง ปริมาณเถ้ารวม ปริมาณเถ้าที่ไม่ละลายกรด ปริมาณความชื้น ปริมาณสารสกัดที่ละลายน้ำ ปริมาณสารสกัดที่ละลายเอทธิลแอลกอฮอล์ ปริมาณตะกั่ว และปริมาณเหล็ก ตัวอย่างพืชที่นำมาทดสอบเก็บจากแปลงปลูกบัวบกเพื่อการพาณิชย์ 2 แปลงในจังหวัดนครปฐมโดยเก็บทุกเดือนเป็นเวลา 1 ปี (เก็บเกี่ยวตัวอย่างเมื่อ พฤศจิกายน 2545- ตุลาคา 2546) พบว่าทุกตัวอย่างที่ทดสอบในทุกหัวข้อการทดสอบผ่านเกณฑ์มาตรฐานสมุนไพรของกลุ่มประเทศอาเซียน ได้พัฒนาวิธีวิเคราะห์สาระสำคัญเป้าหมายด้วย HPLC และ TLC เพื่อใช้สำหรับหาปริมาณ และควบคุมคุณภาพทั้งในพืชบัวบกและสารสกัดบัวบก วิธี HPLC ที่ได้พัฒนาประกอบด้วย C18 column และมีสารละลายผสมของ acetonitrile : phosphate buffer pH 7.1 (29:71) อัตราเร็ว 1 มิลลิลิตรต่อนาทีเป็น mobile phase และวัดการดูดกลืนแสง UV ที่ความยาวคลื่น 210 นาโนเมตร โดยใช้ Prednisolone เป็นสารมาตรฐานภายใน สำหรับวิธี TLC ที่พัฒนาประกอบด้วย แผ่น silica gel สารละลายผสมระหว่าง chloroform-methanol-water ในสัดส่วน 30:15:2 เป็น mobile phase ได้พัฒนาการเกิดสีของจุดสารเป้าหมายโดยการพ่นด้วยสาร Anthrone และวัดการดูดกลืนแสงด้วยเครื่อง Densitometerได้ตรวจสอบความใช้ได้ของวิธี HPLC และ TCL ที่พัฒนาซึ่งผ่านเกณฑ์ของ ICH ในทุกหัวข้อการทดสอบ ได้พัฒนาวิธีทำให้ตัวอย่างสารสกัดบัวบกให้สะอาดและเหมาะสมกับวิธี HPLC โดยใช้การสกัดด้วย C18 solid phase ทำให้สามารถลดการรบกวนจากสารอื่น ๆ ได้ ได้ทำการวิเคราะห์หาปริมาณสาระสำคัญ ในตัวอย่างพืชบัวบกที่เก็บจาก 12 จังหวัด ได้แก่ นครปฐม ปราจีนบุรี นครศรีธรรมราช อุบลราชธานี ตราด ระยอง ชลบุรี นครราชสีมา สุโขทัย เชียงใหม่ พิษณุโลก พบว่าปริมาณ glycoside รวมมีค่าระหว่าง 3.46%-8.93% มีค่าเฉลี่ยเท่ากับ 6.80%±1.66% ตัวอย่างที่มีปริมาณ glycoside รวมมากกว่า 7% พบจากพืชที่เก็บจากจังหวัดปราจีนบุรี ตราด ระยอง ชลบุรี พิษณุโลก และเชียงใหม่ ได้เก็บตัวอย่างจากอีก 2 แหล่งปลูกเพื่อการพาณิชย์ คือ จังหวัดอุบลราชธานี และนครศรีธรรมราช เป็นเวลารอบ 1 ปี ได้ผลปริมาณสารสอดคล้องกับผลของตัวอย่างที่เก็บจากจังหวัดนครปฐม คือพบปริมาณ glycoside สูงในช่วงเดือน มีนาคม-กันยายน และมีปริมาณต่ำสุดเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ โดยทั่วไปพบ MS มากกว่า AS และพบสัดส่วนของ MS; AS มีค่าระหว่าง 1.30-2.15 โดยมีค่าเฉลี่ยเท่ากับ 1.65±0.30 และได้พบว่าส่วนใบมีปริมาณสาระสำคัญมากกว่าส่วนก้านใบประมาณ 10 เท่า และอายุใบมากกว่า 20 วัน จะมีปริมาณสารสำคัญมากพอสำหรับทำการสกัดและพบว่าบัวบกที่ปลูกภายใต้ปริมาณแสงแดดที่ลดลงมีผลทำให้ปริมาณสารสำคัญลดลง ได้ทำการวิเคราะห์สารสกัดบัวบกที่ผลิตภายใต้โครงการวิจัยที่ 1 พบว่าสารสกัดมีปริมาณ glycoside ไม่น้อยกว่า 80% เมื่อทำการทดสอบความคงตัวแบบเร่งของสารสกัดและพบมีอายุการใช้งานได้ไม่น้อยกว่า 2 ปี ข้อมูลพื้นฐานที่ได้เป็นประโยชน์ต่อการกำหนดคุณลักษณะของทั้งพืชวัตถุดิบและสารสกัดโดยหน่วยงานที่มีหน้าที่กำหนดคุณลักษณะหรือผู้ผลิตสารสกัดบัวบกต่อไป
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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Chloroform-methanol' for particular source types:
Journal articles
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