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Akinniyi, Ganiyu, Funmilola Fisusi, and Bamigboye Taiwo. "Molluscicidal activities of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit extract, Aridanin and their particulate formulations on adult and newly hatched Biomphalaria glabrata snails." Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry 4, no. 6 (2019): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v4i6.217.
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The study investigated the molluscicidal activities of chloroform/methanol (1:1) extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera and isolated Aridanin. It also developed useable particulate formulation of chloroform methanol extract and Aridanin and evaluated their molluscicidal activities. This is with a view to providing information on development of useable particulate formulations for the control of snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis. The plant material was extracted successively in n-hexane (100%), chloroform (100%), chloroform/methanol (1:1) and methanol (100%) respectively by maceration. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of chloroform methanol extract was performed using column chromatography to isolate the active compound, Aridanin. Particulate formulations of chloroform methanol extract and Aridanin were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method. Molluscicidal screening on adult and newly hatched Biomphalaria glabrata snails was evaluated according to WHO protocols. The blank polymer formulation, dechlorinated water and Niclosamide served as controls. The result showed that Aridanin demonstrated the highest molluscicidal activity on adult B. glabrata snails with 24 h- LC50 of 1.61 ppm. The chloroform methanol extract had an LC50 value of 23.00 ppm, while particulate formulation of Aridanin and chloroform methanol extract had LC50 of 13.40 and 170.60 ppm respectively. This study showed that newly hatched B. glabrata snails are less susceptible to molluscicides compared to adult snails (P
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Reber, Eleanora A. "Comparison of Neutral Compound Extraction from Archaeological Residues in Pottery Using Two Methodologies: A Preliminary Study." Separations 8, no. 1 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8010006.
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This study compares chloroform/methanol extraction and acidic methanol extraction of neutral compounds in absorbed lipid pottery residues from fourteen archaeological sherds. Previous studies have established that fatty acid extraction is more effective with acidic methanol extraction. This study suggests that acidic methanol extraction of neutral compounds, including sterols, alkanols, alkanes, and terpenoids, is more effective than or comparable to chloroform/methanol solvent extraction in most cases. The acidic methanol method extracts sterols, terpenoids, and alkanes more effectively than or comparably to chloroform/methanol extraction.
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Moreira, Ilídio Ximenes, Aloysius M. Kopong, and Vinsensia H. B. Hayon. "ANALISIS KANDUNGAN KIMIA EKSTRAK BIJI MAHONI DENGAN PELARUT KLOROFORM DAN METANOL." EDUSAINTEK: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains dan Teknologi 11, no. 3 (2024): 1378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47668/edusaintek.v11i3.1254.
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Mahogany is a plant that grows freely in forests, gardens, and various areas and as a plant that has the benefits and economic value. However, now mahogany has been cultivated and is known as a traditional medicinal plant for humans and animals. The objective of this research is to identify the chemical compounds contained in the mahogany seed extract with methanol and chloroform solvents. The research used mahogany seeds with methanol and chloroform solvent. After that, was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and GC-MS instrument. The results of the TLC test when used the methanol solvent with eluent chloroform: ethyl acetate: n-hexane as 4 points, an Rf value are 0.2237; 0.3818; 0.4727; and 0.6363. The eluent of chloroform solvent is n-Hexane: ethyl acetate as 5 points, Rf value are 0.1145; 0.2581; 0.3709; 0.5855; and 0.6709. Then, it was analyzed with the GC-MS instrument, revealing that the mahogany seed extract from each solvent contained 26 peaks for the methanol solvent and 16 peaks for the chloroform solvent. Therefore, it was analyzed with the GC-MS instrument, revealing that the mahogany seeds extract as 26 peaks for the methanol solvent and 16 peaks for the chloroform solvent. Thus, can be concluded that the mahogany seeds extracts with methanol and chloroform solvents have the same and also different contents and compound groups, depending on the polarity of the groups and/or compounds contained in mahogany seeds towards methanol and chloroform solvents. Therefore, concluding that the seeds extract with methanol and chloroform solvents contain the same compounds and different compounds depends on the polarity of the groups/or substance in the mahogany seeds with methanol and chloroform solvent. That’s way, we would like suggest to the future researchers be able to isolate the chemical content of the mahogany seeds and test their toxicity.
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C, Nwokonkwo Dorothy. "UTILIZATION OF AQUEOUS, METHANOL AND CHLOROFORM EXTRACTS OF LOCAL PLANTS- IXORA COCCINEA AND HIBISCUS SABDARRIFFA (ZOBO) FROM ABAKALIKI AS FABRIC DYES." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 11, no. 5 (2015): 3576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v11i5.4476.
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This investigation dealt with the dyeing and fastness properties of crude constituents of Ixora coccinea and Hibiscus sabdarriffa plant species extracted using distilled water, methanol and chloroform. Approximately 150 g of each sample was soaked in the chosen solvent for four weeks, the percentage yields of the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of Ixora coccinea were 38.47% and 13.40 % and 3.88 % respectively; Hibiscus sabdariffa gave yields of 22.85 % for the aqueous extract, 12.24 % for the methanol extract and 3.79 % for the chloroform extract. Aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of Ixora coccinea were all pink in colour; Hibiscus sabdariffa gave red aqueous extract, red methanol extract and orange chloroform extract. The extracts were used without further purification in dyeing unmordanted and mordanted cotton and polyester fabrics. Different colour shades were obtained after dyeing. The mordanted fabrics using CuSO4, FeSO4 and K2CrO7 were fast to acid, alkali and washing.Key words dyeing, extract, fastness, mordant, solvent
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Benay, Gael, and Georges Wipff. "The effect of solvent heterogeneity on the solvation and complexation of alkali cations by 18-crown-6: a simulation study in the 90 : 10 chloroform/methanol mixture." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 5 (2016): 4662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj03527a.
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Stein, Tiffany, Mariana Romero, Frank Pérez, and Douglas Rodríquez. "Design of a System for the Recovery of Residual Organic Solvents based on Extractive Distillation." Ciencia en Revolución 5, no. 16 (2019): 107–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670664.
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Environmental liabilities in the pharmaceutical sector constitute a problem, which must be solved with sustainable development criteria. The production of new drugs should also be accompanied by procedures that neutralize or give the possibility of reuse of the discarded substances. The purpose of this research was the development of a separation system, by extractive distillation for the treatment and recovery of a chloroform-methanol azeotropic mixture, which represents an organic waste generated in the production process of pulmonary surfactants. Water was used as an extracting agent for the separation of the organic waste formed by chloroform-methanol in a 2:1 ratio. The distillate obtained was chloroform, and the residual methanol-water was subsequently separated by simple distillation. The purity of the fractions obtained from chloroform and methanol was determined, by pycnometry and refractometry. The following results are obtained for chloroform 91.47% and 90.11%; of purity and for methanol 46.64%, and 54.75% purity respectively. Additionally, the chloroform purity was quantified by gas chromatography yielding a result of 96.70\% The data obtained show that the proposed design is presented as an alternative for the recovery of residual solvents from the pharmaceutical industry.
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Rohman, Abdul, and Sugeng Riyanto. "Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia, L)." agriTECH 25, no. 3 (2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.13347.
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This research aimed to determine antioxidant activity of Morinda citrifolia, L fruit extracts. Morinda citrifolia, L fruit was ground, extracted by methanol, and partitioned by using chloroform and ethyl acetate to recover extracts of methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate respectively. These extracts were diluted to various concentrations i.e. 1, 5, and 10 %, and were determined their antioxidant activities by linoleic-thiocyanate method. The result showed that extracts of Morinda citrifolia, L fruit had antioxidant activity in the order of ethyl acetate extract > chloroform extract > methanol extract. Antiradical activity tests were carried out by using DPPH (2,2-dipheny1-1-piaylhydrazil) method, the results showed that ethyl acetate extract, chloroform extract, and methanol extract revealed IC50 46,7, 227,7 and 888,6 pg/ml, respectively.
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Dobush, Gloria R., C. Davison Ankney, and David G. Krementz. "The effect of apparatus, extraction time, and solvent type on lipid extractions of snow geese." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 8 (1985): 1917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-285.
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Variability in apparatus, solvent type, and extraction time for lipid extractions is common in the literature. To investigate the effect of this methodological variability on the amount and type of material extracted, equal subsamples of snow goose (Chen caerulescens) homogenate were extracted in Soxhlet and Goldfisch fat extractors with petroleum ether, diethyl ether, chloroform–methanol, and a petroleum ether–chloroform–methanol mixture for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. The type of solvent used had the largest effect on the amount of material that was extracted. Petroleum ether and diethyl ether extracted few nonlipids, but chloroform–methanol extracted relatively large amounts of nonlipids. We conclude that chloroform–methanol, when used in a Goldfisch or Soxhlet fat extractor, is an inappropriate solvent for studies dealing with body composition.
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Taghavi, Toktam, Hiral Patel, Omololu E. Akande, and Dominique Clark A. Galam. "Total Anthocyanin Content of Strawberry and the Profile Changes by Extraction Methods and Sample Processing." Foods 11, no. 8 (2022): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11081072.
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Anthocyanins are the primarily pigments in many flowers, vegetables, and fruits and play a critical role in human and plant health. They are polyphenolic pigments that are soluble in water and usually quantified by spectrophotometric methods. The two main methods that quantify anthocyanins are pH differential and organic solvent-based methods. Our hypothesis was that these methods extract different anthocyanin profiles. Therefore, this experiment was designed to identify anthocyanin profiles that are extracted by pH differential and organic solvent-based methods and observe their total anthocyanin content from strawberries. Six methods were tested in this experiment to quantify and profile anthocyanins in strawberry fruits by spectrophotometry and Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) respectively. Four methods used organic solvents (methanol, and chloroform-methanol) in different combinations. The next two methods were pH differential and a combination of organic solvent and the pH differential method. The results suggest that acidified chloroform-methanol extracted the highest anthocyanin content compared to water-based solvents. Methanol-water based solvents also performed better than methanol alone, because both methanol and water may extract different profiles of anthocyanins. Water-based extracts had the greatest absorbance at a lower wavelength (498 nm), followed by methanol (508 nm), and chloroform (530 nm). Chloroform-methanol solvent with higher pH (3.0) extracted pelargonidin as the main anthocyanin, while methanol and water-based solvents (with lower pH 1.0–2.0) extracted delphinidin as their main anthocyanin as identified by UHPLC. Therefore, chloroform-methanol and methanol-water solvents were the best solvents for extracting anthocyanins from strawberries. Also, freeze-dried strawberries had higher anthocyanin contents compared to fresh or frozen samples.
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Wood, Lindsay W. "Chloroform–Methanol Extraction of Chlorophyll a." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 1 (1985): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-005.
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Chloroform–methanol (2:1, v/v) extracts significantly more (P < 0.001) chlorophyll a from algal cultures and from freshwater and seawater microcosms than does dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, absolute methanol with hydrogen sulfide, or 90% acetone. For chlorophyte cultures it yields 97% or more of the chlorophyll a within a 4-h steeping period without grinding. It can be used with both calibrated spectrophotometry and fluorometric instrumentation. Sample filtration onto MgCO3-coated filters is recommended to ensure buffering of the extraction mixture. Holding the filters in chloroform–methanol at 4 °C or room temperature in the dark prevents loss of chlorophyll a for at least 10 d. More refined analyses of phaeophytin and other chlorophylls require the use of chloroform–methanol–water (2:2:1.8, by volume) and placement in a separatory funnel. After 24 h the lower (chloroform) layer contains all of the chlorophyll. Strict pH control is required for pheophytin determinations.
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Kanda, Hideki, Kaito Kusumi, Li Zhu та Tao Wang. "Direct Extraction of Lipids, β-Carotene, and Polyphenolic Compounds from Wet Microalga Dunaliella salina by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether". Marine Drugs 22, № 10 (2024): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md22100438.
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Extraction of lipids and high-value products from highly wet microalgae requires significant energy for the drying pretreatment. In this study, we examined the direct extraction of lipids, β-carotene, and polyphenolic compounds from wet Dunaliella salina using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME), which is effective in lipid extraction for biofuel production. The amount of DME-extracted β-carotene was 7.0 mg/g, which was higher than that obtained from the chloroform–methanol extraction. Moreover, the total phenolic content extracted with DME and its antioxidant capacity were slightly higher than those extracted with chloroform–methanol. DME removed almost all the water and extracted 29.2 wt% of total lipids and 9.7 wt% of fatty acids. More lipids were extracted from wet samples by liquefied DME than by chloroform–methanol extraction. The C/N ratio of lipids extracted with DME was 112.0, higher than that of chloroform–methanol. The high C/N ratio suggests that nitrogen-containing phosphatidylcholines may be less easily extracted by liquefied DME and may be highly selective. However, the ratio of saturated fatty acids was 34.8%, lower than that of chloroform–methanol. Na+ and Mg2+ in the culture medium were not extracted using DME. Thus, using the extract with DME has both advantages and disadvantages compared to using the extract with chloroform–methanol; however, it has satisfactory extraction properties. DME is expected to be an environment-friendly alternative solvent because it does not require drying, which is necessary for conventional extraction solvents.
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Ulmillah, Aulia, Arif Alghifari, and Nurhaida Widiani. "Uncovering the Antioxidant Power: Investigating the Skin and Flesh of Crystal Guava with Chloroform and Methanol Extractions and DPPH Assay." Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 12, no. 1 (2023): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2023.121.323-328.
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Crystal guava (Psidium guajava var. crystal) is one type of guava plant that has high economic value due to its thick flesh and few seeds. The crystal guava plant is believed to have antioxidant activity, which is a substance that can prevent the formation of free radicals in the body. This research aims to determine the level of antioxidants in chloroform and methanol extracts of the skin and flesh of crystal guava fruit using the DPPH method. Samples were taken through a stepwise maceration process and solvents of chloroform and methanol, then analyzed using probit analysis and SPSS 25 software. The results of the study showed that both chloroform and methanol extracts of the skin and flesh of crystal guava fruit have antioxidant activity. The results showed that the IC50 value of the chloroform extract of crystal guava fruit skin is 218.88 ppm and is classified as moderate, the methanol extract of crystal guava fruit skin is 89.78 ppm and is classified as strong, the chloroform extract of crystal guava fruit flesh is 270.56 ppm and is classified as weak, and the methanol extract of crystal guava fruit flesh is 185.72 ppm and is classified as moderate.
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Peterson, Robert E., Gail M. Shannon, and Odette L. Shotwell. "Purification of Cyclopiazonic Acid by Liquid Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 2 (1989): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.2.332.
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Abstract A purification procedure for cyclopiazonic acid has been developed, using sequential preparative and semi-preparative liquid chromatography. Crude cyclopiazonic acid (324 mg) was extracted from a 1 L fermentation medium with chloroform-methanol (80 + 20), dried, dissolved in chloroform, and chromatographed on an oxalic acid/ silica preparative column with chloroform-methanol (99 + 1) as the eluant. A semi-preparative oxalic acid/silica column and chloroform- methanol (99.5 + 0.5) were then used for rechromatography of the partially purified cyclopiazonic acid. This second chromatographic treatment yielded fractions from which cyclopiazonic acid was readily crystallized (106.7 mg; 33% recovery). Analytical chromatography was developed using an amino column in an ion-exchange mode, with a methanol-phosphate buffer eluant. Response was linear from 10 to 800 μg/injection of standard solutions. Cyclopiazonic acid chemically binds sodium from soda-lime vials.
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Rosmawaty, Rosmawaty, and Hellna Tehubijuluw. "Screening Of Phytochemicals And Bioactivity Test Of The Leaves Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research 1, no. 1 (2017): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/ijcr.2013.1-ros.
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Screening phytochemical and bioactivity test of breadfruit leaves (Arthocarpus altilis) have been done. The samples were used in the study extracted by maceration method with some solvent polarity enhanced, there are: n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The bioactivity test use BST (Brine Shrimp Lethality test). The activity assay use brine shrimp A. salina Leach. Content of the secondary metabolites in four crude extract of leaves of breadfruit (A. altilis) are alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Whereas only phenolic compounds contained in the crude extract of chloroform and methanol. The saponins content only in the crude extract methanol. The fourth test of bioactivity of the crude extract of leaves of breadfruit there are: n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol had LC50: > 1000 mg / mL; 387.436 mg / mL; 415.623 mg / mL; and 392.826 mg / mL respectively. The crude extract of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol classified active in the BST test to brine shrimp A. salina, while the crude extract n-hexane classified as inactive. The Leaves of breadfruit (A. altilis) has potential to be used as medicine.
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Alimuddin, Andi Hairil, and Masriani Masriani. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF Shorea foxworthyi Sym STEAM BARK METHANOL EXTRACT." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (2010): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21656.
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Screening of antimicrobial activity compound from steam bark of Shorea foxworthyi Sym by Thin Layer Chromatography-Bioautography method have been conducted. The result of this research can be base in elucidation of antimicrobial activity compounds from S. foxworthyi Sym. The first step was done in this research that is maceration of S. foxworthyi steam bark using methanol solvent. Fractination to methanol extract was done using n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate solvent, respectively. Phytochemical screening were done to methanol, chloroform, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions. Screening of antimicrobial activity compound were done to polar fraction such as methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fraction. The bacteria were used in this screening such as E. coli, S. aureus, S. thypii, and B. Subtilis. The extract was highest antimicrobial activity choosed to test by Thin Layer Chromatography-Bioautography. The result was showed that chloroform extract was had highest antimicrobial activity and the flavonoide of compaund was considered having antimicrobial activity. Keywords: antimicrobial, TLC-Bioautography, and Shorea foxworthyi Sym
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Bashyal, Sagar, and Avijit Guha. "EVALUATION OF TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI SEEDS FOR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 5 (2018): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.24430.
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Objective: The objective of this study is to identify medicinally important phytochemicals and evaluate the antimicrobial potential of Trachyspermum ammi seeds. Methods: Four different extracts (methanol, acetone, chloroform, and water) were prepared using a soxhlet apparatus, antimicrobial activity was tested using agar well-diffusion technique. Results: The results revealed the presence of flavonoids and saponins in all the extracts prepared. Similarly, alkaloids and phenols presence were obtained in methanol and aqueous extracts. Glycosides and carbohydrates in methanol, chloroform, and aqueous extracts. Further, proteins, terpenoids, and tannins presence were found in methanol, chloroform, and aqueous extracts, respectively. The maximum zone of inhibition was found in the methanolic extract (13.5 mm). Acetone, chloroform, and water extracts showed 9 mm, 10.5 mm, 11 mm respectively, while ciprofloxacin (control) showed 17.5 mm of the zone of inhibition. Conclusion: T. ammi seeds exert biological properties due to the presence of various chemical constituents. Thus, it can be used to obtain novel antibacterial compounds for the treatment of infectious diseases in the future.
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Idris, Musa Maikudi, Adamu Mohammed Yelwa, and Aminu Muhammad. "Phytochemical Screening, Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves Extracts from Eucalyptus citriodora." Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry 5, no. 3 (2021): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i3.280.
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The genus Eucalyptus has been used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. In this work, chloroform and methanol extracts from the leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora was investigated for their phytochemicals, cytotoxicity and antioxidant potentials. Phytochemical screening of the extracts showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenols, reducing sugar and steroids in the methanol extract. IR absorptions of the extract supported the presence of these phytochemicals by revealing the bands 3335 cm-1 (O-H), 1613, 1480 cm-1 (C=C) and 1721 cm-1 (C=O). Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract using brine shrimp assay, suggested that, the extract was not toxic with LC50 value of 1.64 mg/mL. Antioxidant potentials of both chloroform and methanol extracts were determined using phenolic content quantification and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. Methanol extract (37.32 μg TAE/mg) had higher phenolic content than the chloroform extract (12.09 μg TAE/mg). The radical scavenging potentials of the extracts recorded inhibitory activities of IC50 values of 892.7 μg/mL (chloroform extract) and 8.3 μg/mL (methanol extracts) relative to the positive control values of 31.1 μg/mL (butylated hydroxytoluene) and 3.5 μg/mL (ascorbic acid). These results showed that E. citriodora might contain promising antioxidant agents.
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Baeshen, Nabih A., Yaaser Q. Almulaiky, Mohamed Afifi, et al. "GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Plant Rhazya stricta Using Various Solvents." Plants 12, no. 4 (2023): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040960.
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Worldwide, human beings have traditionally employed many folkloric herbal resources as complementary and alternative remedies, and these remedies have played a pivotal role in modern medicines for many decades, as scientists have used them to develop drugs. We studied the effects of employing solvents with varying polarity on the yields of phytochemical components extracted from the plant Rhazya stricta. We used chloroform–methanol (1:1), methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate as extraction solvents. The results showed that the efficiencies of the solvents at extracting phytochemical compounds were in this order: chloroform–methanol < ethanol < methanol < diethyl ether < ethyl acetate extract. The chloroform–methanol extract produced the highest concentration of phenolic and flavonoid contents among the five solvents tested (13.3 mg GAE/g DM and 5.43 CE/g DM). The yields of the extracted phytochemical compounds ranged from 47.55 to 6.05%. The results revealed that the properties of the extraction solvents considerably impacted the extraction yield and the phytochemical components of the R. stricta extract. Furthermore, compared with the other solvents, the chloroform–methanol extraction led to the highest yield (47.55%) and to more phytochemical substances being extracted. The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical compounds extracted from R. stricta with different solvents that have different polarities.
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Yeboah, Elizabeth M. O., and Runner R. T. Majinda. "Radical Scavenging Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Extracts of the Root Bark of Osyris Lanceolata." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 1 (2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400120.
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The root bark of Osyris lanceolata was screened for its antioxidant potential using three variations of the DPPH radical scavenging method viz a TLC-autographic assay, a semi-quantitative TLC assay, and a spectrophotometric assay. The total phenolic content was evaluated as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The powdered root bark was extracted sequentially with n-hexane, chloroform, methanol and 90% methanol/water. A separate supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the root bark was also carried out. The radical scavenging ability, as measured by IC50 values, was found to be 48.4 ± 0.4 and 49.5 ± 1.9 μg/mL for the 90% methanol/water and methanol extracts respectively, while those of the chloroform, n-hexane, and SFE extracts were found to be < 250 μg/mL. Under the same conditions, the values for the standards, ascorbic acid and gallic acid, were found to be 38.70 ± 0.08 and 2.86 ± 0.01 μg/mL respectively. The radical scavenging power of the five extracts correlated positively with the total phenolic content and was ranked in the following decreasing order: 90% methanol/water > methanol > chloroform > SFE > n-hexane with total phenolic contents of 290.2 ± 3.3, 271.0 ± 3.7, 74.4 ± 0.8, 62.5 ± 0.4 and 49.5 ± 1.9 mg GAE/g of dry extract, respectively. The 90% methanol/water and methanol extracts showed several components with high antioxidant activity displaying fast kinetics in both TLC assays, while the chloroform, SFE, and n-hexane extracts exhibited slow kinetics antioxidant activity.
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Pokharel, Aaradhana, Arjun Thapa, Homa Karki, et al. "Chemical and biological analysis of extracts of Acorus calamus L." Journal of Nepal Chemical Society 43, no. 2 (2023): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i2.53813.
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The powdered plant materials of Acorus calamus were subjected to successive extraction using the cold percolation method with methanol, hexane, and chloroform solvent. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of methanol, hexane, and chloroform extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, sterols, triterpenoids, and carbohydrates. Five different major compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis of the chloroform extract, with isoprothiolane (83.11%) being the most prevalent. The total phenolic content in the chloroform extract was calculated at 17.39 mg Gallic acid equivalent /g and the total flavonoid content was 3.37 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract. The IC50 value of chloroform extract was found to be 576.19 μg/mL, and the LC50 value was found to be 66.21 μg/mL. Antibacterial activity was shown in Staphylococcus aureus in chloroform extract with a ZOI of 7 mm.
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Lee, Chong M., Belzahet Trevino, and Mayuree Chaiyawat. "A Simple and Rapid Solvent ExtractionMethod for Determining Total Lipids in Fish Tissue." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 2 (1996): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.2.487.
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Abstract Solvent systems that have been developed for lipid extraction include chloroform–methanol, n-hexane– isopropyl alcohol, and methylene chloride–metha nol. The extraction methods are labor intensive, lack precision, or require a large volume of solvent. Correct computation of lipid content calls for full recovery of solvent after extraction, but recovery always is incomplete because of unaccounted solvent residue that remains in jar, filter paper, and homogenized tissue. A rapid and simple extraction method coupled with correct computation was developed for determining total lipids in fish tissue. The method uses chloroform–methanol and an Eberbach blending jar. Variables examined were chloroform–methanol ratio, solvent-to-sample ratio, and phase separation time. Precision was within 0.5%. Conventional computation of lipid content depends on the volume of chloroform measured after filtration. This volume does not include unaccounted solvent residue. Thus, a time-consuming second extraction is required for complete recovery. The mass balance of each extraction and filtration step confirmed that the correct volume of chloroform (measured plus unaccounted) was close to the theoretical volume. The procedure eliminates problems associated with laborious filtration and variation in chloroform volume readings and does not require an exact reading of chloroform volume. Instead it allows use of a theoretical volume, which depends on solvent volume and ratio used.
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Dewi, Kurnia Harlina, Markom Masturah, and Wan Ramli Wan Daud. "Parameter Optimization in the Extraction of Sea Cucumber (Holothuria scabra j) as a Source of Testosterone." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1358.
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Testosterone, the steroid hormone used in sex reversal and as an aphrodisiac, is produced not only by sea cucumber, but many other organisms too. This research was aimed at optimizing conventional extraction of testosterone from sea cucumber, looking at method, type of solvent, solvent ratio, and temperature for isolation. The results showed that extraction by reflux produced the highest testosterone content, followed by soxhlet extraction. The lowest yield was produced by maceration extraction. The solvents selected were acetone, methanol, methanol/chloroform mixture (1:2) and chloroform. The highest result was obtained by methanol/chloroform (0.2728 mg /100g dry weight (dw)), followed by acetone (0.2623 mg), chloroform (0.1606 mg) and methanol (0.0920 mg). Ratios of material:solvent used were 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 respectively. Results improved as the amount of solvent was increased, so a ratio of 1:3 was most successful and 1:1 least successful. The effects of temperature and time on scale-up reflux extraction were also studied. Scale-up reflux extraction of 3000 ml showed that raising the temperature increases the percentage of sea cucumber extract.
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Tian, Yong-Qing, Dong-Mei Cheng, and Zhi-Xiang Zhang. "Bioactivity of Cicuta virosa L. var. latisecta Celak. (Umbelliferae: Cicutal) against Red Imported Fire Ant under Laboratory and Field Conditions." Sociobiology 62, no. 3 (2015): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i3.460.
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We evaluated the bioactivities of compounds from Cicuta virosa L. var. latisecta Celak. against red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren) under field and laboratory conditions. The compounds were as follows: methanol extract; petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions from the methanol extract; and the active compound isoimperatorin, which was isolated from the chloroform-fraction. The 7 d LC50 values of the methanol extract, petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions and isoimperatorin toward micrergates were 111.20, 214.45, 40.90, 569.67, and 25.73 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding LC50 values toward macrergates were 155.78, 308.38, 75.01, 776.75, and 42.77 mg/kg, respectively. Under field conditions, baits containing 0.2% methanol extract, 0.1% chloroform fraction, and 0.05% isoimperatorin efficiently controlled S. invicta, with effectiveness percentages of 95.56%, 97.78%, and 95.56%, respectively on the 30th day after bait application. Such effectiveness percentages were not significantly different from that obtained using the positive control fipronil. The present study showed that C. virosa L. var. latisecta has potential as a natural control agent for the red imported fire ants.
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Çobanoğlu, G., C. Sesal, B. Açıkgöz, and İ. Karaltı. "Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the lichens Physcia aipolia, Xanthoria parietina, Usnea florida, Usnea subfloridana and Melanohalea exasperata." Modern Phytomorphology 10 (June 1, 2016): 19–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.155349.
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The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanol and chloroform extracts of five lichen species, Melanohalea exasperata, Physcia aipolia, Usnea florida, U. subfloridana and Xanthoria parietina. Antimicrobial activity in culture assays of these foliose and fruticose lichen extracts were examined against two Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), two Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus), and the yeast Candida albicans using the paper disc method through determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The obtained results indicated the existence of different levels of antibiotic substances in the chloroform and the methanol extracts of the examined lichen species. The chloroform extracts of Usnea subfloridana showed the highest activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa while the methanol extracts of this species were not active against these microorganisms. The chloroform extracts of the examined species exhibited more significant antimicrobial activity than the methanol extracts. None of the species were active against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the lichen extracts indicated a moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans, except for Physcia aipolia, which was not active.
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Thapa, Arjun, Aaradhana Pokharel, Homa Karki, et al. "Phytochemical Analysis, Cytotoxicity, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts of Leaf of Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)." Amrit Research Journal 3, no. 01 (2022): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/arj.v3i01.50500.
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The powdered leaf of Ageratina adenophora was subjected to extraction using a cold percolation method with methanol. After suspending the crude methanol extract in 1% HCl and neutralizing with NH4OH, the obtained solution was extracted with hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate solvent, respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of methanol, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of A. adenophora plant showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, quinones, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrate, terpenoids, proteins, and amino acids. GC-MS analysis of chloroform extract showed 10 different major compounds in which α-Muurolol (24.33%) was found most abundant. The IC50 value of chloroform extract was found to be 1460 µg/mL from DPPH scavenging antioxidant assay, and the LC50 value was found to be 174.78 µg/mL from the brine shrimp lethality assay. Antibacterial activity was shown the highest against Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris with ZOI of 12 mm on each in chloroform extract. It was determined that 89.75 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dry extract accounted up the total phenolic content and 49.25 mg of quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract was observed to be the total flavonoid content in the chloroform extract.
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Zenati, Ruba A., Alexander D. Giddey, Hamza M. Al-Hroub, et al. "Evaluation of Two Simultaneous Metabolomic and Proteomic Extraction Protocols Assessed by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (2023): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021354.
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Untargeted multi-omics analysis of plasma is an emerging tool for the identification of novel biomarkers for evaluating disease prognosis, and for developing a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying human disease. The successful application of metabolomic and proteomic approaches relies on reproducibly quantifying a wide range of metabolites and proteins. Herein, we report the results of untargeted metabolomic and proteomic analyses from blood plasma samples following analyte extraction by two frequently-used solvent systems: chloroform/methanol and methanol-only. Whole blood samples were collected from participants (n = 6) at University Hospital Sharjah (UHS) hospital, then plasma was separated and extracted by two methods: (i) methanol precipitation and (ii) 4:3 methanol:chloroform extraction. The coverage and reproducibility of the two methods were assessed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). The study revealed that metabolite extraction by methanol-only showed greater reproducibility for both metabolomic and proteomic quantifications than did methanol/chloroform, while yielding similar peptide coverage. However, coverage of extracted metabolites was higher with the methanol/chloroform precipitation.
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Gurav, N. V., R. M. Gade, and R. J. Choudhari. "Efficacy Of Plant Solvents Extracts Against Xanthomonas Axonopodis Pv. Citri Causing Citrus Canker." Journal of Plant Disease Sciences 17, no. 1 (2022): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/jpds.2022.1709.
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In vitro antibacterial properties of some solvents, such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, distilled water, and methanol extraction of two plants, Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus globulus, were studied against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, the primary agent of citrus canker disease. Azadirachta indica whole plant extract had the highest extraction yield (9.08%) in distilled water and the lowest (2.9%) in petroleum ether, whereas Eucalyptus globulus extract had the highest extraction yield (9.01%) in methanol and the lowest (7.01%) in ethyl acetate solvent. By agar well diffusion and paper disc method, chloroform extract of Azadirachta indica and methanol extract of Eucalyptus globulus were found to have promising antibacterial action against Xanthomonas axanopodis pv. citri. The chloroform leaf extract of Azadirachta indica showed the maximum percentage of inhibition when compared to the methanol extract of Eucalyptus globulus.
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Thao Vy, Trinh Ngoc, and Lam Vinh Nien. "The in vitro antioxidant and alphaglucosidase inhibitory activity of extracts from Zingiber zerumbet Linn rhizomes." International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research 6, no. 2 (2025): 50–52. https://doi.org/10.54660/ijmbhr.2025.6.2.50-52.
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The total methanol residue, n-hexane and chloroform extracts from Zingiber zerumbet Linn rhizomes have been evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in an attempt to identify potential active ingredients in natural products. The results showed that the chloroform extract inhibited α-glucosidase more effectively than the positive control acarbose, with an IC50 value of 127.8 µg/mL. This antioxidant activity of the crude extract; fractional extracts including: n-hexane extract, chloroform extract, and methanol extract of from Zingiber zerumbet has been investigated using DPPH assay. The results showed that the crude chloroform extract exhibited good antioxidant activities with IC50 value of 2.09 µg/mL.
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Shaheer, Talal, Syed Tahir Ali, Ghazala Hafeez Rizwani, et al. "Morphological characterization, phytochemical profile, and cytotoxic and insecticidal activities of diverse parts of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.)." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 18, no. 10 (2021): 2147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v18i10.21.
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Purpose: To standardize Zakham-e-Hayat (Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam.) as well as determine its cytotoxic and insecticidal activity.
 Methods: Different parts of the plant (flowers, young leaves, old leaves and stem) and different solvents, viz, methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane were used for the extraction. Morphological characterization (macroscopic and microscopic), phytochemical screening for primary and secondary metabolites, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) using various solvent systems, namely, methanol/chloroform (MeOH/CHCl3), n-hexane/methanol/chloroform (n-hexane/MeOH/CHCl3), methanol/chloroform/water (MeOH/CHCl3/H2O), n-hexane/chloroform (n-hexane/CHCl3), n-hexane/ethyl acetate (n-hexane/EtOAc) were carried out. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was also performed. In addition, the extracts were evaluated for their cytotoxic and insecticidal activities.
 Results: The methanol fraction of the young leaves had 50% lethal dose (LD50) of 28.46 µg/mL while the ethyl acetate fraction of young and old leaves showed significant cytotoxicity at LD50 of 0.13 µg/mL and 142.68 µg/mL respectively. On the other hand, n-hexane fraction was inactive. The methanol fraction of the flower revealed the presence of carbohydrates, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the presence of carbohydrates and amino acids, while the n-hexane fraction showed the presence of carbohydrates as primary metabolites. Furthermore, alkaloids, flavonoid, saponins and resins were present in the methanol fraction, flavonoid and alkaloids in the ethyl acetate fraction, and alkaloids and resins in the n-hexane fraction as secondary metabolites.
 Conclusion: Methanol and n-hexane fractions of Bryophyllum pinnatum have some safe bioactive compounds which may exhibit potential health benefits.
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ULLAH, N., R. AKHTAR, M. LATEEF, S. U. JAN, B. ZAHID, and U. F. DURRANI. "Factors affecting the prevalence of ticks in cattle and acaricidal activity of Nicotiana tabacum extracts." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 70, no. 1 (2019): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.20343.
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The present study was designed to determine factors affecting the prevalence of ticks (Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus) in cattle in district Loralai of Balochistan and to evaluate the acaricidal activity of chloroform and methanol extracts of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). A total of 670 cattle of different breeds, age and gender were examined for tick infestation with overall prevalence of 21.49% in Loralai. Friesian was more infected (26.15%) as compare to non-descriptive (22%) and Sahiwal (12.80%) breeds. Similarly, cattle less than one year old were most infected (27.90%) followed by those between 1-2 year (26.88%); the least prevalence was in cattle more than 2 years of age (19.34%). Higher prevalence was noticed in female cattle (21.98%) as compare to male cattle (16.92%). Three concentrations of (Nicotiana tabacum) (12.5mg/mL, 25mg/mL and 50mg/mL) were prepared in chloroform and methanol. The acaricidal activity of these extracts was determined by egg laying index and percentage inhibition of egg laying. The decline in egg laying index was significantly more by chloroform extract (10.048%, 17.378% and 25.143%) as compare to methanol extract (6.367%, 13.152% and 20.827%). Hatchability of eggs in chloroform extract was less than that in methanol extract (67.5%, 43.5% 17% and 77.5%, 47.5% and 23%) respectively. We concluded that the prevalence of ticks in cattle is affected by their age, breed and gender and that chloroform extract of Nicotiana tabacum is more acaricidal as compared to the methanol extract.
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ARZUK, Ege, Gökay ALBAYRAK, Ali ERGÜÇ, Ecrin ATIŞ, İclal TAN, and Şüra BAYKAN. "INVESTIGATION OF CYTOTOXIC AND APOPTOTIC EFFECTS OF PRANGOS HEYNIAE H. DUMAN & M. F. WATSON EXTRACTS ON HEPG2 CELLS." Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi 48, no. 1 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1336857.
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Objective: This study aims to investigate the anticancer potential of Prangos Heyniae H. Duman &amp; M. F. Watson root extracts against human hepatoma cells, and examine the molecular mechanisms potentially involved in extract-induced cytotoxicity. Material and Method: HepG2 cells were treated with chloroform, n-hexane, or methanol extracts from roots of P. heyniae to investigate the possible effects on cell viability. Following the determination of IC50 values by the MTT test, n-hexane, and methanol extracts were excluded because of their selectivity indices. The chemical characterization of chloroform extract was performed by HPLC to understand the chemical composition-bioactivity relationship. Alterations induced by chloroform extract on mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3 activation were further investigated. In addition, cell viability was measured in the presence of different selective inhibitors of pathways to define the type of cell death pathway contributing to cytotoxicity. Result and Discussion: Chloroform extract but not n-hexane or methanol extracts led to strong and selective inhibition of cell viability on HepG2 cells. In addition, cytotoxicity increased by chloroform extract was only restored in the presence of a pan-caspase apoptosis inhibitor. Also, treatment of HepG2 cells with chloroform extract impaired mitochondrial membrane potential and led to significant caspase-3 activation. Oxypeucedanin, isoimperatorin, and osthole were detected as the major components of the chloroform extract. These results represent that apoptosis may be involved in the anticancer effect of coumarin and furanocoumarin derivatives in chloroform extract.
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Açıkgöz, Birkan, İskender Karaltı, Melike Ersöz, Zeynep M. Coşkun, Gülşah Çobanoğlu, and Cenk Sesal. "Screening of Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxic Effects of Two Cladonia Species." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 68, no. 5-6 (2013): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2013-5-604.
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The present study explores the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effects in culture assays of two fruticose soil lichens, Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. and Cladonia convoluta (Lamkey) Cout., to contribute to possible pharmacological uses of lichens. In vitro antimicrobial activities of methanol and chloroform extracts against two Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), two Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus), and the yeast Candida albicans were examined using the paper disc method and through determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The data showed the presence of antibiotic substances in the chloroform and the methanol extracts of the lichen species. The chloroform extracts exhibited more signifi cant antimicrobial activity than the methanol extracts. However, a higher antifungal activity was noted in the methanol extract of C. rangiformis. The maximum antimicrobial activity was recorded for the chloroform extract of C. convoluta against E. coli. The cytotoxic effects of the lichen extracts on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells were evaluated by the trypan blue assay yielding IC50 values of ca. 173 and 167 μg/ml for the extracts from C. rangiformis and C. convoluta, respectively.
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NS, Njinga, Sule MI, Pateh UU, et al. "PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE LEAVES OF LANNEA KERSTINGII ENGL & K. KRAUSE (ANACADIACEAE)." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 04, no. 04 (2014): 004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703823.
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AbstractThe phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of the petroleum ether and crude methanol extracts, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves of Lannea kerstingii were investigated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroids and triterpenes in the petroleum ether extract, steroid, triterpene, flavonoids and tannins in both crude methanol extract and chloroform fraction while the ethyl acetate fraction contained only flavonoids and tannins. The extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 17.00 to 21.03, 20.10 to 25.24, 25.32 to 34.02 and 22.28 to 27.20 mm for petroleum ether extract, methanol extract, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was between 5 and 10mg/ml, 5mg/ml for the petroleum ether and methanol extract respectively, and between 2.5 and 5 mg/ml, 5mg/ml for the acetate fractions. The minimum bactericidal concentration for all the extracts was 40mg/ml respectively except for chloroform fraction which ranged from 20 to 40mg/ml. The minimum fungicidal concentration for all the extracts was found to be 40mg/ml respectively. This result indicates the broad spectrum antimicrobial potential of L. Kerstingii and justifies the use of this plant in traditional medicine.
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Musa, Maikudi Idris, Mamman Adamu, and Muhammad Aminu. "In vitro Screening of Potential Antioxidative and Toxicity of the Stembark Extracts from Sterculia setigera Del." Algerian Journal of Natural Products 8, no. 2 (2020): 774–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3973337.
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The current investigation deals with the <em>in vitro </em>antioxidative and toxicity effects of methanol and chloroform extracts from the stem bark of <em>Sterculia setigera</em>. The stem bark of the plant was extracted using organic solvents (methanol and chloroform) to afford methanol extract (ME) and chloroform extract (CE). The extracts were evaluated for antioxidative potentials using 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydraxyl (DPPH) radical, also toxicity effect of the methanol extract was investigated against <em>Artemia salina larvae</em>. The antioxidative effects for the extracts uncovered promising activity on the DPPH with significant scavenging effects of 80.64% and 18.3% at 1000 and 7.813 µg/mL respectively. These values were found to be comparable with those of ascorbic acid (97.80 and 49.62%) and butylated hydroxytoluene (94.44 and 20.98%). The methanol extract was found to be as toxic as the positive control (potassium dichromate) with <em>LC<sub>50</sub></em> values of 1.64 µg/mL and 1.42 µg/mL, respectively. The antioxidative and cytotoxicity properties of methanol extract from <em>S. setigera </em>supported the ethno-medicinal claims on the plant as a curative agent of different diseases of clinical concern.
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Escobar, Karol Fuentes, Julián Olivera Bonilla, and Adela Rodríguez Chaparro. "Extracción de aceite a partir de microalgas obtenidas de la laguna El Estanco, en San Andrés de sotavento - Colombia." KnE Engineering 3, no. 1 (2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i1.1408.
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The objective of this research is to extract oil from the microalgae obtained in the lagoon El Estanco, located in San Andrés de Sotavento, Colombia, using the modified Bligh & Dyer method, with two types of solvents For chloroform + methanol and hexane. The results obtained with solvent extraction chloroform + methanol provided the largest volume of extracted oil, a comparison with hexane.Keywords: Oil, Extraction, Microalgae.
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Habib, M. Rowshanul, M. Ashraful Alam, MA Haque, Farjana Nikkon, and M. Rezaul Karim. "Cytotoxicity and Antifungal Activities of Root Bark of Calotropis gigantea." Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 2 (2010): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v2i2.2187.
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In this study, methanol extract from the root bark of Calotropis gigantea L. and its petroleum ether (40°C-60°C), chloroform and ethyl acetate soluble fractions were tested for their cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia salina, Leach) and for antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp and Trichoderma harzianum. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) screening showed that methanol extract and its different fractions contained different type compounds such as steroid, terpene, glycoside, heterocyclic and flavonoid. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, it was found that chloroform fraction was highly cytotoxic (LD50 14.72 μg/ml) among the tested samples. Though methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction have no activity against all the tested fungi but petroleum ether and chloroform fractions showed potent activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp, Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma harzianum, respectively, in antifungal activity test. Key words: Calotropis gigantea; Methanol extract; Antifungal activity; Cytotoxicty.DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v2i2.2187Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.2(2) 2009: 38-41
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Panta, Ritu, Sujan Dhital, Rajkumar Budha, et al. "Evaluation of TPC, TFC, and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Piper longum L." Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research 15, no. 2 (2024): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2284.
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Medicinal plants have been crucial in treating various diseases since ancient times. This study focuses on identifying the phytochemicals in Piper longum L. extracts along with studying their biological activities. The powdered fruit of P. longum was sequentially subjected to ultrasonic extraction utilizing solvents with increasing polarity, starting from hexane and progressing through chloroform, ethyl acetate, and finally, methanol. The phytochemical analysis of extracts exhibited the presence of all tested classes of phytocompounds except saponins. The higher phenolic content (TPC) was observed in the methanol extract (53.38 mg GAE/g), whereas the chloroform extract had a TPC value of 8.51 mg GAE/g. Conversely, the chloroform extract exhibited a higher total flavonoid content (TFC) of 12.09 mg QE/g compared to the methanol extract's 7.44 mg QE/g. The antioxidant assay demonstrated the moderate antioxidant potential of the methanol extract. This study recommends further biological tests and experimental verifications to use this plant for drug discovery.
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Mesert, Abebe, Abebe Atakilt, and Mekonnen Alemayehu. "Assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of verbena officinalis Linn root or Atuch (Amharic)." Chemistry International 3, no. 2 (2017): 172–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1473108.
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Verbena officinalis Linn is a traditionally known medicinal plant which is used against a number of diseases including inflammatory conditions. In this study its antioxidant activity (reducing powers, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities), ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP), total flavonoid concentration and antimicrobial activities of 80%, 90%, 100% methanol and chloroform extracts of V. officinalis Linn root and 90% and100% methanol leaf extracts were determined. Its antioxidant activity increases with increase in amount of extract (10% to 40%v/v). Total flavonoid content (TFC) varied from 73.32±0.002 mgQE/100g of dry weight (90% methanol) to 42.39±0.032 mgQE/100g dry weight (chloroform), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), radical scavenging activity (%) was varied between 87.39% (90% methanol) to 45.57% (chloroform) while Ferric reducing antioxidant power was observed between 372.93±0.04 mgAAE/100 g extract (90% methanol) to 129.41±0.026 mgAAE/100 g chloroform in the root extract. The methanolic extract of the leaf showed less antioxidant activity than the methanolic extract of the root. Crude extracts of V. officinalis root showed various degree of antimicrobial activity towards drug resistance microbial pathogens. Growth inhibition tests against bacterial pathogens demonstrated concentration dependence. Moreover, gram positive bacteria were more susceptible to V. officinalis root extract when compared to gram negative bacteria. In general V. officinalis root and leave extracts possess strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
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Pravalika, G., A. Sabitha Ran, and Shajahan. "Phytochemical analysis, antibacterial and antifungal activity of Premna tomentosa bark extract." Plant Science Archives 9, no. 2 (2024): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51470/psa.2024.9.2.45.
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The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial efficacy of Premna tomentosa bark extracts using various solvents, including methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that methanol was the most effective solvent, extracting a broad range of compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, quinones, and resins. Chloroform also demonstrated significant efficacy in extracting alkaloids and flavonoids. Quantitative analysis showed that methanol extracts contained the highest concentrations of alkaloids (480 mg/g), flavonoids (510 mg/g), phenols (428 mg/g), and tannins (340 mg/g), indicating its superior extraction capabilities. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the paper disc diffusion method against four bacterial strains: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. The methanol extract exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 4 mm to 7 mm. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts also showed significant inhibition, while petroleum ether was the least effective. In the antifungal assays, the methanol extract again demonstrated the highest efficacy, particularly against Fusarium oxysporum NCIM1008, Sclerotium rolfsii NCIM 1084, and Phytophthora infestans MTCC 8707. The inhibition percentages were highest with methanol (50% against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora infestans), followed closely by chloroform (52% against Phytophthora infestans), and moderate inhibition was observed with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. These results indicate that Premna tomentosa bark extracts, particularly those obtained using methanol, possess significant antibacterial and antifungal activities, potentially due to the high concentration of bioactive compounds extracted. This study supports the use of Premna tomentosa as a source of natural antimicrobial agents and underscores the importance of solvent selection in phytochemical extraction.
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Mejía-Méndez, Jorge L., Horacio Bach, Ana C. Lorenzo-Leal, et al. "Biological Activities and Chemical Profiles of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Extracts." Plants 12, no. 10 (2023): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12101943.
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In this study, the leaves of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi were consecutively macerated with hexane, chloroform, and methanol. These extracts were used to assess the bioactivities of the plant. The antimicrobial activity was tested against a panel of Gram-positive and -negative pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains using the microdilution method. The cytotoxicity of K. fedtschenkoi extracts was investigated using human-derived macrophage THP-1 cells through the MTT assay. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts was studied using the same cell line by measuring the secretion of IL-10 and IL-6. The phytoconstituents of hexane and chloroform extracts were evaluated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to study the phytochemical content of methanol extract. The total flavonoid content (TFC) of methanol extract is also reported. The chemical composition of K. fedtschenkoi extracts was evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results revealed that the chloroform extract inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 150 μg/mL. At the same concentration, methanol extract inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Regarding their cytotoxicity, the three extracts were highly cytotoxic against the tested cell line at IC50 < 3 μg/mL. In addition, the chloroform extract significantly stimulated the secretion of IL-10 at 50 μg/mL (p < 0.01). GC/MS analyses revealed that hexane and chloroform extracts contain fatty acids, sterols, vitamin E, and triterpenes. The HPLC analysis demonstrated that methanol extract was constituted by quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. This is the first report in which the bioactivities and chemical profiles of K. fedtschenkoi are assessed for non-polar and polar extracts.
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Abbas, Muhammad, Muhammad Tayyab Ansari, Saeed Ul Hassan, Muhammad Nadeem Alvi, and Musharraf Abbas. "The Phytochemical and Comparative Anticancer Study of Methanolic and Chloroform Extracts of Psidium guajava L. Leaves of Pakistani Origin." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 1-s (2020): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1-s.3922.
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The chief focus of our study is to evaluate the phytochemical and anti-cancer activity of methanol (PGM) and chloroform extracts (PGC) of the leaves of Psidium guajava (guava) collected from local area of district Sialkot, Pakistan. Shade dried milled leaves was subjected to extraction (maceration) with methanol and chloroform. Quantitative and qualitative screenings by GC-MS and phytochemical techniques were performed. Then different secondary metabolites and phytochemical compounds were identified which are typically associated with the existence of therapeutic characteristics. Psidium guajava has been extensively used as herbal remedies like, anti-diarrheal, antihypertensive, antibacterial, antifungal as well as to control obesity, ulcer, diabetes. In this study, both extracts of P. guajava were evaluated for their anticancer activities against HeLa cell-lines (cancerous cells). The healthiest anticancer response in the form of cell-line suppression was perceived with 200µg/mL of both extracts, PGM showed 81% and PGC exhibited 91% while the standard drug doxorubicin presented around 76% inhibition. The comparative better result was seen with chloroform extract than methanolic abstract. In conclusion, the chloroform and methanol extracts of our nominated plant from Pakistan origin has a good source of phytochemicals that revealed an outstanding anti-cancer potential.
 Keywords: Psidium guajava, anticancer, phytochemicals, methanol extracts, secondary metabolites.
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Zakaria, Z. A., A. M. Mohamed, N. S. Mohd Jamil, et al. "In VitroAntiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts ofMuntingia calaburaLeaves." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 39, no. 01 (2011): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x11008749.
Full textAbstract:
The in vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of the aqueous, chloroform and methanol extracts of Muntingia calabura leaves were determined in the present study. Assessed using the 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, the aqueous and methanol extracts of M. calabura inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7, HeLa, HT-29, HL-60 and K-562 cancer cells while the chloroform extract only inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7, HeLa, HL-60 and K-562 cancer cells. Interestingly, all extracts of M. calabura, which failed to inhibit the MDA-MB-231 cells proliferation, did not inhibit the proliferation of 3T3 (normal) cells, indicating its safety. All extracts (20, 100 and 500 μg/ml) were found to possess antioxidant activity when tested using the DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide scavenging assays with the methanol, followed by the aqueous and chloroform, extract exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity in both assays. The total phenolic content for the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts were 2970.4 ± 6.6, 1279.9 ± 6.1 and 2978.1 ± 4.3 mg/100 g gallic acid, respectively. In conclusion, the M. calabura leaves possess potential antiproliferative and antioxidant activities that could be attributed to its high content of phenolic compounds, and thus, needs to be further explored.
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Muharini, Rini, Masriani Masriani, and Rudiyansyah Rudiyansyah. "PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT, AND CYTOTOXICITY OF Zamioculcas zamiifolia ROOT EXTRACT." Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 1, no. 2 (2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v1i2.30530.
Full textAbstract:
Zamioculcas zamiifolia is an ornamental plant that had been used pharmacologycally as a traditional medicine plant. The aims of this research were to investigate the phytochemistry of n-hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts from the roots of Z. zamiifolia and to evaluate their biological activities as antioxidant and cytotoxic. All extracts were screened phytochemically using specific reagents and TLC technique to reveal the major component of each extract. The chloroform was obtained as the highest quantity of extract which gave positive test for steroids and flavonoids. All extracts were tested for their antioxidant activity using DPPH method and for their cytotoxic activity against two types of human cancer cell lines, HepG2 and T47D, and normal African green monkey kidney ephitelial cell lines, Vero. The methanol and chloroform extract exhibited antioxidant activity with AA50 values of 180.0 and 431.5 µg/mL, respectively. Chloroform and methanol extracts showed potencial and moderate cytotoxicity towards T47D cell line with IC50 433.1 and 461.1µg/mL, respectively. None of the extracts was toxic against HepG2 and Vero cell lines.
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Petković, Marijana, Andreas Vocks, Matthias Müller, Jürgen Schiller, and Jürgen Arnhold. "Comparison of Different Procedures for the Lipid Extraction from HL-60 Cells: A MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric Study." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, no. 1-2 (2005): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-1-226.
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A human leukaemia cell line - HL-60 - can be differentiated into neutrophils or macrophages and both differentiation processes are accompanied by changes of the lipid composition. Various methods were described for the extraction of lipids from cellular systems, but only two of them were applied to the HL-60 cell line so far. In this study we compared five selected extraction methods for the lipid extraction from HL-60 cells with regard to their qualitative analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS): chloroform/methanol at volume ratios 2:1 and 1:2, isopropanol/ chloroform, isopropanol/hexane and butanol. In addition, the cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in organic extracts were measured by colorimetric assays. Results can be summarized as follows: For the analysis of polar phospholipids obtained from HL-60 cells by MALDI-TOF MS, a chlorofom/methanol (1:2) or isopropanol/chloroform mixture or butanol can be applied as extraction systems. On the other hand, if one would like to analyze changes in triacylglycerols, then chloroform/methanol (2:1) would be the method of choice.
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Ifeyinwa, Ezugwu Roseline. "Antibacterial Activity of Ginger Extract on Pseudomonas and Klebsiella Spp Isolated from Spoiled Fruits." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (2022): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1108.024.
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Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a medicinal plant that has been used extensively as spices in food and drinks and as an antimicrobial agent against various pathogenic organisms. The antimicrobial effect of ginger extract (ethanol, methanol and chloroform) against Pseudomonas and Klebsiella spp were investigated using agar well diffusion method. The results obtained from the study showed that the organisms used for the analysis were susceptible to the extracts except chloroform ginger extract that was unable to inhibit the growth of Klebsiella spp. Ginger ethanol extract had more inhibitory activity on Pseudomonas with the highest zone of inhibition (25 mm at 200 mg/ml) when compared to Klebsiella spp (22 mm at 200 mg/ml). The methanolic ginger extract had lower inhibitory activity (20 mm) on Klebsiella and (21 mm) on Pseudomonas spp when compared to the ethanol extract. Chloroform extract was the least in suppressing the growth of Klebsiella spp (10 mm at 200 mg/ml) and Pseudomonas spp (19 mm) at the same concentration of 200 mg/ml. MIC of ginger extracts on the organisms ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 12.5 mg/ml for ethanol and methanol extracts except for chloroform extract that ranged from 0.00 to 6.25 mg/ml. The MBC was determined and Klebsiella had MBC at 3.125 mg/ml for ethanol and methanol extracts except for chloroform extract that were non inhibitory. Pseudomonas had MBC at 1.56 mg/ml for ethanol and methanol extracts and 12.5 mg/ml for chloroform extract. It is therefore imperative that ginger can be used as an antibacterial agent in the treatment of infections caused by Klebsiella spp and Pseudomonas spp.
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OWK, Aniel Kumar, Krishna Rao MORTHA, and Mutyala Naidu LAGUDU. "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Root Extracts of Abitulon indicum." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 7, no. 2 (2015): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb729501.
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Antimicrobial activity of Abitulon indicum roots was studied against seven pathogenic bacteria and three fungal strains by agar well diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity was recorded for hexane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts. Alcohol (ethanol and methanol) extracts exhibited the highest degree of antimicrobial activity compared to aqueous, chloroform and hexane extracts. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was turned out to be the most susceptible bacterium to the crude root chemical constituents, using the standard Tetracycline and Clotrimazole. Minimum inhibition concentration values of hexane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts were determined by the agar dilution method and ranged between 62.5 and 1,000 µg. The study suggested that the root extracts possess bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria and fungi, revealing a significant scope to develop a novel broad spectrum of antimicrobial drug formulation from Abitulon indicum.
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Suzuki, O., T. Kumazawa, H. Seno, and H. Hattori. "Rapid Isolation with Sep-Pak C18 Cartridges and Wide-Bore Capillary Gas Chromatography of Some Barbiturates." Medicine, Science and the Law 29, no. 3 (1989): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248902900309.
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A simple and rapid method for isolation of nine barbiturates with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges from human urine, plasma and whole blood, is presented; the detection of drugs was made by wide-bore capillary gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization. The drug-containing samples, after mixing with dilute acid solution, were directly applied to the cartridges and eluted with either chloroform/methanol (9:1) or acetonitrile. Separation of the nine drugs was satisfactory with use of an intermediately polar HP-17 capillary column. Recoveries of most compounds were excellent for both chloroform/methanol and acetonitrile as elution solvents. However, backgrounds were cleaner and evaporation time was much shorter for the chloroform/methanol system. The present isolation method with use of Sep-Pak C18 cartridges and wide-bore capillary GC seem very useful in the fields of forensic chemistry, clinical toxicology and clinical pharmacology.
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O, ANIEL KUMAR, KRISHNA RAO M, MUTYALA MUTYALA, and NAIDU L. "Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of stem bark extracts of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth." Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 36 (December 31, 2014): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v36i4.o.
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Antimicrobial activity of stem bark of Albizia lebbeck was studied against seven pathogenic bacteria and three fungal strains by agar well diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity was recorded for hexane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts. Alcohol (ethanol and methanol) extracts exhibited higher degree of antimicrobial activity compared to chloroform, hexane and aqueous extracts. Escherichia coli was turned out be the most susceptible bacterium to the crude stem bark chemical constituents using the standard tetracycline and nystatin. Minimum inhibition concentration values of hexane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts determined by the agar dilution method ranged between 31.2 and 1000 μg. The study suggested that the stem bark extracts possess bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria and fungi revealing a significant scope to develop a novel broad spectrum of antimicrobial drug formulation from A. lebbeck.
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Sati, S. C., and Savita Joshi. "Antibacterial Activities ofGinkgo bilobaL. Leaf Extracts." Scientific World JOURNAL 11 (2011): 2237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2011/545421.
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The antibacterial activity of methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and hexane extracts of the leaves of Himalayan gymnospermous plantGinkgo bilobaL. was assessed against five animal and plant pathogenic strains (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Erwinia chrysanthemi, and Xanthomonas phaseoli) employing disc-diffusion and broth-dilution assays. The methanol extract showed the highest activity (zone of inhibition of 15–21 mm) followed by ethanol (14–19 mm), chloroform (15–20 mm), and hexane (14–19 mm) extracts at 250 μg/mL. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 7.8 μg/mL was found for the methanol extract against most of the pathogens tested.
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Gebeyehu, Amsalu Genanaw, Kumlachew Zelalem Walle, Meseret ZEbeaman Birhanu, and Rahel Gebeyehu. "Structural Elucidation and Antibacterial Activity Studies of Leaf Extracts of <i>Withania somnifera</i>." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 22, no. 6 (2022): 1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.74750.
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Withania somnifera (W. somnifera), a small, woody shrub in the Solanaceae family, has been studied using a phytochemical test, antibacterial activity and partial characterizations. Air-dried and powdered leaves of the plant were extracted with maceration over an electrical shaker using the solvent chloroform and methanol. After crude extracts of the plant were concentrated, the diffusion antibacterial susceptibility test was carried out on 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL of chloroform and methanol crude extract. The bacteria used were S. aureus, S. pneumonia, E. coli, and S. typhi. Each antibacterial activity test was carried out three times. The most active crude extract of the plant was subjected to a phytochemical test and fractionation with column chromatography. Chloroform and methanol extract of the plant inhibits all cultures of four bacteria. Both chloroform and methanol extract of W. Somnifera inhibits both gram-positive and negative bacterium with a comparable inhibition zone with the standard antibiotics, amoxicillin, gentamicin, and cefoxitine. In addition, it gives a maximum inhibition zone than that of amoxicillin, starting from 25 to 100 mg/mL. Methanol extract of W. somnifera contains phenolic, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phytosteroids. Partial characterization of pure fractions by using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, Dept-135 NMR, and IR spectroscopy, the compound WS-1 affords withaferin A. Withaferine A shows antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 11, 10.5, 11, and 9 mm against the bacterium S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, E. coli, and S. typhi respectively.