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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chloroplasts. Photosynthesis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Chloroplasts. Photosynthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Chloroplasts. Photosynthesis"

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Puthiyaveetil, Sujith, and John F. Allen. "Chloroplast two-component systems: evolution of the link between photosynthesis and gene expression." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1665 (February 25, 2009): 2133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1426.

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Two-component signal transduction, consisting of sensor kinases and response regulators, is the predominant signalling mechanism in bacteria. This signalling system originated in prokaryotes and has spread throughout the eukaryotic domain of life through endosymbiotic, lateral gene transfer from the bacterial ancestors and early evolutionary precursors of eukaryotic, cytoplasmic, bioenergetic organelles—chloroplasts and mitochondria. Until recently, it was thought that two-component systems inherited from an ancestral cyanobacterial symbiont are no longer present in chloroplasts. Recent research now shows that two-component systems have survived in chloroplasts as products of both chloroplast and nuclear genes. Comparative genomic analysis of photosynthetic eukaryotes shows a lineage-specific distribution of chloroplast two-component systems. The components and the systems they comprise have homologues in extant cyanobacterial lineages, indicating their ancient cyanobacterial origin. Sequence and functional characteristics of chloroplast two-component systems point to their fundamental role in linking photosynthesis with gene expression. We propose that two-component systems provide a coupling between photosynthesis and gene expression that serves to retain genes in chloroplasts, thus providing the basis of cytoplasmic, non-Mendelian inheritance of plastid-associated characters. We discuss the role of this coupling in the chronobiology of cells and in the dialogue between nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic systems.

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Nikkanen, Lauri, and Eevi Rintamäki. "Chloroplast thioredoxin systems dynamically regulate photosynthesis in plants." Biochemical Journal 476, no. 7 (April 15, 2019): 1159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20180707.

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Abstract Photosynthesis is a highly regulated process in photoautotrophic cells. The main goal of the regulation is to keep the basic photosynthetic reactions, i.e. capturing light energy, conversion into chemical energy and production of carbohydrates, in balance. The rationale behind the evolution of strong regulation mechanisms is to keep photosynthesis functional under all conditions encountered by sessile plants during their lifetimes. The regulatory mechanisms may, however, also impair photosynthetic efficiency by overriding the photosynthetic reactions in controlled environments like crop fields or bioreactors, where light energy could be used for production of sugars instead of dissipation as heat and down-regulation of carbon fixation. The plant chloroplast has a high number of regulatory proteins called thioredoxins (TRX), which control the function of chloroplasts from biogenesis and assembly of chloroplast machinery to light and carbon fixation reactions as well as photoprotective mechanisms. Here, we review the current knowledge of regulation of photosynthesis by chloroplast TRXs and assess the prospect of improving plant photosynthetic efficiency by modification of chloroplast thioredoxin systems.

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Gan, Ping, Fang Liu, Rongbai Li, Shaokui Wang, and Jijing Luo. "Chloroplasts— Beyond Energy Capture and Carbon Fixation: Tuning of Photosynthesis in Response to Chilling Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 5046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205046.

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As organelles for photosynthesis in green plants, chloroplasts play a vital role in solar energy capture and carbon fixation. The maintenance of normal chloroplast physiological functions is essential for plant growth and development. Low temperature is an adverse environmental stress that affects crop productivity. Low temperature severely affects the growth and development of plants, especially photosynthesis. To date, many studies have reported that chloroplasts are not only just organelles of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts can also perceive chilling stress signals via membranes and photoreceptors, and they maintain their homeostasis and promote photosynthesis by regulating the state of lipid membranes, the abundance of photosynthesis-related proteins, the activity of enzymes, the redox state, and the balance of hormones and by releasing retrograde signals, thus improving plant resistance to low temperatures. This review focused on the potential functions of chloroplasts in fine tuning photosynthesis processes under low-temperature stress by perceiving stress signals, modulating the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, and scavenging excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chloroplasts to survive the adverse environment.

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Trotta, Andrea, Moona Rahikainen, Grzegorz Konert, Giovanni Finazzi, and Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi. "Signalling crosstalk in light stress and immune reactions in plants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1640 (April 19, 2014): 20130235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0235.

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The evolutionary history of plants is tightly connected with the evolution of microbial pathogens and herbivores, which use photosynthetic end products as a source of life. In these interactions, plants, as the stationary party, have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense, signal and respond to the presence of external stress agents. Chloroplasts are metabolically versatile organelles that carry out fundamental functions in determining appropriate immune reactions in plants. Besides photosynthesis, chloroplasts host key steps in the biosynthesis of amino acids, stress hormones and secondary metabolites, which have a great impact on resistance against pathogens and insect herbivores. Changes in chloroplast redox signalling pathways and reactive oxygen species metabolism also mediate local and systemic signals, which modulate plant resistance to light stress and disease. Moreover, interplay among chloroplastic signalling networks and plasma membrane receptor kinases is emerging as a key mechanism that modulates stress responses in plants. This review highlights the central role of chloroplasts in the signalling crosstalk that essentially determines the outcome of plant–pathogen interactions in plants.

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Voon, Chia Pao, Xiaoqian Guan, Yuzhe Sun, Abira Sahu, May Ngor Chan, Per Gardeström, Stephan Wagner, et al. "ATP compartmentation in plastids and cytosol ofArabidopsis thalianarevealed by fluorescent protein sensing." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 45 (October 23, 2018): E10778—E10787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711497115.

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Matching ATP:NADPH provision and consumption in the chloroplast is a prerequisite for efficient photosynthesis. In terms of ATP:NADPH ratio, the amount of ATP generated from the linear electron flow does not meet the demand of the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle. Several different mechanisms to increase ATP availability have evolved, including cyclic electron flow in higher plants and the direct import of mitochondrial-derived ATP in diatoms. By imaging a fluorescent ATP sensor protein expressed in livingArabidopsis thalianaseedlings, we found that MgATP2−concentrations were lower in the stroma of mature chloroplasts than in the cytosol, and exogenous ATP was able to enter chloroplasts isolated from 4- and 5-day-old seedlings, but not chloroplasts isolated from 10- or 20-day-old photosynthetic tissues. This observation is in line with the previous finding that the expression of chloroplast nucleotide transporters (NTTs) inArabidopsismesophyll is limited to very young seedlings. Employing a combination of photosynthetic and respiratory inhibitors with compartment-specific imaging of ATP, we corroborate the dependency of stromal ATP production on mitochondrial dissipation of photosynthetic reductant. Our data suggest that, during illumination, the provision and consumption of ATP:NADPH in chloroplasts can be balanced by exporting excess reductants rather than importing ATP from the cytosol.

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Lie, Guang Hua, and Gan Wen Lie. "Measure of the Photosynthetic Efficiency of the Cabbage Leaves by Using Photo-Acoustic Tomography Spectroscopy Technology." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 2283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.2283.

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By using a new type of photo-acoustic tomography spectroscopy with non-damage and weak signals detection, the normalized photo-acoustic tomography spectroscopy (PAS-CT) and optical absorption characteristic of the green and yellow leaves of the cabbage are measured. The results show that: the leaves of the cabbage could get different levels of photo-acoustic spectroscopy from different chopping frequency. The chloroplast number in the yellow leaves was less than that in the green leaves, so the photosynthesis in the yellow leaves was significantly weakened compared with the green leaves. The more the chloroplast number in the cabbage leaves were, the stronger the photosynthesis was and the higher the photosynthetic efficiency was. The chopping frequency of 24Hz could activate more chloroplasts than 34Hz and improve the photosynthetic efficiency of the cabbage leaves. What’s more, it could improve the yield of cabbage. Photo-acoustic tomography spectroscopy is a new way of studying photosynthesis. It has a bright and far-reaching future.

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Kroh, Gretchen E., and Marinus Pilon. "Regulation of Iron Homeostasis and Use in Chloroplasts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (May 11, 2020): 3395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093395.

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Iron (Fe) is essential for life because of its role in protein cofactors. Photosynthesis, in particular photosynthetic electron transport, has a very high demand for Fe cofactors. Fe is commonly limiting in the environment, and therefore photosynthetic organisms must acclimate to Fe availability and avoid stress associated with Fe deficiency. In plants, adjustment of metabolism, of Fe utilization, and gene expression, is especially important in the chloroplasts during Fe limitation. In this review, we discuss Fe use, Fe transport, and mechanisms of acclimation to Fe limitation in photosynthetic lineages with a focus on the photosynthetic electron transport chain. We compare Fe homeostasis in Cyanobacteria, the evolutionary ancestors of chloroplasts, with Fe homeostasis in green algae and in land plants in order to provide a deeper understanding of how chloroplasts and photosynthesis may cope with Fe limitation.

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Piippo, Mirva, Yagut Allahverdiyeva, Virpi Paakkarinen, Ulla-Maija Suoranta, Natalia Battchikova, and Eva-Mari Aro. "Chloroplast-mediated regulation of nuclear genes in Arabidopsis thaliana in the absence of light stress." Physiological Genomics 25, no. 1 (March 13, 2006): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00256.2005.

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Chloroplast signaling involves mechanisms to relay information from chloroplasts to the nucleus, to change nuclear gene expression in response to environmental cues. Aside from reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced under stress conditions, changes in the reduction/oxidation state of photosynthetic electron transfer components or coupled compounds in the stroma and the accumulation of photosynthesis-derived metabolites are likely origins of chloroplast signals. We attempted to investigate the origin of the signals from chloroplasts in mature Arabidopsis leaves by differentially modulating the redox states of the plastoquinone pool and components on the reducing side of photosystem I, as well as the rate of CO2 fixation, while avoiding the production of ROS by excess light. Differential expression of several nuclear photosynthesis genes, including a set of Calvin cycle enzymes, was recorded. These responded to the stromal redox conditions under prevailing light conditions but were independent of the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. The steady-state CO2 fixation rate was reflected in the orchestration of the expression of a number of genes encoding cytoplasmic proteins, including several glycolysis genes and the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene, and also the chloroplast-targeted chaperone DnaJ. Clearly, in mature leaves, the redox state of the compounds on the reducing side of photosystem I is of greater importance in light-dependent modulation of nuclear gene expression than the redox state of the plastoquinone pool, particularly at early signaling phases. It also became apparent that photosynthesis-mediated generation of metabolites or signaling molecules is involved in the relay of information from chloroplast to nucleus.

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Lu, Yan, and Jian Yao. "Chloroplasts at the Crossroad of Photosynthesis, Pathogen Infection and Plant Defense." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123900.

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Photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense are three important biological processes that have been investigated separately for decades. Photosynthesis generates ATP, NADPH, and carbohydrates. These resources are utilized for the synthesis of many important compounds, such as primary metabolites, defense-related hormones abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, and antimicrobial compounds. In plants and algae, photosynthesis and key steps in the synthesis of defense-related hormones occur in chloroplasts. In addition, chloroplasts are major generators of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and a site for calcium signaling. These signaling molecules are essential to plant defense as well. All plants grown naturally are attacked by pathogens. Bacterial pathogens enter host tissues through natural openings or wounds. Upon invasion, bacterial pathogens utilize a combination of different virulence factors to suppress host defense and promote pathogenicity. On the other hand, plants have developed elaborate defense mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogen infections. This review summarizes recent discoveries on defensive roles of signaling molecules made by plants (primarily in their chloroplasts), counteracting roles of chloroplast-targeted effectors and phytotoxins elicited by bacterial pathogens, and how all these molecules crosstalk and regulate photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense, using chloroplasts as a major battlefield.

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Blanco, Nicolás E., Manuel Guinea-Díaz, James Whelan, and Åsa Strand. "Interaction between plastid and mitochondrial retrograde signalling pathways during changes to plastid redox status." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1640 (April 19, 2014): 20130231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0231.

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Mitochondria and chloroplasts depend upon each other; photosynthesis provides substrates for mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial metabolism is essential for sustaining photosynthetic carbon assimilation. In addition, mitochondrial respiration protects photosynthesis against photoinhibition by dissipating excess redox equivalents from the chloroplasts. Genetic defects in mitochondrial function result in an excessive reduction and energization of the chloroplast. Thus, it is clear that the activities of mitochondria and plastids need to be coordinated, but the manner by which the organelles communicate to coordinate their activities is unknown. The regulator of alternative oxidase ( rao1) mutant was isolated as a mutant unable to induce AOX1a expression in response to the inhibitor of the mitochondrial cytochrome c reductase (complex III), antimycin A. RAO1 encodes the nuclear localized cyclin-dependent kinase E1 (CDKE1). Interestingly, the rao1 mutant demonstrates a genome uncoupled phenotype also in response to redox changes in the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Thus, CDKE1 was shown to regulate both LIGHT HARVESTING COMPLEX B ( LHCB ) and ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE 1 ( AOX1a ) expression in response to retrograde signals. Our results suggest that CDKE1 is a central nuclear component integrating mitochondrial and plastid retrograde signals and plays a role in regulating energy metabolism during the response to stress.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chloroplasts. Photosynthesis"

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Clay, Christine Nicole. "Non-leaf chlorenchyma in Bienertia cycloptera and Suaeda aralocaspica (chenopodiaceae) exhibit single cell C₄ photosynthesis." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2006/c%5Fclay%5F050506.pdf.

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Xu, Qingzhang. "Development of photosynthetic competency in tall fescue leaves /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924948.

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Edvardsson, Anna. "Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans Isomerases in the Chloroplast Thylakoid Lumen." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Univ, 2007. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2007/med983s.pdf.

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Bonatto, José Matheus Camargo. "Consequências da expressão constitutiva do gene Lhcb1*2 de Pisum sativum em plantas de Nicotiana tabacum: impactos no proteoma foliar, montagem dos fotossistemas e influência no desenvolvimento vegetal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-19042010-164936/.

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O complexo coletor de luz (LHC) do fotossistema II (PSII) é o principal complexo de proteínas associado a pigmentos situado na membrana dos tilacóides de cloroplastos em plantas. O LHCII funciona como uma antena de transferência de energia para a captura e direcionamento da energia luminosa do PSII para o PSI. A ação coordenada dos dois fotossistemas com o direcionamento do fluxo de elétrons gera a quebra da molécula de água, através da membrana do tilacóide, produzindo força assimilatória ATP e NADPH. A energia química produzida na fotossíntese é de suma importância para a assimilação de carbono, biossíntese de aminoácidos e metabólicos secundários. Portanto, este é um importante gene para estudos em biotecnologia. Linhagens transgênicas de tabaco (TR-1 e TR-2) as quais expressam constitutivamente o transgene Lhcb1*2 de ervilha obtidas por Labate e colaboradores (2004) foram utilizadas nesse trabalho. Estas plantas apresentaram diversos efeitos pleiotrópicos relacionados à anatomia, morfologia, bioquímica e fisiologia. Uma proteína pode não atuar isoladamente, mas freqüentemente interagindo com outras proteínas, influenciando diversos processos metabólicos. O perfil de proteômica dessas linhagens transformantes, em relação à planta selvagem (WT) foi investigado. As proteínas totais foram extraídas de folhas de plantas de três meses crescidas em câmaras de crescimento, então separadas por 2D-PAGE. As proteínas diferencialmente expressas foram identificadas por LC-MS/MS. Os resultados mostram que 244 spots apresentaram alterações significativas na expressão nas duas linhagens transgênicas em relação à WT. 122 spots são expressos exclusivamente nas linhagens transformantes, e 24 spots somente na selvagem. Muitas proteínas como ATP synthase e ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase foram mais expressas nas linhagens transgênicas, mas a glutamine synthetase, uma importante proteína na reciclagem de nitrogênio nos cloroplastos, teve sua expressão diminuída. Para analisar as alterações na expressãode genes relacionados ao ritmo circadiano entre outros, como a conformação do PSII, cotilédones de plântulas estioladas foram submetidas à luz e amostras coletadas depois de 0, 3, 6, 12 e 24 horas. O nível de transcritos foram analisados por PCR quantitativo. A diferenciação de plastídio à cloroplasto maduro foi analisado por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, para se entender as diferenças entre os genótipos em estudo no desenvolvimento vegetal. A expressão constitutiva do gene Lhcb1*2 de ervilha em plantas transgênicas de tabaco acarretou a indução e repressão de várias proteínas e genes em distintos passos de vias metabólicas, estabilizando a homeostase celular, exercendo uma influência significativa no desenvolvimento vegetal e produção de biomassa.
The light harvesting complex (LHC) of photosystem II (PSII) is the major ensemble of pigmet-biding proteins situated in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast in plants. The LHCbII functions as an energy-transferring antenna for capturing and delivering light energy to the photosystems PSII and PSI. The coordinated actions of the two photosystems in turn drive the flow of electrons, generated by the splitting of water, through the thylakoid membranes to produce the assimilatory force ATP and NADPH. The chemical energy produced by photosynthesis is very important for the assimilation of carbon, amino acids biosynthesis, and secundary metabolism. Therefore it is an important gene for biotechnological studies. Transgenic tobacco lines (TR-1 and TR-2) which express the pea Lhcb1*2 transgene constitutively obtained by Labate et al. (2004) were used in this work. These plants presented pleiotropic effects related to anatomy, morphology, biochemistry and physiology. As a protein may not act by itself, but it is, frequently interacting with other proteins, influencing a lot of metabolic processes. The proteomic profile of these transgenic lines, in relation to the wild type (WT), was investigated. The total proteins extracted from leaves of three-month old plants grown in growth chambers were separated by 2DPAGE. The differentially expressed proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. The results showed that 225 spots displayed significant changes in the expression of the two transgenic lines in relation to the WT. 122 spots were exclusively expressed in the transgenic lines, and 24 only in the wild type. Many proteins as ATP synthase and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase are overexpressed in the transgenic lines, but the glutamine synthetase, an important protein tor nitrogen recycling in the chloroplasts, showed a reducted level of expression. In order to analyse the alterations of the expression of genes related to the circadian rhythm among others, involved in the conformation of the PSII, cotyledons from etiolated seedlings were thenexposed to light and samples collected after 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. The level of transcripts were analysed by RT/RT-PCR. The PSII conformation were analysed by transmition electron microscopy, with the aim of verifying the evolution of plastids into the chloroplasts which could be leading to changes in plant development. The overexpression of the pea Lhcb1*2 gene in transgenic tobacco plants, lead to the induction and suppression of several proteins and genes in key metabolic pathways, as a way to establish a cellular homeostasis, exerting a significant influence on plant development and biomass production.

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Tomizioli, Martino. "Identification de nouveaux acteurs de la régulation de la photosyhthèse." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV046/document.

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Chez les eucaryotes, la photosynthèse a lieu dans le chloroplaste, un organite spécifique de la cellule végétale et caractérisé par différents compartiments : (i) l'enveloppe, la double membrane qui délimite le chloroplaste ; (ii) le stroma, phase aqueuse principalement composée de protéines solubles et (iii) un système membranaire interne, les thylacoïdes, qui contiennent les complexes photosynthétiques. Les thylakoïdes forment un réseau tridimensionnel continu et sont différenciés en deux domaines physiques distincts : des empilements de vésicules de membrane (appelés granas ou BBY) et des extensions de membrane simple (lamelles stromales). Les complexes majeurs de la photosynthèse ne sont pas distribués de manière égale dans cette membrane à cause de contraintes électrostatiques et stériques. Ainsi, le photosystème I et l'ATP-synthétase sont enrichis dans les granas, le photosystème II dans les lamelles stromales alors que d'autres complexes, comme le cytochrome b6f, auraient une répartition équivalente entre granas et lamelles stromales. Pour faire face aux variations environnementales de lumière (en qualité et quantité), les plantes ont développé des processus pour moduler leur capacité d'absorption et d'utilisation de la lumière par les photosystèmes, processus regroupés sous le terme de « quenching non photosynthétique ou NPQ ». Dans le cadre de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à deux composants du NPQ, les états de transition et la dissipation sous forme de chaleur (partie qE).Le premier objectif de ma thèse a été d'identifier de nouveaux acteurs impliqués dans les transitions d'état et ceci en étudiant la relocalisation de protéines au sein des sous-compartiments des thylacoïdes par une approche protéomique. En effet, il a été montré que certaines antennes collectrices de lumière sont réorganisées dans les membranes photosynthétiques lors des transitions d'état. Jusqu'à présent, aucune description exhaustive de la composition et distribution des protéines dans les sous-compartiments de thylacoïdes n'avait été réalisée. J'ai donc dans un premier temps développé des protocoles de purification des sous-compartiments des thylakoïdes (granas et lamelles stromales) à partir de chloroplastes de plantes sauvage d'Arabidopsis thaliana. Ensuite, grâce à une approche d'analyse protéomique semi-quantitative, nous avons pu déterminer la localisation d'environ 300 protéines des thylacoïdes. Les résultats suggèrent que la localisation de complexes photosynthétiques est beaucoup plus dynamique que celle jusqu'à lors proposée. En effet, même s'ils sont préférentiellement identifiés dans un sous-compartiment, certains complexes photosynthétiques présentent une double localisation qui était inattendue. De plus, la composition en sous-unités de ces complexes diffère selon leur localisation, dans les granas et dans les lamelles stromales, suggérant l'existence de processus de régulation de la photosynthèse jusqu'à lors insoupçonnés. Cette approche a ensuite été appliquée sur des plantes mutantes d'Arabidopsis affectées dans les transitions d'état afin d'identifier des protéines pouvant être impliquées dans ce processus d'adaptation. En parallèle, je me suis intéressé au qE . L'activation de ce mécanisme n'est pas constitutive et nécessite la formation d'un gradient de pH entre le stroma et le lumen des thylacoïdes (ΔpH). L'objectif de l'étude a été d'identifier des acteurs pouvant contrôler la formation de ce gradient de pH. Pour cela, nous nous somme focalisés sur le rôle d'un transporteur de potassium récemment caractérisé, TPK3. Grâce à des approches biophysiques et biochimiques, nous avons démontré que TPK3 est impliqué, in vivo, dans la modulation des deux composantes de la force proton motrice (pmf), le gradient de pH (ΔpH) et la différence de potentiel (Δψ). En contrôlant la répartition de la force proton motrice,TPK3, permet une utilisation correcte de la lumière en dissipant l'excès d'énergie
Within higher plants and algae, photosynthesis is carried out in the chloroplast. Structurally, chloroplasts are organized in (i) the envelope, a double membrane system surrounding the chloroplast (ii) the stroma, the aqueous space which mainly contains soluble proteins and the (iii) thylakoids, a three-dimensional membrane network where photosynthetic electron transport reactions occur. Thylakoids are non-homogeneously folded, and comprise two major domains: (i) the grana-BBY, which are stacks of thylakoids particularly enriched in photosystem II, LHCII (the antenna-protein complex responsible for light harvesting) and (ii) the stroma lamellae, which are unstacked thylakoids connecting grana stacks enriched in photosystem I and ATP synthase. Plants can respond to changes in the environmental light conditions by several means as those which are collectively called non-photochemical quenching or NPQ. During my thesis, I mainly focused on two components of the NPQ: state transition (qT) and high-energy state quenching (qE).State transitions is the process by which PSII-antenna proteins are re-organized between stroma-lamellae and grana-BBY following changes in ambient light both of intensity and spectral composition. State transitions play a key role in the plant adaptation but many aspects of this process remain unclear. The main objective of my thesis was to study the thylakoid protein re-localization between stroma-lamellae and grana-BBY during state transitions using a proteomic-based approach. At this aim I firstly focused on the sub-thylakoid protein localization in Arabidopsis WT and I developed different protocols for the purification of the two sub-compartments (stroma-lamellae and grana-BBY) starting from intact chloroplasts. Later, thanks to a semi-quantitative proteomic approach, I determined the precise localization of around 300 thylakoid proteins in Arabidopsis WT. Results suggested that the localization of the different photosynthetic complexes is much more dynamics than previously hypothesized. In fact, even if characterized by a preferential localization, some photosynthetic complexes displayed an unexpected double localization. Moreover the subunit composition of these complexes was found to vary according to their localization (BBY or stroma-lamellae) suggesting the existence of mechanisms of regulation which have never been evidenced before. Later, we used the same mass-spectrometry-based approach on two different Arabidopsis mutants unable to perform state transitions. The objective was to highlight the involvement of other proteins (other than LHCII) which could possibly be re-localized within the photosynthetic membrane during state transitions. In the second part of my thesis, I focused on the high-energy state quenching component of the NPQ. qE allows the plant to dissipate excessive light energy as heat. This process it's not constitutive but need to be activated by the formation of a difference in the pH between the stroma and the thylakoid lumen (ΔpH). The objective of the study was to identify new possible actors in the regulation of the ΔpH formation. At this purpose I focused on a recently characterized potassium channel, TPK3. Thanks to a biophysical and biochemical approach, we demonstrated that TPK3 is involved, in vivo, in the modulation of the two components of the proton motive force (pmf), the ΔpH and the difference in the electric field Δψ. By controlling the repartition of the pmf, TPK3, controls also the formation of the NPQ and directly affects light utilization and dissipation in vivo. This avoids serious damages to the photosynthetic chain when plants are exposed to high-light conditions

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Bailey, Shaun. "Acclimation of photosynthesis to irradiance in Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14630/.

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The work contained within this thesis describes the acclimation of photosynthesis in A.thaliana to growth over a broad range of irradiance. Using Pmax and Chl a/b as an index, the ability of A.thaliana to modulate the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus across a range of irradiance has been demonstrated. A non-linear response to growth irradiance was seen for both parameters, the shape of which was similar. In addition the overall magnitude of the response was large compared to other plant species. These changes took place with no alteration in overall chlorophyll content per unit leaf area. A detailed analysis of the changes in chloroplast composition followed. This revealed a good correlation between changes in Chl a/b and bulk LHCII as well as Pmax and Rubisco content. However measurement of the reaction centre content along with immunoblot analysis of all ten Chl a/b binding light harvesting polypeptides established that changes in other thylakoid components were also responsible for changes in Chl a/b. Significant changes in reaction centre content were seen at both the low and high extremes of growth irradiance with PSI content doubling at 35 umol m-2 s-1 and PSII content rising significantly at 600 umol m-2 S-I. The extent of the changes in reaction content is well beyond those previously reported for other plant species. Other previously unreported changes in thylakoid composition are also observed for A.thaliana. For example there was a doubling in the minor LHCII complexes, Lhca5 and 6, at very low growth irradiance. In addition a complex pattern of change was observed for all 4 LHCI polypeptides. The functional consequence of photosynthetic acclimation was also investigated using room temperature chlorophyll fluorescence. Measurements of the maximum rate of electron transport (ETR) for plants grown at all irradiance revealed a higher rate for plants grown at 400 umol m-2 S-I than would have been predicted from the maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax). This discrepancy suggested an alternative fate for electrons (other than CO2 fixation) for plants grown at this irradiance. Since this electron sink must involve molecular oxygen it is suggested that enhanced Mehler reaction accounts for the increased ETR. Relaxation kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence quenching was used to resolve qN into two components, qE and ql. The maximum capacity for qE clearly increased withincreasing growth irradiance and correlated well with Chl a/b and the xanthophyll cycle pool size establishing that the capacity for short term photosynthetic regulation is itself subject to acclimation. Finally the dynamic nature of photosynthetic acclimation was demonstrated following transfers between high and low irradiance.

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Evertsen, Jussi. "Solar powered phycozoans : Herbivore sacoglossans with photosynthetic chloroplasts." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2244.

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Torabi, Salar Abu-Torab. "Establishment of photosynthetic complexes in the chloroplast." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-183292.

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Martin, Sophie. "Photoelectrochemistry of immobilised photosynthetic components: From chlorophyll to intact chloroplasts." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487960.

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This thesis aims to explore the use of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to investigate a range of processes, in particular fundamental electron transfer processes, connected to photosynthesis. These studies focus on several model systems ranging from LB films of chI a to intact chloroplasts. Electrochemical and scanned probe microscopy (SPM) techniques will be invaluable for monitoring these electron transfer processes and the structure - activity relationships in the systems of interest. A study of the different methods of chlorophyll film formation on solid supports and characterisation of these films with regard to surface coverage and film thicknesses has been explored with a range of techniques. Dropcast, spincast and LB films are investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy and AFM in order to elucidate the most appropriate chlorophyll film formation techniques for use in the later studies of this thesis. SECM has combined with an inverted microscope setup to investigate electron transfer in thin films of chlorophyll, with the aim of correlating the photoelectrochemical activity of the chlorophyll layer with the spatial organisation of the film. Using LB techniques, monolayers and multilayer films of chi a have been prepared on solid inert supports. It is clarified that electron transfer occurs from photo-excited chlorophyll to reduce oxygen. This is observed using SEeM, to electrochemically follow the transient change in oxygen concentration close to chlorophyll films upon illumination. The data obtained have been simulated using a commercial software package and used to determine kinetic parameters for this electron transfer process. This work is extended by considering the effects of electron transport in chI a molecules when deposited onto conducting electrode surfaces, compared to inert glass surfaces. These studies present some contradictory results to those previously published in literature and these findings have been discussed. ' The photosynthetic activity and surface structure of chloroplast and 'thylakoid membranes using SPM techniques and CLSM has been investigated. Factors such as illumination conditions, O2 evolution and reactions with different redox mediators will be studied to probe key steps in the electron transport chain reaction. Finally, confocal microscopy has been combined with SECM to study lateral proton diffusion at different phospholipid monolayers under a range of surface pressures. Therefore, investigating key diffusional processes as a model for those processes occurring at biological membranes.

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Schubert, Maria. "The chloroplast lumen proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-654-9/.

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Books on the topic "Chloroplasts. Photosynthesis"

1

Rochaix, J. D., Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont, and Sabeeha Merchant. The molecular biology of chloroplasts and mitochondria in Chlamydomonas. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

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Rebeiz, Constantin A. The chloroplast: Basics and applications. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010.

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NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Translational Apparatus of Photosynthetic Organelles (1990 Grenoble, France). The translational apparatus of photosynthetic organelles. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Singhal, G. S. Photosynthesis and crop productivity under tropical environments: Mechanisms regulating quantum efficiency of light absorption and utilization in chloroplasts in cereal grains with special reference to bread wheat : final technical report. New Delhi: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1987.

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Gnanam, A. Photosynthesis and crop productivity under tropical environments: Studies on the factors regulating development of photochemical activities of chloroplasts in stressed and optical environments in cereal crops : final technical report. Madura : India: Dept. of Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, 1987.

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Danks, Susan M., Peter A. Whittaker, and E. Hilary Evans. Photosynthetic Systems: Structure, Function, and Assembly. John Wiley & Sons, 1985.

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K, Ostrovskai͡a︡ L., and Institut fiziologii rasteniĭ i genetiki (Akademii͡a︡ nauk Ukraïnsʹkoï RSR), eds. Faktory sredy i organizat͡s︡ii͡a︡ pervichnogo prot͡s︡essa fotosinteza: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1989.

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1944-, Smith William K., Vogelmann Thomas Craig, and Critchley Christa, eds. Photosynthetic adaptation: Chloroplast to landscape. New York: Springer, 2004.

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(Editor), William K. Smith, Thomas C. Vogelmann (Editor), and Christa Critchley (Editor), eds. Photosynthetic Adaptation: Chloroplast to Landscape (Ecological Studies). Springer, 2004.

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Kirkpatrick, Nancy Speer. A chloroplast DNA restriction mapping study of the genus Hosta (liliaceae). 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chloroplasts. Photosynthesis"

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Keegstra, Kenneth, Cynthia Bauerle, Alan Friedman, Thomas Lubben, Laura Olsen, and Steven Theg. "Transport of Proteins into Chloroplasts." In Photosynthesis, 389–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74221-7_30.

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Gnanam, A., S. Krishnasamy, and R. Mannar Mannan. "Heat-shock Proteins Associated with Chloroplasts." In Photosynthesis, 135–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74221-7_10.

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Mills, W. Ronald, and Brian J. Baumgartner. "DNA Biosynthesis in Chloroplasts and Its Regulation: Studies on Isolated Chloroplasts and Chloroplast Extracts." In Progress in Photosynthesis Research, 683–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0519-6_142.

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Yokoi, Fumiaki, and Masahiro Sugiura. "Nuclear and Chloroplast Encoded Ribosomal Proteins of Tobacco Chloroplasts." In Research in Photosynthesis, 251–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0383-8_54.

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Biswal, Basanti, Pranab K. Mohapatra, Udaya C. Biswal, and Mukesh K. Raval. "Leaf Senescence and Transformation of Chloroplasts to Gerontoplasts." In Photosynthesis, 217–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1579-0_10.

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Breidenbach, Eric, Regula Blättler, and Arminio Boschetti. "Protein Synthesis in Chloroplasts." In Current Research in Photosynthesis, 2697–700. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0511-5_611.

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Leegood, R. C., and D. A. Walker. "Chloroplasts and protoplasts." In Photosynthesis and Production in a Changing Environment, 268–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1566-7_17.

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Leegood, R. C., and D. A. Walker. "Chloroplasts and protoplasts." In Photosynthesis and Production in a Changing Environment, 268–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9626-3_17.

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Lubben, Thomas H., Steven M. Theg, and Kenneth Keegstra. "Transport of proteins into chloroplasts." In Molecular Biology of Photosynthesis, 713–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2269-3_35.

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Gnanam, A., C. C. Subbaiah, and R. Mannar Mannan. "Protein synthesis by isolated chloroplasts." In Molecular Biology of Photosynthesis, 777–800. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2269-3_38.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chloroplasts. Photosynthesis"

1

Chikov, V. I. "Signal connection between chloroplasts and stomata during regulation of photosynthesis." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-474.

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Ignatova, L. K., E. M. Zhurikova, N. N. Rudenko, T. P. Fedorchuk, and B. N. Ivanov. "Chloroplast carbonic anhydrase of higher C3 plants and their participation in photosynthesis." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-190.

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Eckert, Hann-Jörg, Zdeněk Petrášek, and Klaus Kemnitz. "Application of novel low-intensity nonscanning fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for monitoring excited state dynamics in individual chloroplasts and living cells of photosynthetic organisms." In Optics East 2006, edited by Wolfgang Becker. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.685958.

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"Effect of melatonin deficiency and disruption of its receptor signaling pathway on photosynthetic parameters and expression of chloroplast genes in plants of Arabidopsis thaliana under photooxidative stress." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-030.

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Reports on the topic "Chloroplasts. Photosynthesis"

1

Hanson, Maureen. Chloroplast Dynamics and Photosynthetic Efficiency: Final Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1330857.

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Stern, David, and Amber Hotto. Identifying New Chloroplast-Encoded Photosynthetic Functions (Final Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1580270.

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Sayre, R. T. Photosynthetic electron transport in genetically altered chloroplasts. Progress report, June 15, 1992--June 15, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10164783.

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