Journal articles on the topic 'Cho meur'

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksplorasi yang bertujuan untuk mengisolasi senyawa metabolit sekunder dalam ekstrak n-heksana Daun Lannea coromandelica Houtt Merr. yang berasal dari kecamatan Cina, kabupaten Bone, Sulawesi Selatan. Isolasi dilakukan dengan beberapa tahap yaitu maserasi, partisi dengan n-heksana, fraksinasi, pemurnian dan identifikasi. Hasil penelitian diperoleh isolat murni berupa kristal jarum berwarna putih dengan titik leleh 140,20C. Hasil uji dengan pereaksi Meyer menghasilkan endapan putih dan Wagner menghasilkan endapan coklat menunjukkan positif alkaloid. Identifikasi dengan spektroskopi infra merah memberikan serapan pada bilangan gelombang (cm-1) : 3502,73 ; 2954,99 ; 2868,15 ; 1687,71; 1463,97; 1382,96; 1330,88; dan 1037,70 yang menunjukkan adanya gugus fungsi -N-H, -C-H alifatik (CH2 dan CH3), -C=O, -C=C, dan -C-N. Kata kunci : Daun L.coromandelica Houtt Merr., Isolasi, Alkaloid. ABSTRACT This study is exploratory research that aims to isolate the secondary metabolite compound contained in n-hexane extract of Lannea coromandelica Houtt Merr. leaves from Cina district, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi. The isolation was done through several stages, maceration, partitioning with n-hexane, fractionation, purification and identification. The results was obtained in pure needle crystal shape with a melting point 140,2°C. The test result with the Meyer reagent showed the formation of a white precipitated and the Wagner test showed the formation of a brown precipitated, there for it can be categorized as positive alkaloid. Identification with an infrared spectroscopy giving absorbance at the wave number (cm-1): 3502,73 ; 2954,99 ; 2868,15 ; 1687,71; 1463,97; 1382,96; 1330,88; and 1037,70 refers of function groups -N-H, -C-H aliphatic (CH2 and CH3), -C=O, -C=C, and -C-N. Keywords : L.coromandelica Houtt Merr., Leaves, Isolation, Alkaloid.

Nghiên cứu được thực hiện với mục đích đánh giá hiệu quả thu nhận thành phần polyphenol hòa tan từ vỏ bưởi Da Xanh (Citrus maxima (Burn.) Merr.) ở các điều kiện trích ly và cô quay chân không khác nhau. Trên cơ sở này, ảnh hưởng của đặc tính nguyên liện và phương pháp trích ly, điều kiện cô quay chân không để đuổi dung môi (áp suất, độ giảm khối lượng) được khảo sát. Kết quả phân tích cho thấy thực hiện ly trích theo phương pháp tách ép công nghiệp (nguyên liệu tươi, bổ sung ethanol 40⁰ ở tỉ lệ 1:1, w/v, gia nhiệt ở 90⁰C trong thời gian 2 phút) giúp cải thiện chất lượng của dịch trích sau khi đuổi dung môi và giảm chi phí năng lượng khi so sánh với phương pháp thông dụng (trên nguyên liệu khô, ngâm trích, không hoặc có sự hỗ trợ của vi sóng). Song song đó, hiệu quả của chế độ loại dung môi bằng thiết bị cô quay ở áp suất tuyệt đối 160-180 mBar cũng được ghi nhận, đặc biệt với khả năng giúp gia tăng giá trị TPC, TFC, TEAC của dịch trích sau khi loại dung môi. Cô quay cho đến khi mất đi 92,5% khối lượng dịch trích được đề nghị để thu nhận cao chiết có chất lượng tốt nhất.

Neuer Mann bei Mediclin: CEO Ulrich Wandschneider soll das Unternehmen auf Erfolgskurs bringen.Ein schwieriger Job: Institutionelle Investoren fassen die Aktie schon seit langem nicht mehr an, und es dürfte nicht einfach werden, ihr Vertrauen zurückzugewinnen.

Dit artikel beschrijft de bevindingen van een exploratief onderzoek naar het toekomstbeeld van de CFO in Nederland in de profit- en non-profitsector. Aan de hand van 59 interviews met financieel verantwoordelijken wordt een beeld geschetst van de ontwikkeling in de aandachtsgebieden van de CFO en de daarvoor benodigde kennis, vaardigheden en competenties. De komende tien jaar verwacht de CFO zich meer dan nu bezig te houden met de strategie van de organisatie. Daarmee ontwikkelt hij of zij zich steeds meer tot één van de gezichtsbepalende bestuursleden van de organisatie: de financial leader.

Peat soils have been developed for large scale plantations such as oil palm due to their positive contribution to Malaysia’s economic growth in agriculture sector. However, these developments contribute to the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) mainly carbon (CO2) and methane (CH4). To date, there were limited information of GHGs emissions from pineapple cultivation and also inadequate data on horizontally and vertically soil GHGs emissions in peat soil profile. Thus, this study was carried out to determine carbon CO2 and CH4 emissions horizontally and vertically from a drained tropical peat soils from a drained tropical peat soils cultivated with pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Horizontal and vertical movements of CO2 and CH4 were measured from a drained tropical peatland with Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Tropical peat soils cultivated with Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. contributed to 79.7 % of CO2, and 0.2 % of CH4 based on the yearly basis regardless of the differences in diurnal transportation; horizontal and vertical emission. Soil CO2 and CH4 were emitted the most through horizontal transportation with 70.84 % CO2, and 0.19 % CH4 compared to 8.85 % CO2, and 0.02 % CH4 in vertical transportation. The emission of CO2 was influenced by depth of water table and temperature. It is generally believed that lowering of peats water table leads to emission of higher CO2 emission because this process leads to exposure of peat soils to oxidation. Seasonal variation in CH4 flux was higher in the wet seasons due to rainfall; this might have increased the water table of the peat soil. The results suggest that CO2 and CH4 emissions occur both horizontally and vertically regardless of season. Therefore in order not to underestimate CO2 and CH4 emissions from peat soil, it is important to measure the emissions of this greenhouse gas which has been implicated in environmental pollution horizontally and vertically.

ABSTRACT A dynamic dilution system for producing low mixing ratios of methyl bromide (MeBr) and a sensitive analytical technique were used to study the uptake of MeBr by various soils. MeBr was removed within minutes from vials incubated with soils and ∼10 parts per billion by volume of MeBr. Killed controls did not consume MeBr, and a mixture of the broad-spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol and tetracycline inhibited MeBr uptake by 98%, indicating that all of the uptake of MeBr was biological and by bacteria. Temperature optima for MeBr uptake suggested a biological sink, yet soil moisture and temperature optima varied for different soils, implying that MeBr consumption activity by soil bacteria is diverse. The eucaryotic antibiotic cycloheximide had no effect on MeBr uptake, indicating that soil fungi were not involved in MeBr removal. MeBr consumption did not occur anaerobically. A dynamic flowthrough vial system was used to incubate soils at MeBr mixing ratios as low as those found in the remote atmosphere (5 to 15 parts per trillion by volume [pptv]). Soils consumed MeBr at all mixing ratios tested. Temperate forest and grassy lawn soils consumed MeBr most rapidly (rate constant [k] = 0.5 min−1), yet sandy temperate, boreal, and tropical forest soils also readily consumed MeBr. Amendments of CH4 up to 5% had no effect on MeBr uptake even at CH4:MeBr ratios of 107, and depth profiles of MeBr and CH4consumption exhibited very different vertical rate optima, suggesting that methanotrophic bacteria, like those presently in culture, do not utilize MeBr when it is at atmospheric mixing ratios. Data acquired with gas flux chambers in the field demonstrated the very rapid in situ consumption of MeBr by soils. Uptake of MeBr at mixing ratios found in the remote atmosphere occurs via aerobic bacterial activity, displays first-order kinetics at mixing ratios from 5 pptv to ∼1 part per million per volume, and is rapid enough to account for 25% of the global annual loss of atmospheric MeBr.

Bồ ngót (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) là loại rau từ lâu không những dùng làm thuốc trong y học mà chúng còn được dùng như rau ăn lá. Mặc dù bồ ngót được trồng nhiều ở Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long, nhưng việc nghiên cứu về di truyền một cách hệ thống chưa được quan tâm. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá được đặc điểm di truyền của một số giống bồ ngót thu thập ở bảy tỉnh vùng Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long dựa vào đặc điểm hình thái và dấu single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) trên vùng trình tự internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Kết quả cho thấy về kiểu hình của các giống có sự khác nhau giữa các vùng trồng do điều kiện môi trường và canh tác. Về kiểu gen hầu hết các giống thuộc loài Sauropus androgynous (L.) Merr. khi so sánh với các trinh tự ITS trên NCBI. Dựa vào cây phả hệ cho thấy bốn nhóm mẫu giống ở Sóc Trăng, Cần Thơ, Cà Mau, và Kiên Giang khác với 4 mẫu nhóm còn lại. Trong số 4 mẫu nhóm giống này thì nhóm mẫu Vĩnh Long, và Thuận Hưng (Sóc Trăng) có trình tự ITS gần tương đồng với nhau nên xếp chung 1 nhóm, nhóm còn lại abo gồm mẫu nhóm Hậu Giang và nhóm Đồng Tháp gần nhau về mặt di truyền.

Inappropriate drainage and agricultural development on tropical peatland may lead to an increase in methane (CH4) emission, thus expediting the rate of global warming and climate change. It was hypothesized that water table fluctuation affects CH4 emission in pineapple cultivation on tropical peat soils. The objectives of this study were to: (i) quantify CH4 emission from a tropical peat soil cultivated with pineapple and (ii) determine the effects of water table depth on CH4 emission from a peat soil under simulated water table fluctuation. Soil CH4 emissions from an open field pineapple cultivation system and field lysimeters were determined using the closed chamber method. High-density polyethylene field lysimeters were set up to simulate the natural condition of cultivated drained peat soils under different water table fluctuations. The soil CH4 flux was measured at five time intervals to obtain a 24 h CH4 emission in the dry and wet seasons during low- and high-water tables. Soil CH4 emissions from open field pineapple cultivation were significantly lower compared with field lysimeters under simulated water table fluctuation. Soil CH4 emissions throughout the dry and wet seasons irrespective of water table fluctuation were not affected by soil temperature but emissions were influenced by the balance between methanogenic and methanotrophic microorganisms controlling CH4 production and consumption, CH4 transportation through molecular diffusion via peat pore spaces, and non-microbial CH4 production in peat soils. Findings from the study suggest that water table fluctuation at the soil–water interface relatively controls the soil CH4 emission from lysimeters under simulated low- and high-water table fluctuation. The findings of this study provide an understanding of the effects of water table fluctuation on CH4 emission in a tropical peatland cultivated with pineapple.

Matthias Schrader ist CEO, Mitbegründer und Großaktionär der SinnerSchrader AG, die mit einem Nettoumsatz von rund 47,7 Mio. Euro (Geschäftsjahr 2014/2015) und mehr als 500 Mitarbeitern zu den größten Digitalagenturen Deutschlands gehört. Seit dem Gründungsjahr 1996 hat der 1967 geborene Digitalunternehmer die Agentur in den letzten zwei Dekaden durch alle Höhen und Tiefen des digitalen Marktes gesteuert, stets mit dem Ziel, Unternehmen im dynamischen Feld der digitalen Transformation der Wirtschaft umfassend und auf der Höhe des aktuellen technischen Know-hows zu unterstützen. Seit 2006 ist der studierte Informatiker und Historiker ferner auch CEO und Chairman der renommierten jährlichen Digitalkonferenz NEXT, die heute mit mehr als 10.000 Besuchern aus 40 Ländern als Leitkonferenz für die deutsche Digitalwirtschaft gilt.

Markus Wild ist CEO und Geschäftsführer der Prospitalia GmbH. Seit mehr als 10 Jahren gestaltet er maßgeblich die Entwicklung des Einkaufsdienstleisters hin zur Unternehmensgruppe. Mit seiner langjährigen Erfahrung berichtet er, wie man den Schwierigkeiten im modernen Beschaffungswesen begegnet.

Dr. Eckart Bollmann, 1978 – 1984 Studium Betriebswirtschaftslehre und Journalismus, Freie Universität Berlin; 1979 – 1985 nebenher freiberuflicher Journalist; 1986 – 1987 Trainee Axel Springer Verlag AG; 1987 – 1991 Vorstandsassistenz, CEO Hungarian Subsidiaries, Axel Springer Verlag AG; 1992 Promotion Dr. rer. oec.; seit 1992 Verlagsleiter Bauer Media Group, verantwortlich für das Auslandsgeschäft in Mittel- und Osteuropa und Asien; 2007 – 2009 Stellvertretendes Mitglied der Geschäftsleitung Bauer Media Group; seit 2009 Mitglied der Geschäftsleitung Bauer Media Group.

Plants might contain heavy metals from the surrounding polluted environment. Medicinal herb and plants, commonly used in Vietnam, may pose a risk to public health when polluted with heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and As. This study aims to investigate the content of Pb, Cd, and As in five selected herb plants (Phyllanthus urinaria L., Plantago asiatica L., Eleusine indica L., Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr, and Artemisia vulgaris L.). The samples were collected from natural sites in some provinces in northern Vietnam. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, and As were determined by the Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The content of Pb, Cd and As was 0.247 ÷ 32.080 mg kg-1, 0.000 ÷ 1.099 mg kg-1, 0.000 ÷ 2.261 mg kg-1, respectively. A total of 50 out of the 58 investigated samples had concentrations of Pb, Cd, As lower than the permissible values of the World Health Organization (WHO). The remaining samples had contents of Pb or Cd or As significantly higher than the permissible limit defined by WHO. Thực vật có thể bị ô nhiễm do hấp thụ kim loại nặng từ môi trường ô nhiễm xung quanh. Các loại cây thảo dược được sử dụng phổ biến làm thuốc chữa bệnh ở Việt Nam. Chúng có thể gây nguy hiểm cho sức khỏe cộng đồng khi bị ô nhiễm kim loại nặng (Pb, Cd...vv.). Nghiên cứu này nhằm điều tra hàm lượng Pb, Cd và As trong năm loại cây thảo dược (cây Diệp Hạ Châu, cây Mã Đề, cây Cỏ Mần Trầu, cây Sài Đất và cây Ngải Cứu). Các mẫu cây này được lấy từ các địa điểm mọc tự nhiên ở một số tỉnh khác nhau thuộc khu vực miền bắc Việt Nam. Hàm lượng của Pb, Cd, và As được xác định bằng phương pháp ICP-MS. Hàm lượng Pb, Cd và As trong các mẫu phân tích lần lượt nằm trong khoảng là 0.247 ÷ 32.080 mg. Kg-1, 0.000 ÷ 1.099 mg. Kg-1, 0.000 ÷ 2.261 mg. Kg-1. 50 trên 58 mẫu phân tích có hàm lượng Pb, Cd, As thấp hơn giới hạn cho phép do tổ chức y tế thế giới (WHO) quy định. Có 8 trên 58 mẫu cây phân tích có hàm lượng Pb hoặc, Cd hoặc As cao hơn tiêu chuẩn giới hạn của WHO.

Controlling wird üblicherweise verstanden als die zielorientierte Steuerung und Koordination des Führungssystems eines Unternehmens. Es soll Navigationshilfe für das Management sein und zu mehr Transparenz und Innovation beitragen. Vor welchen Herausforderungen das Controlling eines großen, international agierenden Medienunternehmens wie ProSiebenSat.1 steht, beleuchtet das nachfolgende Interview mit dem P7S1-Segment-CFO und TVDeutschland Geschäftsführer Dr. Oliver Merz.

Zusammenfassung Derzeit leiden weltweit mehr als 250 Mio. Menschen an einer chronischen Infektion mit Hepatitis-B-Virus (CHB). Eine chronische Infektion geht mit einem erhöhten Risiko der Entwicklung einer Leberfibrose/-zirrhose und der Entwicklung eines hepatozellulären Karzinoms einher. Derzeit versterben jährlich ca. 0,8–1 Mio. Menschen an den Folgen einer chronischen Infektion. Eine Schwierigkeit bei der Therapie der CHB besteht darin, dass das virale Genom in Form eines Minichroms sehr lange Zeit persistieren kann bzw. dass virale Sequenzen in das Wirtsgenom inserieren können. Chronische Infektionen sind häufig durch funktionale Defekte der zellulären Immunantwort, insbesondere der T‑Zell-Antwort charakterisiert, was einer Eliminierung HBV-infizierter Zellen entgegensteht. Immuntherapien zur Heilung der CHB zielen daher darauf ab, die antivirale Funktion der zellulären Immunantwort wiederherzustellen. Im Rahmen dieser Übersicht sollen verschiedene aktuelle Ansätze zur Immuntherapie der CHB beschrieben werden, insbesondere gentechnisch veränderte autologe T‑Zellen als mögliches Werkzeug zur Therapie der CHB. Weiterhin werden die Modulation von Checkpointinhibitoren der Immunantwort, metabolische T‑Zelltherapien und die therapeutische Impfung zur Stimulation der T‑Zellantwort als immuntherapeutische Strategien zur Therapie der chronischen HBV-Infektion zusammenfassend dargestellt.

This paper assesses the ability of fodder plants to reduce methane (CH4) emissions while simultaneously improving animal productivity in Ethiopia. Enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants in Ethiopia increased by 12% or ≈ 6197 Gg CO2-eq. in 2017 compared to the year 2011. In this study, six tropical multipurpose forages (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Moringa stenopetala (Bak.f.) Cuf., Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr., Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Crotalaria juncea L., and Lablab purpureus L.(Sweet)) and maize stover were characterized in terms of chemical composition, in vitro CH4 production, and CH4 concentration (%). The objective was to identify forages with low CH4 production potential but with adequate forage quality. The forages differed significantly in chemical composition and in enteric CH4 emission. The dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) ranged between 89.4–95.4%, 6.08–12.5%, 3.3–30.7%, 20.4–76.0%, 10.8–44.8, and 2.9–14.1%, respectively. All forage plants, except maize stover, contained high CP content above a threshold value (i.e., 7%). Cajanus c. generates the lowest amount of CH4 (32.83 mL/0.2 g DM incubated). CH4 concentration (%) was used as a potential indicator to determine the capacity of a plant to lower CH4 production. Among the studied species, L. purpureus showed the highest CH4 reduction potential (16%) followed by C. juncea (23.45%), M. stenopetala (24.2%), and L. leucocephala (25.5%). Moringa s. was the most frequently preferred by the farmers followed by C. juncea and L. leucocephala. We concluded that M. stenopetala, C. juncea, and L. leucocephala can be promoted as valuable feed resources for ruminants while simultaneously reducing CH4 emissions.

In einer Pilot-Studie untersuchten wir die Auswirkungen einer vernetzten Betreuung auf die Behandlungskosten am Beispiel eines Disease-Management-Programms (DMP) bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz aus der Schweizer Grundversorgung. Methodik: Die direkten medizinischen Kosten vor Teilnahme am DMP (Zeitintervall 1:365 Tage) wurden mit den direkten medizinischen Kosten während der Teilnahme am Programm (Zeitintervall 2: 365 Tage) verglichen. Eventuelle Einsparungen wurden den Programmkosten des DMP gegenübergestellt. Resultate: Bei 71 Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz nahmen die durchschnittlichen direkten medizinischen Kosten pro Jahr nach Einschluss in das DMP um 2268 CHF ab (95%-CI: –5922 bis +1386). Die mittleren Programmkosten betrugen 2100 CHF pro Patient. Schlussfolgerung: Das untersuchte DMP dürfte im Startjahr keine relevanten Nettoeinsparungen generieren, kann aber kostenneutral sein. Zukünftige Studien zu DMP bei Herzinsuffizienz sollten mehr Patienten einbeziehen.

Hydrogen-producing microorganisms are believed to play an important role in energy metabolism of micro-organisms in anaerobic environments and hence are one of the crucial factors for influencing the activity and develop-ment of these microorganisms. Consequently, they provide the biological foundation for the biotechnology such as MEOR (Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery) and microbial fixation of CO2 and conversion of it into CH4 and etc. How-ever, knowledge on the community of hydrogen-producing microorganisms and their potential in subsurface formations are still limited. In this study, hydrogen-producing microorganisms in the production water from an oilfield as well as enrichment cultures were analyzed with clone library analysis of [FeFe]-hydrogenase encoding genes. The results show that [FeFe]-hydrogenase genes in production water are diverse and related to Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes and uncultured. Anaerobic incubations established within the oil reservoir production water and generating 202 mmol H2/mol glucose during 7-day incubation at 55°C indicate a high frequency of members of the Firmicutes. This study implies that hydrogen-producing microorganisms in oil reservoir may play a positive role in promoting the in situ bio-process via hydrogen production once common nutrients are available. These data are helpful for evaluating, developing, and utilizing hydrogen-producing microorganisms in oil reservoirs for biological fixation and conversion of CO2 into CH4 as well as MEOR.

Nghiên cứu được thực hiện để đánh giá ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ sấy đối lưu đến hiệu quả duy trì các thành phần có hoạt tính sinh học trong vỏ bưởi da xanh, thể hiện qua phenolic tổng số (TPC), flavonoid tổng số (TFC), khả năng trung hòa gốc tự do bằng DPPH và ABTS . Thông qua đó, nhiệt độ sấy vỏ bưởi phù hợp để hạn chế sự giảm thấp các thành phần này được đề xuất thất thoát khi xử lý nhiệt vỏ bưởi. Kết quả khảo sát cho thấy các hoạt chất có hoạt tính sinh học giảm khoảng 50% do tác động của nhiệt độ sấy và 80% TPC giảm sau chiết tại 60℃ (19,21 ± 3,21%) và 65℃ (18,99 ± 0,87%). Nhiệt độ tác động đến các thành phần trong nhóm TFC và kéo theo giá trị DPPH, ABTS không lớn.

Cây Đìa đụm (Heliciopsis lobata (Merr.) Sleum) có nhiều tác dụng trong điều trị bệnh và được sử dụng rộng rãi trong các bài thuốc y học cổ truyền của người dân tộc thiểu số. Trong nghiên cứu này, dịch chiết methanol từ lá của cây Đìa đụm được sử dụng để đánh giá khả năng ức chế các tế bào ung thư vú và ung thư gan bằng phương pháp sàng lọc MTT, phân tích hình thái tế bào và hình thái kiểu nhân apoptosis bằng thuốc nhuộm nhân tế bào DAPI. Kết quả cho thấy dịch chiết methanol của lá cây Đìa đụm đã ức chế sự tăng sinh tế bào ung thư gan dòng HepG2 và ung vú dòng MCF7 với giá trị IC50 tương ứng là 0,084 mg/mL và 0,812 mg/mL. Dịch chiết này cảm ứng quá trình apoptosis đối với dòng tế bào HepG2 mạnh hơn so với dòng tế bào MCF7, và như vậy có tiềm năng chống lại sự tăng sinh của các tế bào ung thư gan.

Zusammenfassung Einleitung In Deutschland sind mehr als 250 000 Patienten an einer chronischen Hepatitis C (CHC) erkrankt. Seit 2014 sind zahlreiche potente direkt antivirale Substanzen gegen HCV zugelassen worden. Ziel des Deutschen Hepatitis-C-Registers (DHC-R) ist es, die Epidemiologie und Versorgung von Patienten mit CHC abzubilden und die Effektivität und Sicherheit der neuen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten im Praxisalltag zu untersuchen. Methoden Das DHC-R ist eine prospektive, multizentrische, nicht interventionelle Registerstudie. Bundesweit sind 327 Zentren für die Dokumentation freigeschaltet. Alle in Deutschland zugelassenen Medikamente wurden im DHC-R dokumentiert. Für die aktuelle Auswertung wurden 4 Phasen unterschieden: 2/2014 bis 12/2014, 1/2015 bis 12/2015, 1/2016 bis 7/2017 und 8/2017 bis 7/2018. Ergebnisse Zwischen Februar 2014 und Juli 2018 wurden 12 170 Patienten in das Register eingeschlossen (61,3 % Männer), eine antivirale Therapie erhielten 11 268. Das Behandlungsalter sank von 52,3 (Phase 1) auf 49,3 Jahre (Phase 4), der Anteil der Behandelten mit einer Drogenanamnese nahm zu (von 26,9 auf 43,1 %). 2014 wurden viele Patienten mit Leberzirrhose (35,1 %) behandelt, deren Anteil im Verlauf deutlich abnahm (Phase 4: 16,5 %). Die HCV-Genotypenverteilung änderte sich im Zeitverlauf deutlich, zuletzt stieg der Anteil des HCV-Genotyps 3 (30 % in Phase 4). Die Ausheilungsrate (PP-Analyse) steigerte sich von 92,8 % im Jahre 2014 auf zuletzt 97,4 % bei sehr guter Verträglichkeit. Zusammenfassung Das DHC-R beschreibt die Versorgungssituation der Patienten mit CHC in Deutschland, zeigt epidemiologische Tendenzen auf und belegt die ausgezeichneten Behandlungsmöglichkeiten.

Die digitalen Aktivitäten von Ravensburger gehen sehr viele Jahre zurück. Das Unternehmen hat schon relativ früh die Chancen und Auswirkungen von digitalen Medien erkannt und sich die Frage gestellt, was dies für die eigenen Aktivitäten bedeutet. Dies geht zurück in die 90er Jahre mit der Herstellung von interaktiven CD-ROMs, Spiele für den Game Boy Color und vieles mehr. Es gab nie die eine Digitalstrategie, sondern mehrere Anläufe, digitale Geschäftsmodelle und Spielerlebnisse zu erproben. In letzter Zeit hat jedoch das Thema Digitalisierung eine neue Dimension bekommen, vor allem, da durch die Übernahme von Clemens Maier als neuer CEO von Ravensburger die digitale Ausrichtung nochmals neu durchdacht und erarbeitet wurde. Seitdem haben wir eine klar formulierte Ausrichtung, wie sich Ravensburger der Digitalisierung annehmen will.

It is well-recorded that nuclear attacks happened twice in history, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but it is often overlooked that nuclear explosions were more frequent, with over 2,000 tests taking place in more than 60 locations worldwide. These special circumstances prompted the General Assembly to adopt a comprehensive ban treaty (CTBT) in 1996, which has yet to enter into force. Borrowing from Kelman’s social conformity theory, this article explains how and why states chose to conform to a non-binding agreement. It argues that, as interested parties developed an anti-testing narrative that seemed simultaneously hopeful and realistic, they stabilized actor’s reaction and catalyzed a shift in attitudes towards nuclear testing from forbearance to an authoritative global moratorium, which accounts for the complete eradication of the atmospheric experiments. C’est un fait bien établi que l’histoire a connu deux attaques nucléaires, à Hiroshima et Nagasaki. Ce que l’on sait moins, c’est que les explosions nucléaires étaient bien plus fréquentes, avec plus de 2 000 tests effectués sur une soixantaine de sites de par le monde. Ces circonstances particulières ont poussé l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies à adopter, en 1996, un traité d’interdiction complète des essais nucléaires (TICE), qui n’est pas encore entré en vigueur. S’inspirant de la théorie du conformisme social de Kelman, cet article explique comment et pourquoi des États ont choisi de respecter un accord non contraignant. Il avance que, à mesure que les parties intéressées développaient un discours anti-essais nucléaires qui paraissait à la fois réaliste et porteur d’espoir, elles ont stabilisé les réactions des acteurs et déclenché un changement des mentalités à l’égard des essais nucléaires, passant de l’indulgence à un moratoire général faisant autorité, ce qui explique la disparition complète des essais atmosphériques. Het is algemeen bekend dat er in de geschiedenis twee kernaanvallen zijn geweest, in Hiroshima en Nagasaki, maar vaak wordt over het hoofd gezien dat er nog andere kernexplosies hebben plaatsgevonden, met ruim 2000 proeven op meer dan 60 locaties over de hele wereld. Deze bijzondere omstandigheden hebben de Algemene Vergadering ertoe aangezet om in 1996 een alomvattend verbodsverdrag (CTBT) goed te keuren, dat nog steeds niet in werking is getreden. Aan de hand van de sociale-conformiteitstheorie van Kelman wordt in dit artikel uitgelegd hoe en waarom staten ervoor kiezen zich te conformeren aan een niet-bindende overeenkomst. Het betoogt dat, naarmate de betrokken partijen een narratief tegen kernproeven ontwikkelden dat tegelijk hoopvol en realistisch leek, zij de reactie van de actoren stabiliseerden en als katalysator werkten voor de verschuiving in de houding ten opzichte van kernproeven van gedoging naar een wereldwijd officieel moratorium, wat de volledige uitroeiing van de atmosferische experimenten verklaart. Está bien documentado que los ataques nucleares han sucedido dos veces en la historia, en Hiroshima y Nagasaki, pero en ocasiones pasa desapercibido que las explosiones nucleares han sido más frecuentes, con más de 2.000 ensayos llevándose a cabo en más de 60 emplazamientos a escala mundial. Estas circunstancias especiales llevaron a la Asamblea General a adoptar el tratado de prohibición completa (TPCEN) en 1996, el cual aun no ha entrado en vigor. Basándose en la teoría de la conformidad social de Kelman, este artículo explica cómo y porqué los Estados eligieron conformarse con un acuerdo no vinculante. Se argumenta que a medida que las partes interesadas desarrollaron una narrativa anti-ensayo que parecía esperanzadora y realista a la vez, ello mismo llevó a apaciguar la posible reacción de los actores y a catalizar un cambio en relación a los ensayos nucleares que fuera de la tolerancia a una moratoria global fidedigna, lo cual equivale a una completa erradicación de los experimentos atmosféricos. É ben noto che nella storia siano avvenuti due attacchi nucleari, a Hiroshima e Nagasaki, ma è spesso trascurato che le esplosioni nucleari siano state molto più frequenti, con oltre 2000 test che hanno avuto luogo in più di 60 sedi nel mondo. Queste circostanze speciali hanno indotto l'Assemblea generale nel 1996, ad adottare un trattato di messa al bando globale (CTBT), che deve ancora entrare in vigore. Prendendo spunto dalla teoria della conformità sociale di Kelman, questo articolo spiega come e perché gli Stati hanno scelto di conformarsi a un accordo non vincolante. Sostiene che, dato che le parti interessate hanno sviluppato una narrativa anti-test che sembrava allo stesso tempo speranzosa e realistica, esse hanno stabilizzato la reazione degli attori e catalizzato un cambiamento negli atteggiamenti nei confronti dei test nucleari dalla tolleranza a un'autorevole moratoria globale, che spiega la completa eliminazione degli esperimenti atmosferici. Es ist bekannt, dass es in der Geschichte zweimal zu nuklearen Angriffen kam, in Hiroshima und Nagasaki. Es wird aber oft übersehen, dass es häufiger nukleare Explosionen gegeben hat, mit über 2.000 Tests an mehr als 60 Orten weltweit. Diese besonderen Umstände veranlassten die Generalversammlung 1996 zur Verabschiedung eines umfassenden Verbotsvertrags (CTBT), der noch nicht in Kraft getreten ist. In Anlehnung an die soziale Konformitätstheorie von Kelman erklärt dieser Artikel, wie und warum Staaten sich dafür entschieden haben, sich einem unverbindlichen Abkommen zu fügen. Er argumentiert, dass je nachdem die beteiligten Parteien ein Anti-Test-Narrativ entwickelten, das gleichzeitig hoffnungsvoll und realistisch erschien, diese die Reaktion der Akteure stabilisierten und eine Verschiebung in der Haltung gegenüber Atomtests von der Duldung zu einem autoritativen globalen Moratorium herbeiführten, was die vollständige Abschaffung der atmosphärischen Experimente erklärt.

The feasibility of enhancing oil recovery in Xinjiang oilfield with heavy oil reservoir was studied. The results showed that main microbial populations in the reservoir were saprophytic, hydrocarbon-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria, and fermentative. Given optimized carbon and nitrogen sources, the indigenous microorganisms generated gases, which mostly were CO2, and amount of gases could reach 1.3 times volume as nutrient solution. The effect of MEOR was evaluated by a sand pack experiment, and the oil recovery was 9.5%. The test with the injection of nutrient and air was carried out. Field performance monitoring and product ion tracking results showed: 1the indigenous microorganisms were activated with the number increased 2-3, and microbial population structure changed apparently; 2The content of CO2 and CH4 in the gas of oil well changed slightly; 3the properties formation water were changed, the content of HCO3- in formation water varied greatly, and emulsion were found. 4Although Indigenous Microbial Flooding Technology may be a potential technique for the development of oilfields, that biogas generated by microbes is not the primary mechanism of Indigenous Microbial Flooding Technology is determined.

Das Gespräch wurde am 11.4.2013 im Maxim-Gorki-Theater Berlin von Manfred Schewe und Maik Walter geführt und kann als mp3-Dateihier heruntergeladen werden; zur Vorbereitung auf das Gespräch empfiehlt sich die folgende Einleitung von Maik Walter: Antú Romero Nunes hat schon vieles von dem erreicht, was bei Künstlern seiner Generation noch auf der To-Do-Liste steht, die in den meisten Fällen eine Wunschliste bleiben wird: Seine Vorstellungen im Berliner Maxim-Gorki-Theater sind fast immer ausverkauft und schon längst kein Geheimtipp mehr. Selbst das Feuilleton der ZEIT widmet dem "schwäbischen Che", der in Jeans und offenem Hemd zu den Interviews erscheint, eine ganze wohlwollende Seite und Premieren seiner Inszenierungen sind Pflichttermine für die deutsche Theaterkritik. Abbildung 1: Antú Romero Nunes; © Christian Doppelgatz Erst vor vier Jahren setzte er mit "Der Geisterseher" eine frühe Erzählung von Friedrich Schiller auf die Studiobühne des kleinsten, aber auch lebendigsten Berliner Staatstheaters. Prosa als Textbasis einer Inszenierung zu verwenden, dieses Verfahren kommt am Gorki-Theater häufiger zum Einsatz. Selbst Günther Grass erlaubte - und zwar erstmals - den Theatermachern des Gorki, eine "Blechtrommel" auf einer Theaterbühne zu inszenieren. Für Nunes war es die Diplominszenierung, der Abschluss seines Regiestudiums der Ernst-Busch-Schule. An der renommierten Ostberliner Schauspielschule lernt man, so der Regisseur ...

Japanese hop (Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. = H. scandens (Lour.) Merr.), native to East Asia, is an annual, climbing or trailing vine. The vines can spread to cover large areas of open ground or low vegetation, eventually blanketing the land and vegetation. Pollen of H. japonicus is allergenic, and this species is considered as one of the important causes of pollinosis in Korea and China. It is a notorious invasive weed in the United States and also in France, Hungary, and Italy (1). In September 2012, zonate leaf spots were observed on Japanese hops growing in wetlands in Yeongdong County of Korea. A voucher specimen was preserved in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS-F26901). Initial symptoms included grayish-green to grayish-brown spots without border lines. As the lesions enlarged, they coalesced, leading to leaf blight. Sporophores on the leaf lesions were dominantly hypophyllous, rarely epiphyllous, solitary, erect, easily detachable, and as long as 700 μm. The upper portion of the sporophores consisted of a pyramidal head was ventricose, 320 to 520 μm long and 110 to 150 μm wide. The fungus was isolated from leaf lesions and maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Sclerotia were produced on PDA after 4 to 5 weeks at 18°C without light, but conidia were not observed in culture. These morphological and cultural characteristics were consistent with those of Hinomyces moricola (I. Hino) Narumi-Saito & Y. Harada (= Cristulariella moricola (I. Hino) Redhead) (3,4). An isolate was preserved in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession No. KACC46955). Genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 452 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KC460209). A BLAST search in GenBank revealed that the sequence showed an exact match with those of C. moricola (JQ036181 ex Acer negundo and JQ036182 ex Glycine max). To determine the pathogenicity of the fungus, according to the procedure of Cho et al. (2), sporophores with the pyramidal head were carefully detached from a lesion on the naturally infected leaf using a needle. Each sporophore was transferred individually onto five places of four detached healthy leaves. The leaves were placed in dew chambers and incubated at 16°C. Symptoms were observed after 2 days on all inoculated leaves. A number of sporophores and immature sclerotia which were morphologically identical to the ones observed in the field were formed on the abaxial surface of the leaf 2 weeks after inoculation. The pathogen was reisolated from lesions on the inoculated leaves, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on the control leaves kept in humid chambers for 2 weeks. H. moricola was known to cause zonate leaf spots and defoliation on a wide range of woody and annual plants (3). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Hinomyces infection on Japanese hops in Korea. References: (1) Anonymous. Humulus japonicus (Cannabaceae): Japanese hop. Eur. Medit. Plant Prot. Org. (EPPO). 2012. (2) S. E. Cho et al. Plant Dis. 96:906, 2012. (3) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication, ARS, USDA, Retrieved December 8, 2012. (4) S. A. Redhead. Can. J. Bot. 53:700, 1975.

SUMMARY Syllable weight in Old English meter is usually seen as a technicality involving rules of 'resolution' and 'suspension of resolution'. Because the patterns of syllable weight seem more arbitrary than other features of Old English meter, some metrists reject the concept altogether, and those who use it normally relegate it to a kind of addendum to the rules of stress. However, by directly linking the possibility for resolution to degree of stress, syllable weight becomes as basic as stress in the 'strong-stress meter' of Old English, and suspension of resolution is accounted for as a matter of course. The meter does not require separate statements for the various contexts of resolution and its blocking. A grid-moraic representation is a convenient way of showing this interaction of syllable weight and stress. RÉSUMÉ Traditionellement, on traite le poids syllabique dans le mètre du vieil anglais comme une technicité qui comprend des règles de 'résolution' et de 'suspension de résolution'. Comme les structures du poids syllabique paraissent plus arbitraires que d'autres traits du vieil anglais, certains métriciens rejettent le concept complètement, et ceux qui s'en servent le relèguent à une espèce de supplément aux règles d'accentuation. Cependant, en reliant la possibilité de resolution à un degré d'accentuation, le poids syllabique devient aussi fondamental que l'accent dans un 'mètre d'accentuation forte' du vieil anglais, et, par conséquence, on rend compte de la suspension de résolution. Le mètre n'exige pas de constatations distinctes pour les différents contextes de résolution et son bloquage. Une représentation par grille moraïque semble une façon convenable de démontrer cette interaction entre le poids syllabique et l'accent. ZUSAMENFASSUNG In der Prosodie des Altenglischen wird das Silbengewicht gewohnlich als ein Verfahren angesehen, das 'Resolution' und 'Aufhebung der Resolution' regelt. Weil das Muster des Silbengewichts weit willkürlicher als andere Cha-rakteristika des altenglischen Metrums erscheint, haben einige Metriker dieses Konzept ganz aufgegeben, und solche, die sich dessen bedienen, haben es es zu einer Art Anhang zu den Betonungsregeln gemacht. Indem man jedoch die Möglichkeit der Resolution mit der Schwere der Betonung verbindet, wird das Silbengewicht genauso grundlegend wie die Betonung im 'stark-akzentuierten Metrum' des Altenglischen, und die Aufhebung der Resolution wird dement-sprechend behandelt. Das Metrum bedarf also nicht mehr getrennter Feststel-lungen beziiglich der verschiedenen Bedingungen der Resolution und der Abblockung. Eine Darstellung mithilfe moraischer Raster erscheint als eine praktische Weise, die Interaktion zwischen Silbengewicht und Betonung auf-zuzeigen.

SUMMARY Vernacular transmission of -TUDO/-TUDINE in Romance exemplifies cases of the substitution, modification and unimpaired development of an inherited suffix. Where the formant is replaced (Italian, Rumanian, Occitan, Catalan), causes are obscure; substitutes are established by deduction. Although suffix modification takes place in both French and Spanish, it is the result of wholly distinct series of changes. In French, rival solutions were devised to remedy an undesirable sequence of consonants, but none was widely accepted. Eventually these vernacular reflexes, obscure with regard to form and function, were abandoned in favor of more transparent vernacular formants and the learned suffix. In Spanish, a single remedy for the phonetic weakness emerged early and spread systematically. But early productivity is misleading: derivatives were too diffuse semantically, making the formant less attractive to speakers. The modified suffix ceased to be exploited during a period of influx of learned derivatives. The unimpaired development witnessed in Portuguese owes to regular sound changes (preserving the form) and productivity within well-delimited semantic fields (preserving the function). RÉSUMÉ La transmission vernaculaire de -TŪDO/-TUDINE dans les langues romanes illustre de maniere exemplaire plusieurs phenomenes de substitution, de modification et d'evolution spontanee a l'egard d'un suffixe herite du latin. Les cas ou l'on voit un remplacement du formant (en italien, en roumain, en occitan, en Catalan) impliquent des causes obscures; les formes substituees se repèrent par deduction. Bien qu'une modification du suffixe se manifeste a la fois en français et en espagnol, il s'agit la de deux series distinctes de modifications. En francais, des solutions rivales furent concues comme re-medes a une sequence indesirable de consonnes, mais aucune d'entre elles ue fut largement retenue. A la longue ces derives vernaculaires, apparaissant obscurs quant a leurs forme et a leurs fonctions, furent abandonnes au profit de formants vernaculaires plus transparents et du suffixe savant. En espagnol, un unique remede au defaut phonetique se degagea à une epoque precoce et se repandit de fraçon systematique. Pourtant cette productivite precoce parait trompeuse: en effet, les derives etaient trop diffus semantiquement, rendant ainsi le formant moins attrayant aux usagers de la langue. Le suffixe modifie cessa d'etre ex-poite pendant la periode d'afflux de derives savants. Pour ce qui est de 1'évolution spontanee perçue en portugais, elle se doit a une evolution normale des sons (d'ou maintien de la forme) et a une productivite restreinte a un ensemble bien delimite de champs semantique (d'ou le maintien de la fonction). ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Überlieferung des romanischen Suffixes -TŪDO/-TUDINE in den Volkssprachen bietet Bespiele der Substitution, der Veranderung oder der unversehrten Entwicklung. Dort, wo es ersetzt wird (wie im Italie-nischen, Rumanischen, Okzitanischen und Katalanischen), sind die Gründe undurchsichtig; die Ersatzstücke werden durch Ableitung hergestellt. Obschon sowohl im Franzosischen und im Spanischen Veranderungen statt-finden, so vollziehen sich diese auf ganz verschiedene Weise in diesen beiden Sprachen. Im Franzosischen wurden rivalisierende Losungen gefun-den, urn eine unerwünschte Abfolge von Konsonanten zu beseitigen; keine von ihnen wurde jedoch weithin angenommen. SchlieBlich wurden diese einzelsprachlichen Reflexe, zumeist unklar in bezug auf Form und Funk-tion, aufgegeben, und zwar zum Vorteil von durchsichtigeren einzelsprachlichen Bildungen und deni gelehrten Suffix. Im Spanischen bei-spielsweise stellte sich eine einzige Losung fur die phonetische Schwa-che ein, und zwar schon sehr friih, und diese breitete sich immer mehr aus. Ihre Produktivitat jedoch ist irrefuhrend: die Ableitungen sind, semantisch gesehen, zu undeutlich und lassen den Formanten dem Sprecher weniger attraktiv erscheinen. Das modifizierte Suffix wurde dann auch bald nicht mehr weiterverwendet sobald gelehrte Bildungen zurhand waren. Die unversehrte Entwicklung, der wir im Portugiesischen begegnen, ver-dankt dies der Regelaritat der Lautgesetze (die formerhaltend wirkt) und der Produktivitat innerhalb klar umgrenzter Bedeutungsfelder (die funk-tionserhaltend wirkt).

As the world becomes more urbanized and wars are fought in more condensed areas it is important to continue to evaluate the propriety of certain methods of warfare in these new and varied contexts. This article offers that when debates arise over the propriety of using certain weapons systems, an outright or systematic ban of that weapon system should rarely be the outcome. Rather, it is far more appropriate to provide armies with as many tools as possible to bring an armed conflict to a quick and decisive end and to hold those commanders and warfighters accountable to using those tools in accordance with international law, treaties, and norms. To do otherwise would unnecessarily handcuff and endanger those that are doing the fighting. This article presents this argument through the lens of the United States’ policy toward using white phosphorus munitions in urban contexts. The United States, among other militaries, has continued to employ white phosphorus munitions in the face of increased international scrutiny. This article evaluates that policy and concludes that it is both legal and appropriate provided that targeting decisions are made in accordance with traditional law of armed conflict principles and with an eye toward humanitarian imperatives. This conclusion is supported by a survey of relevant international treaties, various states’ practice, and is illustrated by hypothetical anecdotes provided by the author. Dans un monde de plus en plus urbanisé, où des guerres se déroulent dans des régions plus densément peuplées, il est important de continuer à évaluer l’opportunité de certaines méthodes de guerre dans ces contextes nouveaux et variés. Cet article avance que, lorsque l’opportunité d’utiliser certains systèmes d’arme fait débat, cela ne devrait que rarement résulter dans une interdiction totale ou systématique du système d’arme en question. Au contraire, il est bien plus opportun de munir les armées d’autant d’instruments que possible pour mettre un terme aux conflits armés de manière rapide et décisive, et de tenir les commandants et les combattants responsables de l’utilisation de ces instruments, conformément au droit international, aux traités et aux normes. Agir autrement représenterait une entrave et une mise en danger inutiles des combattants sur le terrain. Cet article présente cette argumentation au travers de la politique des États-Unis en matière d’utilisation de munitions au phosphore blanc en milieu urbain. L’armée des États-Unis, parmi d’autres, a continué à utiliser des munitions au phosphore blanc malgré une surveillance internationale accrue. L’article évalue cette politique et conclut qu’elle est à la fois légale et appropriée, à condition que les décisions en matière de ciblage soient prises conformément aux principes consacrés du droit des conflits armés et en gardant à l’esprit les impératifs humanitaires. Cette conclusion est étayée par une étude des traités internationaux pertinents et des pratiques de différents États, et est illustrée par des anecdotes hypothétiques fournies par l’auteur. Aangezien de wereld steeds meer verstedelijkt en oorlogen in compactere gebieden worden uitgevochten, is het belangrijk om te blijven evalueren of bepaalde methoden van oorlogvoering gepast zijn in deze nieuwe en diverse contexten. Dit artikel stelt dat, wanneer er discussie is over de gepastheid van het gebruik van bepaalde wapensystemen, dit zelden zou moeten leiden tot een regelrecht of systematisch verbod van dat wapen­systeem. Integendeel, het is veel beter om legers van zoveel mogelijk middelen te voorzien om een gewapend conflict snel en beslissend te beëindigen en om commandanten en oorlogvoerende partijen verantwoordelijk te houden voor het gebruik van deze middelen overeenkomstig het internationaal recht en de internationale verdragen en normen. Anders zou dat degenen die de strijd voeren, onnodig beknotten en in gevaar brengen. Dit artikel bekijkt dit argument door de lens van het beleid van de Verenigde Staten betreffende het gebruik van witte fosformunitie in stedelijke omgevingen. De Verenigde Staten zijn, net zoals andere legers, doorgegaan met het gebruik van witte fosformunitie ondanks to­egenomen internationaal toezicht. In dit artikel wordt dat beleid geëvalueerd en wordt geconcludeerd dat het zowel wettig als gepast is op voorwaarde dat de beslissingen over de doelbestrijding worden genomen in overeenstemming met de traditionele beginselen van het recht van de gewapende conflicten en met het oog op humanitaire vereisten. Deze conclusie wordt ondersteund door een overzicht van de relevante internationale verdragen en de praktijk van diverse staten, en wordt geïllustreerd aan de hand van hypothetische anekdotes van de auteur. A medida que el mundo se vuelve más urbanizado y las guerras se libran en áreas más concentradas, es importante continuar evaluando la idoneidad de ciertos métodos de guerra en estos nuevos y variados contextos. Este artículo sugiere que cuando surgen debates sobre la conveniencia de usar ciertos sistemas de armas, el resultado raramente debería ser una prohibición total o sistemática de ese sistema de armas. Más bien, es mucho más apropiado proporcionar a los ejércitos tantas herramientas como sea posible para llevar un conflicto armado a un final rápido y decisivo y hacer que esos comandantes y combatientes sean responsables del uso de esas herramientas de conformidad con el derecho, los tratados y las normas internacionales. Hacer lo contrario limitaría innecesariamente y pondría en peligro a quienes están combatiendo. Este artículo presenta este argumento a través de la lente de la política de los Estados Unidos hacia el uso de municiones de fósforo blanco en contextos urbanos. Estados Unidos, entre otros ejércitos, ha seguido empleando municiones de fósforo blanco ante el creciente escrutinio internacional. Este artículo evalúa esa política y concluye que es legal y apropiada siempre que las decisiones de selección de objetivos se tomen de acuerdo con los principios del Derecho tradicional de los conflictos armados y teniendo en cuenta los imperativos humanitarios. Esta conclusión está respaldada por un estudio de los tratados internacionales relevantes, la práctica de varios Estados y está ilustrada por anécdotas hipotéticas proporcionadas por el autor. Man mano che il mondo diventa più urbanizzato e le guerre si combattono in aree più concentrate, è importante continuare a valutare la correttezza di alcuni metodi di guerra in questi nuovi e cambiati contesti. Questo articolo afferma che quando sorgono dibattiti sull’opportunità di usare determinati armamenti, raramente il risultato dovrebbe essere un divieto totale o sistematico di quel sistema d’arma. Piuttosto, è molto più appropriato fornire agli eserciti quanti più strumenti possibili per porre fine in modo rapido e decisivo a un conflitto armato e ritenere quei comandanti e combattenti responsabili dell'uso di quegli strumenti in conformità con il diritto internazionale, i trattati e le norme. Fare altrimenti significherebbe immobilizzare inutilmente e mettere in pericolo coloro che stanno combattendo. Questo articolo presenta l’argomento attraverso l’ottica della politica degli Stati Uniti nei confronti dell'uso delle munizioni al fosforo bianco in contesti urbani. Gli Stati Uniti, tra gli altri eserciti, hanno continuato a impiegare munizioni al fosforo bianco a fronte di un maggior controllo internazionale. Questo articolo valuta tale politica e conclude che è sia legale che appropriata, a condizione che le decisioni a tal fine siano prese in conformità con i principi tradizionali del diritto dei conflitti armati e con attenzione agli imperativi umanitari. Questa conclusione è sostenuta da una revisione dei trattati internazionali pertinenti, dalla pratica di vari Stati, ed è corredata da ipotetici aneddoti forniti dall'autore. Da die Welt immer stärker urbanisiert wird und Kriege in immer stärker verdichteten Zonen geführt werden, ist es wichtig, die Geeignetheit bestimmter Methoden der Kriegsführung in diesen neuen und unterschiedlichen Kontexten weiterhin zu bewerten. Dieser Artikel behauptet, dass sich, wenn sich eine Debatte über die Geeignetheit der Verwendung bestimmter Waffensysteme anspinnt, daraus selten ein absolutes oder systematisches Verbot des betreffenden Waffensystems ergeben soll. Vielmehr ist es angebracht, Armeen mit möglichst vielen Mitteln auszustatten, damit ein bewaffneter Konflikt zu einem raschen und entscheidenden Ausgang gebracht wird, sowie Befehlshaber und Kombattanten hinsichtlich der Verwendung dieser Mittel in Übereinstimmung mit dem Völkerrecht, Verträgen und Normen zur Rechenschaft zu ziehen. Eine andere Vorgehensweise würde denjenigen, die kämpfen, unnötig Zügel anlegen und sie gefährden. Dieser Artikel betrachtet dieses Argument durch die Linse der Politik der Vereinigten Staaten in Bezug auf die Verwendung weißer Phosphormunition in einer städtischen Umgebung. Die Streitkräfte der Vereinigten Staaten haben, wie auch andere Streitkräfte, angesichts zunehmender internationaler Kritik, weiterhin weiße Phosphormunition verwendet. Der Artikel be­wertet diese Politik und schlussfolgert, dass diese sowohl rechtmäßig als geeignet ist, vorausgesetzt, dass die Zielentscheidungen in Übereinstimmung mit den herkömmlichen Grundsätzen des Rechts der bewaffneten Konflikte und unter Berücksichtigung humanitärer Gebote getroffen werden. Diese Schlussfolgerung wird mit einem Überblick über relevante internationale Abkommen und die Praxis verschiedener Staaten untermauert und wird mit hypothetischen Anekdoten vom Autor illustriert.

Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) refers to a group of diverse acute human diseases caused by single stranded RNA viruses typically associated with fever, vascular damage and abnormal vascular barrier function. These infections are a continuing threat to public health due to the high case-fatality rate and potential bioterrorism threats. Critically infected VHF patients with unfavorable prognosis often present bleeding symptoms and shock. Thrombocytopenia associated with endothelial, coagulation and platelet dysfunction has been reported during these infections, but their relationship to bleeding is still poorly defined. We have previously established that infection by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in extremely thrombocytopenic mice causes severe mucocutaneous bleeding and death mediated by interferon α/β receptor (IFNAR) signaling. We now show in vivo that IFNAR is expressed on megakaryocytes but not on circulating platelets, contrary to previously reported evidence. To explain how increased IFN-I in LCMV-infected mice alters the function of platelets lacking IFNAR, we cross-transplanted WT or IFNAR-/- bone marrow (BM) cells into IFNAR-/- and WT mice. Upon platelet depletion and LCMV infection, only chimeras with WT bone marrow died, suggest that IFN-I-sensitive bone marrow-derived cells are responsible for the mucocutaneous bleeding observed in conditions of extreme thrombocytopenia. Moreover, the results of BM transplantation studies prove that endothelial cell alterations and infection-related inflammatory conditions are not alone sufficient to cause hemorrhage. Circulating platelets during LCMV infection show a generalized aggregation disfunction that persists longer for the arachidonic acid/thromboxane A2 (AA/TBXA2) activation pathway. These aggregation defects are associated, and possibly linked to an impaired secretory ability of both α- and δ-granule. Since circulating platelets are unresponsive to IFN-I, these findings are consistent with the possibility that bone marrow-resident megakaryocytes are targets of IFN-I stimulation during LCMV infection and are the origin of structural and functional platelet abnormalities observed in the circulation. Indeed, megakaryocytes from LCMV-infected mice exhibited fewer granules limited to the perinuclear zone rather than normally diffused throughout the demarcation membrane system; the latter was also underdeveloped. Moreover, platelet transcriptome evaluation of genes involved in platelet production and function showed that IFN-I downregulates bone marrow expression of NF-E2 - a key transcription factor for thrombocytopoiesis - as well as of cyclooxygenase-1 and thromboxane-A synthase. The latter enzymes are required for TBXA2 synthesis from AA amplifying platelet activation. Thus, in addition to being decreased in number, circulating platelets of LCMV-infected animals have impaired activation-induced cargo release from storage granules supporting hemostasis. Experimentally, we observed that bleeding during LCMV infection is increased following aspirin, but not clopidogrel, administration. This suggested that serotonin secretion may be the final effector required to control erythrocyte extravasation. Accordingly, bleeding associated with LCMV infection was markedly enhanced in mice lacking platelet serotonin (TPH1-/-mice), and this was ameliorated by transfusion of normal platelets. In conclusion, we have identified a IFN-I targeting of megakaryocytes leading to reduced production of dysfunctional platelets with abnormal serotonin release as the cause of potentially lethal bleeding in a mouse model of arenavirus infection. Our demonstration that infusion of viable platelets can prevent lethal anemia in LCMV-infected susceptible mouse strains indicates that the same therapeutic intervention monitored by platelet response to AA stimulation may aid in treating severe VHF cases in human patients. Disclosures Aiolfi: MERU-VasImmune, Inc: Other: Stock option. Ruggeri:MERU-VasImmune Inc.: Equity Ownership, Other: CEO and Founder.

Introduction: It has been shown that megakaryocytes (MKs) can develop from a subset of MK-biased hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We also demonstrated that an active form of tyrosyl tRNA synthetase (YRS) has ex-translational activities that stimulate rapid platelet production in thrombocytopenic mice. Remarkably, YRS stimulates the development of MKs expressing the stem cell marker, Sca-1, and the monocyte/macrophage marker, F4/80. Thus, we hypothesized that YRS treatment mimics stress-induced megakaryopoiesis and Sca-1 may be a marker for MKs/platelets derived from MK-biased HSCs under inflammatory stress conditions. Accordingly, YRS does not induce Sca-1+ MKs in type I interferon (IFN-I) receptor knockout mice, suggesting a role of IFNs in the induction of Sca1+ MKs. Methods: We used a transgenic mouse strain expressing EGFP under the transcriptional regulatory elements of the Sca-1 gene (Sca-1-EGFP Tg) as a sensitive marker of Sca-1+ MKs. To compare transcriptional profiles, we sorted from mouse bone marrow (BM) EGFP+F4/80+CD41+mGPIbα+ and EGFP-F4/80-CD41+mGPIbα+ cells - representing Sca-1+ MKs and Sca-1- (conventional) MKs, respectively - and performed RNA-Seq analysis. To investigate the mechanism of Sca-1+ MK induction, mouse BM cells were treated with a synthetic TLR7 agonist and MKs were analyzed by flow cytometry. To elucidate the role of Sca-1+ MKs in thrombopoiesis, we infected Sca-1-EGFP Tg mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Armstrong strain, and analyzed the percentage of EGFP+ platelets and expression of IFN-stimulated genes. Results: We found that expression of MK-specific mRNAs is ~10-fold higher in Sca1+ than Sca1- MKs. As shown in Figure 1A, Sca1+ MKs highly expressed myeloid-related genes (Mpo, Elane, and Ctsg) and stem cell-related genes (Cd34 and Kit); in contrast, Sca1- MKs highly expressed erythroid lineage genes, consistent with origin from a common megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP). Expression of IFN-stimulated genes, such as Ifitm1/2/3, is upregulated in Sca-1+ MKs, suggesting the involvement of IFN-I signaling in Sca-1+ MK induction. TLR7 typically recognizes single-stranded viral RNA and stimulates IFN-I production. When Sca-1-EGFP Tg BM cells were cultured in the presence of Gardiquimoid (1 µg/ml), a synthetic TLR7 agonist, Sca1- MKs were reduced and Sca1+ MKs were markedly increased compared to control vehicle treatment (9442 ± 1465 vs 4201 ± 1100). Notably, the proportion of high-ploidy cells was greater in Sca1+ thanSca1- MKs. Moreover, when Sca-1-EGFP Tg mice were infected with LCMV, which cause IFN-I-dependent thrombocytopenia, the percentage of EGFP+ platelets was markedly increased on day 3 (40.0 ± 3.7%) and peaked at day 7 (89.2 ± 5.4%) post-infection as compared to before (3.0 ± 1.0%) (Figure 1B), with 100-fold increase in the EGFP mean fluorescence intensity. Expression of Ifitm3 in platelets was also increased at day 10 post-infection. These results are consistent with our original hypothesis that YRS mimics inflammatory stress conditions and Sca1+ MKs are induced as a consequence of TLRs activation and IFN-I signaling. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that TLR7 activation and IFN-I signaling shift MK generation from Sca-1- to Sca-1+ progenitors, which rapidly develop to high-ploidy Sca-1+ MKs that may accelerate recovery from thrombocytopenia. Accordingly, under inflammatory stress conditions, such as viral infection, the majority of circulating platelets originate was from Sca-1+ MKs. The high expression of Ifitm proteins, which are known to inhibit cellular entry by viruses, in Sca-1+ MKs/platelets may contribute to their role in host defense. Disclosures Aiolfi: MERU-VasImmune, Inc: Other: Stock option. Kanaji:MERU-VasImmune, Inc: Other: Stock option. Schimmel:aTyr Pharma: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Ruggeri:MERU-VasImmune Inc.: Equity Ownership, Other: CEO and Founder. Kanaji:MERU-VasImmune, Inc: Other: Stock option.

Music care is a developing approach to care that allows the therapeutic principles of music to inform caring practices in both formal healthcare settings and community or home-based contexts, and to create an integral role in developing more relational and person-centered cultures in caregiving. A significant part of the music care approach is a conceptual framework describing 10 domains of delivery. This article is the third in a three-part series on the theory and applications of a music care framework. Music is increasingly being recognized in health care communities as an effective psychosocial and rehabilitative intervention, increasing many aspects of quality of life. Currently, there is little standardization as to how music may best be integrated into individual care goals and care settings, though a growing body of literature supports the important impact of music in health care. It is this absence of standardization that has led the authors to develop a music care conceptual framework, so the varying scopes of practice that integrate music can be distinguished from one another and new possibilities for optimizing music in care can be identified. While the first study in this series examined how music care is understood in Canadian long term care facilities (1), the purpose of the second study explored how music could be optimized in complex continuing care environments, using one such facility in Ontario, Canada, as an exploration site (2). The 10 Domains of Music Care presented in this paper can be used as both a research tool and a practical, actionable tool for healthcare providers, managers, and decision makers. The paper discusses the 10 domains of music care delivery, need for a music care conceptual framework, and the implications and applications the framework provides. (1) Foster, B., Bartel, L. (2016) Understanding music care in Canadian facility-based long term care. Music Med, 1(8) 29-35.(2) Nelson, M., Foster, B., Pearson, S., Berends, A., Ridgway, J., Lyons, R., Bartel, L. (2016) Optimizing music in complex rehabilitation and continuing care: A Community Site Facility Study (Part 2 of 3), Music Med, 8(3) 128-136. Keywords: music care, person centered care, health arts, music therapy, 10 domains of music careSpanishParte 3 de 3: Diez dominios del cuidado musical. Un encuadre para ofrecer música en entornos médicos canadiensesResumen: el cuidado musical es un abordaje de atención en desarrollo que permite utilizar los principios terapéuticos de la música para informar las prácticas de asistencia tanto en abordajes de salud formales y comunitarios como en contexto domiciliarios, y crea un rol integral en el desarrollo de cuidados relacionales y centrados en la persona. La música está siendo reconocida de manera creciente en las comunidades de atención de salud como una efectiva intervención psicosocial y biomédica, mejorando varios aspectos de la calidad de vida. Actualmente en Canadá hay muy poca estandarización sobre cómo la música puede ser integrada en los objetivos asistenciales y en los settings de atención en salud. También hay un vacío en la regulación de lenguajes y competencias de la práctica para encontrar los tipos de asistencia musical que se brindará, aunque la creciente literatura sostiene la importancia del impacto de la música en la atención de salud. Contar con un marco conceptual para el entendimiento de la asistencia musical y cómo es brindada es beneficioso y sería una herramienta oportuna para direccionar estas discrepancias. Una parte significativa del abordaje de asistencia musical es el marco conceptual que describe diez dominios de servicio. Este artículo es el tercero en una serie de tres partes sobre la teoría y las aplicaciones del marco de la asistencia musical. La música está siendo reconocida de manera creciente en las comunidades de atención de salud como una efectiva intervención psicosocial y biomédica , incrementando varios aspectos de la calidad de vida. Existe poca estandarización sobre cómo la música puede ser integrada de la mejor manera en los objetivos individuales y en los settings de atención. Es esta ausencia en la estandarización la que ha llevado a los autores a desarrollar un marco conceptual para la asistencia musical, así la variedad competencias de la práctica que integra la música pueden ser distinguidas unas de otras y pueden identificarse nuevas posibilidades de optimizar la asistencia musical. El primer estudio de esta serie examina la optimización de la asistencia musical en instituciones de cuidado prolongado en Canadá, el propósito del segundo estudio fue explorar cómo la música puede ser optimizada en ambientes de cuidado complejo continuo, usando una institución en Ontario, Canadá como sitio de exploración.Los diez dominios de asistencia musical en el presente estudio pueden ser empleados tanto como herramienta de investigación y práctica como herramienta de acción para proveedores de salud, managers, y quienes toman decisiones. Este paper analiza los diez dominios de servicio de la asistencia musical, la necesidad de un marco conceptual de la asistencia musical, como así también las implicancias y aplicaciones que este marco provee. Palabras claves: asistencia musical, cuidado centrado en la persona, arte, musicoterapia, diez dominios de asistencia musicalGerman Teil 3 von 3: Zehn Bereiche von musikalischer Pflege: Ein Rahmen, um Musik im Canadischen Gesundheitsfürsorge zu verankernMusikpflege ist ein Ansatz zur Pflege, der es den therapeutischen Prinzipien von Musik erlaubt, über Pflegepraktiken sowohl in formalen Settings der Gesundheitsfürsorge und Einrichtungen oder ambulanten Zusammenhängen zu informieren – und damit eine wesentliche Rolle für eine beziehungsorientiertere und personenzentrierte Kultur in der Pflege schafft. Musik wird zusehends mehr in Gesundheitsfürsorgeeinrichtungen als eine effektive psychosoziale und biomedizinische Intervention anerkannt, die viele Aspekte der Lebensqualität (QoL) erhöht.Zur Zeit gibt es in Canada eigentlich keine Standardisierung, wie Musik am besten in individuelle Pflegeziele und Pflegesettings zu integrieren ist. Auch gibt es eine Lücke, in Praxisstilen und –bereichen, um Modelle von Leistungen der Musikpflege einzuordnen, obwohl eine wachsende Anzahl von Literatur den wichtigen Einfluss von Musik in der Gesundheitsfürsorge unterstützt. Ein konzeptueller Rahmen, um Musikpflege zu verstehen und wie sie einzuordnen ist, ist ein nützliches und aktuelles Mittel, um diese Diskrepanz anzugehen. Ein signifikanter Teil in dem Musikpflegeansatz ist ein konzeptueller Rahmen, der zehn Bereiche der Anwendung beschreibt. Dieser Artikel ist der dritte in einer dreiteiligen Serie über Theorie und Anwendung eines Rahmens der Musikpflege. Musik wird zusehends mehr in Gesundheitsfürsorgeeinrichtungen als eine effektive psychosoziale und rehabilitative Intervention anerkannt, die viele Aspekte der Lebensqualität (QoL) erhöht. Es gibt wenig Standardisierung, wie Musik am besten in individuelle Pflegeziele und Pflegesettings zu integrieren ist. Weil es eben keine Standardisierung gibt, haben sich die Autoren vorgenommen, einen konzeptuellen Rahmen für Musikpflege zu entwickeln, damit die verschiedenen Praxisbereiche voneinander unterschieden und neue Möglichkeiten, die Musikpflege zu optimieren, bestimmt werden können. Während die erste Studie dieser Serie die Optimierung der Musikpflege in Langzeiteinrichtungen in Canada untersuchte [1], war der Zweck für die zweite Studie zu untersuchen, wie Musik in komplexen Dauerpflegeeinrichtungen optimiert werden könnte, wobei eine dieser Einrichtung in Ontario, Canada als Untersuchungsort diente [2].Die Zehn Bereiche der Musikpflege, die in dieser Studie präsentiert werden, können sowohl als Forschungstool wie auch als durchführbares, einklagbares Tool für Gesundheitsfürsorger, Manager und Entscheidungsträger dienen. Dieser Artikel diskutiert die zehn Bereiche der Anwendung der Musikpflege, die Notwendigkeit eines konzeptuellen Rahmens für Musikpflege, und die Zusammenhänge und Anwendungen, die dieser Rahmen bereitstellt.Keywords: Musikpflege; personenzentrierte Pflege, Musiktherapie, zehn Bereiche der MusikpflegeItalianParte 3 di 3: Dieci Domini di Cura con la Musica: Un Modulo per Introdurre la Musica nei Sistemi Sanitari CanadesiLa cura con la musica è un approccio che si sta sviluppando nella cura che permette ai principi terapeutici della musica di informare le practiche sia nell’ambiente sanitaria formale che in contesti communitari o delle pratiche fatte da casa, e creare un ruolo di integrazione per uno sviluppo delle culture piú relazionale e piú incentrato su una cura sulla persona. La musica è sempre piú riconosciuta nelle comunitá di assistenza sanitaria come un efficace intervento psicosociale e biomedico in aumento. Attualmente in Canada c’è poca standardizzazione su come la musica puó essere meglio integrata I obbiettivi di cura individuali e in ambiti di cura. C’è anche un vuoto nel linguaggio regolamentato o in ambiti di pratica per la localizzazione di tipi di cura con la musica, anche se c’è una crescente materiale di letteratura che sostiene l’importanza della musica nella cura sanitaria. Un modulo concettuale per la comprenzione della cura con la musica e come viene effettuata è uno stumento utile e tempestivo per affrontare questa discrepanza. Una parte simportante del metodo di cura con la musica è un modulo concettuale che descrive dieci domini di consegna. Questo articolo è il terzo di una serie in tre parti sulla teoria e le applicazioni di un modulo di cura con la musica. La musica è sempre piú riconosciuta nella comunità di assistenza sanitaria come un efficace intervento psicosociale e riabilitativo, aumentando molti aspetti della qualità della vita. C’è poca standardizzazione su come la musica può essere meglio integrata in obbiettivi di cura individuali e ambienti sanitari. Mentre il primo studio di questa serie ha esaminato l’ottimizzazione delle cure con la musica nelle strutture di assistenza a lungo termine Canadesi [[i]], lo scopo del secondo studio ha eslorato come la musica può essere ottimizzata in complessi ambienti di assistenza continua, utilizzando un impianto I Ontario, Canada, come sito di esclorazione. (2)I Dieci Domini di Cura con la Musica presentato in questo studio può essere utilizzato sia come strumento di ricerca che come stumento pratico, come strumento operativo per gli operatori sanitari, manager e coloro che fanno le decisioni. L’articolo discute I dieci domini della cura con la musica, il bisogno di un modulo concettuale della cura con la musica, e le implicazioni e applicazioni che procura il modulo.Parole Chiave: cura con la musica, cura sulla persona, musicoterapia, dieci domini della cura con la musica Chinese音樂照護是一種發展中的照護方式，能夠讓音樂的治療原則運用在正規的醫療照護場所以及社區或居家照護，並在發展重視關係、以人為本的照護文化中扮演不可或缺的角色。以音樂作為心理社會以及生理醫學的有效處遇方式，在健康照護領域逐漸被認可，且能增加各層面的生活品質。最近加拿大正針對如何將音樂最佳的在照護場域中融入個人照護目標制定標準。目前音樂在照護場域的運用缺少正規的詞彙和定位音樂照護提供的實踐範圍。透過越來越多的文獻支持音樂在照護場域的重要影響，藉由此一概念性的架構來了解音樂照護，並以此有益而即時的工具來解決矛盾。 在音樂照護方法中一個很重要的部分為論述十種可提供的照護領域的概念架構。本文是三篇音樂照護概念理論與應用系列文章當中的第三篇。在健康照護領域，音樂逐漸被認定為是有效的物理與復健介入，並促進多方面的生活品質。關於音樂如何最佳的被融入個人照護目標或照護機構中則幾乎沒有任何標準。由於缺少了這樣的標準，作者於是發展出音樂照護的概念架構，如此一來，便得以區隔各種不同範疇的音樂照護並界定出最理想化的實踐。本系列中的第一篇評估了加拿大長期照護機構音樂照護的理想[[i]]，而第二篇的目的則實地考察加拿大安大略省的一個機構，探討音樂如何最佳的被運用在複合式照護環境中(2)。在最近的研究中所提到的十種音樂照護領域可同時作為研究工具方法，並提供臨床照顧者、經營者以及決策者可用的方法。本文討論了十種音樂照護的領域，對音樂照護概念架構的需求，以及此架構的影響與應用。 JapanesePart 3 of 3: ミュージックケアにおける１０の領域: カナダのヘルスケア施設に音楽を提供する枠組み ミュージックケアは、音楽の治療的原理を用いてヘルスケア施設やコミュニティおよび在宅介護で、療法的活動を行う開発途中のアプローチである。ケア提供において、対人関係を促し、パーソンセンタードな文化を向上させる重要な役割も果たしている。音楽は、心理社会的および生物医学的な介入におけるQOL（生活／生命の質）を向上させる効果的な方法として、ヘルスケア領域で認められるようになってきた。カナダでは、個別ケアの目的と実践の中に音楽がいかに統合され得るかについて、まだ最良の形態で標準化されていない現状がある。また、ヘルスケアにおける音楽の重要な効果に関する文献は顕著に増加しているものの、ミュージックケアの実践に関する用語や介護分類を表す言語が欠けているといえるであろう。ミュージックケアを理解しいかに提供するかという概念的枠組みを考えることは、上述の不足を 解決するためにも、有益である。ミュージックケアアプローチにおける重要な側面として、実践における１０の領域の概念的枠組みがある。本論文は、ミュージックケアの枠組みにおける理論と実践について書いた3部シリーズの第3部である。音楽は、心理社会的およびリハビリテーション医学的な介入におけるQOL（生活／生命の質）を向上させる効果的な方法として、ヘルスケア領域で認められるようになってきた。個別ケアの目的と実践の中に音楽がいかに統合され得るかについて、まだ最良の形態で標準化されていない現状がある。このような標準化の不足をふまえ、筆者達はミュージックケアの概念的枠組みを展開することにし、それによって様々な音楽を活用した活動との違いを明らかにし、ケアにおける音楽の適正な利用法の新しい可能性と役割を検証した。この研究の第1部では、カナダの長期ケア施設におけるミュージックケアの適正な活用法について考察し [[i]]、第2部ではカナダ・オンタリオにおける複合施設という状況下での音楽の適正な応用について探索した(2)。 本研究におけるミュージックケアにおける10の領域は、研究ツールとしても実践および活動ツールとしても、ヘルスケア提供者、管理者など治療を提供することを決定するすべての専門職が応用できるものとなっている。本論では、ミュージックケアの実践における１０の領域、ミュージックケアの概念的枠組みに対するニーズ、そしてこの枠組みが提供する実践と応用について考察する。 キーワード:ミュージックケア、パーソンセンタードケア、音楽療法、ミュージックケアにおける１０の領域 KoreanPart 3 of 3: 음악 치료의 10가지 영역: 캐나다 건강관리 환경에서 음악을 전달할 수 있는 체계음악 치료는 발전하고 있는 치료 접근법이며, 음악 치료 원칙들이 정규 의료 환경과 공동체(커뮤니티) 또는 가정에서 치료 관행을 알리고, 보다 관계 중심적이고 사람 중심적인 치료 문화를 개발하는 데 있어서 중요한 역할을 만들 수 있도록 만들어준다. 의료 사회에서 음악은 점점 효과적인 심리사회적, 생물의학적 중재 방법으로 인식되고 있으며, 삶의 질에 여러 가지 측면들을 증가시키고 있다. 현재 캐나다에는 음악을 개별 치료 목표와 치료 환경에 가장 잘 통합시킬 수 있는 방법에 대한 표준이 거의 없다.비록 점점 더 많은 문헌들이 건강관리에 음악이 끼치는 중요한 영향들을 뒷받침 해주고 있지만, 음악 치료 제공의 유형을 찾아내는 데 필요한 언어 및 관행 범위에는 여전히 빈틈이 있다. 음악 치료와 그것을 전달하는 방법을 이해하기 위한 개념적 토대는 이런 빈틈을 해결하는 데 유익한 도구이다. 음악 치료 접근법의 중요한 부분은 10가지 전달 영역을 설명하는 개념 체계이다. 본 연구는 음악 치료 체계의 이론과 적용에 대한 3가지 시리즈 가운데 세 번째 이다.음악은 의료 사회에서 삶의 질의 여러 측면들을 증진시켜주는 효과적인 심리 사회 및 재활 중재 방법으로 점점 더 인정을 받고 있다. 음악을 개별 치료 목표와 치료 환경에 가장 잘 통합시킬 수 있는 방법에 대한 표준화는 거의 없다. 저자들은 음악을 통합하는 관행의 다양한 범위를 구분하고 치료에 있어서 음악을 최적화시킬 수 있는 새로운 가능성을 확인할 수 있도록 제안한다. 또한 저자들이 음악 치료의 개념적 토대를 개발하게 만든 목적 역시 이러한 표준화의 부재에 대한 대안을 제시하고자 함이다. 이 시리즈 중 첫 번째 연구는 캐나다 장기 요양 시설에서의 음악 치료 최적화에 대해 조사한 반면, 두 번째 연구는 조사 현장으로 캐나다 Ontario에 있는 그런 시설 한 곳을 이용해서 음악을 복합한 지속 치료 환경에서 최적화 시킬 수 있는 방법을 조사했다. 의료 제공자, 관리자들, 의사 결정자들은 본 연구에서 제시한 음악 치료의 10가지 영역을 실용적인 도구이자 연구 도구로 사용할 수 있다. 본 논문은 음악 치료 전달의 10가지 영역, 음악 치료의 개념적 토대 필요성 및 그 토대가 제공하는 의의와 적용점 등에 대해 논의할 것이다. 키워드: 음악돌봄(music care), 사람 중심 치료, 건강 예술, 음악치료, 음악치료의 10가지 영역

Silence is often described as to be some kind of important and powerful phenomenon or acoustic appearance in music therapy and of course in other disciplines too. Therefore, it is pertinent to gain more knowledge about how people perceive silence, what effects it has on the individual’s levels of relaxation and human perception of self, time and space. Silence lasting 6:30 minutes preceded by two different conditions consisting of either a university seminar or a session of Depth Relaxation Music Therapy (DRMT) were the two arms of this study carried out at a university with students as subjects. The silence after the DRMT was judged more relaxing than the silence after the seminar. Participants also had a lower sense of space and time, as well as a reduced future perspective. They estimated the silence as having lasted longer in the condition following the DRMT session. These effects support further investigations concerning the idea that silence (combined with DRMT) may be of preventive (e.g. regarding stress-related diseases, depression, burnout and anxiety disorders), relaxing and health-promoting interest for clinical and non-clinical applications. Keywords: relaxation, music therapy, silence, time, hypnotherapySpanishCambios en el estado de conciencia durante un Período de Silencio , luego de una sesión de Depth Relaxation Music Therapy (DRMT – Relajación Profunda Musicoterapia)El silencio es descripto a menudo como un tipo de fenómeno importante y poderoso o como una aparición acústica en musicoterapia y por supuesto en otras disciplinas también. Por lo tanto, es pertinente contar con más conocimiento sobre cómo las personas perciben el silencio, qué efectos tiene en los niveles de relajación y en la percepción del self, del tiempo y del espacio del individuo. En este estudio, realizado con estudiantes universitarios como sujetos, se realiza un periodo de silencio de 6:30 minutos despues de dos condiciones diferentes: un seminario universitario o una sesión de Depth Relaxation Music Therapy (DRMT). El silencio despues de DRMT se percibió como más relajante que el silencio despues del seminario. Los participantes también tuvieron una menor sensación de espacio y tiempo , así como una perspectiva de futuro reducida. Los autores estimaron que el silencio había durado menos tiempo después de la sesión de DRMT. Estos efectos promueven investigaciones concernientes a que la idea de que el silencio (combinado con DRMT) puede ser preventivo (por ejemplo; enfermedades relacionadas al stress, depresión , burnout, y trastornos de ansiedad), ser relajante y promover el interés por la salud para aplicaciones clínicas y no clínicasPalabras claves: Relajación , musicoterapia, silencio , tiempo , hipnosis GermanVeränderungen im Bewusstseinszustand während einer Periode der Stille nach einer Sitzung tiefenentspannter Musiktherapie (DRMT)Eric PfeiferStille wird oft als eine Art wichtiges und kraftvolles Phänomen oder akustische Erscheinung in der Musiktherapie beschrieben, und natürlich auch in anderen Disziplinen. Deshalb ist es angemessen, mehr Wissen über Menschen zu erlangen, die Stille erfahren haben – was für Effekte dies auf den individuellen Level an Entspannung und menschliche Erfahrungen von Selbst, Zeit und Raum hat. Die 6,30 minütige Stille , die zwei verschiedenen Bedingungen, bestehend aus einem universitären Seminar oder einer Sitzung von tiefenentspannter Musiktherapie (DRMT) vorausging, bildeten die zwei Teile dieser Studie, die mit Studenten der Universität durchgeführt wurde. Die Stille nach der DRMT wurde als entspannender bewertet als die Stille nach dem Seminar. Die Teilnehmer hatten auch weniger Gefühl für Zeit und Raum, ebenso wie eine reduziertere Zukunftsperspektive. Sie erlebten die Stille in der Zeit die der DRMT folgte, als länger andauernd. Diese Effekte unterstützen zukünftige Untersuchungen die Idee betreffend, dass Stille (zusammen mit DRMT) präventive (z.B. für stress-bedingte Krankheiten, Depression, Burnout und Angststörungen), entspannende und gesundheitsfördernde Bedeutung für klinische und nicht-klinische Anwendungen haben könnte.Keywords: Entspannung, Musiktherapie, Stille, Zeit, Hypnotherapie ItalianVariazione dei Stati di Coscienza nel corso di un Periodo di Silenzio dopo una sessione di Depth Relaxation Music Terapy (DRMT) , (Musicoterapia e Rilassamento Profondo)Eric PfeiferIl silenzio è spesso descritto come un fenomeno molto importante e potente, o un aspetto acustico in musicoterapia e naturalmente anche in altre discipline. Perciò è il caso di acquisire maggiori informazioni su come le persone percepiscono il silenzio, quali effetti ha sui livelli individuali di relax e di percezione umana del tempo e dello spazio. Il silenzio di una durata di 6:30 minuti preceduto da due differenti condizioni consistenti in un seminario universitario o in una sessione di Depth Relaxation Music Therapy (DRMT) erano i due diversi modi di effettuare lo studio presso un universitá con gli studenti. Il silenzio dopo la DRMT è stato giudicato più rilassante rispetto al silenzio dopo il seminario. I partecipanti hanno anche avuto una bassa percezione dello spazio e del tempo, e anche una bassa percezione del futuro. Essi hanno quantificato che il silenzio fosse durato più a lungo dopo aver fatto la sessione di DRMT. Questi effetti supportano ulteriori indagini in materia circa l’idea che il silenzio (in combinazione con la DRMT) può essere di prevenzione (ad esempio per quanto riguarda disagi legati allo stress, depressione, esaurimenti e disturbi d’ansia), rilassante e salutare per applicazioni cliniche e non. Parole Chiave: relax, musicoterapia, silenzio, tempoChinese深度放鬆音樂治療(DRMT)後靜默時間內的意識狀態變化 靜默在音樂治療中常被描述為重要而有力的現象且具有聽覺上的存在感，在其他領域中也常被提及。因此，我們對於人們如何感知靜默需要更多的認識，究竟一個人的放鬆程度以及對自我、時間和空間的觀感如何影響了他對靜默的感知。本研究以大學生為對象，參與者在大學的研討會或深度放鬆音樂治療這兩種不同的情境之後保留為時六分三十秒的靜默時間。跟參加研討會之後的靜默感知相比，在深度放鬆音樂治療之後的靜默被認為感覺較為放鬆。參與者較少感受到空間與時間，也降低了未來感。參與者預期深度放鬆音樂治療之後的靜默時間是比較長的。這些影響可用來支持未來關於靜默的討論研究(與DRMT結合)，激發人們對於靜默的臨床與非臨床應用的興趣，並用於預防性治療(例如，壓力相關疾患、憂鬱、倦怠或焦慮疾患)，放鬆與促進健康 。JapaneseDepth Relaxation Music Therapy (DRMT)後のサイレンス期間における意識状態の変化Eric Pfeifer サイレンスは度々音楽療法においてある種の重要性、効果現象もしくは音響的輪郭があると描写され、それは他の専門分野においても同様である。それゆえ、人々がどのようにサイレンスを認識するのか、また、何がリラクゼーションの 個人レベル、そして、人間の自己、時間、空間への知覚に影響するのか、さらなる知識を増やすことは適切である。サイレンスは6分30秒の長さで、大学でのセミナー、もしくはDRMTのセッション後という2つの異なった状態で構成され、本研究は大学で学生を被験者として実地された。DRMT後のサイレンスはセミナーの後のサイレンスよりリラックスできると判断された。被験者は空間と時間の知覚が低く、将来への見通しも縮小した。これらの効果は、サイレンス （DRMTとの組み合わせ）は予防的（例：ストレス関連疾患、鬱、バーンアウト症候群、不安障害など）である可能性があること、臨床と非臨床のためのリラクゼーションと健康促進の適用のための重要性があることの考察について、将来の調査を支援する。 Keywords: relaxation, music therapy, silence, time, hypnotherapyキーワード：リラクゼーション、音楽療法、サイレンス、時間、催眠療法 KoreanDepth Relaxation 심층 이완 음악 치료(DRMT) 세션 이후 침묵하는 동안 의식 상태에 생긴 변화Eric Pfeifer침묵은 다른 분야는 물론 음악 치료에서 중요하고 강력한 현상 또는 음향적 식별로 종종 설명이 되곤 한다. 따라서 어떻게 사람들이 침묵을 인식하는 지, 침묵이 개인의 이완 수준과, 자아, 시간, 공간에 대한 인간의 인식에 어떠한 영향을 끼치는 지에 대해 좀 더 많은 지식을 얻는 것이 적합하다. 대학 세미나나 Depth Relaxation Music Therapy(DRMT) 세션으로 구성된 두 가지의 다른 조건을 실시한 후 6시간 30분 동안 지속된 침묵이, 한 대학교에서 학생들을 대상으로 실시한 본 연구의 두 가지 부분이다. DRMT 후 침묵은 세미나 후 침묵보다 더 이완을 시켜주는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 참가자들은 미래에 대한 관점이 줄어들었을 뿐만 아니라 더 낮은 시간과 공간 인식을 가지고 있었다. 그들은 DRMT 세션 종료 상황에서 침묵이 더 오래 지속되었다고 평가했다. 이런 효과는 침묵(DRMT와 접목시킨)이 임상학적으로나 비임상학적으로 예방해주고(예, 스트레스 관련 질병, 우울증, 불안 장애, 극도의 피로) 이완시켜주고, 건강을 증진시키는 효과가 있을 수 있다는 생각과 관련된 추후 조사들을 뒷받침해준다.키워드: 이완, 음악 치료, 침묵, 시간, 최면요법

Several armed conflicts have marked the past two decades in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). As a result, the DRC is facing an unprecedented humanitarian disaster with the death of hundreds of thousands of people, the large-scale displacement of civilians and the rape of thousands of women, girls and men. These armed conflicts have led to the metamorphosis of the concept of ‘crime’ with the emergence of new forms of sexual violence, particularly the widespread sexual violence used by armed groups as a tactic of war. In response to this avalanche of sexual violence, the DRC has taken a series of legislative measures. It began with the ratification of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute) on 11 April 2002. This was followed by the promulgation of the Military Judicial Code and the Military Criminal Code on 18 November 2002 (MJC and MCC, respectively) criminalizing, inter alia, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. In 2006, the Congolese legislator criminalized various forms of sexual crimes as defined by international law in the Military Penal Code. On 31 December 2015, the Congolese authorities promulgated Law No. 15/022, amending and supplementing the Military Penal Code, for the implementation of the Rome Statute. Through this Law, the legislator has included in the Congolese Ordinary Criminal Code rape and other sexual assaults constituting war crimes, and in some circumstances, crimes against humanity. In terms of prosecutions, around 40 cases of rape classified as war crimes and crimes against humanity have been tried by Congolese military courts, and a few other cases are being investigated. This article seeks to assess the progress made by the DRC in prosecuting rape as a war crime and the challenges to such prosecutions. La République démocratique du Congo (RDC) a été marquée par plusieurs conflits armés au cours des deux dernières décennies. Il en résulte que ce pays est confronté à une catastrophe humanitaire sans précédent avec la mort de centaines de milliers de personnes, le déplacement à grande échelle de civils et le viol de milliers de femmes, de filles et d'hommes. Ces conflits armés ont entraîné une métamorphose du concept de ‘crime’ avec l'émergence de nouvelles formes de violence sexuelle, notamment la violence sexuelle généralisée utilisée par les groupes armés comme tactique de guerre. En réponse à cette avalanche de violences sexuelles, la RDC a adopté une série de mesures législatives. La première fut la ratification du Statut de la Cour pénale internationale (Statut de Rome) le 11 avril 2002. Cette ratification fut suivie par la promulgation du Code judiciaire militaire et du Code pénal militaire le 18 novembre 2002 (respectivement le CMJ et le CCM) qui criminalisent, entre autres, les crimes de guerre, les crimes contre l'humanité et le génocide. En 2006, le législateur congolais a incriminé dans le Code pénal militaire diverses formes de crimes sexuels tels que définis par le droit international. Le 31 décembre 2015, les autorités congolaises ont promulgué la loi no 15/022, modifiant et complétant le Code pénal militaire, pour la mise en œuvre du Statut de Rome. A travers cette loi, le législateur a inclus dans le Code pénal ordinaire congolais les viols et autres agressions sexuelles constitutifs de crimes de guerre, et dans certaines circonstances, de crimes contre l'humanité. En termes de poursuites, une quarantaine de cas de viols qualifiés de crimes de guerre et de crimes contre l'humanité ont été jugés par les tribunaux militaires congolais, et quelques autres cas sont en cours d'instruction. Cet article vise à évaluer les progrès réalisés par la RDC en matière de poursuites pénales pour viol en tant que crime de guerre et les défis auxquels ces poursuites sont confrontées. Verschillende gewapende conflicten hebben de afgelopen twee decennia hun stempel gedrukt op de Democratische Republiek Congo (DRC). Als gevolg daarvan wordt de DRC geconfronteerd met een ongekende humanitaire ramp die gepaard gaat met de dood van honderdduizenden mensen, de grootschalige ontheemding van burgers en de verkrachting van duizenden vrouwen, meisjes en mannen. Die gewapende conflicten hebben geleid tot een metamorfose van het begrip ‘misdaad’ met de opkomst van nieuwe vormen van seksueel geweld, in het bijzonder het wijdverspreide seksuele geweld dat door gewapende groepen als oorlogstactiek wordt gebruikt. Als reactie op die lawine van seksueel geweld heeft de DRC een reeks wetgevende maatregelen genomen. Het begon met de ratificatie van het Statuut van het Internationaal Strafhof (Statuut van Rome) op 11 april 2002, gevolgd door de afkondiging van het militair gerechtelijk wetboek en het militair strafwetboek op 18 november 2002. Daarin worden onder meer oorlogsmisdaden, misdaden tegen de mensheid en genocide strafbaar gesteld. In 2006 heeft de Congolese wetgever verschillende vormen van seksuele misdrijven, zoals omschreven in het internationaal recht, strafbaar gesteld in het militair strafwetboek. Op 31 december 2015 hebben de Congolese autoriteiten wet nr. 15/022 tot wijziging en aanvulling van het militair strafwetboek uitgevaardigd, met het oog op de uitvoering van het Statuut van Rome. Met die wet heeft de wetgever verkrachting en andere vormen van seksueel geweld die te beschouwen zijn als oorlogsmisdaden, en in sommige omstandigheden misdaden tegen de mensheid, in het gewone Congolese Wetboek van Strafrecht opgenomen. Wat vervolging betreft, zijn ongeveer 40 gevallen van verkrachting die als oorlogsmisdaden en misdaden tegen de mensheid werden aangemerkt, door de Congolese militaire rechtbanken berecht, en enkele andere gevallen worden momenteel onderzocht. Deze studie heeft tot doel na te gaan welke vooruitgang de DRC heeft geboekt bij de vervolging van verkrachting als oorlogsmisdaad en voor welke uitdagingen dergelijke vervolgingen staan. Varios conflictos armados han dejado huella en las dos décadas pasadas en la República Democrática del Congo (RDC). A resultas de ello, la RDC se está enfrentando a un desastre humanitario sin precedentes con la muerte de cientos de miles de personas, desplazamiento de civiles a gran escala y la violación de miles de mujeres, niñas y hombres. Estos conflictos armados han llevado a la metamorfosis del concepto de ‘crimen’ con la aparición de nuevas formas de violencia sexual, en particular el uso generalizado de la violencia sexual por grupos armados como táctica de guerra. En respuesta a esta avalancha de violencia sexual, la RDC ha adoptado una serie de medidas legislativas. Todo comenzó con la ratificación del Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional (Estatuto de Roma) el 11 de abril de 2002. A esto siguió la promulgación del Código Judicial Militar y del Código Penal Militar el 18 de noviembre de 2002 (Código Judicial Militar y Código Penal Militar, respectivamente), penalizando, entre otros, los crímenes contra la humanidad y el genocidio. En 2006, el legislador congoleño introdujo en el Código Penal Militar varias modalidades de crimen sexual tal y como se definen en el Derecho Internacional. El 31 de diciembre de 2015, la autoridades congoleñas promulgaron la Ley Núm. 15/022, reformando y complementando el Código Penal Militar, con objeto de implementar el Estatuto de Roma. A través de esta ley, el legislador ha tipificado en el Código Penal Común la violación y otros ataques sexuales que constituyen crímenes de guerra y, en algunas circunstancias, crímenes contra la humanidad. En términos de procedimientos instruidos, cerca de 40 casos de violación tipificada como crímenes de guerra y crímenes contra la humanidad han sido tramitados por los tribunales militares congoleños, y varios casos más continúan siendo objeto de investigación. Este estudio busca valorar el progreso de la RDC en la persecución de la violación como crimen de guerra y los retos a los que se ha tenido que hacer frente en dicha tarea. Gli ultimi due decenni della Repubblica Democratica del Congo (RDC) sono stati segnati da diversi conflitti armati. Di conseguenza, la RDC sta affrontando un disastro umanitario senza precedenti con la morte di centinaia di migliaia di persone, lo sfollamento di civili su larga scala e lo stupro di migliaia di donne, ragazze e uomini. Questi conflitti armati hanno portato alla metamorfosi del concetto di ‘crimine’ con l'emergere di nuove forme di violenza sessuale, in particolare la diffusa violenza sessuale usata dai gruppi armati come tattica di guerra. In risposta a questa valanga di violenza sessuale, la RDC ha adottato una serie di misure legislative. È iniziato tutto con la ratifica dello Statuto della Corte penale internazionale (Statuto di Roma) l'11 aprile 2002. A ciò è seguita la promulgazione del Military Judicial Code and the Military Criminal Code il 18 novembre 2002 (rispet­tivamente Codice giudiziario militare e Codice penale militare), che hanno criminalizzato, tra l'altro, crimini di guerra, crimini contro l'umanità e genocidio. Nel 2006, il legislatore congolese ha definito come crimini varie forme di reati sessuali così come definito dal diritto internazionale nel Codice Penale Militare. Il 31 dicembre 2015 le autorità congolesi hanno promulgato la Legge n. 15/022, che modifica e integra il Codice Penale Militare, per l'attuazione dello Statuto di Roma. Attraverso questa legge, il legislatore ha incluso nel Codice penale Ordinario congolese lo stupro e altre aggressioni sessuali definiti crimini di guerra e, in alcune circostanze, crimini contro l'umanità. In termini di procedimenti penali, circa 40 casi di stupro classificati come crimini di guerra e crimini contro l'umanità sono stati processati dai tribunali militari congolesi e alcuni altri casi sono oggetto di indagine. Questo studio cerca di valutare i progressi compiuti dalla RDC nel perseguire lo stupro come crimine di guerra e l’impegno in tali procedimenti penali. Mehrere bewaffnete Konflikte haben die vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnte in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo (DRK) geprägt. Als Folge dessen steht die DRK vor einer beispiellosen humanitären Katastrophe mit dem Tod von Hunderttausenden von Menschen, der massiven Vertreibung von Zivilisten und der Vergewaltigung von Tausenden von Frauen, Mädchen und Männern. Diese bewaffneten Konflikte haben zu einer Metamorphose des Begriffs ‘Verbrechen’ mit dem Aufkommen neuer Formen sexueller Gewalt geführt, insbesondere der weit verbreiteten sexuellen Gewalt, die von bewaffneten Gruppen als Kriegstaktik eingesetzt wird. Als Reaktion auf diese Lawine sexueller Gewalt hat die DRK eine Reihe von gesetzlichen Maßnahmen ergriffen. Es begann mit der Ratifizierung des Statuts des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs (Römisches Statut) am 11 April 2002. Es folgte die Verkündung des Militärgerichtsgesetzbuchs und des Militärstrafgesetzbuchs am 18. November 2002, die unter anderem Kriegsverbrechen, Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit und Völkermord unter Strafe stellen. Im Jahr 2006 hat der kongolesische Gesetzgeber im Militärstrafgesetzbuch verschiedene Formen von Sexualverbrechen im Sinne des Völkerrechts unter Strafe gestellt. Am 31. Dezember 2015 haben die kongolesischen Behörden das Gesetz Nr. 15/022 zur Änderung und Ergänzung des Militärstrafgesetzbuchs im Hinblick auf die Umsetzung des Römischen Statuts verkündet. Mit diesem Gesetz hat der Gesetzgeber Vergewaltigung und andere sexuelle Übergriffe, die Kriegsverbrechen und unter gewissen Umständen auch Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit darstellen, in das kongolesische ordentliche Strafgesetzbuch aufgenommen. Was die Strafverfolgung anbelangt, so wurden etwa 40 Fälle von Vergewaltigung, die als Kriegsverbrechen und Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit eingestuft werden, von kongolesischen Militär­gerichten abgeurteilt, und einige weitere Fälle werden derzeit untersucht. Diese Studie versucht, die Fortschritte der DRK bei der strafrechtlichen Verfolgung von Vergewaltigung als Kriegsverbrechen und die Herausforderungen für solche Verfolgungen zu bewerten.

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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Prof. Fika J. van Rensburg werk die afgelope paar jaar meer aan 'n internasionale projek om 'n nuutontdekte Griekse manuskrip uit die eerste eeu vir navorsing toeganklik te maak. Hy het gedurende November 1995 as deel van die projek die jaarvergadering van die Society of biblical Literature in Philadelphia in die VSA bygewoon. Hy is finansieel ondersteun deur die Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing, die PU vir CHO en die Teologiese Skool Potchefstroom. In die onderstaande mededeling gee hy oorsigtelik inligting oor die projek in die algemeen.

Die Supply Chain ist der Lebensnerv vieler Unternehmen. Und sie gewinnt zunehmend an Komplexität: Mehr Produkte, mehr Zulieferer, mehr Kanäle. Zudem stellen Kunden immer höhere Anforderungen an die Warenvielfalt, Bereitstellung, Liefergeschwindigkeit – und natürlich an die Kosten. Die Frage ist berechtigt: Wie beherrscht man die Komplexitäten der unterschiedlichen Branchen und Herausforderungen in der Supply Chain? Wir haben uns darüber mit Stephan Göttsche, COO at Körber Supply Chain and CEO at Körber Supply Chain – Automation, und Pieter Feenstra, CSO bei Körber Supply Chain – Automation ausgetauscht.

Rau ngót là một rau có giá trị dinh dưỡng cao. Ngoài ra, nó còn là nguồn chlorophyll tự nhiên dồi dào. Tuy nhiên, ở Việt Nam, việc chiết tách chlorophyll từ rau ngót chưa được quan tâm nhiều. Bài báo này trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của trạng thái nguyên liệu và ảnh hưởng đồng thời của tỉ lệ dung môi ethanol, thời gian chiết và lượng xúc tác MgCO3 đến hàm lượng chlorophyll thu nhận bằng phương pháp chiết ngâm. Hàm lượng chlorophyl được xác định bằng phương pháp trắc quang (phá vỡ tế bào, ngâm chiết chlorophyll rồi đo độ hấp thu OD ở các bước sóng thích hợp bằng máy so màu). Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng đồng thời của 3 yếu tố: tỉ lệ dung môi ethanol, thời gian chiết và lượng xác tác MgCO3 được thực hiện thông qua phương pháp qui hoạch thực nghiệm (QHTN) các yếu tố toàn phần 23 và tối ưu hóa. Kết quả là với trạng thái nguyên liệu được nghiền mịn thì điều kiện tối ưu để thu được lượng chlorophyll từ rau ngót ở quy mô phòng thí nghiệm là: Dung môi: ethanol 92%; Thời gian chiết: 40h; Xúc tác MgCO3: 0,08 g. Ở điều kiện này, hàm lượng chlorophyll-ab thu được là: 3,23567 mg/g. Kết quả trên cho phép xây dựng một qui trình chiết tách chlorophyll-ab qui mô pilot.Từ khóa: chiết tách, chlorophyll, dung môi, rau ngót, Sauropus androgynus (l.) merr, quy hoạch thuc nghiệm.

In die Skriflig word deur die Gereformeerde Teologiese Vereniging uitgegee en is as sodanig nie die blad van ’n bepaalde universiteit of teologiese fakulteit nie. Daar is egter ’n besondere band met die teologiese fakulteit en universiteit op Potchefstroom en die kantore van die tydskrif is ook in Potchefstroom gesetel. In die Skriflig het dus belang by die samesmeling van enkele hoër opvoedkundige inrigtings op 1 Januarie 2004 waaruit die Noordwes-Universiteit gebore is. Hierdie uitgawe is die eerste uitgawe waar bydraes van navorsers in Potchefstroom nie meer onder die vaandel van die PU vir CHO (Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys) geplaas word nie, maar onder die vaandel van die Potchefstroomkampus van die Noordwes-Universiteit.

ABSTRACT Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen and leading cause of health care-associated infections. Daily chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing of patients is generally regarded as an effective strategy to reduce the occurrence of health care-associated infections. It is likely that E. faecalis is frequently exposed to inhibitory and subinhibitory concentrations of CHG in clinical settings. The goal of this study was to investigate how the vancomycin-resistant strain E. faecalis V583 transcriptionally responds to and tolerates stress from CHG. We used transcriptome (microarray) analysis to identify genes upregulated by E. faecalis V583 in response to CHG. The genes efrE (EF2226) and efrF (EF2227), encoding a heterodimeric ABC transport system, were the most highly upregulated genes. efrEF expression was induced by CHG at concentrations several 2-fold dilutions below the MIC. Deletion of efrEF increased E. faecalis V583 susceptibility to CHG. We found that ChlR, a MerR-like regulator encoded by a sequence upstream of efrEF , mediated the CHG-dependent upregulation of efrEF , and deletion of chlR also increased chlorhexidine susceptibility. Overall, our study gives insight into E. faecalis stress responses to a commonly used antiseptic.

Philips was een halve eeuw geleden de grootste particuliere werkgever in Nederland, met ongeveer 100.000 werknemers. Hiervan is tegenwoordig nog slechts een fractie over. Hoe deze inkrimping tot stand is gekomen, wordt hier voor de periode 1970-2002 nagegaan met behulp van personeelsjaarverslagen en andere rapportages van Philips. Bij Philips kwamen in de jaren zeventig inkrimpingen op gang, toen in een groot deel van het bedrijf te veel personeel beschikbaar bleek te zijn. Philips probeerde de overcapaciteit af te bouwen door minder werknemers in dienst te nemen dan er vanzelf vertrokken, en door werktijdverkorting. De instroom nam dus af, terwijl de uitstroom weinig veranderde. Verder vervulde het bedrijf zoveel mogelijk vacatures van binnenuit door detacheringen en overplaatsingen. In de jaren tachtig ging Philips de uitstroom stimuleren, onder meer door diverse vertrekregelingen voor oudere werknemers. Deze regelingen werden op ruime schaal benut, ook tijdens een grote bezuinigingsronde in het begin van de jaren negentig ('operatie Centurion'), toen Philips tevens door vertrekpremies het vrijwillig vertrek stimuleerde. In 1995-2002 nam Philips wat meer werknemers aan dan er vertrokken, maar de personeelssterkte bleef nog wel afnemen door afstoot van bedrijfsonderdelen. In de periode 1975-1994 realiseerde Philips forse personeelsinkrimpingen door het slechts gedeeltelijk aanvullen van het verloop en door vergroting van de uitstroom. De afsplitsing van bedrijfsonderdelen droeg er eveneens toe bij dat het aantal werknemers onder de Philips-cao in de loop van de tijd sterk is verminderd. De personeelsinkrimpingen van Philips waren omvangrijk en langdurig, maar in veel andere bedrijven hebben zich op een andere schaal en in een ander tempo min of meer vergelijkbare ontwikkelingen voorgedaan.

Die strafrechtliche Abteilung des Bundesgerichts weist die Beschwerde eines Studenten ab und bestätigt dessen Verurteilung wegen Betrugs. Der Beschwerdeführer hatte seiner Vertragspartnerin die vereinbarten CHF 2000 für die von ihr erbrachten sexuellen Dienstleistungen nicht bezahlt und stellte sich auf den Standpunkt, es sei kein gültiger Vertrag zwischen ihnen zustande gekommen. Das Bundesgericht folgt in seinen Erwägungen der wohl herrschenden Lehre, dem Bundesrat und gewissen kantonalen Urteilen, wonach der Sexarbeitsvertrag nicht (mehr) per se sittenwidrig sei, und lässt der sexuellen Dienstleistung einen Vermögenswert zukommen. Es bestehe kein Widerspruch zu den der Gesamtrechtsordnung immanenten ethischen Prinzipien und Wertmassstäben, womit die Vereinbarung als gültig zu qualifizieren sei. Damit ist ein lang erwartetes Urteil gefällt. Es bleiben weitere rechtliche Massnahmen zu treffen. -- La chambre pénale du Tribunal fédéral rejette le grief d'un étudiant et confirme sa condamnation pour escroquerie. Le plaignant avait refusé de payer à sa partenaire contractuelle les 2 000 CHF convenus pour les services sexuels fournis par celle-ci, au motif qu’aucun contrat valable n’avait été conclu entre eux. Dans ses considérations, le Tribunal fédéral suit la doctrine dominante, issue du Conseil fédéral et de certains arrêts cantonaux, selon laquelle le contrat de travail sexuel n'est pas (plus) immoral en soi, et permet au service sexuel d'avoir une valeur patrimoniale. Étant donné qu’il n'y a pas de contradiction avec les principes et normes éthiques inhérents à l'ordre juridique général, l'accord doit être qualifié de valable. Il s’agit d’un jugement longuement attendu. D’autres mesures juridiques devront encore être prises.

In mijn proefschrift The vulnerable hours of leisure (Peters, 2000) reflecteerde ik op de veranderende relatie tussen werk en privé in de naoorlogse periode. In tegenstelling tot de belofte van de ‘vrijetijdsmaatschappij’ (Dumazedier, 1967), die door de toegenomen arbeidsproductiviteit binnen handbereik leek, nam ondanks formele arbeidstijdverkorting de druk op de vrije tijd toe. Oorzaken hiervan waren de toegenomen arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen, de nieuwe eisen die werden gesteld aan opvoeding (waaronder het nieuwe vaderschap) en consumptie, én de intensivering van het betaald werk in het licht van de toegenomen internationale concurrentie. In diezelfde periode nam de vraag naar flexibiliteit voor de werkgever toe, maar ook de behoefte onder werknemers aan autonomie en tijd-ruimtelijke flexibiliteit, persoonlijke groei en uitdaging in het werk.Mijn huidige interesse in onderzoeksthema’s zoals telewerken en Het Nieuwe Werken, werk-privébalans, en de verschuivende en (half)doorlatende grenzen tussen het werk- en het privédomein, sluiten aan bij de bovengenoemde trends. Telewerken, ofwel het werken op afstand van de werkgever of opdrachtgever met behulp van ICT, is een concept dat in de jaren zeventig tijdens de oliecrisis werd geïntroduceerd om de mobiliteitsbehoefte en de hiermee samenhangende milieuschade te reduceren. In de crisis van de jaren tachtig werd telewerken gebruikt om werkprocessen efficiënter in te richten en kosten te besparen. In de krappe arbeidsmarkt van de jaren negentig was telewerken voornamelijk een secundaire arbeidsvoorwaarde, afgedwongen door werknemers met een sterke arbeidsmarktpositie die behoefte hadden aan een betere werk-privébalans of geconcentreerd werken. Aan het begin van deze eeuw leek telewerken compleet van de agenda te zijn verdwenen, maar na het verschijnen van de white paper ‘The New World of Working’ van Microsoft CEO Bill Gates (2005) geniet het concept onder de naam Het Nieuwe Werken (HNW) vooral sinds de jaren daarna opvallend veel maatschappelijke en wetenschappelijke aandacht.Gates presenteerde een fundamenteel ‘nieuwe visie op werk’. Werk zou met behulp van technologie efficiënter en effectiever kunnen worden georganiseerd, maar tegelijkertijd ook gepaard kunnen gaan met meer arbeidsplezier en zingeving. De opkomst en noodzaak van een nieuwe manier van werken waarin elementen van het vrijetijdsdomein, zoals plezier en zeggenschap, zouden zijn overgeslagen naar het arbeidsdomein, waren al eerder door vooraanstaande wetenschappers aangekondigd en bepleit (Bell, 1974; Drucker, 2000; Galbraith, 1958). Maar blijkbaar vormde het samenspel van ontwikkelingen na 2005 pas dé window of opportunity om telewerken en HNW, zowel bij overheid, werkgevers als werknemers, (opnieuw) onder de aandacht te brengen. De motieven die nu worden genoemd, lijken sterk op die uit het verleden (mobiliteit en milieu; efficiency en bezuinigingen; krapte op de arbeidsmarkt en werk-privébalans). Meer dan telewerken wordt HNW echter gedreven door de sterk toegenomen concurrentie en de noodzaak om werknemers te engageren en te motiveren om zich in te zetten voor de strategische doelen van de organisatie.Anders dan telewerken, dat vaak betrekking heeft op individuele afspraken tussen een individuele werknemer en zijn of haar leidinggevende, vraagt HNW om een radicale organisatiebrede cultuurverandering die werknemers stuurt in de richting van het gewenste gedrag. In mijn onderzoek verwijst HNW tevens naar een HRM-systeem dat bestaat uit een bundel van praktijken: een hoge mate van professionele autonomie en verantwoordelijkheid voor het tijdig bereiken van resultaten; tijd-ruimtelijke flexibiliteit; en (virtuele) samenwerking (Peters et al., 2011). Vrijheid en verantwoordelijkheid impliceert tevens dat werknemers zich proactief en innovatief dienen te gedragen. De nieuwe manier van werken maakt het mogelijk om altijd, overal, en met verschillende partners (virtueel) samen te werken. In welke mate de werknemer van deze mogelijkheden gebruikmaakt, hangt af van de behoefte van de individuele werknemer, maar ook van die van de organisatie en de klant.In het huidige debat wordt de met HNW geassocieerde flexibiliteit vaak gelijkgesteld aan work-life balance. Juist daarin schuilt een gevaar. Het collectief loslaten van de traditioneel sociaal geconstrueerde grenzen tussen werk en privé maakt het mogelijk om over eigen grenzen heen te gaan, vooral wanneer de verantwoordelijkheid voor het behalen van targets en strakke deadlines door werknemers sterk wordt gevoeld. De mogelijkheid om werk en privéactiviteiten meer door elkaar heen te laten lopen (blurren) of te vermengen (blenden) kan ertoe leiden dat werknemers die werk en privé sterker integreren, een verstoorde werk-privébalans ervaren, bijvoorbeeld omdat zij werken op tijdstippen die voorheen gereserveerd waren voor gezinsactiviteiten.Het bovenstaande wordt bevestigd in een recente studie binnen vier organisaties waarin hoogopgeleide kenniswerkers in hoge mate flexibel kunnen werken naar tijd en plaats, zelf verantwoordelijk zijn voor de manier waarop ze hun rol binnen de organisatie vormgeven, en worden afgerekend op hun prestaties (Peters et al., in voorbereiding). De studie laat zien dat de manier waarop werknemers hun grenzen tussen werk en privé bewaken of ‘managen’ (variërend van een hoge mate van segmentatie tot een hoge mate van integratie), niet samenhangt met het ervaren van werk-privéconflict. Wel blijkt een hoge mate van integratie samen te gaan met het ervaren van minder positieve spill-over van privé naar werk. Opvallender is echter dat één op de vier werknemers in deze studie werk en privé meer integreerde dan gewenst (slechts één respondent segmenteerde meer dan hij of zij zou willen). Deze discrepantie ging gepaard met meer disbalans, vooral wanneer werknemers meer verantwoordelijkheid namen voor het behalen van de gestelde werkdoelen.De vrijetijdsmaatschappij in termen van het vertalen van productiviteitswinst door de inzet van ICT in het werk naar meer vrije tijd voor allen is niet uitgekomen. Wel werd in de naoorlogse periode de basis gelegd voor Het Nieuwe Werken. Vrijetijdselementen zijn steeds meer het arbeidsdomein binnengedrongen. Werken is plezieriger geworden en een nieuwe manier van organiseren heeft de zeggenschap van werknemers over waar en wanneer zij kunnen werken vergroot. Het realiseren van de missie van HNW staat of valt echter met het creëren van de juiste cultuur waarin werknemers op een verantwoorde wijze gebruik kunnen maken van de mogelijkheden die HNW biedt, zoals het blurren en blenden van werk en privéactiviteiten. In de context van HNW kan integratie echter gemakkelijk doorschieten en moet dan ook niet worden verward met work-life balance.

Plant species were collected inBac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve and its near places to study the bioactivity.15 species anti cancer cell lines such as AGS, A549, HCT116, MCF-7, HL60, SNU-1 , HT-1080 . 7 species anti 1 cancer cell line (Strophanthus perakensis Scort. ex King & Gamble, Ilex cochinchinensis (Lour.) Loes., Garcinia benthamii Pierre, Ostodes paniculata Blume, Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Camellia furfuracea (Merr.) Cohen-Stuart, Linostoma decandrum (Roxb.) Wall. ex Meisn.); 4 species anti 2 cancer cell lines (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray, Illigera parviflora Dunn, Callicarpa arborea Roxb., Alpinia napoensis H. Dong & G.J. Xu); 3 species anti 3 cancer cell lines (Annona glabra L., Trevesia sphaerocarpa Grushv. & N. Skvorts., Myrsine seguinii H. Lév.); 1 species anti 4 cancer cell lines (Casearia membranacea Hance); Some species anti AGS-stomach cancer cell line very well: Annona glabra L., Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray, Illigera parviflora Dunn; 1 species anti A549-lung cancer very well: Myrsine seguinii H. Lév.15 species belong to 15 families: Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araliaceae, Asteraceae, Clusiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Hernandiaceae, Verbenaceae, Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Theaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Zingiberaceae. 50 species belong to 30 families with anti-inflamatory activities, 5 species with high anti-inflamatory activities are Myrsine seguinii Levl. (Myrsinaceae), Croton kongensis Gagnep. (Euphorbiaceae), Ilex cochinchinensis (Lour.) Loes. (Aquifoliaceae), Trevesia sphaerocarpa Grushv. & N. Skvorts. (Araliaceae) and Garcinia benthamii Pierre (Clusiaceae). The above informations are used to orient the study on medicinal plants in Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve and remedies of Van Kieu ethnic group. Keywords Bac Huong Hoa,Bioactivity, Plants,Van Kieu References [1] Nguyễn Tiến Bân (chủ biên) và cs, Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam, tập 2, 3, Nxb Nông nghiệp, Hà Nội, 2003 - 2005.[2] Phạm Hoàng Hộ, Cây cỏ Việt Nam(3 quyển), Nxb Trẻ, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, 1999 - 2000.[3] Nguyễn Nghĩa Thìn, Các phương pháp nghiên cứu thực vật,Nxb Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, Hà Nội, 2007.[4] Nguyễn Thị Duyên, Nghiên cứu thành phần hóa học và tác dụng sinh học của cây Bảy lá một hoa - Paris polyphyllavar. chinensis Franchet thu thập tại Việt Nam, Luận án Tiến sĩ hóa học, 2017.[5] Phạm Đức Thắng, Nghiên cứu cấu trúc và hoạt tính sinh học một số hợp chất phân lập từ cây cọ hạ long - Livistona halongensisT.H. Nguyen & Kiew và cây Rau má - Centella asiatica(Linn.) Urban, Luận án tiến sĩ hóa học, 2012.[6] Mai Hùng Thanh Tùng, Nghiên cứu thành phần hóa học và hoạt tính sinh học của hai loài Khổ sâm mềm - Brucea mollisWall. ex Kurz và Cơm rượu trái hẹp – Glycosmis stenocarpa(Drake) Guillaum) ở Việt Nam, Luận án tiến sĩ hóa học, 2012.[7] Tôn Nữ Liên Hương, Khảo sát thành phần hóa học và một số hoạt tính sinh học của hai cây Rau má lá sen -Hydrocotyle bonariensisComm. ex Lam. và Hydrocotyle vulgarisL. (Apiaceae), Luận án tiến sĩ hóa học, 2013.[8] K.H. Kim, E.J. Kim, M.J. Kwun, T.T. Bach, S.M. Eum, J.Y. Choi, S. Cho, S.J. Kim, S.I. Jeong, M. Joo, Suppression of lung inflammation by the methanol extract of Spilanthes acmella Murray is related to differential regulation of NF-κB and Nrf2, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 217 (2018) 89.

Weet u nog wat de arbeidsinkomensquote is? Drie decennia geleden was deze quote leidend bij de loononderhandelingen tussen de vakbeweging en werkgevers, maar ze is nu totaal uit het oog verloren. Deze quote geeft weer welk deel van de in Nederland geproduceerde toegevoegde waarde toekomt aan de productiefactor arbeid en hoeveel resteert voor de productiefactor kapitaal, grofweg de winst voor de werkgevers. Daalde de quote dan schroefde de vakbeweging de looneisen op, en als de quote steeg waren de werkgevers nauwelijks geneigd aan de looneisen toe te geven. Als een gevolg van de decentralisatie van deze onderhandelingen speelt deze quote geen prominente rol meer in de loononderhandelingen.Begin jaren tachtig was de tijd waarin de arbeidsinkomensquote hard opliep tot boven de 90%, volgens de toen geldende berekeningsmethode. Deze hoge arbeidsinkomensquote en de deplorabele staat van de Nederlandse economie waren aanleiding voor het akkoord van Wassenaar. In dat akkoord beloofde de vakbeweging de looneisen te matigen in ruil voor werkzekerheid. Werkgevers beloofden in ruil voor loonmatiging banen in stand te houden. Bij elke cao-onderhandeling kwam de hoge arbeidsinkomensquote weer ter sprake en werd de vakbeweging gemaand de lonen te matigen. Werkgevers, en daarmee Nederland, konden alleen overleven als de lonen werden gematigd.Het akkoord was succesvol, tenminste in de zin dat in de jaren na het akkoord de arbeidsinkomensquote langzaam daalde. Vanaf begin jaren tachtig is de arbeidsinkomensquote, eerst hard, later wat langzamer, gedaald om te stabiliseren op iets beneden de 80%. Zelfs in de afgelopen jaren, waarin werkgevers toch ook het tij tegen hadden, is de arbeidsinkomensquote niet gestegen. En dat is uitzonderlijk. Normaal gesproken loopt in tijden van crisis de arbeidsinkomensquote op, want de winsten staan in slechte tijden onder druk en lonen moeten gewoon worden uitbetaald.Hoe hebben de werkgevers dit voor elkaar gekregen? Het korte antwoord is doordat werkgevers er in geslaagd zijn een groot deel van het ondernemersrisico af te schuiven op de werknemers. Het langere antwoord leest u in het onderstaande stuk.Het eerste deel van het antwoord is de in Nederland lang volgehouden loonmatiging. Sinds de jaren tachtig is loonmatiging standaardbeleid geworden. Het argument in tijden van crisis was dat de loonkosten niet verder mochten oplopen om de Nederlandse concurrentiepositie te verbeteren. Het argument in economisch goede tijden was dat de loonkosten niet mochten oplopen om een volgende crisis te vermijden.Maar dat was het niet alleen. Sinds de jaren tachtig zijn er nog andere ontwikkelingen geweest die de werkgevers in de kaart hebben gespeeld. Eind jaren negentig lag daar de flexwet, op advies van de SER, dus op basis van overeenstemming tussen werkgevers, werknemers en deskundigen. Die wet maakte het mogelijk op grotere schaal de inzet van arbeid te flexibiliseren. Als er extra vraag naar arbeid was, werd die ingehuurd via een uitzendbureau of op basis van tijdelijke contracten. De wet beoogde aan de ene kant de inzet van flexibele arbeid mogelijk te maken en aan de andere kant de werknemers enige zekerheid te geven door de tijdelijke contracten te maximeren. Werkgevers hadden al snel door hoe ze flexibele arbeid het best konden benutten. Daardoor is bij sommige bedrijven, denk eens aan supermarkten of universiteiten, de flexibele schil rondom een vaste kern van werknemers wel heel groot geworden.Een, wellicht onbedoeld, gevolg van deze flexwet was dat een deel van het ondernemersrisico bij de werknemers kwam te liggen. Bij economische tegenwind waren het niet de ondernemers die pijn leden, nee het waren de flexibele werknemers die de tegenwind voelden. Contracten werden niet verlengd en uitzendkrachten werden naar huis gestuurd.Het was ook de tijd waarin werknemers ineens verantwoordelijk werden voor hun eigen employabiliteit. De baangarantie voor het leven verviel en om employabel te worden moesten werknemers ineens gaan investeren in hun eigen employabiliteit. Niet langer was de werkgever verantwoordelijk voor het wel en wee van de werknemer, zoals in een verder verleden de paternalistische werkgevers dat voelden, maar was de werknemer zelf verantwoordelijk voor zijn eigen wel en wee. De zorgplicht werd deels afgeschoven op de werknemer.Maar dit is nog niet alles. Ook de arbeidsvoorwaarden zijn een stuk flexibeler geworden en ook daardoor is een deel van het ondernemersrisico bij de werknemers komen te liggen. Sinds de jaren tachtig zijn in meer en meer bedrijven verschillende vormen van prestatiebeloning ingevoerd. Bij deze systemen hangt de beloning van de werknemer af van zijn prestatie. Maar de prestaties van de werknemers zijn afhankelijk van de stand van de conjunctuur. In hoogtijdagen gaat alles van een leien dakje, terwijl je in laagtijdagen nog zo goed je best kunt doen en toch de beloning misloopt. Bij dergelijke beloningssystemen wordt impliciet een deel van het ondernemersrisico bij de werknemer gelegd.Deze ontwikkelingen, volgehouden loonmatiging, flexibilisering van de arbeidsrelatie, employability van werknemers, flexibilisering van de arbeidsvoorwaarden, hebben ertoe geleid dat de arbeidsinkomensquote gestaag is gedaald. Werkgevers zijn er steeds beter in geslaagd zich een groter deel van het inkomen toe te eigenen. Risico’s werden beetje bij beetje, stap voor stap, afgeschoven op de werknemers. Het lijkt wel alsof werkgevers nauwelijks nog hoeven te ondernemen om goed beloond te worden.En werkgevers geven nog meer geluiden af. Het ontslagrecht moet worden versoepeld. De voorzitter van de FME opperde onlangs in een radio-uitzending helemaal van de cao af te willen. Ook de voorzitter van het MKB laat zich niet ongemoeid. Hij wil af van de toeslagen op het werk in de avond en het weekend. Werkgevers willen concurreren op basis van arbeidsvoorwaarden in plaats van op basis van ondernemerschap. Dat is op lange termijn niet gezond.Het wordt tijd dat de vakbonden de arbeidsinkomensquote weer gaan ontdekken en weer als leidraad gaan gebruiken voor loononderhandelingen. Waar is de tijd dat de loonruimte gelijkstond aan de inflatie plus de ontwikkelingen in arbeidsproductiviteit? Dat is lang geleden. Vanaf de jaren tachtig hebben werknemers ingeleverd. Het wordt tijd dat om te draaien.