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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Choice functions'
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Georgescu, Irina. "Fuzzy choice functions a revealed preference approach." Berlin Heidelberg Springer, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68998-0.
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Huntley, Nathan. "Sequential decision making for choice functions on gambles." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/923/.
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Choice functions on gambles (uncertain rewards) provide a framework for studying diverse preference and uncertainty models. For single decisions, applying a choice function is straightforward. In sequential problems, where the subject has multiple decision points, it is less easy. One possibility, called a normal form solution, is to list all available strategies (specifications of acts to take in all eventualities). This reduces the problem to a single choice between gambles. We primarily investigate three appealing behaviours of these solutions. The first, subtree perfectness, requires that the solution of a sequential problem, when restricted to a sub-problem, yields the solution to that sub-problem. The second, backward induction, requires that the solution of the problem can be found by working backwards from the final stage of the problem, removing everything judged non-optimal at any stage. The third, locality, applies only to special problems such as Markov decision processes, and requires that the optimal choice at each stage (considered separately from the rest of the problem) forms an optimal strategy. For these behaviours, we find necessary and sufficient conditions on the choice function. Showing that these hold is much easier than proving the behaviour from first principles. It also leads to answers to related questions, such as the relationship between the normal form and another popular form of solution, the extensive form. To demonstrate how these properties can be checked for particular choice functions, and how the theory can be easily extended to special cases, we investigate common choice functions from the theory of coherent lower previsions.
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Agyeman, Jonathan. "On the choice of scoring functions for forecast comparisons." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61318.
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Forecasting of risk measures is an important part of risk management for financial institutions. Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall are two commonly used risk measures and accurately predicting these risk measures enables financial institutions to plan adequately for possible losses. Point forecasts from different methods can be compared using consistent scoring functions, provided the underlying functional to be forecasted is elicitable. It has been shown that the choice of a scoring function from the family of consistent scoring functions does not influence the ranking of forecasting methods as long as the underlying model is correctly specified and nested information sets are used. However, in practice, these conditions do not hold, which may lead to discrepancies in the ranking of methods under different scoring functions.
We investigate the choice of scoring functions in the face of model misspecification, parameter estimation error and nonnested information sets. We concentrate on the family of homogeneous consistent scoring functions for Value-at-Risk and the pair of Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall and identify conditions required for existence of the expectation of these scoring functions. We also assess the finite-sample properties of the Diebold-Mario Test, as well as examine how these scoring functions penalize for over-prediction and under-prediction with the aid of simulation studies.<br>Science, Faculty of<br>Statistics, Department of<br>Graduate
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Ramesh, Dhruv. "Optimal versus naive diversification : do different loss functions improve portfolio choice?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123569.
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Thesis: M. Fin., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Master of Finance Program, 2019<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (page 55).<br>I estimate the out-of-sample performance of the equal weight, minimum variance and mean-variance model portfolios in different settings. In each setting, I vary the loss function used when estimating returns and covariances, length of the estimation window, and number of factors used in our estimation model. I find that when measuring performance by Sharpe ratio, choice of loss function strongly influences whether the mean-variance model portfolio outperforms the equal weight or minimum variance portfolio, and that the optimal loss function depends on the length of the estimation window and the dimension of the return model. It appears that we don't gain much by using more factors. The 3-factor model does a pretty good job based on Sharpe ratio, and the results are consistently the best for MVO(10). With more factors, it seems clear that we need longer estimation windows, but even then we do not gain anything in terms of Sharpe Ratio. However, when measuring performance by the certainty-equivalent return, I find that the mean-variance model portfolio does not outperform the minimum variance portfolio or the equal weight portfolio in any setting. This suggests that choosing a loss function carefully is imperative to managing estimation errors and that an investor's utility preferences and attitude towards risk should be taken into account when choosing a measure of performance.<br>by Dhruv Ramesh.<br>M. Fin.<br>M.Fin. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Master of Finance Program
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Dixon, James William Blair. "Rings of semi-algebraic functions on the line." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/rings-of-semialgebraic-functions-on-the-line(a5ec78af-26f4-4770-816f-32a6fcfbde0f).html.
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Smith, Travis Ray. "Conditional Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Review and Investigation of Terminal Link Stimulus Functions." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/916.
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Three experiments arranged a concurrent chained schedule that probabilistically arranged reinforcement or extinction. In Experiments 1 and 2, the probability of obtaining food in the terminal link period, following a given left or right lever choice, was the complement of the probability that the initial link choice would produce a transition to the terminal link. Also, the probability of reinforcement in the terminal link was either signaled or unsignaled, depending upon condition. In Experiment 1, a steady-state environment kept the relative probabilities of reinforcement constant within-session and Experiment 2 varied the relative probabilities of reinforcement within-session. Experiment 3 arranged equal rates of terminal link transition to either a signaled-reinforcement or an unsignaled-reinforcement terminal link. The location of the signaled option and the relative probabilities of reinforcement changed within-session. The signaled option produced either a reinforcement-correlated terminal link stimulus (i.e., conditional reinforcement) or an extinction-correlated terminal link stimulus. The unsignaled alternative produced the same terminal link stimulus regardless of the outcome. Overall, Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that rats frequently favor the option providing higher rates of terminal link transition at the expense of the probability of terminal link unconditional reinforcement. However, in Experiment 2, this tendency was reduced when the probabilities of reinforcement were signaled, suggesting weak control by conditional reinforcement. Experiment 3 did not show preference for the reinforcement-correlated signaled option in rats. Rather, it appears overall preference was controlled by an avoidance of the extinction-correlated option.
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Das, Chhandita. "Investigating ways to improve discrete choice methods in assessing individual preference functions with greater reliability and accuracy /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2007. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3284822.
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Slezak, Jonathan Michael. "Effects of variable training, signaled and unsignaled delays, and [delta]-amphetamine on delay-discounting functions obtained within session." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5650.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 52 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-48).
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Robinson, Leslie J. "Females, functions and finite women's use of group mathematics tutoring and its impact on major choice /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3290753.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Education, 2007.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-11, Section: A, page: 4633. Advisers: Edward P. St. John; Don Hossler. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 21, 2008).
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Besser, Tim. "Exploring agricultural structure as a determinant for social and aesthetic functions of agricultural production." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17747.
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Diese Dissertation untersucht verschiedene soziale sowie landschaftsästhetische Funktionen der Landwirtschaft in strukturell gegensätzlichen Agrarsystemen. In der Untersuchung wird hierfür stets ein von kleinen Familienbetrieben dominiertes System mit einem stärker großstrukturierten, gewerblichen System verglichen. Die Arbeitszufriedenheit der Landwirte sowie ihre soziale Vernetzung mit der lokalen Gemeinde wurden im Vergleich zwischen dem kleinbäuerlichen Schweizer und dem großbetrieblichen nordostdeutschen System analysiert. Mittels Choice Experimenten wurden in der Schweiz und in Süddeutschland (d.h. kleinbäuerliche Systeme) sowie in Ostdeutschland (d.h. großstruktiertes, gewerbliches System) zudem Bevölkerungspräferenzen für Agrarlandschaften und damit die ästhetische Funktion der Landwirtschaft untersucht. Unter Berücksichtigung der Betriebsstruktur (z.B. Betriebsgröße) sind Schweizer Bauern zufriedener mit ihrer Arbeit als nordostdeutsche. Das Betriebseinkommen ist für nordostdeutsche Bauern signifikant wichtiger für die Arbeitszufriedenheit als für die Schweizer Kollegen. Besonders für Schweizer Bauern spielt die Betriebsdiversifizierung eine positive Rolle für die Zufriedenheit, z.B. die Vielfalt der Produktionszweige oder nicht-landwirtschaftliche Betriebszweige wie Agrotourismus. Auch haben Schweizer Bauern und solche kleinerer Betriebe mehr Bezug zu ihrer lokalen Gemeinde durch lokal fokussierte soziale Netzwerke. Betriebsleiter größerer Betriebe sind hauptsächlich außerhalb der Gemeinden vernetzt und fühlen sich diesen weniger zugehörig. Zudem stärkt ein biographischer Bezug zum Hof die Verbindung mit der Gemeinde. Die Mehrheit der befragten Schweizer und Ostdeutschen ist zudem für qualitative Veränderungen der Agrarlandschaften (d.h. mehr Weiden zur Freilandhaltung, Streuobstwiesen und höhere Biodiversität). Waldrückgange sowie Schlaggrößenveränderungen landwirtschaftlicher oder forstlicher Flächen werden nahezu einheitlich abgelehnt.<br>This dissertation investigates different social functions of agriculture as well as landscape aesthetics in farming systems of different agricultural structures. Throughout the whole project farming systems dominated by small family farms and large-scale farming systems dominated by commercial non-family farms (e.g. cooperatives) were compared. Farmers’ work satisfaction and their connection to the local community were examined in the small-scaled Swiss system and in the larger scaled Northeast (NE) German one. Public landscape preferences were derived using choice experiments in Switzerland and South Germany, representing small-scale systems, as well as in East Germany, representing a large-scaled one, to explore agriculture‘s aesthetic function. Swiss farmers are more satisfied with their agricultural work if for effects of farm structure (e.g. farm size) is controlled for. Farm income plays a significantly more important role for the work satisfaction of NE German farmers than for that of Swiss ones. Especially for Swiss farmers, farm diversification plays an important role, for example through a diversity of production lines or through non-agricultural activities like agrotourism. Further results show that Swiss farmers and farmers of smaller farms are more connected to their local communities through more locally focused social networks. Farmers of larger farms have their networks farther away from the farm and a weaker sense of belonging to their local community. A biographical bond to the farm also strenghtens the connection to the local community. Concerning public landscape preferences the majority of the Swiss and East German respondents generally prefers qualitative changes to landscapes (i.e. meadows for free range animal husbandry, meadow orchards and more biodiversity). Forest loss or changes in plot sizes of agricultural land and forests are nearly uniformly rejected in all regions.
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Alves, Matheus. "Social training : aprendizado semi supervisionado utilizando funções de escolha social." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/169887.
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Dada a grande quantidade de dados gerados atualmente, apenas uma pequena porção dos mesmos pode ser rotulada manualmente por especialistas humanos. Isso é um desafio comum para aplicações de aprendizagem de máquina. Aprendizado semi-supervisionado aborda este problema através da manipulação dos dados não rotulados juntamente aos dados rotulados. Entretanto, se apenas uma quantidade limitada de exemplos rotulados está disponível, o desempenho da tarefa de aprendizagem de máquina (e.g., classificação) pode ser não satisfatória. Diversas soluções abordam este problema através do uso de uma ensemble de classificadores, visto que essa abordagem aumenta a diversidade dos classificadores. Algoritmos como o co-training e o tri-training utilizam múltiplas partições de dados ou múltiplos algoritmos de aprendizado para melhorar a qualidade da classificação de instâncias não rotuladas através de concordância por maioria simples. Além disso, existem abordagens que estendem esta ideia e adotam processos de votação menos triviais para definir os rótulos, como eleição por maioria ponderada, por exemplo. Contudo, estas soluções requerem que os rótulos possuam um certo nível de confiança para serem utilizados no treinamento. Consequentemente, nem toda a informação disponível é utilizada. Por exemplo: informações associadas a níveis de confiança baixos são totalmente ignoradas. Este trabalho propõe uma abordagem chamada social-training, que utiliza toda a informação disponível na tarefa de aprendizado semi-supervisionado. Para isto, múltiplos classificadores heterogêneos são treinados com os dados rotulados e geram diversas classificações para as mesmas instâncias não rotuladas. O social-training, então, agrega estes resultados em um único rótulo por meio de funções de escolha social que trabalham com agregação de rankings sobre as instâncias. Especificamente, a solução trabalha com casos de classificação binária. Os resultados mostram que trabalhar com o ranking completo, ou seja, rotular todas as instâncias não rotuladas, é capaz de reduzir o erro de classificação para alguns conjuntos de dados da base da UCI utilizados.<br>Given the huge quantity of data currently being generated, just a small portion of it can be manually labeled by human experts. This is a challenge for machine learning applications. Semi-supervised learning addresses this problem by handling unlabeled data alongside labeled ones. However, if only a limited quantity of labeled examples is available, the performance of the machine learning task (e.g., classification) can be very unsatisfactory. Many solutions address this issue by using a classifier ensemble because this increases diversity. Algorithms such as co-training and tri-training use multiple views or multiple learning algorithms in order to improve the classification of unlabeled instances through simple majority agreement. Also, there are approaches that extend this idea and adopt less trivial voting processes to define the labels, like weighted majority voting. Nevertheless, these solutions require some confidence level on the label in order to use it for training. Hence, not all information is used, i.e., information associated with low confidence level is disregarded completely. An approach called social-training is proposed, which uses all information available in the semi-supervised learning task. For this, multiple heterogeneous classifiers are trained with the labeled data and generate diverse classifications for the same unlabeled instances. Social-training then aggregates these results into a single label by means of social choice functions that work with rank aggregation over the instances. The solution addresses binary classification cases. The results show that working with the full ranking, i.e., labeling all unlabeled instances, is able to reduce the classification error for some UCI data sets used.
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Radzevičienė, Sonata. "Daugiavaikių šeimų vaikų profesinio kryptingumo ugdymo ypatumai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120613_145428-25844.
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Tyrimo problema siejama su tuo, kad visuomenėje formuojasi nuomonė, jog daugiavaikės šeimos nesugeba pasirūpinti vaikų išsilavinimu, vaikai orientuojami į žemos kvalifikacijos reikalaujančias profesijas, daugiavaikių šeimų kūrimosi motyvacinėje sistemoje dominuoja ekonominiai veiksniai (socialinių pašalpų gavimo galimybės).
Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti daugiavaikių šeimų vaikų profesinio kryptingumo ugdymo ypatumus ir jų rengimą karjerai.
Tyrimo uždaviniai:
1. Atlikti daugiavaikių šeimų vaikų profesinio kryptingumo ugdymo ir rengimo karjerai mokslinės literatūros apžvalgą.
2. Ištirti ir išanalizuoti vaikų profesinio kryptingumo ugdymo ir rengimo karjerai ypatumus socialiai remtinose, sėkmingose ir socialinės rizikos daugiavaikėse šeimose.
Tyrimo objektas – daugiavaikių šeimų vaikų profesinio kryptingumo ugdymo ypatumai.
Tyrimo metodas – mokslinės literatūros analizė ir sintezė, daugiavaikių šeimų kokybinio fenomenologinio tyrimo rezultatų analizė (tyrimo tipas – kokybinis fenomenologinis: aprašomasis, refleksyvus, interpretacinis tyrimas, kurio pagalba ištiriama žmonių patirčių/patyrimų esmė). Tyrimo duomenų surinkimui pasirinktas pusiau struktūruoto interviu būdas. Respondentų demografiniai duomenys apdoroti kompiuterine programa Microsoft Excel (kiekybinio tyrimo metodas).
Tyrimo rezultatai:
Ištyrus ir išanalizavus daugiavaikių šeimų vaikų profesinio kryptingumo ugdymo ir rengimo karjerai veiksnius kokybinio ir kiekybinio tyrimo metodų pagalba buvo nustatyta, kad:... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The research problem associated with the fact that public opinion is formed that large families unable to care for children education, children are focused on low-skilled occupations, with many families motivation creation system is dominated by economic factors (the possibility of obtaining social security benefits).
The aim of work families with many children to investigate direction of vocational education, and peculiarities of their training career.
Tasks of research:
1. Make large families of children in vocational education and training direction career literature review.
2. Investigate and analyze the direction of professional children's education and training career features marginalized, successful and social risk in large families.
Object of research: families with many children in vocational education directional features.
Methods of research: literature analysis and synthesis of large families qualitative phenomenological analysis of the results (type of test - qualitative phenomenological: descriptive, reflective, interpretive study examined the help of which people experience / experiences of the essence). The study of data collection selected semi-structured interview method. Respondents' demographic data were processed in Microsoft Excel software program (quantitative method).
Results of researches:
Examination and analysis of families with many children in vocational education and training direction career qualitative and quantitative research methods, it... [to full text]
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Andersson, Malena. "The Controversial "Language Choice English"." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-32846.
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Examensarbetet handar om språkval Engelska. Mitt intresse väcktes när jag erfor detta kontroversiella ämne som lärarstuderande. Meningen med ämnet är att det är en hjälp för elever som inte klarar av att studera ytterligare ett språk och för elever som behöver extra stöd i engelska. Ämnet har dock misskötts då många elever väljer ämnet utav lathet eller utav taktiska skäl. Iden med att endast låta de elever som som verkligen behöver extra stöd i engelska har förlorats. Jag har utfört intervjuermed sex olika lärare på fyra olika skolor angående hur språkval engelska är organiserat. Alla skolor har olika organisationer. Jag använde mig av formella intervjuer. Resultatet av dessa var att organisationen fungerar olika bra på de olika skolorna. Orsakerna till detta är många. På de skolor där det inte fungerar lika bra anges orsaker så som att ämnet har låg status, stora heterogena grupper och lärare och elever som är omotiverade.<br>This dissertation deals with what in Swedish schools is called ”Språkval Engelska”. It will be refered to as Language Choice English in the ongoing text. My interest was aroused after having experienced this controversial subject as a student teacher. I found that different schools work with the subject in different ways. There is no clear syllabus for the subject since the grading is a part of the ordinary English grade. Language Choice English is an option for those who do not want to choose French, German or Spanish as Language Choice. The idea is that the subject is meant for those who cannot cope with yet another language and who need extra support in English. This study shows that not only the so-called weak pupils choose to study Language Choice English. There has been a mismanagement of the subject since so many pupils who are good at English choose it out of convenience and for tactical reasons. The idea of only letting those pupils, who actually need more support choose it, has been lost. Four different secondary schools have been investigated concerning how Language Choice English is organized. I learned that all of these schools have different organizations. The method I used was formal interviews with six different teachers at four different schools. The results of the interviews show that at some schools the subject works well. At other schools it does not. The reasons for this seem to be many. Reasons such as low status of the subject, large and heterogeneous groups and pupils and teachers who are unmotivated can be mentioned.
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Sellitto, Manuela <1983>. "Functional and neural mechanisms of intertemporal choice." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5777/1/Sellitto_Manuela_tesi.pdf.
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People are daily faced with intertemporal choice, i.e., choices differing in the timing of their consequences, frequently preferring smaller-sooner rewards over larger-delayed ones, reflecting temporal discounting of the value of future outcomes. This dissertation addresses two main goals. New evidence about the neural bases of intertemporal choice is provided. Following the disruption of either the medial orbitofrontal cortex or the insula, the willingness to wait for larger-delayed outcomes is affected in odd directions, suggesting the causal involvement of these areas in regulating the value computation of rewards available with different timings. These findings were also supported by a reported imaging study. Moreover, this dissertation provides new evidence about how temporal discounting can be modulated at a behavioral level through different manipulations, e.g., allowing individuals to think about the distant time, pairing rewards with aversive events, or changing their perceived spatial position. A relationship between intertemporal choice, moral judgements and aging is also discussed. All these findings link together to support a unitary neural model of temporal discounting according to which signals coming from several cortical (i.e., medial orbitofrontal cortex, insula) and subcortical regions (i.e., amygdala, ventral striatum) are integrated to represent the subjective value of both earlier and later rewards, under the top-down regulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The present findings also support the idea that the process of outcome evaluation is strictly related to the ability to pre-experience and envision future events through self-projection, the anticipation of visceral feelings associated with receiving rewards, and the psychological distance from rewards. Furthermore, taking into account the emotions and the state of arousal at the time of decision seems necessary to understand impulsivity associated with preferring smaller-sooner goods in place of larger-later goods.
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Sellitto, Manuela <1983>. "Functional and neural mechanisms of intertemporal choice." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5777/.
Full textAbstract:
People are daily faced with intertemporal choice, i.e., choices differing in the timing of their consequences, frequently preferring smaller-sooner rewards over larger-delayed ones, reflecting temporal discounting of the value of future outcomes. This dissertation addresses two main goals. New evidence about the neural bases of intertemporal choice is provided. Following the disruption of either the medial orbitofrontal cortex or the insula, the willingness to wait for larger-delayed outcomes is affected in odd directions, suggesting the causal involvement of these areas in regulating the value computation of rewards available with different timings. These findings were also supported by a reported imaging study. Moreover, this dissertation provides new evidence about how temporal discounting can be modulated at a behavioral level through different manipulations, e.g., allowing individuals to think about the distant time, pairing rewards with aversive events, or changing their perceived spatial position. A relationship between intertemporal choice, moral judgements and aging is also discussed. All these findings link together to support a unitary neural model of temporal discounting according to which signals coming from several cortical (i.e., medial orbitofrontal cortex, insula) and subcortical regions (i.e., amygdala, ventral striatum) are integrated to represent the subjective value of both earlier and later rewards, under the top-down regulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The present findings also support the idea that the process of outcome evaluation is strictly related to the ability to pre-experience and envision future events through self-projection, the anticipation of visceral feelings associated with receiving rewards, and the psychological distance from rewards. Furthermore, taking into account the emotions and the state of arousal at the time of decision seems necessary to understand impulsivity associated with preferring smaller-sooner goods in place of larger-later goods.
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Letsou, Christina. "Preferences for Randomization in Social Choice:." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108719.
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Thesis advisor: Uzi Segal<br>This dissertation consists of three chapters analyzing preferences for randomization in social choice problems. The first two chapters are related and in the fields of distributive justice and social choice. They concern allocation of an indivisible good in social choice problems where efficiency is at odds with equality. The last chapter addresses a social choice problem from an individual's perspective using decision theoretical analysis. In this dissertation I demonstrate why randomization may be an attractive policy in social choice problems and demonstrate how individuals may have preferences over the precise method of randomization. The first chapter is titled "Live and Let Die." This paper discusses how to allocate an indivisible good by social lottery when agents have asymmetric claims. Intuition suggests that there may exist agents who should receive zero probability in the optimal social lottery. In such a case, I say that these agents have weak claims to the good. This paper uses a running example of allocating an indivisible medical treatment to individuals with different survival rates and reactions to the treatment in order to provide conditions for consistency of weak claims. As such, I develop two related assumptions on a social planner's preferences over lotteries. The first -- survival rate scaling -- states that if an individual has a weak claim, then his claim is also weak when survival rates increase proportionally. The second -- independence of weak claims -- states that if an individual has a weak claim, then his removal does not affect others' probabilities of receiving the treatment. These assumptions imply that a compatible social welfare function must exhibit constant elasticity of substitution, which results in potentially-degenerate weighted lotteries. The second chapter is titled "Why is Six Afraid of Seven? Bringing the "Numbers" to Economics." This chapter discusses the numbers problem: the question of if the numbers of people involved should be used to determine whether to help certain people or to help certain other people. I discuss the main solutions that have been proposed: flipping a coin, saving the greater number, and proportionally weighted lotteries. Using the economic tools of social choice, I then show how the model of the previous chapter, "Live and Let Die," can be extended to address numbers problems and compare the implications of prominent social welfare functions for numbers problems. I argue that potentially-degenerate weighted lotteries can assuage the main concerns discussed in the literature and I show that both the Nash product social welfare function as well as constant elasticity of substitution (CES) social welfare functions are compatible with this solution. Finally, I discuss a related problem known as "probability cases," in which individuals differ in survival chances rather than numbers of individuals at risk. When the model is extended to allow for both asymmetries in survival chances and numbers of individuals in groups, CES results in potentially-degenerate weighted lotteries whereas Nash product does not. The third chapter is titled "All Probabilities are Equal, but Some Probabilities are More Equal than Others," which is joint work with Professor Uzi Segal of the Economics Department at Boston College and Professor Shlomo Naeh of the Departments of Talmud and Jewish Thought at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In this chapter we compare preferences for different procedures of selecting people randomly. A common procedure for selecting people is to have them draw balls from an urn in turn. Modern and ancient stories (for example, by Graham Greene and the Talmud) suggest that such a lottery may not be viewed by the individuals as "fair.'' In this paper, we compare this procedure with several alternatives. These procedures give all individuals equal chance of being selected, but have different structures. We analyze these procedures as multi-stage lotteries. In line with previous literature, our analysis is based on the observation that multi-stage lotteries are not considered indifferent to their probabilistic one-stage representations. As such, we use a non-expected utility model to understand the preferences of risk-averse individuals over these procedures and show that they may be not indifferent between them<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Economics
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Schlenker-Korb, Rebecca Gail. "EFFECTS OF CHOICE AND NO CHOICE OF PREFERRED ENGAGMENT STIMULI TASKS ON THE OFF-TASK BEHAVIOR OF." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1465.
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Problem behavior, such as off &ndash - &ndash task behavior, is one of the most commonly cited challenges competing with school readiness skills for young children with disabilities. This study demonstrated how a functional behavior assessment can be conducted in a school setting to determine the functional relation between off &ndash - &ndash task behavior and academic engagement stimuli for three kindergarten students at &ndash - &ndash risk of academic failure. Indirect and descriptive behavior assessments were first conducted to determine the hypothesized function of off &ndash - &ndash task behavior. Two experimental functional analysis conditions were then constructed to confirm the hypothesized function. Results demonstrated that when preferred academic engagement stimuli were used during instruction, escape &ndash - &ndash maintained off &ndash - &ndash task behavior decreased substantially. Therefore, the use of preferred stimuli as an instructional support may have abolished the value of escape as reinforcement for off &ndash - &ndash task behavior. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
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Bowen, Neil Evan. "Modelling choice in digital writing : functional revisions and 'texture'." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/97609/.
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In this thesis, the digital writing practices of two 2nd year undergraduates are examined in terms of the functions and structures of their revision activity. Using systemic functional linguistics as an underlying framework, the project takes a first step toward to a dynamic description of written text in functional terms. To date, research into dynamic descriptions of language (i.e. the logogenesis, or unfolding of meaning in a text) has been almost entirely based upon data related to the spoken mode. Furthermore, research into revision activity has tended to ignore the functionality or meaning inherent in such revisions. The existing research has, instead, primarily focused on cognitive processes (for e.g., pause times) or which language structures, such as parts of speech, are more frequently involved in revisions that others. Ultimately, this thesis works toward providing a dynamic description of the language functions and revisions involved in revision activity in two student writers. To do this, it makes use of software called keystroke logging to record how two writers compose four academic essays on their computers. Such technology allows us to model the unfolding of a written text in much the same way as a tape recording allows researchers to model the unfolding of a speech. By examining how these writers revise text in light of academic expectations (a 'valued' configuration of field, tenor, and mode register variables present in language choices) and digital mediation (computer afforded composing practices), the thesis shows how certain language functions and structures may play a key role when it comes to shaping an academic essay. In this light, this thesis takes a first step to providing a dynamic description of what is usually analysed solely in synoptic terms, by showing how we can analyse written text as process (an evolving entity) rather than just a product (a static entity). Because of this, a new model of analysis – a combination of keystroke data and functional systemics – is proposed, which can provide an additional perspective to the already existing methods of examining writer behaviour by looking at meaning making practices in revision activity.
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Turner, Hannah L. "Quantification of product color preference in a utility function." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2010. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Turner_09007dcc8078c48d.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2010.<br>Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 21, 2010) Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-39).
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Chen, Lily. "The effect of functional role on language choice in newspapers." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1716/.
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Agostino, Camila Silveira. "Time-intervals perception in intertemporal choice." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.
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Zhanlav, Tugal. "Some choices of moments of refinable function and applications." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200601316.
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We propose a recursive formula for moments of scaling function and sum rule. It is shown that some quadrature formulae has a higher degree of accuracy under proposed moment condition. On this basis we obtain higher accuracy formula for wavelet expansion coefficients which are needed to start the fast wavelet transform and estimate convergence rate of wavelet approximation and sampling of smooth functions. We also present a direct algorithm for solving refinement equation.
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Trevisan, Michael S. "Reliability and validity of multiple choice examinations as a function of the number of options per item and student ability /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7925.
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Ferreri, Summer Joy. "Impulsive choice as a function of point of reinforcer delay assessment and intervention /." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1124111025.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 251 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-157). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Vincent, Justin Lee. "Neural Correlates of Subjective Familiarity and Choice Bias during Episodic Memory Judgments." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11022.
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Successful recognition memory decisions depend on mnemonic and decision making processes that are computed by multiple, distributed brain areas. However, little is known about what computations these areas perform or how these areas are connected. Here, I collected behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging data from humans during the performance of an old-new recognition memory task with retrospective confidence judgments. Across runs, choice bias was successfully manipulated by providing rewards for correct responses that were either symmetric (equal reward for hits and correct rejections) or asymmetric (one response worth more than the other). Successful recognition memory was associated with activation in anterior prefrontal, parahippocampal, posterior cingulate, and parietal cortex. Resting state functional connectivity demonstrated that these brain areas are organized into two distinct networks. The first network includes parahippocampal cortex and angular gyrus. The second network includes lateral prefrontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus. The hippocampal-cortical network was most active during old vs. new decisions, did not differentiate hits from false alarms, and was differentially active during low confidence old and new judgments. In contrast, while the frontoparietal network was robustly activated by hits, it was not activated during either false alarms or low confidence old judgments. Thus, these two distinct networks can be distinguished by their relative connectivity to the medial temporal lobe vs. lateral prefrontal cortex and their responses during uncertain old judgments and errors. The choice bias manipulation had opposing effects on the parietal components of these networks, which further suggests these networks make distinct contributions to mnemonic decision making.<br>Psychology
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Onitsuka, Yukiko. "Teachers’ Language Choices and Functions in Japanese as a Foreign Language Classroom Instruction." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535704466237068.
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Nastally, Becky Lynn. "Functional Investigation Of and Treatment Strategies for the Near Miss Effect in Gamblers." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/202.
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The current set of experiments sought to address a variable involved in slot machine gambling that has been termed the near-miss effect. In the present paper, the conceptual underpinnings of this `effect' were examined from a behavioral as well as a non-behavioral psychological perspective. The experiments and rationale for conducting them were prefaced with an in-depth analysis of problem gambling in general including prevalence, demographics, etiology, assessment, and treatment. A comprehensive review of behavioral analytic investigations on gambling in the areas of programmed contingencies, structural features, verbal behavior, the near miss effect, and treatment components was also presented. In terms of the empirical analyses, Experiments 1 and 2 examined the near miss effect as measured by response allocation to concurrently available simulated slot machines in non-pathological gamblers. The results of these studies indicated that verbal rule formation, only when it was presented through multiple exemplars, was significant enough to override programmed contingencies as well as near miss outcomes. Experiments 3 and 4 incorporated participants with a history of problem gambling and sought to reduce the verbal rule involved in the near miss effect through varying treatment strategies associated with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Experiment 3 demonstrated that one process of ACT was not sufficient in suppressing this behavior however, Experiment 4 showed that a brief ACT intervention incorporating all of its core processes was successful in treating the near miss effect. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of a functional approach to the treatment of problem gambling and future extensions of this research are offered.
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Boni, Nadia. "Self-esteem as a function of traditional and non-traditional vocational choice and its correlates /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SPS/09spsb715.pdf.
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Van, Norman Renee Koehler. "The effects of functional communication training, choice making, and an adjusting work schedule on problem behavior maintained by negative reinforcement." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1124121028.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, xii, 260 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-195). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Boga, Verena. "Choice making to promote physical activity in young children." Scholarly Commons, 2015. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/284.
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Physical activity is essential for children and adults to counteract the negative health outcomes related to a sedentary lifestyle. Despite widely publicized recommendation and information about physical activity the problem of excessive physically inactivity prevails in our society. The purpose of this study was to conduct a context functional analysis to identify outdoor activity contexts that engendered higher levels of MVPA and to adopt Dunlap, DePerczel, Clarke, Wilson, Wright, White, and Gomes’ (1994) methodology by utilizing an ABAB reversal design to determine if choice making influences levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in six preschool-aged children. Results of the context functional analysis showed that fixed equipment and open space engendered highest levels of MVPA in most participants. Levels of MVPA in the reversal design indicated that choice did not significantly influence levels of MVPA and that healthy and unhealthy choices varied between and within participants. These results suggest that related to levels of MVPA the type of outdoor activity context chosen is more important than the individual who chooses it.
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Petersen, Hans-Georg. "Income taxation and the choice of the tax rate schedule : sacrifice principles and "just" tax rates." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5392/.
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In the history of economic thoughts the problem of a "just" tax rate structure has played an important role. The paper reconsiders the discussions of the last two centuries and sheds additional light on the concrete tax schedules using the more recent methods of tax theory. Even if the substitution effects which play an important role in the theory of optimal taxation are neglected, the slope in the diminishing marginal utility of income causes tax rate structures reaching from accelerated progression to delayed regression. Interestingly the principle of equal relative sacrifice combined with a Bernoulli utility function yields a delayed progression, which is connected with a negative income tax.
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Pedersen, Brenda Dawn. "Structure-function studies of the carnitine/choline acyltransferase family." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0005701.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Florida, 2004.<br>Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 112 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Speller, Lassiter Freeman M. A. "Cardiac Vagal Tone & Attentional Control Settings in Adaptive Choice." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu161009387533925.
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Franceschin, Chiara <1989>. "Internationalization choices of Italian enterprises: competing in Chinese functional goods market." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/5311.
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Asian emerging countries are changing the way the world does business. As the history taught us, the world economy is constantly moving toward new directions and new challenges and opportunities are open. In order to survive in a chaotic and uncertain environment, companies have to be able to "ride the wave", following the rules dictated by the economy.
Today, at a time when developed countries face slower economic growth and market saturation, Asian continent is radically changing its economic and social structure. Their economies are changing the past rules, becoming not just places for lower production costs but places to sell Western goods. Their fast-growing cities are filled with millions increasingly prosperous consumers, who are providing a new growth market for global corporations.
In this context, China is becoming a good opportunity for a large number of Italian SMEs. All the opportunities it can offer can be expressed by an ancient Chinese proverb: "The vase worth what it can contain". China represents an important potential market for manufactured goods and services and it is becoming attractive for Western businesses for a huge variety of industries, thanks to its size in terms of population, land and the emergent generation of middle class people.
In the first chapter, starting from an overview of the main drivers of economic development (the role of government and the main changes are affecting Chinese society), we will analyze the main opportunities for Italian companies, focusing on their internationalization choices and why Chinese consumer buys made in Italy products. In the second chapter, we will focus our analysis on the purchasing behavior and consumption pattern of durable goods in China. In the third chapter we will present our analysis related to the functional goods market in China, focusing on the laundry care industry. We will analyze point of force and weaknesses of Italian companies operating in functional goods market and if they can success in Chinese market.
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O'Leary, Allison. "Voluntary Task Switching in Children and Adults: Individual Differences in the Facilitative Effect of Choice." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1398866891.
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Lo, Charles. "FUNCTIONAL PRIORITIES IN PERSONS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY: USING DISCRETE CHOICE EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE PREFERENCES." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16428.
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Sustaining a spinal cord injury (SCI) can profoundly change a person’s life. SCI impacts on many functional areas resulting in muscle paralysis, sensory disturbance and disruption in autonomic control, affecting amongst other body systems bladder, bowel and sexual function, along with secondary health conditions, such as chronic pain. As a consequence, quality of life (QoL) may be affected. It is essential that clinicians and researchers recognize the areas that patients perceive as important to their QoL and daily functioning. The major aim of this thesis is to determine preferences for key health functions as identified by previous literature. Secondary aims include; determining trade-offs participants are willing to make between these health functions, determining the influence of socio-demographic, injury and psychometric characteristics on health function priorities, to explore cultural differences between Australia and the United States and to determine the community/societal perspectives of disability. The study examined two groups of participants. N=151 SCI participants and N=151 able bodied participants. A survey research design was used. The findings of the study show that all five functional health priorities returned positive b-coefficients, indicating that the participants were favouring a return to normal function over the alternative of impaired function. The order of importance of the five functions was: arm/hand, bladder/bowel, walking, pain and sexual function. The findings from the societal group had different preferences to the SCI group. The order of importance of the functions was pain, bladder/bowel, walking, and sexual function. The differences in preferences between an AB group compared with the SCI group were studied, revealing the influence that unfamiliarity with disability has on perceived preferences and viewpoints concerning health priority functions.
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Tabu, Hayato. "Functional relevance of pre-supplementary motor areas for the choice to stop during Stop signal task." Kyoto University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/151918.
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Bussière, Miguel. "Metabolism and function of choline and sphingolipids in rat sympathetic neurons." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22959.pdf.
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Hansen, Silva Erwin Guillermo. "Nonlinear conditional risk-neutral density estimation in discrete time with applications to option pricing, risk preference measurement and portfolio choice." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/nonlinear-conditional-riskneutral-density-estimation-in-discrete-time-with-applications-to-option-pricing-risk-preference-measurement-and-portfolio-choice(0369c1bb-0873-42c8-a0cf-d18356b3643e).html.
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In this thesis, we study the estimation of the nonlinear conditionalrisk-neutral density function (RND) in discrete time. Specifically, weevaluate the extent to which the estimated nonlinear conditional RNDvaluable insights to answer relevant economic questions regarding to optionpricing, the measurement of invertors' preferences and portfolio choice.We make use of large dataset of options contracts written on the S&P 500index from 1996 to 2011, to estimate the parameters of the conditional RNDfunctions by minimizing the squared option pricing errors delivered by thenonlinear models studied in the thesis.In the first essay, we show that a semi-nonparametric option pricing modelwith GARCH variance outperforms several benchmarks models in-sample andout-of-sample. In the second essay, we show that a simple two-state regimeswitching model in volatility is not able to fully account for the pricingkernel and the risk aversion puzzle; however, it provides a reasonablecharacterisation of the time-series properties of the estimated riskaversion.In the third essay, we evaluate linear stochastic discount factormodels using an out-of-sample financial metric. We find that multifactormodels outperform the CAPM when this metric is used, and that modelsproducing the best fit in-sample are also those exhibiting the bestperformance out-of-sample.
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Dickerson, Anne E. "The effect of familiarity of task and choice on the functional performance of young and old adults." FIU Digital Commons, 1994. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2809.
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An experiment was conducted to compare the functional performance of young and old adults on familiar and unfamiliar tasks under two conditions of perceived control. Specifically, the relation between age and motor and process skills was examined. The familiar tasks were simple cooking tasks, whereas the unfamiliar tasks were contrived, meaningless tasks developed for this study. Young and old did not differ in the ratings of the familiarity of the tasks, but results from two Age by Task by Choice ANOVAs demonstrated a significant age difference for motor and process skills under all conditions. For the process skill scale, there was also a significant main effect for choice. This suggests that older adults demonstrate age-related decline even with activities that take motivational, experiential, and ecological validity components into account. Results also support the concept that perceived control can improve performance, but not differentially for older adults; that is, young and old adults both demonstrated improved performance when given their choice of tasks.
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Ahn, Tae-hong. "An investigation of the impact of symbolic-image congruence and functional-image congruence on tourists' destination choice." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843296/.
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This study is concerned with how the Symbolic and Functional Congruencies predict consumer behaviour. It focuses on the methodology for constructing an appropriate scale. In the case of Symbolic Congruence, though Self-Congruence constructs have received some examination in the past, little or nothing has been written about the concept of Lifestyle Congruence and ways to measure it. The present study is intended to bridge the gap in the literature by establishing these constructs conceptually and empirically. Two empirical studies were conducted to explore the effects of two Symbolic (Self-image and Lifestyle image) Congruencies and Functional congruence on customers' travel behaviours, focusing specifically on the choice of their holiday destinations. The objective of Study One was to assess the usefulness, applicability and validity of the Self-Congruence and Functional Congruence theory in predicting tourist choice of destinations. In Study One, the degree of Self-Congruence was assessed by the direct and global method. To collect the data, the study was conducted with a convenience sample and a face-to-face administered questionnaire survey is performed. The sample consisted of 367 British residents. The data were analysed through a factor analysis and a multinomial logistic regression analysis. The main findings of Study One demonstrate that a tourist's choice of a vacation destination is strongly predicted by Functional Congruence. Conversely, Self-Congruence has no significant effects on tourists' choice behaviour and the results do not support previous studies. As a result of these findings, the issues relating to the measurement of Symbolic congruence (Self-Congruence) were clarified and the methodology for the research was refined. Study Two adopted Lifestyle Congruence scales. The objective of this study was to assess the relevance of Lifestyle Congruence and Functional Congruence in explaining tourist choice of destinations. To achieve this goal, the research substantiated the dimensions of both congruencies and established the content of the dimensions. By the same token, the Lifestyle Congruence and Functional Congruence dimensions were examined to assess their usefulness in predicting the tourists' destination choice. In Study Two, the degree of Lifestyle Congruence was assessed by the direct and dimension-based method. The same data collection and data analysis methods used in Study One were performed and the sample consisted of 419 British residents. The empirical findings of Study Two reveal that the Functional Congruence for the destination is defined as four underlying dimensions, Basic Tourists Facilities, Natural Environment, Heritages and Cultural Attractions, and Entertainment, while the Lifestyle Congruence for the destination is defined as a single dimension. Actual Lifestyle Image. Furthermore, the key findings of Study Two show that a tourist's choice of a vacation destination is more strongly predicted by Functional Congruence than by Lifestyle Congruence and that Lifestyle Congruence has significant effects on the tourists' choice behaviour. In addition, theoretical contribution, managerial implications and future research directions based on the findings are provided at the end.
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Jabur, Rafael Hernandez. "Teorema de Arrow-Sen e teoria da escolha fuzzy." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45132/tde-03102017-172807/.
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Racionalidade é um importante tema para a economia e qualquer outra área que se dedica à tomada de decisão. Ao longo do século XX, economistas deram diferentes definições do que seria um comportamento racional. Tais definições foram formalizadas matematicamente e, mediante uma hipótese plausível, mostradas equivalentes no teorema de Arrow- Sen. Após o surgimento da teoria de conjuntos fuzzy, diferentes autores se debruçaram na expansão através da matemática fuzzy de tais definições e equivalências. Este trabalho retoma o histórico dessas definições e a passagem da formalização clássica para a fuzzy. Também expõe resultados obtidos com provas alternativas e exemplos que mostram as limitações das equivalências numa abordagem sob a ótica da teoria de conjuntos fuzzy.<br>Rationality is among the most important subjects in economics and the study of decisionmaking process. Different definitions of what is a rational behavior were given in the 20th century. The Arrow-Sen theorem shows that such definitions are equivalent under a plausible hypothesis. With the development of fuzzy theory, a fuzzy approach to this problem was given by different authors. This work shows this historical development of the definitions and the transition from the classical to the fuzzy view. It also presents the results obtained with alternative proofs and examples that show the limitations of the equivalences in the fuzzy setup.
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Landström, Eva. "To Choose or not to Choose Functional Foods, that is the Question : Swedish Consumers’ and Health-care Professionals’ Attitudes to and Use of Functional Foods." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9350.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate attitudes to functional foods (here defined as foods with health claims) among Swedish consumers and health-care professionals. The aim is also to survey demographics and health interests associated with the consumption of functional foods among Swedish consumers. Finally, the aim is to investigate health-care professionals’ knowledge of and willingness to recommend functional foods to patients. Examples of functional foods used in the studies are probiotic fruit-drinks, probiotic milk-products, cholesterol-lowering spreads and fibre-rich bread with omega-3 fatty acids. Ten focus groups of consumers and three of health-care professionals were conducted. Two questionnaires were also used, one for consumers aged 17-75 years (n=2000) and one for health-care professionals (dieticians, n=100; registered nurses, n=200; physicians, n=200). Almost half of the consumers (48%) and exactly half (50%) of the health-care professionals responded. The consumers wondered whether the functional foods were normal foods or medicines. They considered functional foods unnecessary, unless you suffer from incurable diet-related problems. The consumers were worried that the foods could be used as a compensation for an unhealthy lifestyle. While the consumers in the focus groups were mainly sceptical towards functional foods, these foods are being consumed by those who perceive them as necessary, the health-conscious, the well-educated and people who have noticed effect of the foods. The registered nurses and physicians, in contrast to the dieticians, expressed doubts regarding the claimed effects of the functional foods. The dieticians rated higher knowledge and were more willing to recommend functional foods to patients than were the physicians and, to some extent, the registered nurses. The interviews with the health-care professionals revealed that the dieticians were more positive towards functional foods than the registered nurses and, primarily, the physicians. This was confirmed through the questionnaire. Those, who consumed functional foods, reported high knowledge, and perceived benefits of functional foods, were most likely to recommend these foods to patients.
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Rügamer, David [Verfasser], and Sonja [Akademischer Betreuer] Greven. "Estimation, model choice and subsequent inference: methods for additive and functional regression models / David Rügamer ; Betreuer: Sonja Greven." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1161670874/34.
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DeCaro, Daniel Anthony. "The Cost of Coercion: Decision Utility as a Function of both Decision Procedures and Outcomes." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1281026603.
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Viera, João Manuel Franco. "Análise de modelos de regressão binária com eventos raros." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19273.
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Mestrado em Econometria Aplicada e Previsão<br>Nesta dissertação serão abordadas duas estratégias para lidar com eventos raros em variáveis dependentes binárias: a seleção amostral com base na variável dependente e a aplicação de modelos flexíveis. Enquanto que na primeira estratégia a proporção de eventos raros é inflacionada artificialmente na amostra usada para estimação, na segunda estratégia utilizam-se modelos cuja capacidade de descrição dos dados é potencialmente superior aos modelos binários standard (tipicamente o logit e o probit). Para estudar qual das opções será melhor empiricamente foi realizado um estudo de simulação avaliando vários aspetos destes modelos, como a capacidade preditiva e a dificuldade computacional na sua implementação. Neste estudo observou-se que a estimação dos modelos flexíveis era mais instável, apresentando mais dificuldade na sua implementação. Por outro lado, quando se realiza seleção amostral é necessário ter uma boa dimensão amostral para se notarem os efeitos desta seleção na probabilidade de uma observação pertencer ao conjunto dos uns. Tendo em conta os resultados do estudo de simulação, é recomendado utilizar a seleção amostral com correção, para ter em conta a alteração da probabilidade dos eventos. Recomenda-se, adicionalmente, que a amostra utilizada para a estimação contenha entre 20% a 35% de uns para não se perder informação que possa estar contida no zeros, caso a amostra tenha uma dimensão pequena/média, ou 50% caso se tenha uma amostra com uma grande dimensão.<br>In this dissertation we will address two strategies for dealing with rare events that occur in binary dependent variables: sample selection based on the dependent variable and the application of flexible models. While the first strategy changes the proportion of rare events artificially, the second strategy uses models that, potentially, describe the data more properly than the standard binary models (for example, the logit and the probit). In order to study which of the options will be empirically better, a simulation study was conducted, evaluating several aspects of this models, such as predictive ability and computational difficulty in their execution. In this study, the estimation of flexible models was more unstable, presenting more difficulty in their implementation. On the other hand, when sample selection is performed, it is required a large sample size to observe the effects of this selection on the probability of an observation belonging to the set of events. Taking into account the results of our simulation, it is recommended to use sample selection with correction, to account for the change in the probability of an event. In addition, it is recommended that the sample used for estimation contains between 20% to 35% of occurrences to avoid loosing information that may be contained in the zeros if the sample has a small/medium size, or 50% if a large sample is available.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Ramsey, Michelle L. "Using Function-Based Choice-Making Interventions to Increase Task Completion and Accuracy and to Reduce Problem Behaviors for Students with E/BD." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/epse_diss/69.
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Two choice-making interventions (task sequence and where) were implemented by a classroom teacher to determine the effects on the percentage of task completion, accuracy, and classroom disruption for ten sixth through eighth grade students with E/BD in a residential math classroom using a reversal design. An FBA was conducted to determine the function of disruptive behavior during independent math practice prior to the implementation of the two choice-making interventions. The math teacher provided either choice of task sequence of the independent tasks or choice of where to complete the independent tasks. Results indicate that choice of task sequence matched avoidance-maintained behaviors for two of four participants who exhibited reduced disruptive behaviors and increased task completion and accuracy. Results were mixed for six students with access-maintained behavior. Three of the six students showed decreased disruptive behaviors and increased task completion and accuracy with the hypothesized choice of where intervention. However, three participants decreased overall in disruptive behavior and increased task completion and accuracy; choice of task sequence was the most effective intervention. Future directions for research in choice-making interventions are discussed as well as limitations of the present study.
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Bitzios, Michail. "Using a choice experiment with insights from laddering technique to reveal consumer preferences towards the acceptance of functional foods." Thesis, University of Kent, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590081.
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This research brings together, into one powerful analytical tool, two methodologies, Laddering Technique (L.T.) and Choice Experiment (C.E.), which complement each other nicely, in an 'attempt to examine consumers buying motives in relation to bread. The incentive to explore consumers' "black box" was given by the fact that changes in relation to nutritional issues have become apparent. The case of bread, particularly, attracts the attention of research as a product widely consumed that, however, has not been given much attention by researchers. L.T. approaches the subject from the psychological point of view and explores how people relate products with their personal values. L.T. was implemented so as to gain richer understanding as to how people translate product's characteristics into indicative connotation with respect to themselves. It has also created the basis for the second part of research by informing the attributes used in the C.E. The data was generated with the use of questionnaire that was completed by a small sample of individuals. The results revealed that bread type and the perceived bread healthiness are among the most important aspects consumers consider when buying bread. C.E. was used to examine how the inclusion of a functional ingredient affects consumer attitudes towards bread. An important feature of the C;E. design was the inclusion of the Dutch Eating Behavioural Ouestionnaire (D.E.B.O.) to collect information on participants underlying eating behaviours. The survey instrument employed a single postal mail shot. The results showed - again - that bread type is a major factor in determining choice and that the inclusion of a functional ingredient returned relatively small measures of value. The estimation of a Latent Class Model (L.C.M.) revealed differences in W.T.P. between segments. Also, segment membership can be partly explained by the D.E.B.O. Finally, an important finding is that respondents hold a stronger preference for a simple health statement compared or in addition to the benefits resulting from consuming a product that includes functional ingredients. ii
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Disla, Elba Yanira. "Factors associated with consumers' diet-health consciousness and consumer's choice to buy functional foods in the state of Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1302715874.
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DeBoer, Mary Comfort. "The influence of functional activities and specific curricular domains on choice in the curriculum for learners with severe handicaps." PDXScholar, 1988. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3751.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to examine curricular elements in a sampling of existing programs and their relationship with choice. Three questions were asked within this analysis: (a) What relationship, if any, exists between the functionality of an activity and choice? (b) What relationship, if any, exists between a particular instructional domain and choice? and (c) What relationship., if any, exists between a teacher's judgement of student affect and choice?