Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Choix du stade de développement'
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Piou, Vincent. "Relations entre le parasite Varroa destructor et son hôte l'abeille domestique : étude des facteurs impactant le déroulement du cycle de développement du parasite." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30204.
Full textVarroa destructor is the principal acarian parasite of the honey bee, involved in the phenomenon of colony loss which has been reported worldwide. Since its host shift from Apis cerana to Apis mellifera in the 1970's, chemical treatments have been set up to limit infestation. For many years however, these treatments have been the subject of critical studies both because of the resistance of the parasite to acaricides and of the sensitivity of bees to chemical accumulation in hive matrices. New alternative ways of varroatosis treatment are therefore urgently needed to limit the deleterious effects of the acarian parasitism. However, the search for these alternative therapeutic targets is limited by the lack of a laboratory system to transfer and synchronize the cycles of V. destructor and the honey bee under controlled conditions. The methodological objective of this Phd work was to overcome this issue by developing a method to couple the rearing of honey bee larvae in vitro to the transfer of both the parasite phoretic and reproductive phases (respectively on adults and on pupae) in laboratory conditions. Our system allowed further investigation regarding the impact of variable parameters in the host on several key points of the parasite cycle. The effects of several factors -such as the bee larval nutrition, the length of the phoretic phase, the type of adult bees on which Varroa stays during this phase or the age of pupal development- were studied. The potential impact in the parasite cycle focused mainly on reproductive, behavioural and virulence related parameters. The results obtained from our experiments showed that larval nutrition, tested via the supplementation of the larval food with pollen, had no impact on the reproduction of the parasite but a tendency to influence the weight of the bee, potentially increasing the bee tolerance to some of the symptoms of varroatosis, such as the weight loss. The reproduction of Varroa was not impacted by variations induced in the phoretic phase either. Neither the fertility of the parasite nor the expression of its two vitellogenin genes were impacted by the duration or the age of adults parasitized during the phoretic phase. On the other hand, the length of the stay on adult bees before reproduction positively correlates with the viral loads in the parasite, which explains why varroas experiencing a long phoretic phase induce malformation more frequently in parasitized pupae. Finally, the age of juvenile stages of the honey bees are all attractive to Varroa destructor, although some preferences have been highlighted in our study. If the attraction for 5th instar larvae and newly emerged bees have already been described, the attractions towards the white eyed pupae is a new phenomenon that could be of major importance in the understanding of the parasite cycle. Further analysis to isolate and shed light on the attraction signals involved in the process is needed. Altogether, this thesis has supplied, for the whole scientific beekeeping community, new exciting research avenues and methodologies to develop our knowledge about the bee, the parasite and the viruses it carries. It might allow us, in the future, to design alternative treatment specifically targeting the parasite without injuring the honey bee
Rizzo, Jean-Marc. "Développement économique et choix d'un régime de change." Aix-Marseille 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX24017.
Full textBardonnet, Agnès. "Occupation de l'espace par les jeunes stades de salmonidés : vie sous graviers, émergence et dévalaison chez l'ombre commun, Thymallus thymallus, L. 1758." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10198.
Full textCOPIN, DOMINIQUE. "Interet de l'oxymetrie transcutanee dynamique etagee dans le choix du traitement des arterites de stade ii." Lille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL2M187.
Full textBaraka, Nizar. "Méthodes comparées de choix de projets en vue de développement." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX32031.
Full textSeveral methods of projects selection have been drawn up in order to answer to the problem of shortage of ressources optimum allocation in developing countries : on the one hand, price methods that work out a shadow prices system in order to estimate the costs and advantages of a project, and on the other hand, the effect method that aims at the valuation of a project effects on the national economy. However, those cost-advantages analysis have some theorical and practical limits. Therefore, we've tried, thanks to the multiple criteria decision-aid approach, to draw up a project selection for the development that would be closer to developing countries'realities. Acutally we have adapted the outranking methods electre iii and iv to the investment selection project problem in morrocco. The application of the obtained methods to a selection of twenty morroccan projects has shown that, compaired to conventional analysis, they have the merit of showing a multidimensional profile of the project studied, of integrating the incertainty into the analysis, of generating rankings of projects related to decision maker's preferences and of being of precious help to the project selection for development
Khiari, Riadh. "Le choix d'un régime de change par un pays en développement." Paris 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA020101.
Full textAmong the structural characteristies cited as making independent floating infeasible for most developing countries is the underdeveloped state of their foreign exchange and financial markets. It is, therefor, of interest to identify some of the economic factors that play a role in the choice of the monetary authorities between alternative exchange rate systems. These factors are : the degree of openness. The size of an economy, the commodity diversification, the geographical concentration of the trade, the international financial integration, the rate of inflation, the degree of economic development and the level of the international reserves. The eight country characteristics discussed were used as independent variables in our statistical technique (discriminant analysis). The analysis shows that countries wichfollow pegging policies are characterized by: a high degree of openness; a small countriy size; a high degree of commodity diversification and geographical concentration; a low inflation rate; a small degree of capital market integration and economic development and a low level of the international reserves
Do, Thi Quynh Trang. "Développement des micro-entreprises au Vietnam." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592223.
Full textRadi-Abokhair, Maiada. "Reconstruction tridimensionelle de la morphogenèse du pancréas chez l'homme et chez le rat pendant la période embryonaire du stade 12 au stade 23." Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON1TA08.
Full textThe study based on the morphogenesis of the pancreas since the appearance of the first ceIls in both pancreatic buds, dorsal and ventral, and right from stage 12 of the embryonic deveiopment, to the final formation of the pancreas at stage 23 which corresponds to the end of the embryonic period during the Sth post-ovulatory week. This study was performed using seriai embryonic sections of 45 specimens, including 9 human embryos and 36 embryos of rats. After the acquisition of micro photographie images of the. Sections, three-dimensional reconstructions were performed for each stage of development, with the :MRI computer software Object 1v1odeling Workbench, developed by the CNRS in Montpellier (Department :MERC-CNRS team Travo P. , VLBaecker). . The dynamics of development, the fusion of the two pancreatic buds and the phenomena of rotation were clearly observed. The knowledge of the stages during the morphogenesis of the three-dimensional reconstruction of the pancreas provides elements for the diagnostic approach and the therapeutic management of various diseases of the body, which oecur during the embryonic period. The similarity of the morphogenesis of the pancreas in humans and rats shows that the rat embryo provides a good experimentaI model
Medioni, Jacques. "Thérapeutiques anti-cancéreuses : développement et innovations, du stade préèclinique jusqu'après la mise sur le marché." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066160.
Full textKohn, Judith. "Choix de politique commerciale et croissance : application à l'économie palestinienne." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX32051.
Full textCan trade liberalization promote the Palestinian economic development ? According to modern theories of endogeneous growth, we assume that oppennes fosters growth primarly through the transmission of technological knowledge. Thus should the Palestinian Authority opt for regional integration and to which state in the region should it open his borders ? To Israel, caracterized by its large stock of new technologies in spite of the development gap or is it more benefic to open to Arabic neighbouring countries like Jordan or Egypt, much closer to Palestianian stage of development but less advanced technologically. .
Saya, Rachel Aubain. "Amélioration de la croissance et du développement de pousses feuillées de bananier (Musa acuminata AAA) : passage du stade hétérotrophe "in vitro" au stade autotrophe "ex vitro"." Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX11382.
Full textGilli, Frédéric. "Choix de localisation des entreprises et périurbanisation des emplois." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2004/50374-2004-3.pdf.
Full textAllix-Desfautaux, Catherine. "Le choix de la franchise en tant que mode de développement de l'entreprise." Caen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CAEN0544.
Full textLiouville, Jacques. "Choix de développement et rentabilité de l'entreprise : le cas de l'industrie mécanique allemande." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR30005.
Full textSeveral questions concerning the factors of profitability remain open, as evidenced by the recension carried out in the first part of the research work. The second part, therefore, aims at improving our knowledge in the field by a specific study of the problem of the links that exist between development strategies and profitability. First, we present the field of study, i. E. , mechanical engineering in the frg, and the sample used in the study, i. E. , 137 firms studied over a period of 12 years. Then, the empirical part that follows allows us to test a body of assumptions in such fields as the relationship between profitability and the nature of activities, type of growth, changes in outlets, composition of assets and financial management. The use of multivaried techniques reveals coherence between the different sets of results and clearly demonstrates that the factors of profitability are not permanent. This conclusion is confirmed by the application of a new concept of great use in the field of firm evaluation: generic formulae of development. Moreover, the study reveals that the framework of competition in german mechanical engineering is changing. As a consequence, a new model of dedevelopment becomes apparent and it is obvious that cooperation becomes a factor of profitability
M'Badi-Madouma, Ponce Achille. "Examen du potentiel touristique en matière de développement : Choix alternatif pour le Gabon?" Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE0030.
Full textNguyen, Anh Tuan. "Trajectoires de développement et le choix des instruments des politiques énergie-environnement pour les pays d'Asie en développement rapide." Grenoble 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE21042.
Full textVanolst, Luc. "Pannier et le développement de la Drosophile : Un modèle de choix pour l'étude in vivo des enhancers." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2006/VANOLST_Luc_2006.pdf.
Full textPimpernelle, André. "Ethique et extension du concept de stade de développement en psychologie aux différents âges de la vie." Reims, 2005. http://theses.univ-reims.fr:80/exl-doc/GED00000153.pdf.
Full textTo wonder about the theories of development’ psychology and to ask oneself questions on the contemporize philosophy, this is the epistemology prospect of this research. To reposition this “stadistes” and cognitive optics and then, join then with an ethic and bioethics questioning for understand the useful skills for shed the meaning of the life and his befall. This topic shows us the possibility extension about the stage concept during different ages of the life and integrate knowledge about the human development who is based on the existence of models for children and teenager and the explanation given by the” life-span psychology” theory, emergent in the United States of America during the seventies. The author’s works like Freud, Gesell, Piaget, Wallon have known some paradigms who was very famous. Completed by news cognitive models, they have promoted the contemporise search development who high light the affectivity, cognitive processes that the intervention of psychosocial or biologics factories in global environment for the individual. Follow to a rereading of the stage concept and his advanced new multidisciplinary since the Geneva symposium of the after war years that we envisaged the possibility of their decennials hypotheses and to associate them ethic suspicions for preserve the life senses and values. This theories crossbreeding open itself to the environmental and cultural realities of this human development in a societal mutationnel space in recasting (Serres, 2004). This flux is registered in an interdisciplinary multiplying of works who explain the individual evolution in an postmodernist universe where the philosophy comprises ethics horizons who are opposite to the social gap and to the geo-strategic, economics political uncertainties of the globalization
Moussa, Mohamad. "Influence du stade de développement de l’embryon équin sur son aptitude à la conservation par le froid." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NSARB165.
Full textDifferent methods were used to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the embryo quality staining by DAPI, TUNEL, surgical transfer of paired embryos, and BdrU incorporation. Some of them were adapted for the first time to equine embryos. Aims of these studies were : 1) to test in vivo and in vitro different media for cold storage of equine embryos, different systems of transport and the influence of age and stage of development of embryos on their ability to be cold stored, 2) to evaluate the viability and the incidence of DNA fragmentation in D7 embryos after storage in different media at + 5°C, 3) to adapt the BrdU incorporation assay to equine embryos and to comparate the efficiency of cryopreservation for equine embryos using the slow-cooling and OPS (Open Pulled Straw) vitrification procedure. Main data of these were ; Emcare Holding Solution and ViGro Holding Plus offer a good alternative to Ham’s F10 for 24h cold storage of equine embryos. Cold-storage increases cell death by necrosis but does not induce apoptosis. Embryos stored in 500 ml of Emcare Flushing Solution at + 5°C for 6h had a better quality than after the traditional 24h-storage in an Equitainer. Index of cell proliferation, evaluated by an incubation in BrdU during one hour, is higher (74%) in equine D6. 5 embryos than in caprine embryos (38%). Vitrification using OPS system appears to be as effective as the slow cooling method. A significant correlation between the diameter of embryos recovered at 6. 5, 7 and 8 days and the total number of cells was established
Carle, André. "La planification dans la PME : (secteur détail) : une étude en fonction du stade de développement de l'entreprise." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1993. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5326/1/000605181.pdf.
Full textSellami, Hassen. "Choix technologiques et développement : le cas de la maîtrise de l'énergie dans l'industrie tunisienne." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ECAP0064.
Full textRolland, Marylène. "Facteurs cognitifs et conatifs dans le choix de stratégies de calcul arithmétique chez l'enfant." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05H012.
Full textMany studies have shown stable individual preferences in problem solving strategies. Our research focuses on cognitive and conative factors that determine one's behavior. Relationships between these variables are genarally presented through structural models based on a holistic human conception. Children's strategy choice in arithmetic has been detailed in Siegler and Shrager's model (1984). Our understanding of the processes involved in this cognitive activity allows us to study more precisely the role of conative factors such as anxiety, reflexion-impulsivity, psychological profit and confidence. We observed first-graders in addition problem solving. Two types of strategies were distinguished : counting and information retrieval in long term memory. Our results are consistant with Siegler's (1988) as we found individual differences in strategy choice: "perfectionists" have a preference for counting and "good students" for retrieval. It seems that their arithmetic knowledge base do not differ. In addition, "perfectionists" tend to be more anxious, less confident and slower than "good students". The general model we tested suggests that preferential use of retrieval or counting depends on arithmetic student's confidence. Arithmetic knowledge base and anxiety affect student's confidence; consequently, these variables influence indirectly strategy choice. Finally, intelligence seems to have no effect on preferential use of retrieval or counting
Borodak, Daniela. "Changements institutionnels et choix organisationnels : l'agriculture dans les pays en transition." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF10266.
Full textZemzem, Ahmed. "Le choix de comptabilisation des dépenses de recherche et développement en France : déterminants et pertinence." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE0026.
Full textAccording to French accounting standards, companies have the possibility to capitalize their R&D expenses under certain conditions. By analyzing annual reports 2003 of non-financial and commercial companies included in the CAC IT index, we try to determine why certain French companies capitalize their R&D expenses. Based on quantitative analysis data, our results confirm that companies which capitalize R&D are smaller, belonging to the industry sector and having a high fixed assets and liquidity. We also tested if the R&D capitalization decision improves the value relevance of accounting numbers regard to the market value. Our analysis does not provide any positive results in this direction. This confirm the particularities concerning the financial information disclosure on the French capital market, witch can be explained by the differences between the French corporate governance model and the Anglosaxon one
Chevé, Morgane. "L'adéquation des choix économiques aux contraintes écologiques : optimalité et durabilité de la croissance d'une économie polluante." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010004.
Full textDo, Thi quynh trang. "Développement des micro-entreprises au Vietnam." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST3006/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates the development of micro enterprises in Vietnam. We seek to know what factors affect the self-employment supply on the labour market. Using data from the survey on household living standards in 2004 (VHLSS04) in which information on employment of individual and household businesses are collected, we find a certain number of determinants explaining the pattern of self-employed in Vietnam: earnings differentials, educational level, age and business sector. In the second chapter, we seek to identify the determinants of micro and small firm performance. Our results show that impact of different factors on firm performance varies significantly across its growth state. Among them, size, age and firm location matters a lot to firm growth. The third chapter aims at analyzing the heterogeneity of firms across different barriers to growth. Our empirical evidence reveals that the level of constraint met by firms depends on the firm characteristics and the nature of barrier to growth. Size, age, location and industrial sector constitute important determinants of constraint level
Henrard, Valentine. "Une contribution empirique à l'étude des déterminants du choix du statut d'indépendant." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010022.
Full textCastaño, Maria Soledad. "Hétérogénéité dans des processus de développement cachés : inférence et analyse de populations structurées en environnements fluctuants." Thesis, Antilles, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANTI0124/document.
Full textCodakia orbicularis is a bivalve mollusk belonging to the family Lucinidae harboring sulfur-oxidizing bacterial endosymbionts within its gills. Considering that any symbiosis is most likely regulated by dialogue molecules, an exhaustive chemical study could lead to identify the involved metabolites. Thus, the aim of this thesis focuses on the isolation of secondary metabolites from the gills of this bivalve and the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the isolated molecules. Twelve compounds were isolated from the gills of Codakia orbicularis and their structures were determined by usual spectroscopic methods. Among these molecules, only one presented a new structure and has been named orbicularisine. The latter presents an undescribed spirotetracyclic indolone skeleton. Regarding the biological activities, among the isolated molecules, only four of them identified as S8 sulfur, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and two monoglycerolipids presented an antibacterial activity. Orbicularisine was inactive against a panel of cell lines and kinase. The orbicularisine new skeleton is an interesting start for the synthesis of new family of molecules, thus enhancing its molecular diversity. It will be interesting to determine the origin of the isolated molecules (prokaryotic or eukaryotic), especially for the new orbicularisine, and their roles in the frame of the symbiosis. The chemical results obtained on C. orbicularis and on lucinids in general are interesting since the coastal species belonging to Bivalves have not been chemically explored
Malam, Moussa Ahmad Tijani. "Le choix des lieux de développement au Sahel : l'exemple de la région de Maradi, Niger central." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUEL439.
Full textThe "zonal" model of development applying to Sahel, organise the space in distinct territories, isolated from each other, occupied by population with their own exclusive way of life ; the state, as the main character of the "rural area development" in Sahel, is based on that model. District or region management for the plan to which the technician (project and N. G. O. ) often refer, put forward the study of physical potentialities of the areas from which they establish strict agro-ecological deferenciation that is the base for the organisation od development pproject. However, Sahel is a space that is not viable without exchanges and movement of population ; "solidarity and complementarity between the different areas organise theirselves better on a network of meridian relations much more than in a latitudinal opposition" That is what Retaillé calls the sahelian model of development ; that is the model he has described in 1982, basing his studies on the koutous area and Zinder district in the centre-east Niger. This is the model we wanted to check and validate in the Maradi area, central Niger
Canault, Mélanie. "L'émergence du contrôle articulatoire au stade du babillage. Une étude acoustique et cinématique." Phd thesis, Université Marc Bloch - Strasbourg II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370720.
Full textDans un premier temps, elles sont redupliquées (babillage redupliqué), puis elles vont peu à peu offrir des configurations différentes (babillage varié). Toutefois, cette première forme de structuration du langage ne serait pas le résultat d'un développement moteur, mais plutôt celui de fortes contraintes imposées par la mandibule. C'est du moins ce que défend la théorie « Frame then Content » de MACNEILAGE (1998) pivot de notre recherche. L'alternance des phases d'ouverture et de fermeture de la cavité buccale, sous l'impulsion de cet articulateur, offre un enchaînement syllabique régulier. Au stade précoce du babillage, la mandibule domine le système de production alors que la langue est soumise à une relative inertie articulatoire. Bien que la mandibule soit le seul articulateur actif, elle ne serait pas encore contrôlée au début du babillage. C'est à l'âge d'un an que la mandibule atteindrait sa maturité, c'est-à-dire à la fin du babillage. Nous chercherons donc, dans un premier temps, à savoir comment va s'établir l'évolution du patron temporel des gestes mandibulaires. Mais nous tendrons également à montrer comment les déplacements de la langue vont se dissocier de ceux de la mandibule pour devenir indépendants avec l'âge.
Deux jeux de données seront exploités, un échantillon de données acoustiques et un échantillon de données acoustiques et articulatoires (Optotrak) couplées.
Benabid, Yacine. "Contribution à l’amélioration du processus de conception des produits innovants : Développement d’outils d’aide au choix des processus." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENAM0003/document.
Full textThe optimization of the design process is a research evolving highlighted in numerous references and business practices with the aim improving and developing new products. Our approach is a continuation of those activities that takes as its starting point the diversity of existing design processes and the difficulty of achieving a selection where adaptation. Hence our problem is summarized around a central question which we formulate as follows: how to optimize the choice of the design process subject to a constrained environment? The answer to this question is through the proposition of a tool Help in choosing which converges to the installation of a design process. This tool is three-dimensional, where the first dimension relates to the preparation of the upstream design phase, the second dimension selects a design process on a map classification and the objective of the third dimension is the identification of trades tools and methods for product development. The experimental part of our work has led us to validate the developed tool and propose how to use by designers. Optimization is achieved in our work by the proposal of a three-dimensional tool side and the other by the use of optimization algorithms for modeling tool. New avenues of research for improvement are identified and proposed for future work
Sanon, Bowurosege Jules. "Choix des techniques agricoles et formation des hommes dans la stratégie du développement agricole en Haute-Volta." Paris 13, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA131015.
Full textLou, Guoying. "Choix d'une configuration d'implantation et maîtrise du développement international : le cas des PME internationales françaises en Chine." Bordeaux 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR40050.
Full textA transverse inquiry by questionnaire among 142 French small and medium sized firms (SMEs) implanted in China has been conducted to understand their international path, the determiners of their choice of implant's configuration and the devices and tools they used for mastering their units in China. It is shown that their international path is not in the "gradual" approach from (where) closer towards more remote geographically, nor in the "sequential" approach from a simpler implant's configuration towards that more complex. But a follow-up of the sequential progress from the import-export towards the implant abroad is well confirmed at these international SMEs. . An empirical analysis was made to verify the compatibility of the eclectic paradigm OLI (Ownership, Location, Internalization) with their practice. With the confirmation of two first sub-paradigms, its 3rd sub-paradigm entitled "Internalization" has not been validated. We suggest the modification of paradigm OLI in paradigm OLC (Ownership, Location, Configuration) by introducing a typology of international implant configurations, and a tranverse concept model containing at the same time, the formal and informal control is proposed for handling the "liability of foreignness" in the international development for SMEs
Nzunga, Michaël Peter Kipande. "La situation linguistique au Kenya : l'importance du choix et du statut des langues dans le développement intégral." Toulouse 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU20009.
Full textThe first part of this thesis is devoted to an account of the linguistic situation in kenay, before the colonisation by britain. During this period, each one of the 36peoples uses its own ethnic language. The colonial regime establishes new economic and political systems. This triggers the disintegration of the traditional institutions, and (inevitably) leads to linguistic changes. Our research reveals that actually kiswahili (national language) and english (official language), dominate the other languages. Our propositions, as to what status each language should have, are based on the results of our research. The new language planning should lead to the elimination of the dominationof the mass by the bilingual elit, save the minority languages, and facilitate the integration of local languages in an authentic and total development of kenya
Pasquier, Hélène. "La "recherche et développement" en horlogerie : acteurs, stratégies et choix technologiques dans l'arc jurassien suisse (1900-1970)." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2006.
Full textThe objective of this study is to seize the nature and the methods of the processes of research in the Swiss clock making branch between 1900 and 1970 in order to observe if there is a regional model as regards research and development (R&D). The adopted step is of comparative nature. Still little used by the historians of companies, it opens new scientific prospects. Indeed, this approach makes it possible to exceed the monographic framework and to better include/understand how the companies form part of their medium. The study is based on the funds of files of four deprived clock making companies, namely the houses Jaeger-LeCoultre (Le Sentier), Tissot (Le Locle), Longines (Saint-Imier) and Omega (Bienne). These four companies, defined by the clock making trust like "manufactures", are geographically distributed on the same economic area and mono-industrialist (Swiss Jurassic arc). The approach is empirical. We examined the daily, ordinary and repetitive activities in the places of research (technical offices, units of R&D, laboratories) in order to put forward the factors inherent in the innovation. The comparative analysis of different "black box" aims to observe if there are similarities between firms in the manner of organizing and to plan research. Four sets of themes are in the heart of this study: First talk about the methods of organization of research. When the creative activity it is entrusted to technical units distinct from the workshops? Which are the consequences? Which place the innovation takes it compared to the other industrial departments? The second is interested in integration of the knowledge and know-how in the technical units. Which are the dies of formation privileged by the leaders? Which are the policies of recruitment adopted by the companies? These last are reflected on the technical choices and influence the activity of research. The third wonders about collaborations "off walls" and the transfers of knowledge. The technical units are porous places which nourish multiple influences. With an aim the companies develop partnerships apart from their establishment? They adopt this strategy with a compensatory or complementary aim? Finally the last topic is interested in the technical orientations and the choices operated by the companies. The process of R&D answers marketing strategies. While engaging in a particular project, the actors try to position on a market and compared to their competitors. We broke up our work into three chapters. First is devoted to the actors of the Swiss clock making branch. We describe jointly there the companies, the technician-clock and watch makers in the structures of research as well as the institutions trusts. In the second part, we analyze the processes of R&D in the mechanical watch. The comparison of the technical choices, the activities of research and the collaborations carried out "except walls" reveal a level of similarity raised in the industrial behaviours of the companies. This last enables us to show the presence from a regional model in research in mechanical chronometers. In the last part, we are interested in the other activities of research. On the one hand, we observe the strategies of diversification carried out during the years of crisis (1930). In addition, we approach the activities of R&D engaged as of the middle of the years 1950 in the watch not-mechanics. The absence of similarities between firms in the processes of research is explained by several parameters (technical actors, choices, unstable level of knowledge, etc). It makes null and void the existence of a model regional of research in the watch not-mechanics
Zouhri, Abdelhakim. "Essai sur les indicateurs avancés de risque-pays : application des réseaux de neurones et choix de politiques optimales." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE0036.
Full textThis study suggests a methodology to measure specific risks in emerging countries. Nowadays this appears even more critical as most investors adopt these risk measures in an international investments selection process while the focus is on profitability of the investisments. The idea behind this model lives on a theoretical frame formulation that provides us with a practical method to obtain and ckeck out these keys points of the probability to a case of country crisis in the main emerging countries. Norals networks gether results which have implications on the sturdiness of results presented by the crisis model of the third generation exchange in terms of efficiency of monetary politic
Suniaga, Quijada José. "Nutrition azotée de la tomate de type déterminée, issue de semis : analyse de la croissance et du développement au stade jeune." Rennes 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991REN10042.
Full textLeclercq, Sylvie. "Développement et choix d'outils de reconnaissance des formes adaptés à la caractérisation et la représentation d'électromyogrammes de surface." Compiègne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987COMPD054.
Full textRobert, Christelle. "Le réseau personnel des enfants de 4 et 5 ans : analyse fonctionnelle des choix interpersonnels." Toulouse 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU20078.
Full textThe complexity of the social world of young children requires researchers to develop integrative models that capture the multiplicity of relationships and their dynamics. If the studies conducted with different partners separately enlighten key aspects of development, they do not show the interconnections and interdependencies between the spheres of sociability (M. Lewis, 2005). The social network paradigm is one of the interesting models that try to go beyond the dyad as a matrix for the study of interpersonal relationships. Indeed, it allows to associate in a same space the significant others of the individual (Wallon, 1954). However, the researches on young children are few (Belle, 1989b). Through this work, we want to contribute to this highly heuristic perspective. We also want to support the interest of investigating young children's personal networks directly through children's reports about their perceptions of their relationships and the way they contribute to their development. Using a comprehensive approach, we interviewed 32 children (19 girls and 13 boys), between 4 and 5 years of age (M = 53. 38, σ = 3. 18), and their parents on children's social network. Parents were asked to complete a questionnaire in order to list the persons in the children's social network from their point of view. Children were met individually in a semi-directive interview. The aim was not only to determine the structural characteristics of networks, but also to examine individual figure(s)/function(s)' associations. The findings suggest that children develop personal networks that reflect their inclusion in various environments. These networks are different from those identified by parents. Children include more peers from school when parents prefer the adults of their own network. In addition, young children make some differentiations between persons in their social networks based on functions they fulfill. If parents are mentioned in all functions, other partners make a specific contribution. Thus, our study highlights the interest of the functional approach with young children. It also emphasizes their ability to participate directly in the studies that concern them
Plateau, Lou. "Articuler autogestion, agroécologie et territoire. Une analyse des organisations de coopération agricole au stade de la production en Belgique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/330869.
Full textThis thesis focuses on agricultural production cooperatives (APCs) in Belgium. It is framed within the fields of institutional economics, social economics, and agrarian political economy. Based on qualitative empirical research, this work seeks to untangle the thesis of the complexity of the internal functioning of APCs in Belgium, given the multiplicity of objectives pursued by their members, and the nature of the social relations in which these agricultural production cooperatives are embedded. APCs are defined here as voluntary forms of cooperation that deal with the biological processes of cropping plants and rearing animals. These voluntary arrangements are premised upon the construction of a set of collective rules that organize the pooling of resources and activities, as well as the negotiation between associates of the criteria for redistribution of monetary and non-monetary working outcomes. APCs are different from the agricultural cooperatives that, since the 19th century, have developed widely in Western Europe to offer upstream or downstream production services. The latter were established to facilitate the vertical integration of independent farms into markets. Instead, APCs, by intervening at the production stage, organize horizontal cooperation between associated farmers.APCs are relatively undeveloped in Europe and elsewhere in the world. However, incentives for cooperating at the agricultural production stage are multiple, and articulate economic, social, political, ecological, and ideological motivations. Such motivations relate to the desire to access productive resources, to benefit from economies of scale, to improve working conditions, or to strengthen the interdependence of farms with their biophysical and socioeconomic environment. Notwithstanding this, various elements may explain the limited presence of APCs such as farmers' attachment to the land or the appearance of diseconomies of scale from low dimension thresholds, linked to the costs of moving workers and equipment and the costs of coordinating work. Despite these difficulties, in Belgium, from the 2000s, new initiatives of agricultural production cooperation have been created by neo-farmers, and coexist with other social types of farms.Our research specifically examines the diversity of organizational practices implemented within APCs through the analysis of the social conditions of production, the mechanisms that allow the combination of the multiple objectives pursued and the processes of democratization of the rural economy. To do this, we conducted three complementary empirical analyses using a combination of qualitative research methods. The first analysis allows us to characterize the organizational diversity of APCs by constructing an empirical typology based on a sample of 31 organizations. Three dichotomous variables define the types of APCs: the pooling of labour on the land, the control of production, and the extent of cooperation. From the analysis of the social conditions of production in each type of APCs, it then proceeds to examine the forms of access to land and capital, the modes of decision-making, the working conditions, and the modalities of outcomes distribution.The second empirical study investigates the mechanisms by which members of the integral structures of agricultural cooperation, whose peculiarity is to organize farming labour collectively according to agroecological principles, manage to build an internal coherence within their organization given the multiple objectives they pursue. Through a comparative analysis of ten organizations, agroecological production cooperatives are studied through the prism of hybrid organizations, as they combine contradictory demands stemming from their commitment to logics of self-management, agroecology, and territorial embeddedness. After defining the properties of these institutional logics, the analysis reveals the paradoxical tensions that arise from the combination and the organisational responses adopted to pursue this multiplicity of rationalities on the long run. The third empirical analysis consists of a single case study on one type of APC, whose singularity is to allocate the control of production between farmers and citizens. Through an in-depth study of a citizen agroecological production cooperative, the analysis aims to clarify the notion of economic democracy by looking at its underpinning principles, and at the main democratic praxis that actors implement to regulate their economic activities. In particular, we unveil the internal contradictions that emerge from the organizational practices with the principles of economic democracy and certain foundations of the cooperative movement. This work finally allows us to grasp, through the adoption of a critical and nuanced perspective, the transformation of the citizen's role in economic activities, and the contemporary diversification of cooperative forms propelled by the emergence of multi-stakeholder initiatives in the agricultural sector.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Um, Bayiha Ruben. "Aide au choix de procédés d'assainissement autonome en Afrique : Contribution de la logique floue." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0049.
Full textAutonomous sanitation techniques for buildings is a type of waste disposal system, which treats and disposes domestic wastes which otherwise cannot be handled by a collective sewage disposal network. In fact, from an economic and technical perspective, sewage handling and treatment at the level of patches of land seems to be an interesting solution for developing countries. However, autonomous sanitation techniques are many whose efficiencies depend on a combination of physical, economic and socio-cultural factors. Consequently, the designer is confronted with the problem of choice, a central theme of every decision making process. The choice of autonomous sanitation aid-model for developing countries invariably encounters two outstanding obstacles: - firstly the particular context of developing countries, characterized by the lack of precise and appropriate information, which must nevertheless be recognized and accounted for in the decision making process; - secondly the experts difficulties in giving clear answers in the domain, accounting the vagueness and uncertainty in available data. Facing these obstacles, we have adopted an approach in two steps of reasoning: - in the first part, we have developed a software system, using a knowledge base approach and inference rules, based on binary logic reasoning; - in the second step, using the concepts of fuzzy set and fuzzy logic, we have built a deductive inference tool, which taking into account the imprecision in available data and uncertainty in given inference rules, can give suitable and stout solutions
Ammari, Miloud. "Choix de techniques et développement du secteur résidentiel dans les P. V. D. : déterminants économiques et institutionnels des profils énergétiques à long terme, le cas de la Tunisie." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0035.
Full textParcelier, Aude. "Le proto-oncogène AF1q régule le choix de lignage lymphoïde et le développement précoce des lymphocytes T chez l'homme." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077103.
Full textWe identify ALL1-fused from chromosome 1q (AF1q) proto-oncogene as a novel upstream regulator of early T-cell development. AF1q was first identified as a Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) fusion partner in an infant acute myelomonocytic leukemia carrying the t(1;11)(q21;q23) translocation. Since then, numerous complex genetic events of duplication/translocation of AF1q locus have been reported in non-Hodgkinian lymphoma (NHL) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and it is now firmly established that elevated AF1q transcripts levels caused by epigenetic mechanisms is a marker of worse prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndroma (MDS). Although AF1q function remains poorly documented, there is nontheless evidence that this participates in complex developmental processes, such as neuronal differentiation, and likely corresponds to a transcriptional regulator. In this study, we demonstrate that AF1q behaves as a regulator of lymphoid lineage choice and early human T-cell development in human stem/progenitor cells, and provide new insights into the mechanism by which it exerts its leukemogenic activity. Together these data suggest that hematopoietic stem cell fate is controled by a subtle equilibrium between a limited set of regulatory factors
Beribeche, Said. "Choix des techniques, emploi et répartition des revenus : aspects théoriques et essais au cas algérien." Aix-Marseille 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX32011.
Full textThe sector of economic activity remains an important category of the economic analysis. However, the bringing into play of the means to reach different objectives changes from one country to another ; because the industrialization choice of ldc is based on different models. That requires a revised study according to the complexity in many demesnes which is sharper and sharper. This new approach which appears answering to some methodological and theoretical preoccupations, allows us to understand where the real components of this complexity that thwart the development of these countries, are situated. These components may be apprehended in various ways. However, we may study separatly the choice of techniques, the employment and the income distribution. Finally, we opted for studying their interdependence, and this for many reasons : - some development specialists consider that industrialization is the only way to reach an economic take off of all sectors. - the importance of the choice of techniques leads us to draw. It's relation with the employment and the distribution of incomes. We tried to analyse (in the algerian case, which opted for capitalistic techniques), the effects of this choice, and to show if there is compatibility between theoretical models and the real description of the algerian economy. This situation allows us to give our opinion on the nature of these effects and their behaviour with income distribution and employment. Also, we adjusted our analyse on the different development plans, basing on the available statistics
Gervais, Florence. "Choix des modes d'acquisition de l'information pour l'étude de nouveaux marchés." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2010CNAM0771.
Full textWhen an organization develops on foreign markets, it has to collect information on that market. Export research is one way to acquire that information. This research focuses on the identification process of the export market researcher, designated as information acquisition mode. We aim to demonstrate that this acquisition mode is part of a system whose objective is to reduce the perceived ambiguity of markets in a controlled fashion. We describe the emergence of the system, its functioning and the identification process of the information acquisition mode. Since the characteristics of the system vary according to the level of internationalization and learning of the organization, we show that the choice of the acquisition mode is also impacted by the international development stage of the company
Ramangalahy, Charles. "Le profil de rôle des propriétaires-dirigeants de petites et moyennes entreprises : une étude en fonction du stade de développement de leur entreprise." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1990. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5711/1/000583770.pdf.
Full textAyouba, Saffaride. "Tourisme et patrimoines. Valorisation et développement de territoires insulaires dans l'océan indien : Mayotte." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR138/document.
Full textMayotte, the 101st French department, one of the outermost regions (ORs) of the European Union, is a strategic place in the Western Indian Ocean, with one of the largest enclosed lagoons in the World. The island of Mayotte suffers from underdevelopment of infrastructures facilities from poverty and mass immigration from the other Comoros islands, after having rejected independance from France in the 1974 and 1976 referendums. This choice for Mayotte People, which leads to departmentalization in 2011, means an integration to French Republic principles and politics. By targeting territorial development, and hancing the value of a tropical island ressources after the abandonment of the plantation economy makes tourism an opportunity for development. In addition to the lack of accomodation facilities, an image close to the "exotic" expectation is yet missing. Invention and enhancement of Heritage, if not limited to the lagoon, require prior inventories, nowadays dispersed, and then unified by a Heritage making policy. This policy is gradually conducted around a new institution, the Museum of Mayotte (MuMa), a local Museum of Mankind taking in account both natural and cultural environments. These various choices, with first of all the construction of a brand image of Mayotte, then tourism development to enhance this image and making Heritage a tangible resource, engages many debates that can reach conflicts of use and meaning. This is true of both natural and cultural resources. For Why? For What? What to do? The Mahoran identity is torn between the party of irreducible singularity, through religion in particular, colonial Heritage, and that of departmentalization in a "one and indivisible" Republic. The thesis explores this succession of steps towards economic, social and political development, with Heritage as a guide and Culture as core issues
Tossou, Ayihadji Calixte. "La coordination des transports dans les pays en voie de developpement : essai d'analyse critique des choix d'investissements a partir du cas du benin." Lyon 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO22011.
Full textBenin is one of the 26 least developed countries. It has an economy essentially rural. Its transport investments concern mainly intercity and interstate road infrastructures. Rural road infrastructures are of little concern for those in charge of transport policy. There is a true pro-urban transport infrastructure investment decision bias despite the role and the importance of the rural world in the beninian economy. Transport infrastructure public production, and financing modalities - by the state and the international development assistance organisations - and the cartesian approach of the calculations of the economical profitability of investments in this sector, particularly for roads in rural areas are the main causes of the acknowledgement of the weakness and the inconsistency of the transport infrastructure investments in benin. In order to reverse this trend, it would be necessary to undertake a constitutional reform of the management and the production of transport infrastructures, to adopt a new evaluation that would integrate the technical, social, cultural environment of the area where they will be built, and finally to increase the financial resources dedicated to rural roads
Boujedra, Faouzi. "La prise en compte du risque pays dans le choix d'implantation des investissements directs étrangers en direction des pays en développement : analyse théorique et empirique." Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE0506.
Full textNaqvi, Bushra. "Essais sur le ciblage de l'inflation : un choix optimal pour les banques centrales asiatiques." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010007.
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