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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cholera - history

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Academic literature on the topic 'Cholera - history'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cholera - history"

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Dorman, Matthew J., Leanne Kane, Daryl Domman, Jake D. Turnbull, Claire Cormie, Mohammed-Abbas Fazal, David A. Goulding, Julie E. Russell, Sarah Alexander, and Nicholas R. Thomson. "The history, genome and biology of NCTC 30: a non-pandemic Vibrio cholerae isolate from World War One." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1900 (April 10, 2019): 20182025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2025.

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The sixth global cholera pandemic lasted from 1899 to 1923. However, despite widespread fear of the disease and of its negative effects on troop morale, very few soldiers in the British Expeditionary Forces contracted cholera between 1914 and 1918. Here, we have revived and sequenced the genome of NCTC 30, a 102-year-old Vibrio cholerae isolate, which we believe is the oldest publicly available live V. cholerae strain in existence. NCTC 30 was isolated in 1916 from a British soldier convalescent in Egypt. We found that this strain does not encode cholera toxin, thought to be necessary to cause cholera, and is not part of V. cholerae lineages responsible for the pandemic disease. We also show that NCTC 30, which predates the introduction of penicillin-based antibiotics, harbours a functional β-lactamase antibiotic resistance gene. Our data corroborate and provide molecular explanations for previous phenotypic studies of NCTC 30 and provide a new high-quality genome sequence for historical, non-pandemic V. cholerae .

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Kaper, J. B., J. G. Morris, and M. M. Levine. "Cholera." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 1 (January 1995): 48–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.1.48.

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Despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. Throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to Asia and Africa. However, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. In 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in South America, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. In 1992, an apparently new pandemic caused by a previously unknown serogroup of V. cholerae (O139) began in India and Bangladesh. The O139 epidemic has been occurring in populations assumed to be largely immune to V. cholerae O1 and has rapidly spread to many countries including the United States. In this review, we discuss all aspects of cholera, including the clinical microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the disease. Special attention will be paid to the extraordinary advances that have been made in recent years in unravelling the molecular pathogenesis of this infection and in the development of new generations of vaccines to prevent it.

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Khan, Ashraful Islam, Md Mahbubur Rashid, Md Taufiqul Islam, Mokibul Hassan Afrad, M. Salimuzzaman, Sonia Tara Hegde, Md Mazharul I. Zion, et al. "Epidemiology of Cholera in Bangladesh: Findings From Nationwide Hospital-based Surveillance, 2014–2018." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 7 (December 31, 2019): 1635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1075.

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Abstract Background Despite advances in prevention, detection, and treatment, cholera remains a major public health problem in Bangladesh and little is known about cholera outside of limited historical sentinel surveillance sites. In Bangladesh, a comprehensive national cholera control plan is essential, although national data are needed to better understand the magnitude and geographic distribution of cholera. Methods We conducted systematic hospital-based cholera surveillance among diarrhea patients in 22 sites throughout Bangladesh from 2014 to 2018. Stool specimens were collected and tested for Vibrio cholerae by microbiological culture. Participants’ socioeconomic status and clinical, sanitation, and food history were recorded. We used generalized estimating equations to identify the factors associated with cholera among diarrhea patients. Results Among 26 221 diarrhea patients enrolled, 6.2% (n = 1604) cases were V. cholerae O1. The proportion of diarrhea patients positive for cholera in children <5 years was 2.1% and in patients ≥5 years was 9.5%. The proportion of cholera in Dhaka and Chittagong Division was consistently high. We observed biannual seasonal peaks (pre- and postmonsoon) for cholera across the country, with higher cholera positivity during the postmonsoon in western regions and during the pre–monsoon season in eastern regions. Cholera risk increased with age, occupation, and recent history of diarrhea among household members. Conclusions Cholera occurs throughout a large part of Bangladesh. Cholera-prone areas should be prioritized to control the disease by implementation of targeted interventions. These findings can help strengthen the cholera-control program and serve as the basis for future studies for tracking the impact of cholera-control interventions in Bangladesh.

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Bao, Zhong-ying, Xiao Ming, Xiao-dong Yuan, and Shu-hong Duan. "Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 28 Cases of Cholera." Infection International 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0071.

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Abstract The data of 35 246 patients with intestinal diseases were retrospectively analyzed, 28 cases of cholera patients were screened in 17 years, of which 23 cases had suspicious unclean food history, 10 cases were migrant workers, 8 cases had history of coastal city tour in one week. All of the 28 patients were positive for Vibrio cholerae culture, 19 cases were identified as O1 serotype Ogawa and 6 were identified as O1 serotype Inaba, 3 were identified as O139. Twenty-three patients were mild, five cases were moderate, patients with severe diseases were not found. It was found in this study that O1 serotype Vibrio cholerae was still dominant, 82% of cholera patients were mild cases. Tourists who had a incompletely heated seafood intake history and migrant people are susceptible to cholera.

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Domman, Daryl, Marie-Laure Quilici, Matthew J. Dorman, Elisabeth Njamkepo, Ankur Mutreja, Alison E. Mather, Gabriella Delgado, et al. "Integrated view of Vibrio cholerae in the Americas." Science 358, no. 6364 (November 9, 2017): 789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2136.

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Latin America has experienced two of the largest cholera epidemics in modern history; one in 1991 and the other in 2010. However, confusion still surrounds the relationships between globally circulating pandemic Vibrio cholerae clones and local bacterial populations. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize cholera across the Americas over a 40-year time span. We found that both epidemics were the result of intercontinental introductions of seventh pandemic El Tor V. cholerae and that at least seven lineages local to the Americas are associated with disease that differs epidemiologically from epidemic cholera. Our results consolidate historical accounts of pandemic cholera with data to show the importance of local lineages, presenting an integrated view of cholera that is important to the design of future disease control strategies.

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Weill, François-Xavier, Daryl Domman, Elisabeth Njamkepo, Cheryl Tarr, Jean Rauzier, Nizar Fawal, Karen H. Keddy, et al. "Genomic history of the seventh pandemic of cholera in Africa." Science 358, no. 6364 (November 9, 2017): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad5901.

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The seventh cholera pandemic has heavily affected Africa, although the origin and continental spread of the disease remain undefined. We used genomic data from 1070 Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates, across 45 African countries and over a 49-year period, to show that past epidemics were attributable to a single expanded lineage. This lineage was introduced at least 11 times since 1970, into two main regions, West Africa and East/Southern Africa, causing epidemics that lasted up to 28 years. The last five introductions into Africa, all from Asia, involved multidrug-resistant sublineages that replaced antibiotic-susceptible sublineages after 2000. This phylogenetic framework describes the periodicity of lineage introduction and the stable routes of cholera spread, which should inform the rational design of control measures for cholera in Africa.

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Daniszewski, Piotr. "Vibrio cholerae - As Biological Weapons." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 9 (September 2013): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.9.65.

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Terrorism is defined as use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to indulge fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, social or religious. Bioterrorism is terrorism by intentional release or dissemination of biological agents, mainly bacteria or viruses. Use of biological weapons is attractive from the terrorists’ point of view because of low production costs, major range and easiness of transmission. The first mention of the use of primitive biological weapons date back to the 6th century. Use of plague-infested corpses as offensive means in the 14th century caused a spread of bubonic plague through the whole Europe. The biggest development of biological weapons took place in the interwar period and in the cold war era. Biological weapon trails and research were conducted by super powers such as USSR, UK, USA and Japan. At the beginning of the 20th century a new form of bioterrorism occurred, which put humanity in the face of a terrifying threat. Cholera is a deadly disease that has caused a worldwide phenomenon throughout history. Its imperative weapon, the Vibrio cholerae bacterium, has allowed cholera to seize control and wipe out a huge percentage of the human population. V. cholerae’s toxins are the primary causes of cholera’s lethal symptoms. The bacterium contains toxins that help it accomplish its job of invading the human system and defeating the body’s powerful immune system. With its sibling bacterium Escherichia coli, V. cholerae has become one of the most dominant pathogens in the known world. V. cholerae’s strategies in causing the infamous deadly diarrhea have been widely studied, from the irritation of the intestinal epithelium to the stimulation of capillary leakage, as well as the internal effects of the disease such as the Peyer’s patches on the intestinal walls. Overall, the Vibrio cholera bacterium has made cholera a tough disease to overcome, and because of its deadly virulence factors, cholera has become one of the most frightening diseases a human body could ever encounter. Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium. Some strains of V. cholerae cause the disease cholera. V. cholerae is facultatively anaerobic and has a flagellum at one cell pole. V. cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch, working independently 30 years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease. V. cholerae pathogenicity genes code for proteins directly or indirectly involved in the virulence of the bacteria. During infection, V. cholerae secretes cholera toxin, a protein that causes profuse, watery diarrhea. Colonization of the small intestine also requires the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), a thin, flexible, filamentous appendage on the surface of bacterial cells.

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Thwe, Phyu M., Matthew Schilling, David Reynoso, and Ping Ren. "Unexpected Cholera Bacteremia in a 91 Year Old Caucasian Male Patient." Laboratory Medicine 51, no. 6 (June 13, 2020): e71-e74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/lmaa028.

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ABSTRACT Cholera is an illness caused by Vibrio cholerae; its main symptom is acute watery diarrhea. Some infections are asymptomatic or result in patients presenting with mild diarrhea, but complications, such as bacteremia, can be fatal. Being endemic in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Haiti, V. cholerae infection cases in the United States are primarily considered travel-related. Herein, we report a case of a 91 year old Caucasian man, a Texas Gulf Coast resident, who developed bacteremia due to V. cholerae despite having no international travel history. Culture workup by mass spectrometry, automated biochemical system, and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing confirmed V. cholerae. This case conveys an important reminder to clinicians and laboratory professionals regarding potentially serious cholera illnesses due to the domestic prevalence of V. cholerae in the coastal regions of the United States.

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Rousseau, G. S. (George Sebastian), and David Boyd Haycock. "Coleridge's Choleras: Cholera Morbus, Asiatic Cholera, and Dysentery in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 77, no. 2 (2003): 298–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2003.0086.

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Wong, Chia Siong, Li Wei Ang, Lyn James, and Kee Tai Goh. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Cholera in Singapore, 1992-2007." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 7 (July 15, 2010): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n7p507.

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Introduction: We carried out an epidemiological review of cholera in Singapore to determine its trends and the factors contributing to its occurrence. Materials and Methods: Epidemiological data of all notified cases of cholera maintained by the Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, for the period 1992 to 2007 were collated and analysed. Case-control studies were carried out in outbreaks to determine the source of infection and mode of transmission. Linear patterns in age and ethnic distribution of cholera cases were assessed using χ2 test for trend. Results: There were a total of 210 cholera cases reported between 1992 and 2007. The incidence of cholera declined from 17 cases in 1992 to 7 cases in 2007. About a quarter of the cases were imported from endemic countries in the region. Between 76% and 95% of the reported cases were local residents. Four elderly patients with comorbidities and who sought medical treatment late died, giving a case-fatality rate of 1.9%. Vibrio cholerae 01, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, accounted for 83.8% of the cases. The vehicles of transmission identified in outbreaks included raw fish, undercooked seafood and iced drinks cross-contaminated with raw seafood. Conclusion: With the high standard of environmental hygiene and sanitation, a comprehensive epidemiological surveillance system and licensing and control of food establishments, cholera could not gain a foothold in Singapore despite it being situated in an endemic region. However, health education of the public on the importance of personal and food hygiene is of paramount importance in preventing foodborne outbreaks. Physicians should also maintain a high level of suspicion of cholera in patients presenting with severe gastroenteritis, especially those with a recent travel history to endemic countries. Key words: Outbreaks, Seafood, O139, Vibrio cholerae O1

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cholera - history"

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Sendzik, Walter. "The 1832 Montreal cholera epidemic : a study in state formation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37236.pdf.

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Kaloteka, Karolina. "Spatial Quarantine : The Swedish quarantine system 1850-1894 and a spatial theoretical framework." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-157144.

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Kearns, G. P. "Aspects of cholera, society and space in nineteenth-century England and Wales." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272538.

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Altonen, Brian Lee. "Asiatic cholera and dysentery on the Oregon Trail : a historical medical geography study." PDXScholar, 2000. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4305.

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Two disease regions existed on the Oregon Trail. Asiatic cholera impacted the Platte River flood plain from 1849 to 1852. Dysentery developed two endemic foci due to the decay of buffalo carcasses in eastern and middle Nebraska between 1844 and 1848, but later developed a much larger endemic region west of this Great Plains due to the infection of livestock carcasses by opportunistic bacteria. This study demonstrates that whereas Asiatic cholera diffusion along the Trail was defined primarily by human population features, topography, and regional climate along the Platte River flood plain, the distribution of opportunistic dysentery along the Trail was defined primarily by human and animal fitness in relation to local topography features. By utilizing a geographic interpretation of disease spread, the Asiatic cholera epidemic caused by Vibrio cholerae could be distinguished from the dysentery epidemic caused by one or more species of Salmonella or Campylobacter. In addition, this study also clarifies an important discrepancy popular to the Oregon Trail history literature. "Mountain fever," a disease typically associated with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, was demonstrated to be cases of fever induced by the same bacteria responsible for opportunistic dysentery. In addition, several important geographic methods of disease interpretations were used for this study. By relating the epidemiological transition model of disease patterns to the early twentieth century sequent occupance models described in numerous geography journals, a spatially- and temporally-oriented disease model was produced applicable to reviews of disease history, a method of analysis which has important applications to current studies of disease patterns in rapidly changing rural and urban population settings.

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Atkinson, Joseph Logan. "The Upper Canadian legal response to the cholera epidemics of 1832 and 1834." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ58262.pdf.

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Sigsworth, Michael. "Cholera in the large towns of the West and East Ridings, 1848-1893." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1991. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20811/.

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This study discusses the three cholera epidemics in 1848-49, 1853-54 and 1865-66, focussing on how the disease was experienced and acted upon, as well as its impact in the four large towns of the West and East Riding of Yorkshire (Bradford, Hull, Leeds and Sheffield). It does this comparatively and sets cholera outbreaks in the context of local social, administrative and geographical factors. The main thesis is that historians should not talk about the national experience of cholera for the period 1848-66, rather they should recognise different experiences and impacts between towns, through time and at different levels of society. A subsidiary argument, however, is that the scares which occurred in the 1870s, 1880s and 1890s can be considered at the national, even international level. In 1848-49 there were major differences in mortality between the four towns, with Hull and Sheffield at two ends of the spectrum nationally and regionally. In 1853-54 and 1865-66 none of the four towns experienced a major epidemic, though they did experience exceptional levels of public health activity, such that an 'epidemic consciousness' can be identified. While nationally there was an incremental fall in cholera mortality over the three later epidemics, in the four towns there was a single fall after 1849. As each threat passed there was growing confidence that cholera was controllable, though it never lost its power to 'shock'.In 1848-49 there were major differences between the towns in levels and forms of activity both to the approach and the containment of the epidemic. This was due to a number of variables: social relations and class attitudes, the role of the medical profession, theories of cholera's etiology (including the gradual adoption and adaptation of Snow's ideas), local reactions to relations with central government, the intensity of the mortality crisis and past experiences of epidemic diseases. The most striking feature in 1853-54 was the lack of variation in official actions across the towns. During and after the 1866 epidemic a two-tier approach was adopted, with cholera increasingly seen as a port disease. Was cholera the local sanitary reformers' best friend? The answer given is no, but this is qualified in several ways. The commonest middle class view of the later epidemics was that those who suffered were culpable, due to their ignorance and fecklessness. In other words, the problem was not so much the disease as the people. Working class reactions to sanitary reform were not characterised, as is often said, by ignorance or hostility, rather they were varied and patterned. Actions were guided by a specific, usually local, understanding of urban disease ecology and of the wider determinants of health and disease. This knowledge of the local physical environment was linked to views on rights and responsibilities. The working class did not share the one dimensional environmentalism of the sanitarians; instead they contended that many other factors were determinants of health, not least wages and hours of work.

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Fowler, Madeline Joan. "Ports of empire : immigration, communication, and cholera in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 1830-1870." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:03eb173d-50e2-4a7e-9261-578ef113007d.

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This study explores the relationship between emigration and cholera in British North American port towns, between 1832 and 1866. It focuses specifically on three established and growing port towns located directly off of the Atlantic Ocean – St. John's, Newfoundland, Halifax, Nova Scotia and Saint John, New Brunswick. The pressures of mass immigration from the British Isles, the transmission of highly-feared diseases from emigrant and cargo ships to port towns in British North America, and the dependence, vulnerability and constraints felt by colonial governments and their citizens are three important themes that emerge and are continually challenged throughout this dissertation. This thesis presents the way in which colonial port towns managed the recurrent and unpredictable threats to their health, wellbeing and prosperity during this period, and highlights the increasing strain and growing dislocation felt by British North Americans under colonial rule. The history of cholera in Canada has focused overwhelmingly on Upper and Lower Canada, with little exploration or comparative analysis of the outbreaks in the Atlantic region. The following research examines the interconnected, complex and at times distant relationship between Britain and its North American colonies, under the influence of emigration and transmission of disease from coloniser to colonised. High points of calamity and upheaval clarified the extent to which the colonies were responsible for themselves, forcing many towns to re-evaluate their ability to control emergencies on their soil, with or without the help of the mother country. This study contributes not only to the historical understanding how cholera was managed in British North American ports, but it also provides a unique perspective on understanding the greater struggles of nineteenth-century colonial life.

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Grimley, Evans Corrinne Jane. "Divine providence and epidemic cholera : a contribution to the study of secularization of thought in nineteenth-century England." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1995. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/75b02f60-e4e8-4c32-9f89-330ad83fd59e/1/.

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The idea of providence was a prominent and pervasive theme in public discourse on subjects of national importance, and upon momentous occasions in nineteenthcentury England. Perceptions of divine involvement and purpose in human affairs embodied in the notion of providence seemed to be at the heart of a religious world view in the Christian tradition, and thus essential elements for study in any historical investigation of religious change. The midcentury years, ostensibly a period of high religious consciousness, provide an opportunity to explore processes which were eventually to lead to the more secular nature of society apparent by the end of the century. The recurring cholera epidemics between 1831 and 1854 were alarming events which provoked reactions throughout society; they provide a means of tracing developments in perceptions of providential involvement in calamitous events during a critical twenty-four year period. Systematic surveys of a broad range of sources, including newspapers, periodicals and sermons were carried out to document the responses of different sections of society, and facilitated investigation of cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns in religious attitudes. It was hypothesised that changing ideas about the nature and extent of providential action in relation to epidemic disease could provide an index of the process of secularization of thought, and thus contribute to the wider debate on secularization. The results vindicated the use of the concept of providence to explore religious consciousness. They have confirmed the mid-nineteenth century to be a critical period for religious change. Analysis of religious perceptions of cholera at three points in time produced a complex picture of changing attitudes, including an unexpected peaking of providential interpretations by some observers during the second epidemic. However, the variation between different sources and social groups did not obscure a significant longer-term trend of decline in providential attitudes, consistent with a secularization of thought during the quarter of a century studied.

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Oropeza, Ruth Alejandra. "The Politics of Epidemic: Spain, Disease Management and Hygiene, 1803-1902." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/337269.

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Utilizing medical manuals, medical records, newspapers, and letters, the history of the management of epidemics from 1803-1902 will be explored. This thesis weaves together and explores the political history of the nineteenth century by analyzing the contribution of doctors and reformers in the management of diseases. This thesis explores the intersection between the construction of a public health system and the implementation of these practices by political actors and physicians. The history of the management of disease is analyzed from the introduction of the mass vaccination campaign, in Spain, in 1803. This thesis first analyzes the development of a public health system focused on prevention. It then challenges the system created by examining how effective these measures were against the multiple waves of cholera to hit Spain. It then addresses the important role reformers had in the late nineteenth century. It was through their efforts that doctors and reformers became explicitly linked to new ideas of citizenship and responsibility. This paper emphasizes both continuity in the importance of health care, but also the transformations in the discourse of public health responsibility. Ultimately, it centers liberalism and an emerging middle class within the discussion of a health policy.

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Padilla, Roberto Ramon II. "Science, Nurses, Physicians and Disease: The Role of Medicine in the Construction of a Modern Japanese Identity." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250282096.

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Books on the topic "Cholera - history"

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Cholera. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, 2015.

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Cholera: The biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Hamlin, Christopher. Cholera: The biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Hamlin, Christopher. Cholera: The biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Deville, Patrick. Plague and cholera. London: ABACUS, 2015.

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Scheible, Karl-Friederich. Hahnemann und die Cholera. Heidelberg: Haug, 1994.

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Amari, Michele. Descrizione del cholera di Sicilia. Napoli: Morano, 1990.

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Kudlick, Catherine Jean. Cholera in post-revolutionary Paris: A cultural history. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.

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Giono, Jean. Le hussard sur le toit. Paris: Gallimard, 1987.

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Hart, P. D. 't. Utrecht en de cholera, 1832-1910. [Zutphen]: De Walburg Pers, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cholera - history"

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Barua, Dhiman. "History of Cholera." In Cholera, 1–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9688-9_1.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Cholera (Blue Skin Disease) and Its History." In Parasitology Research Monographs, 143–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29061-0_3.

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Eyler, John M. "The changing assessments of John Snow’s and William Farr’s cholera studies." In A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts, 129–39. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7603-2_2.

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Weiss, Jane. "‘This Pestilence Which Walketh in Darkness’: Reconceptualizing the 1832 New York Cholera Epidemic." In Framing and Imagining Disease in Cultural History, 92–110. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524323_4.

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Speck, Reinhard S. "Cholera." In The Cambridge World History of Human Disease, 642–49. Cambridge University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521332866.089.

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HAIDT, REBECCA. "Emotional Contagion in a Time of Cholera." In Engaging the Emotions in Spanish Culture and History, 77–94. Vanderbilt University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16756g4.9.

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"5. Cholera and Civilization: Great Britain and India, 1817 to 1920." In Epidemics and History, 167–212. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300174298-008.

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Meltzer, Eyal, and Eli Schwartz. "Cholera: A Travel History of the First Modern Pandemic." In Travel Medicine, 287–98. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-045359-0.50038-5.

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"Cholera: A Travel History of the First Modern Pandemic." In Travel Medicine: Tales Behind the Science, 307–18. Routledge, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080489827-50.

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Brown, Jeremy. "Your Hand Lay Heavily on the Inhabitants of This Land." In The Eleventh Plague, 124–50. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197607183.003.0007.

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Abstract Of all the pandemics that effected Jewish communities, none was as well documented as cholera. It was also the first pandemic in the era of rapid medical discoveries, like the widespread acceptance of the germ theory of disease. This chapter will review the changing attitudes of Jewish communities and their leaders toward these scientific advances in the light of Jewish folk medicine and a continued belief in the power of amulets and prayers. To place all this into context, the tumultuous history is described of the attempts in both England and America to proclaim a general day of fasting and prayer in response to the cholera outbreak of 1832. The chapter concludes with an examination of several rabbinic rulings made in response to cholera, including one in which, in the face of a deadly cholera epidemic, congregants were instructed not to fast on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cholera - history"

1

Cohn, Marvin J., and Dan Nass. "Creep Life Prediction For High Energy Piping Girth Welds Case History: Cholla, Unit 2." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1225.

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Creep damage of high energy piping (HEP) systems in fossil fuel power plants results from operation at creep range temperatures and stresses over many years. Thermal expansion stresses are typically below the yield stress and gradually relax over time. Consequently, the operating stresses in a piping system are typically below the yield stress and become load controlled. Conventional designs of HEP systems use the American Society of Mechanical Engineers B31.1 Power Piping Code. The Code is a general guideline for piping system design. Utilities typically determine examination sites by performing Code piping stress analyses and selecting locations that include the highest sustained longitudinal stress, highest thermal expansion stress, and terminal points. However, the Code does not address weldment properties, redistribution of thermal stresses and time-dependent life consumption due to material creep degradation. As an alternative, a high energy piping life consumption (HEPLC) methodology was used to predict maximum material damage locations. The methodology was used to prioritize expected creep damage locations, considering applicable affects such as weldment properties, field piping displacements, time-dependent operating stresses, and multiaxial piping stresses. This approach was applied to the main steam piping system at Cholla Unit 2. The locations of highest expected creep damage would not have been selected by a conventional site selection approach. Significant creep damage was found at the locations of maximum expected creep damage using the HEPLC methodology.

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2

Cohn, Marvin J., Steve R. Paterson, and Dan Nass. "Case History of Solidification Cracks in 2-1/4Cr 1Mo Low Carbon Welds — Cholla Unit 2." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1317.

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An examination of the main steam girth welds at Cholla Unit 2 was performed during a scheduled outage in Spring 1999. The examination revealed two distinct types of cracks. Nine girth welds had extensive arrays of small discontinuous ultrasonic examination indications in the weld deposit near the weld roots. Two girth welds had cracks connected to the outside surface of the pipe. Justifications for removing and replacing 11 of the 35 examined main steam girth welds are presented in this paper. Nondestructive examinations revealed small discontinuous indications near the root of several welds and throughout the weld deposit. In the most severe cases, these weld metal indications extended all the way around the circumference of the pipe. A metallurgical evaluation of both shop and field welds determined that the indications were arrays of small solidification cracks, typically 1/16-inch high by 1/32-inch long. The solidification cracks were attributed to wide weave beads in combination with low carbon content consumables. There was also a concern that those weld deposits with very low carbon (less than 0.05 weight percent) may have significantly shorter creep lives. In addition to the fabrication-induced solidification cracks, two girth welds were identified with service-induced creep cracks. The first of these was detected during ultrasonic and fluorescent magnetic particle examinations of selected welds. The second was detected visually in an auxiliary steam piping weld connection that was identified as a high priority weld resulting from a life consumption evaluation of the piping system.

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