Journal articles: 'Cholera - history'

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Dorman, Matthew J., Leanne Kane, Daryl Domman, Jake D. Turnbull, Claire Cormie, Mohammed-Abbas Fazal, David A. Goulding, Julie E. Russell, Sarah Alexander, and Nicholas R. Thomson. "The history, genome and biology of NCTC 30: a non-pandemic Vibrio cholerae isolate from World War One." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1900 (April 10, 2019): 20182025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2025.

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The sixth global cholera pandemic lasted from 1899 to 1923. However, despite widespread fear of the disease and of its negative effects on troop morale, very few soldiers in the British Expeditionary Forces contracted cholera between 1914 and 1918. Here, we have revived and sequenced the genome of NCTC 30, a 102-year-old Vibrio cholerae isolate, which we believe is the oldest publicly available live V. cholerae strain in existence. NCTC 30 was isolated in 1916 from a British soldier convalescent in Egypt. We found that this strain does not encode cholera toxin, thought to be necessary to cause cholera, and is not part of V. cholerae lineages responsible for the pandemic disease. We also show that NCTC 30, which predates the introduction of penicillin-based antibiotics, harbours a functional β-lactamase antibiotic resistance gene. Our data corroborate and provide molecular explanations for previous phenotypic studies of NCTC 30 and provide a new high-quality genome sequence for historical, non-pandemic V. cholerae .

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Kaper, J. B., J. G. Morris, and M. M. Levine. "Cholera." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 1 (January 1995): 48–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.1.48.

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Despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. Throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to Asia and Africa. However, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. In 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in South America, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. In 1992, an apparently new pandemic caused by a previously unknown serogroup of V. cholerae (O139) began in India and Bangladesh. The O139 epidemic has been occurring in populations assumed to be largely immune to V. cholerae O1 and has rapidly spread to many countries including the United States. In this review, we discuss all aspects of cholera, including the clinical microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the disease. Special attention will be paid to the extraordinary advances that have been made in recent years in unravelling the molecular pathogenesis of this infection and in the development of new generations of vaccines to prevent it.

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Khan, Ashraful Islam, Md Mahbubur Rashid, Md Taufiqul Islam, Mokibul Hassan Afrad, M. Salimuzzaman, Sonia Tara Hegde, Md Mazharul I. Zion, et al. "Epidemiology of Cholera in Bangladesh: Findings From Nationwide Hospital-based Surveillance, 2014–2018." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 7 (December 31, 2019): 1635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1075.

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Abstract Background Despite advances in prevention, detection, and treatment, cholera remains a major public health problem in Bangladesh and little is known about cholera outside of limited historical sentinel surveillance sites. In Bangladesh, a comprehensive national cholera control plan is essential, although national data are needed to better understand the magnitude and geographic distribution of cholera. Methods We conducted systematic hospital-based cholera surveillance among diarrhea patients in 22 sites throughout Bangladesh from 2014 to 2018. Stool specimens were collected and tested for Vibrio cholerae by microbiological culture. Participants’ socioeconomic status and clinical, sanitation, and food history were recorded. We used generalized estimating equations to identify the factors associated with cholera among diarrhea patients. Results Among 26 221 diarrhea patients enrolled, 6.2% (n = 1604) cases were V. cholerae O1. The proportion of diarrhea patients positive for cholera in children <5 years was 2.1% and in patients ≥5 years was 9.5%. The proportion of cholera in Dhaka and Chittagong Division was consistently high. We observed biannual seasonal peaks (pre- and postmonsoon) for cholera across the country, with higher cholera positivity during the postmonsoon in western regions and during the pre–monsoon season in eastern regions. Cholera risk increased with age, occupation, and recent history of diarrhea among household members. Conclusions Cholera occurs throughout a large part of Bangladesh. Cholera-prone areas should be prioritized to control the disease by implementation of targeted interventions. These findings can help strengthen the cholera-control program and serve as the basis for future studies for tracking the impact of cholera-control interventions in Bangladesh.

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Bao, Zhong-ying, Xiao Ming, Xiao-dong Yuan, and Shu-hong Duan. "Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 28 Cases of Cholera." Infection International 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0071.

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Abstract The data of 35 246 patients with intestinal diseases were retrospectively analyzed, 28 cases of cholera patients were screened in 17 years, of which 23 cases had suspicious unclean food history, 10 cases were migrant workers, 8 cases had history of coastal city tour in one week. All of the 28 patients were positive for Vibrio cholerae culture, 19 cases were identified as O1 serotype Ogawa and 6 were identified as O1 serotype Inaba, 3 were identified as O139. Twenty-three patients were mild, five cases were moderate, patients with severe diseases were not found. It was found in this study that O1 serotype Vibrio cholerae was still dominant, 82% of cholera patients were mild cases. Tourists who had a incompletely heated seafood intake history and migrant people are susceptible to cholera.

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Domman, Daryl, Marie-Laure Quilici, Matthew J. Dorman, Elisabeth Njamkepo, Ankur Mutreja, Alison E. Mather, Gabriella Delgado, et al. "Integrated view of Vibrio cholerae in the Americas." Science 358, no. 6364 (November 9, 2017): 789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2136.

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Latin America has experienced two of the largest cholera epidemics in modern history; one in 1991 and the other in 2010. However, confusion still surrounds the relationships between globally circulating pandemic Vibrio cholerae clones and local bacterial populations. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize cholera across the Americas over a 40-year time span. We found that both epidemics were the result of intercontinental introductions of seventh pandemic El Tor V. cholerae and that at least seven lineages local to the Americas are associated with disease that differs epidemiologically from epidemic cholera. Our results consolidate historical accounts of pandemic cholera with data to show the importance of local lineages, presenting an integrated view of cholera that is important to the design of future disease control strategies.

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Weill, François-Xavier, Daryl Domman, Elisabeth Njamkepo, Cheryl Tarr, Jean Rauzier, Nizar Fawal, Karen H. Keddy, et al. "Genomic history of the seventh pandemic of cholera in Africa." Science 358, no. 6364 (November 9, 2017): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad5901.

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The seventh cholera pandemic has heavily affected Africa, although the origin and continental spread of the disease remain undefined. We used genomic data from 1070 Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates, across 45 African countries and over a 49-year period, to show that past epidemics were attributable to a single expanded lineage. This lineage was introduced at least 11 times since 1970, into two main regions, West Africa and East/Southern Africa, causing epidemics that lasted up to 28 years. The last five introductions into Africa, all from Asia, involved multidrug-resistant sublineages that replaced antibiotic-susceptible sublineages after 2000. This phylogenetic framework describes the periodicity of lineage introduction and the stable routes of cholera spread, which should inform the rational design of control measures for cholera in Africa.

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Daniszewski, Piotr. "Vibrio cholerae - As Biological Weapons." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 9 (September 2013): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.9.65.

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Terrorism is defined as use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to indulge fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, social or religious. Bioterrorism is terrorism by intentional release or dissemination of biological agents, mainly bacteria or viruses. Use of biological weapons is attractive from the terrorists’ point of view because of low production costs, major range and easiness of transmission. The first mention of the use of primitive biological weapons date back to the 6th century. Use of plague-infested corpses as offensive means in the 14th century caused a spread of bubonic plague through the whole Europe. The biggest development of biological weapons took place in the interwar period and in the cold war era. Biological weapon trails and research were conducted by super powers such as USSR, UK, USA and Japan. At the beginning of the 20th century a new form of bioterrorism occurred, which put humanity in the face of a terrifying threat. Cholera is a deadly disease that has caused a worldwide phenomenon throughout history. Its imperative weapon, the Vibrio cholerae bacterium, has allowed cholera to seize control and wipe out a huge percentage of the human population. V. cholerae’s toxins are the primary causes of cholera’s lethal symptoms. The bacterium contains toxins that help it accomplish its job of invading the human system and defeating the body’s powerful immune system. With its sibling bacterium Escherichia coli, V. cholerae has become one of the most dominant pathogens in the known world. V. cholerae’s strategies in causing the infamous deadly diarrhea have been widely studied, from the irritation of the intestinal epithelium to the stimulation of capillary leakage, as well as the internal effects of the disease such as the Peyer’s patches on the intestinal walls. Overall, the Vibrio cholera bacterium has made cholera a tough disease to overcome, and because of its deadly virulence factors, cholera has become one of the most frightening diseases a human body could ever encounter. Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium. Some strains of V. cholerae cause the disease cholera. V. cholerae is facultatively anaerobic and has a flagellum at one cell pole. V. cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch, working independently 30 years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease. V. cholerae pathogenicity genes code for proteins directly or indirectly involved in the virulence of the bacteria. During infection, V. cholerae secretes cholera toxin, a protein that causes profuse, watery diarrhea. Colonization of the small intestine also requires the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), a thin, flexible, filamentous appendage on the surface of bacterial cells.

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Thwe, Phyu M., Matthew Schilling, David Reynoso, and Ping Ren. "Unexpected Cholera Bacteremia in a 91 Year Old Caucasian Male Patient." Laboratory Medicine 51, no. 6 (June 13, 2020): e71-e74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/lmaa028.

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ABSTRACT Cholera is an illness caused by Vibrio cholerae; its main symptom is acute watery diarrhea. Some infections are asymptomatic or result in patients presenting with mild diarrhea, but complications, such as bacteremia, can be fatal. Being endemic in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Haiti, V. cholerae infection cases in the United States are primarily considered travel-related. Herein, we report a case of a 91 year old Caucasian man, a Texas Gulf Coast resident, who developed bacteremia due to V. cholerae despite having no international travel history. Culture workup by mass spectrometry, automated biochemical system, and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing confirmed V. cholerae. This case conveys an important reminder to clinicians and laboratory professionals regarding potentially serious cholera illnesses due to the domestic prevalence of V. cholerae in the coastal regions of the United States.

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Rousseau, G. S. (George Sebastian), and David Boyd Haycock. "Coleridge's Choleras: Cholera Morbus, Asiatic Cholera, and Dysentery in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 77, no. 2 (2003): 298–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2003.0086.

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Wong, Chia Siong, Li Wei Ang, Lyn James, and Kee Tai Goh. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Cholera in Singapore, 1992-2007." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 7 (July 15, 2010): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n7p507.

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Introduction: We carried out an epidemiological review of cholera in Singapore to determine its trends and the factors contributing to its occurrence. Materials and Methods: Epidemiological data of all notified cases of cholera maintained by the Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, for the period 1992 to 2007 were collated and analysed. Case-control studies were carried out in outbreaks to determine the source of infection and mode of transmission. Linear patterns in age and ethnic distribution of cholera cases were assessed using χ2 test for trend. Results: There were a total of 210 cholera cases reported between 1992 and 2007. The incidence of cholera declined from 17 cases in 1992 to 7 cases in 2007. About a quarter of the cases were imported from endemic countries in the region. Between 76% and 95% of the reported cases were local residents. Four elderly patients with comorbidities and who sought medical treatment late died, giving a case-fatality rate of 1.9%. Vibrio cholerae 01, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, accounted for 83.8% of the cases. The vehicles of transmission identified in outbreaks included raw fish, undercooked seafood and iced drinks cross-contaminated with raw seafood. Conclusion: With the high standard of environmental hygiene and sanitation, a comprehensive epidemiological surveillance system and licensing and control of food establishments, cholera could not gain a foothold in Singapore despite it being situated in an endemic region. However, health education of the public on the importance of personal and food hygiene is of paramount importance in preventing foodborne outbreaks. Physicians should also maintain a high level of suspicion of cholera in patients presenting with severe gastroenteritis, especially those with a recent travel history to endemic countries. Key words: Outbreaks, Seafood, O139, Vibrio cholerae O1

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Serenity Sutherland. "Cholera in Detroit: A History." Michigan Historical Review 40, no. 2 (2014): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mhr.2014.0029.

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Fedorenko, O. E., and К. V. Коlyadenko. "Brief outline of the history of world epidemics-pandemics Part II. Cholera nineteenth." Ukrainian Journal of Dermatology, Venerology, Cosmetology, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30978/ujdvk2021-1-67.

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An epidemic of any infectious disease is an invisible ruthless enemy that cannot be defeated by military, political, economic or ideological means. Humanity always reacts to such threats quite nervously and subconsciously tries to mythologize them, at least a little, in order to somehow psychologically protect itself from the real fear of imminent death. Since there is no rational defense against such a threat, people for the most part react in an irrational manner.The 19th century, almost the same as the previous centuries, «started» in epidemiological terms almost from the very beginning of its calendar. Only in contrast to the previous 18th century, the main and dominant danger was posed by another infectious pathology — cholera.In the history of medicine, over the 19th century, as many as six outbreaks of cholera epidemics were recorded since 1817. The first of them began in East Bengal and lasted 8 years (1817—1824), gradually, covering almost all India and big regions of the Middle East. It was worsened by the traditional travels of both Hindu and Muslim pilgrims to «holy places» who spread Vibrio cholerae on foot and through active communication with local residents.One of the significant reasons why cholera epidemic continued with minimal interruptions for almost the entire nineteenth century was an insufficient level of scientific knowledge in microbiology and the resulting ignorance of the causative agent of cholera — vibrio and its properties.Another factor was a complete lack of understanding by society of the need to observe at least the simplest sanitary standards in everyday life. And there was also misunderstanding among the leadership which tried to limit the next outbreak of cholera mainly by administrative measures without adequate explanations of their essence and necessity to the population.

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Menshikova, Elena A., Ekaterina M. Kurbatova, and Svetlana V. Titova. "Ecological features of the persistence of Vibrio cholerae: retrospective analysis and actual state of the problem." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology 97, no. 2 (May 6, 2020): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-2-165-173.

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The review presents retrospective data on six cholera pandemics and current views on the causative agent of the seventh pandemic V. cholerae El Tor, which caused a pandemic infection with the formation of true persistent and temporary intermediate endemic foci that provide the longest pathogen circulation in the history of the disease. One of the possible explanations for such a long course of the cholera pandemic is associated with an extremely high variability of the genome and the development of a number of adaptive reactions that allow cholera vibrios to adapt and remain in the environment. Due to the development of molecular genetic research methods, the ability of cholera vibrios to form biofilms which increases stress resistance, the ability to spread by attachment to abiotic (plastic) and biotic substrates (zooplankton and phytoplankton) has been discovered. Biofilm formation is also directly related to overcoming the antagonistic action of members of aquatic ecosystems. Another strategy for the survival of cholera vibrios is the transition to an uncultured state that proves a low level of death in the population. Published data on the possible effects of temperature increasing due to the climate change on cholera outbreaks in Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Angola, Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone), Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia), Central Asia (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan) and South Asia (Nepal) are overviewed. Based on the publications of recent years, an analysis is made of the current state of the studied problem in the Russian Federation and, in particular, in the Rostov region.

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Kirschner, Alexander K. T., Jane Schlesinger, Andreas H. Farnleitner, Romana Hornek, Beate Süß, Beate Golda, Alois Herzig, and Bettina Reitner. "Rapid Growth of Planktonic Vibrio cholerae Non-O1/Non-O139 Strains in a Large Alkaline Lake in Austria: Dependence on Temperature and Dissolved Organic Carbon Quality." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 7 (February 1, 2008): 2004–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01739-07.

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ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 strains have caused several cases of ear, wound, and blood infections, including one lethal case of septicemia in Austria, during recent years. All of these cases had a history of local recreational activities in the large eastern Austrian lake Neusiedler See. Thus, a monitoring program was started to investigate the prevalence of V. cholerae strains in the lake over several years. Genetic analyses of isolated strains revealed the presence of a variety of pathogenic genes, but in no case did we detect the cholera toxin gene or the toxin-coregulated pilus gene, both of which are prerequisites for the pathogen to be able to cause cholera. In addition, experiments were performed to elucidate the preferred ecological niche of this pathogen. As size filtration experiments indicated and laboratory microcosms showed, endemic V. cholerae could rapidly grow in a free-living state in natural lake water at growth rates similar to those of the bulk natural bacterial population. Temperature and the quality of dissolved organic carbon had a highly significant influence on V. cholerae growth. Specific growth rates, growth yield, and enzyme activity decreased markedly with increasing concentrations of high-molecular-weight substances, indicating that the humic substances originating from the extensive reed belt in the lake can inhibit V. cholerae growth.

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Das, Pallavi. "Rethinking Cholera in Jagannath Puri in the Nineteenth Century." History and Sociology of South Asia 16, no. 1 (January 2022): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22308075221083712.

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This article examines the social history of cholera in Jagannath Puri throughout the nineteenth century, focusing on the various factors that affected the colonial health and sanitary interventions in the region. It rethinks Puri’s ‘sacred’ space as a nexus of converging mobilities rather than a static centre, problematising the relationship between cholera and pilgrimage. It marks a departure from the dominant trend in historiography that stresses the significance of the Jagannath temple in complicating the processes of colonial cholera management in Puri, by focusing on the ‘external’ challenges and motivations that shaped the history of cholera in the region. The article argues that understanding Puri’s history requires de-centring the city as it was the linchpin of a dynamic circulatory regime that constituted not only pilgrims but also disease and ideas. It provides a backdrop for building on larger ideas that connect the ‘micro’ to the ‘macro’ narrative of cholera by recognising the region in terms of its ‘trans-local’ connections rather than local factors alone.

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Dureab, Fekri, Albrecht Jahn, Johannes Krisam, Asma Dureab, Omer Zain, Sameh Al-Awlaqi, and Olaf Müller. "Risk factors associated with the recent cholera outbreak in Yemen: a case-control study." Epidemiology and Health 41 (April 21, 2019): e2019015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019015.

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OBJECTIVES: The cholera outbreak in Yemen has become the largest in the recent history of cholera records, having reached more than 1.4 million cases since it started in late 2016. This study aimed to identify risk factors for cholera in this outbreak.METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in Aden in 2018 to investigate risk factors for cholera in this still-ongoing outbreak. In total, 59 cholera cases and 118 community controls were studied.RESULTS: The following risk factors were associated with being a cholera case in the bivariate analysis: a history of travelling and having had visitors from outside Aden Province; eating outside the house; not washing fruit, vegetables, and khat (a local herbal stimulant) before consumption; using common-source water; and not using chlorine or soap in the household. In the multivariate analysis, not washing khat and the use of common-source water remained significant risk factors for being a cholera case.CONCLUSIONS: Behavioural factors and unsafe water appear to be the major risk factors in the recent cholera outbreak in Yemen. In order to reduce the risk of cholera, hygiene practices for washing khat and vegetables and the use and accessibility of safe drinking water should be promoted at the community level.

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Leo, Judith, Edith Luhanga, and Kisangiri Michael. "Machine Learning Model for Imbalanced Cholera Dataset in Tanzania." Scientific World Journal 2019 (July 25, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9397578.

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Cholera epidemic remains a public threat throughout history, affecting vulnerable population living with unreliable water and substandard sanitary conditions. Various studies have observed that the occurrence of cholera has strong linkage with environmental factors such as climate change and geographical location. Climate change has been strongly linked to the seasonal occurrence and widespread of cholera through the creation of weather patterns that favor the disease’s transmission, infection, and the growth of Vibrio cholerae, which cause the disease. Over the past decades, there have been great achievements in developing epidemic models for the proper prediction of cholera. However, the integration of weather variables and use of machine learning techniques have not been explicitly deployed in modeling cholera epidemics in Tanzania due to the challenges that come with its datasets such as imbalanced data and missing information. This paper explores the use of machine learning techniques to model cholera epidemics with linkage to seasonal weather changes while overcoming the data imbalance problem. Adaptive Synthetic Sampling Approach (ADASYN) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to the restore sampling balance and dimensional of the dataset. In addition, sensitivity, specificity, and balanced-accuracy metrics were used to evaluate the performance of the seven models. Based on the results of the Wilcoxon sign-rank test and features of the models, XGBoost classifier was selected to be the best model for the study. Overall results improved our understanding of the significant roles of machine learning strategies in health-care data. However, the study could not be treated as a time series problem due to the data collection bias. The study recommends a review of health-care systems in order to facilitate quality data collection and deployment of machine learning techniques.

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Richterman, Aaron, Molly F. Franke, and Louise C. Ivers. "1102. Food Insecurity and Reported History of Cholera in Haitian Households: An Analysis of the 2012 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S330—S331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.937.

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Abstract Background Food insecurity is defined as a lack of consistent access to food in adequate quantity or quality. Both cholera and food insecurity tend to occur in impoverished communities where poor access to food, inadequate sanitation, and an unsafe water supply often coexist. The relationship between the two, however, has not been previously studied. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of household-level data from the 2012 Demographic and Health Survey in Haiti, a nationally and subnationally representative cross-sectional household survey conducted every 5 years. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the relationship between household food insecurity (as measured by the Household Hunger Scale) and (1) reported history of cholera since 2010 by any person in the household and (2) reported death by any person in the household from cholera. We used survey commands to apply sampling probability weights and account for clustering and stratification in sample design. We performed a complete case analysis because there were no missing data on household food insecurity or cholera and <1% for the other covariates of interest. Results There were 13,181 households in the survey, 2,104 of which reported at least one household member with history of cholera. Both moderate hunger in the household [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27–1.71; P < 0.0001] and severe hunger in the household (AOR 1.71, 95% CI 1.42–2.05; P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with reported history of cholera in the household after controlling for urban setting, household size, wealth index, water source, time to water source, latrine, and housing materials. Severe hunger in the household (AOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.58–5.00; P = 0.0005), but not moderate hunger in the household, was independently associated with reported death from cholera in the household. Conclusion This is the first study to identify an independent relationship between household food insecurity and reported history of cholera and death from cholera. The directionality of this relationship is uncertain and should be further explored in future prospective research. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Humphreys, M. "Cholera: The Biography." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 66, no. 1 (May 24, 2010): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrq035.

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Maniam, Ganesh, Emily N. Nguyen, and John Scott Milton. "Acquisition of Cholera Within the United States." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 8 (January 2020): 232470962090420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2324709620904204.

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Cholera has been woven into human history through numerous pandemics, with the most recent ongoing since 1961. Global rates of cholera continue to decline, but outbreaks continue to pose diagnostic challenges for clinicians, which delays initiation of treatment and prolongs the disease course. Despite millions of infections and thousands of deaths worldwide each year, cholera remains rare in the United States, with the few cases each year usually being the result of pathogen acquisition while the patient traveled abroad. This article presents a unique case of cholera acquired in the United States, which emphasizes the necessary vigilance of symptom recognition, in the context of appropriate clinical investigation, in ensuring that the patient had a full recovery. Cholera in the United States is exceedingly rare, yet effective diagnosis with early initiation of treatment is known to reduce mortality and shorten disease course. While other more common diagnoses must definitely be excluded first, it is important for cholera to be kept on the differential for patients presenting with treatment refractory, watery diarrhea causing hypotension. This case of a patient with a recent travel history to Hawaii and infection with cholera underscores the importance of investigative medicine and clinical expertise in optimizing patient care, even when presented with rare illnesses.

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Snowden, Frank M. "CHOLERA IN BARLETTA 1910." Past and Present 132, no. 1 (1991): 67–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/132.1.67.

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Newman, Edgar Leon. "Cholera in Post-Revolutionary Paris: A Cultural History." History: Reviews of New Books 25, no. 1 (July 1996): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1996.9952616.

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Ellis, Jack D., and Catherine J. Kudlick. "Cholera in Post-Revolutionary Paris: A Cultural History." American Historical Review 102, no. 5 (December 1997): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171139.

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Gelfand, Toby. "Cholera in Post-Revolutionary Paris: A Cultural History." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540250091046.

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COLWELL, RITA R., and ANWARUL HUQ. "Environmental Reservoir of Vibrio cholerae The Causative Agent of Cholera." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 740, no. 1 Disease in Ev (December 1994): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19852.x.

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Dureab, Fekri, Yasameen Al-Qadasi, Hani Nasr, Marwah Al-Zumair, and Taha Al-Mahbashi. "Knowledge on and preventive practices of cholera in Al-Mahweet – Yemen, 2018: a cross-sectional study." Journal of Water and Health 19, no. 6 (October 22, 2021): 1002–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.139.

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Abstract Yemen has experienced one of the world's worst cholera outbreaks in the recent history of cholera records. This study aims to identify knowledge and practices among people of Al-Mahweet governorate toward cholera infection, which can play a critical role in reducing cholera morbidity and shaping the public health response. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an area of high cholera prevalence in 2018 using structured questionnaires. Most community respondents were able to correctly identify the symptoms and risk factors of cholera. While 65% of the respondents in this study knew that proper disposal of human waste is an essential measure of cholera prevention, only 11% of the respondents knew that proper washing of fruits and vegetables lowers the risk of cholera infection. About 62.5% of households did not treat water for safe drinking. Water was scarce in about 30% of households and near-home defecation was observed in about 23%. In conclusion, this study reveals several gaps in different aspects of hygienic and preventive practices including water treatment, waste disposal, and defecation practices. Cholera response should contain comprehensive health promotion interventions to improve the public's knowledge and enhance healthy practices. Stakeholders should support communities with sustainable water and sanitation systems.

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Eberhart-Phillips, J., R. E. Bessser, M. P. Tormey, D. Feikin, M. R. Araneta, J. Wells, L. Kilman, et al. "An outbreak of cholera from food served on an international aircraft." Epidemiology and Infection 116, no. 1 (February 1996): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800058891.

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SummaryIn February 1992, an outbreak of cholera occurred among persons who had flown on a commercial airline flight from South America to Los Angeles. This study was conducted to determine the magnitude and the cause of the outbreak. Passengers were interviewed and laboratory specimens were collected to determine the magnitude of the outbreak. A case-control study was performed to determine the vehicle of infection. Seventy-five of the 336 passengers in the United States had cholera; 10 were hospitalized and one died. Cold seafood salad, served between Lima, Peru and Los Angeles, California, was the vehicle of infection (odds ratio, 11·6; 95% confidence interval, 3·3–44·5). This was the largest airline-associated outbreak of cholera ever reported and demonstrates the potential for airline-associated spread of cholera from epidemic areas to other parts of the world. Physicians should obtain a travel history and consider cholera in patients with diarrhoea who have travelled from cholera-affected countries. This outbreak also highlights the risks associated with eating cold foods prepared in cholera-affected countries.

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Hardy, Anne. "A New Chapter in Medical History." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 39, no. 3 (January 2009): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2009.39.3.349.

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Once the domain of physicians intent on recording and memorializing professional achievements, the history of medicine has become fully interdisciplinary, encompassing myriad topics. Oddly, however, the problems that actually generate medicine, the diseases themselves, have—with such notable exceptions as plague, cholera, smallpox, tuberculosis, and hiv/aids—attracted relatively little attention until recently. Disease history now appears ready to enter a new phase.

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Waller, J. C. "Christopher Hamlin, Cholera: The Biography." Social History of Medicine 24, no. 2 (June 23, 2011): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkr081.

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Bollyky, Thomas J. "Oral Rehydration Salts, Cholera, and the Unfinished Urban Health Agenda." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7050067.

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Cholera has played an outsized role in the history of how cities have transformed from the victims of disease into great disease conquerors. Yet the current burden of cholera and diarrheal diseases in the fast-urbanizing areas of low-income nations shows the many ways in which the urban health agenda remains unfinished and must continue to evolve.

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SIHN, Kyu-hwan. "Concealment and Disclosure: The Cholera Crisis of 1969–70 in Korea." Korean Journal of Medical History 30, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 355–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2021.30.355.

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The anti-cholera measures of 1969–70 represent one of the most unsuccessful quarantine cases in modern Korea. The military government, which overthrew the democratic government in 1961, tried to amend the Constitution aiming for a long-term seizure of power, and had to overcome the cholera crisis of 1969–70. Previous scholarship has emphasized the limitation of the state power when it came to controlling the cholera epidemic or the poor sanitation system of 1969–70. However, it is undeniable that the military government did have organizations, facilities, and human capital available. When a cholera epidemic broke out in 1963–64, the military government defended its people against cholera as part of the Revolutionary Tasks. Furthermore, it took counsel from a team of medical professionals knowledgeable in microbiology. In 1969, the possibility of bacteriological warfare by North Korea emerged while the government responded to cholera. To avoid this crisis, Park Chŏng-hŭi’s military government, which had been preparing for longterm rule, had to provide successful model in the cholera defense. For the military government, the concealment and distortion of infectious disease information was inevitable. Many other medical professionals trusted the activities of international organizations more than they did the government bodies, and the media accused the government of fabricating cholera death statistics. As the government failed to prevent the cholera crisis, it tightened its secrecy by concealing facts and controlling information.

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Nuzhat, Sharika, Md Iqbal Hossain, Nusrat Jahan Shaly, Rafiqul Islam, Soroar Hossain Khan, Abu Syed Golam Faruque, Pradip Kumar Bardhan, Azharul Islam Khan, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, and Tahmeed Ahmed. "Different Features of Cholera in Malnourished and Non-Malnourished Children: Analysis of 20 Years of Surveillance Data from a Large Diarrheal Disease Hospital in Urban Bangladesh." Children 9, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9020137.

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Malnourished children are more prone to infectious diseases including severe diarrhea compared to non-malnourished children. However, data are scarce on differences in the presentation in such children. We aimed to identify clinical differentials among children with cholera with or without malnutrition. Data were extracted from the diarrheal disease surveillance system (DDSS) of Dhaka Hospital of International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) from January 2001 to December 2020. Among children under five in DDSS, cholera positive (culture confirmed) malnourished children (WAZ, WL/HZ or L/HAZ ˂ −2) were considered as cases (n = 920) and children with cholera but non-malnourished (WAZ, WL/HZ or L/HAZ ≥−2.00 to ≤+2.00) were controls (n = 586). After adjusting for potential confounders such as maternal illiteracy, day labor fathers, maternal employment, slum dwelling, non-sanitary latrine use, use of untreated water, and history of cough, it was revealed that malnourished cholera children significantly more often presented in hospital during evening hours (6 p.m. to 12 mid-night) (p < 0.05), had illiterate fathers (p < 0.05), >24 h history of diarrheal duration (p < 0.05), dehydrating diarrhea (p < 0.05), and had longer hospitalization (p < 0.05). The study results underscore the importance of understanding of basic differences in the presentation of severity of cholera in malnourished children for prompt identification and subsequent management of these vulnerable children.

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Guerrant, Richard L., and David I. Guerrant. "The history of cholera and update on gastrointestinal infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 6, no. 1 (February 1993): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199302000-00009.

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Lopez, Anna Lena, Maria Liza Antoinette Gonzales, Josephine G. Aldaba, and G. Balakrish Nair. "Killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges." Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines 2, no. 5 (June 9, 2014): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051013614537819.

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Cooper, Donald B. "The New “Black Death”: Cholera in Brazil, 1855-1856." Social Science History 10, no. 4 (1986): 467–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015583.

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On repeated occasions in the nineteenth century, Asian cholera irrupted from its traditional center in the great river basins of India and spread in pandemic waves throughout parts of Europe, North Africa, and North America. In Spain alone 600,000 deaths resulted from cholera during four great invasions (Cárdenas, 1971: 224). The United States experienced terrifying outbreaks beginning in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Rosenberg, 1962) which also touched parts of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. Initially South America escaped the onslaught. Some Brazilians speculated that the intense heat of the equator, or the vast expanse of the Atlantic ocean, somehow offered an effective buffer to the southward spread of cholera (Rego, 1872: 84). But this “sweet illusion” was shattered in 1855. Indeed the first city in Brazil struck by Asian cholera was Belém, capital of the vast northern province of Pará located astride the equator at the mouth of the Amazon river.

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Opimakh, Irina. "Edward Jenner and History of Vaccination." Medical Technologies. Assessment and Choice (Медицинские технологии. Оценка и выбор), no. 4 (34) (December 1, 2018): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31556/2219-0678.2018.34.4.077-081.

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For thousands of years, people tried to fight against devastating epidemics that killed millions of people and spared no one – neither young nor old nor rich nor poor. Diseases such as cholera, plague, smallpox destroyed cities, villages and sometimes even whole countries. An article presents an overview of the history of the vaccination, an approach that allowed liberating humanity from dying of smallpox, plague and other deadliest diseases.

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HARRISON, MARK. "A Dreadful Scourge: Cholera in early nineteenth-century India." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 2 (August 16, 2019): 502–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17001032.

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AbstractIn 1817–21, the Indian subcontinent was ravaged by a series of epidemics which marked the beginning of what has since become known as the First Cholera Pandemic. Despite their far-reaching consequences, these epidemics have received remarkably little attention and have never been considered as historical subjects in their own right. This article examines the epidemics of 1817–21 in greater detail and assesses their significance for the social and political history of the Indian subcontinent. Additionally, it examines the meanings that were attached to the epidemics in the years running up to the first appearance of cholera in the West. In so doing, the article makes comparisons between responses to cholera in India and in other contexts, and tests the applicability of concepts used in the study of epidemics in the West. It is argued that the official reaction to cholera in India was initially ameliorative, in keeping with the East India Company's response to famines and other supposedly natural disasters. However, this view was gradually supplemented and replaced by a view of cholera as a social disease, requiring preventive action. These views were initially rejected in Britain, but found favour after cholera epidemics in 1831–32. Secondly, in contrast to later epidemics, it is argued that those of 1817–21 did little to exacerbate tensions between rulers and the ruled. On the rare occasions when cholera did elicit a violent reaction, it tended to be intra-communal rather than anti-colonial in nature.

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Stepanov, K. D. "A page on the history of healthcare development in Kazan." Kazan medical journal 50, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj104027.

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On the 1st of 1885, by the decree of the Kazan City Duma, the Kazan City Admiralty Hospital was opened in a hired house. The closest reason for the opening of the hospital was the epidemic of Asian cholera, which appeared in Western Europe.

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Edward, Frank. "Cholera: The Victorian Plague." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211327.

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The Victorian Britain was swept by five cholera epidemics which led to evolution of sanitary culture that was punctuated by sanitary reforms and engineering. The epidemic made social, political and spatial relations to change. It also led to the emergence of a concept ‘sanitary city’ in the urban planning, a concept that circulated to other parts of the world. Victorian ideas were on the move. Many works on cholera epidemics and sanitary cities discuss mainly about the contributions of few actors, particularly Sir Edwin Chadwick, the main sanitation infrastructures and about a select of cholera epidemics that the swept across towns and cities during the Victorian era. On the contrary, the monograph by a historian Amanda J. Thomas sets out a novel departure by examining all five epidemics and explaining how knowledge and experience of each epidemic drew many actors as well as a series of interventions. It weaves together the social and epidemiological histories of cholera; biographical contributions of key Victorian figures particularly Sir Joseph Bazalgette, Dr. John Snow and William Farr; social history of urban poverty; and the critical accounts that portray reactions of people in the times of epidemics.

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Huber, Valeska. "Pandemics and the politics of difference: rewriting the history of internationalism through nineteenth-century cholera." Journal of Global History 15, no. 3 (November 2020): 394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022820000236.

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AbstractThis article revisits the origins of internationalism in the field of health and shows how the cholera epidemics of the nineteenth century, much like the current coronavirus crisis, brought global differences such as social inequalities, political hierarchies, and scientific conflicts to the fore. Beyond drawing parallels between the cholera epidemics and the current crisis, the article argues for combining imperial and social histories in order to write richer and more grounded histories of internationalism. It explores this historiographical and methodological challenge by analysing the boardrooms of the international sanitary conferences, Middle Eastern quarantine stations catering for Mecca pilgrims, and ocean steamships aiming to move without delay during a worldwide health crisis.

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Maksimova, Irina Vasil'evna. "Cholera as a present-day concern in perception of the dwellers of the county town of Tsaritsyn (based on the materials of the newspaper “Volzhsko-Donskoy Listok”)." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 5 (May 2021): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.5.32953.

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The object of this research is the regional press as a source on the history of cholera epidemics of the late XIX century. The subject is the public moods and behavioral practices of the dwellers of the county town of Saratov governorate – Tsaritsyn, which was affected by cholera epidemic of 1892, in coverage of the regional press. The historiographical framework consists on the versatile and unique materials of the municipal newspaper "Volzhsko-Donskoy Listok", which are introduced into the scientific discourse for the first time. A detailed analysis of the annual publications of local press allowed tracing the chronology of the traditional approach towards perception of the poorly studied in literature cholera epidemics of 1892 in Tsaritsyn in the context of studying the history of everyday life. The author reveals this topic up until September 1893. Special attention is turned to examination of different stereotypical models of behavior that appeared to be widespread among the population, and became a somewhat response to the emerged situation of biological and social nature. The research is based on the interdisciplinary approach that implies comprehensive examination of the problem, involving the achievements in the history of medicine, historiography, psychology, sociology, etc. This article is the first attempt within the regional historiography to holistically examine the cholera epidemic of 1892 in Tsaritsyn. The conducted analysis of the newspaper “Volzhsko-Donskoy Listok” allowed to highly rate the informative capabilities of the regional press for studying cholera epidemics and their impact on life of the population in the post-reform period. The author offers the original classification of the whole variety of materials on the topic, as well as outlines the ways for their further usage.

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Tsiamis, Costas, Chrisoula Hatzara, and Georgia Vrioni. "The Suez Canal under Quarantine: Sanitary History of the Mediterranean Gateway (19th–21st centuries)." SHS Web of Conferences 136 (2022): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213602003.

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The Suez Canal is ranked among the most significant engineering feats in human history. Besides its geopolitical and economic impact, however, the Canal became a subject of sanitary concern right from the beginning of its operation in 1869, which coincided with the fourth pandemic of cholera. Sanitary efforts during the 19th century focused on humans and merchandise distributed through the Canal in the frame of the theories of contagion and contamination. Contact with Asia via maritime trade routes entailed increased possibilities of dangerous pathogens and infectious diseases invading the Mediterranean and – by extension – Europe, as evidenced by the cholera and plague epidemics in Egypt. The sanitary significance of the Suez Canal was further demonstrated in the early 20th century when the cholera biotype El Tor was discovered in the Sinai Peninsula. After the Second World War the health systems evolved by incorporating all guidelines of the World Health Organization, whereas special provisions were established for pilgrims traveling to Mecca. The Suez Canal continues to serve as one of the most important global commercial hubs of the 21st century. Accordingly, health security remains a global priority, while strict adherence to international health regulations and epidemiological monitoring represent key elements in safeguarding health in the Mediterranean region.

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Márquez Morfin, Lourdes. "Mexico in the Time of Cholera." Hispanic American Historical Review 101, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-8796737.

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Powers, Ramon, and James N. Leiker. "Cholera among the Plains Indians: Perceptions, Causes, Consequences." Western Historical Quarterly 29, no. 3 (1998): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970577.

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Dutta, Manikarnika. "Cholera, British seamen and maritime anxieties in Calcutta, c.1830s–1890s ‘The William Bynum Prize Essay’." Medical History 65, no. 4 (October 2021): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.25.

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AbstractFrom the mid-nineteenth century, seamen were increasingly identified as vectors of epidemic diseases such as cholera. The rising acceptance of the germ theories of disease and contagion and the transition from sail to steam at this time increased the fear of the rapid spread of contagious diseases through these mobile people. This article examines how the British naval authorities, ship surgeons and the medical and municipal authorities in the Calcutta sailortown sought to improve maritime health and hygiene to prevent the spread of cholera among and by British seamen. Nineteenth century Calcutta is an ideal context for this study on account of its epidemiological notoriety as a disease entrepot and the sea route between Calcutta and British ports was one of the most closely monitored for disease in the Empire. The article argues that a study of cholera among British seamen can generate important insights into the relationship among disease, medicine and colonialism and in doing so shed light into a neglected aspect of the history of nineteenth century cholera, the British anxiety regarding disease dispersion, practice of hygiene and sanitation and British seamen’s health.

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Valentine Sanon, Valentine Sanon. "Haiti’s cholera epidemic: will it return in 2021?" Gastroenterology & Hepatology: Open Access 12, no. 4 (2021): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ghoa.2021.12.00470.

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Cholera is a scourge that has plagued humanity from early times; no era was exempt at different times in history, and the mere mention of cholera in past generations often caused panic among susceptible populations. Now with the recent 7.2 magnitude in Haiti, the question re- emerges: can Haiti’s cholera epidemic return considering the extensive earthquake damage that has recently occurred? Haiti is prone to earthquakes, due to its location along a fault line, and over the centuries has encountered numerous earthquakes, some including the 2010 and 2021 earthquakes of 7.0 or greater magnitude. Cholera has been around for centuries, and in the last century has caused at least 7 devastating global outbreaks each claiming thousands of innocent human lives. Cholera infects 1.3 to 4 million people around the world annually with over 20,000 deaths per year according to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics. Cholera is a microbial disease of multicausal origin and fecal-oral transmission, where various biological, environmental, social, political and cultural factors often intervene, thereby presenting complex solutions for what often becomes a public health issue in the broader community. Over 819,000 Haitians became ill with cholera during the years following the 2010 earthquake, with nearly 10,000 deaths reported as a result of one of Haiti’s main waterways accidently becoming contaminated with the highly infectious cholera organism. Considering the severe damages now being reported from the August – 2021 earthquake followed by a severe weather outlook, the potential for a re-emergence of the cholera epidemic may now become a serious public health threat to the island Nation, including the potential risks to other nearby Island nations in the Caribbean and beyond should infected carriers relocate to non-earthquake prone localities. Implementation of effective hygiene measures, including timely medical monitoring and strategic intervention where indicated will be essential to prevent a resurgence of cholera or other public health issues in the coming weeks and months aftermath of the destruction of the roads, structures and public health resources resulting from the recent earthquake in Haiti.

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LEE, Kyu Won. "The Cholera Epidemic of 1907 and the Formation of Colonial Epidemic Control Systems in Korea." Korean Journal of Medical History 30, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 547–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2021.30.547.

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It was in 1907 when Korea was annexed by Japan in the field of health care systems as the Gwangje Hospital, Uihakgyo the National Medical School and the Korean Red Cross Hospital were merged into the colonial Daehan Hospital, and massive cholera epidemic controls by the Japanese Army were enforced. However, despite their importance, the cholera epidemic of 1907 in Korea and preventive measures taken at that time have not yet been studied extensively as a single research subject. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a more concrete and broader understanding of the Korea-Japan annexation of health care systems under the rule of the Japanese Resident-General of Korea by revealing new facts and correcting existing errors. In 1907, cholera was transmitted to Korea from China and Japan and spread across the Korean Peninsula, resulting in a major public health crisis, perhaps one of the most serious cholera outbreaks in the twentieth century Korea. Although Busan and Pyeongyang were the cities most infected with cholera, the targets for the most intensive interventions were Gyeongseong (Seoul) and Incheon, where the Japanese Crown Prince were supposed to make a visit. The Japanese police commissioner took several anti-cholera preventive measures in Gyeongseong, including searching out patients, disinfecting and blocking infected areas, and isolating the confirmed or suspected. Nevertheless, cholera was about to be rampant especially among Japanese residents. In this situation, Itō Hirobumi, the first Resident-General of Korea, organized the temporary cholera control headquarters to push ahead the visit of the Japanese Crown Prince for his political purposes to colonize Korea. To dispel Emperor Meiji’s concerns, Itō had to appoint Satō Susumu, the famous Japanese Army Surgeon General, as an advisor, since he had much credit at Court. In addition, as the Japanese-led Korean police lacked epidemic control ability and experience, the headquarters became an improvised organization commanded by the Japanese Army in Korea and wielded great influence on the formation of the colonial disease control systems. Its activities were forced, violent, and negligent, and many Korean people were quite uncooperative in some anti-cholera measures. As a result, the Japanese Army in Korea took the initiative away from the Korean police in epidemic controls, serving the heavy-handed military policy of early colonial period. In short, the cholera epidemic and its control in 1907 were important events that shaped the direction of Japan’s colonial rule.

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Ackerman, Evelyn Bernette. "Book Review: Cholera in Post-Revolutionary Paris: A Cultural History." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 71, no. 4 (1997): 712–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.1997.0157.

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Ramšak, Mojca. "A Rare Find: a 19th Century Song about Cholera in Slovenia and Its Interpretation." Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae 34 (December 13, 2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/fah34.2021.006.

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The accidental discovery of an 1847 manuscript in the Local History and Special Collections Department at Maribor University Library in Slovenia (shelfmark: Kreps, 1847; UKM Ms 563), which contains, among other things, a song about cholera, was the basis for its contextual interpretation and comparison with related recorded songs. This new discovery is important because the song refers to the first wave of cholera on Slovene territory in 1836, whereas other songs describing the disease were written later. The text of the song resembles a collection of frightening news about the disease circulating among the people. The questions of whether the information in the song is real or fictional, genuine or exaggerated are discussed in light of the memory of cholera outbreaks found in other songs of the same genre and historical data.

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Davis, Audrey B., W. E. van Heyningen, and John R. Seal. "Cholera: The American Scientific Experience, 1947-1980." Technology and Culture 26, no. 1 (January 1985): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3104554.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cholera - history'

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