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Journal articles on the topic 'Cholera, microbiology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Kaper, J. B., J. G. Morris, and M. M. Levine. "Cholera." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 1 (1995): 48–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.1.48.

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Despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. Throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to Asia and Africa. However, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. In 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in South America, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. In 1992, an apparently new pandemic caused by a previously unknown serogroup of V. cholerae (O139) began in I

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2

Chattaway, Marie Anne, Abdul Kamara, Fay Rhodes, et al. "Establishing an enteric bacteria reference laboratory in Sierra Leone." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 07 (2014): 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.5074.

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In 2012, Sierra Leone experienced its worst cholera outbreak in over 15 years affecting 12 of the country’s 13 districts. With limited diagnostic capability, particularly in bacterial culture, the cholera outbreak was initially confirmed by microbiological testing of clinical specimens outside of Sierra Leone. During 2012 – 2013, in direct response to the lack of diagnostic microbiology facilities, and to assist in investigating and monitoring the cholera outbreak, diagnostic and reference services were established in Sierra Leone at the Central Public Health Reference Laboratory focusing spec

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3

Larionova, L. V., R. V. Pisanov, D. I. Simakova, A. N. Narkevich, and I. V. Arkhangel’skaya. "Polimeric Immunoglobulin Diagnosticum for Detection of Cholera Toxin and Assessing the Level of Its Production by Vibrios." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 4 (January 26, 2022): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2021-4-84-89.

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A marker of the epidemic significance of Vibrio cholerae is their toxigenicity. Therefore, much attention is currently paid to the creation of diagnostic preparations for the detection of cholera toxin and assessment of the level of its production. The volumetric immunosuspension agglomeration reaction, carried out with the help of latex diagnosticums, is an analogue of the indirect hemagglutination reaction, an affordable and technically simple method, since it does not require special equipment and can be used when conducting research in the field. The aim of the study was to design a polyme

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Kitaoka, Maya, Sarah T. Miyata, Daniel Unterweger, and Stefan Pukatzki. "Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Vibrio cholerae." Journal of Medical Microbiology 60, no. 4 (2011): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.023051-0.

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As the causative agent of cholera, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae represents an enormous public health burden, especially in developing countries around the world. Cholera is a self-limiting illness; however, antibiotics are commonly administered as part of the treatment regimen. Here we review the initial identification and subsequent evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains of V. cholerae. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms, including efflux pumps, spontaneous chromosomal mutation, conjugative plasmids, SXT elements and integrons, are also discussed. Numerous multidrug-resistant strains of V.

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Zyuzina, V. P., O. A. Yakusheva, L. P. Alekseeva, V. V. Evdokimova, and D. I. Simakova. "The Role of Vesicles in Transporting of Cholera Toxin." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 2 (July 11, 2023): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2023-2-29-34.

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The review reports on the secretion pathways of the main virulence factor of Vibrio cholerae, cholera toxin, both through the two-stage Sec-dependent type 2 secretion system and with the help of vesicles of the outer membrane of V. cholerae. The ways of toxin transfer into the host organism, depending on its form, are discussed. The well-studied free soluble cholera toxin is secreted extracellularly and transmitted in a GM1-dependent manner through cholesterolrich lipid rafts. The transfer of cholera toxin associated with vesicles has advantages over free toxin, because substances inside the o

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6

LaRocque, Regina C., Bryan Krastins, Jason B. Harris, et al. "Proteomic Analysis of Vibrio cholerae in Human Stool." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 9 (2008): 4145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00585-08.

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ABSTRACT An effective vaccine for Vibrio cholerae is not yet available for use in the developing world, where the burden of cholera disease is highest. Characterizing the proteins that are expressed by V. cholerae in the human host environment may provide insight into the pathogenesis of cholera and assist with the development of an improved vaccine. We analyzed the V. cholerae proteins present in the stools of 32 patients with clinical cholera. The V. cholerae outer membrane porin, OmpU, was identified in all of the human stool samples, and many V. cholerae proteins were repeatedly identified

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Khan, Ashraful Islam, Md Mahbubur Rashid, Md Taufiqul Islam, et al. "Epidemiology of Cholera in Bangladesh: Findings From Nationwide Hospital-based Surveillance, 2014–2018." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 7 (2019): 1635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1075.

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Abstract Background Despite advances in prevention, detection, and treatment, cholera remains a major public health problem in Bangladesh and little is known about cholera outside of limited historical sentinel surveillance sites. In Bangladesh, a comprehensive national cholera control plan is essential, although national data are needed to better understand the magnitude and geographic distribution of cholera. Methods We conducted systematic hospital-based cholera surveillance among diarrhea patients in 22 sites throughout Bangladesh from 2014 to 2018. Stool specimens were collected and teste

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8

Semá Baltazar, Cynthia, José Paulo Langa, Liliana Dengo Baloi, et al. "Cholera and diarrheal diseases in Cuamba District, Niassa Province, Mozambique: Systematic healthcare facility-based surveillance strengthening, characteristics of suspected cholera and diarrheal patients, and incidence of diarrheal diseases." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 4 (2024): e0011843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011843.

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Background Mozambique is one of the countries in Africa that is continuously at risk of cholera outbreaks due to poor sanitation, hygiene, and limited access to potable water in some districts. The Mozambique Cholera Prevention and Surveillance (MOCA) project was implemented in Cuamba District, Niassa Province to prevent and control cholera outbreaks through a preemptive cholera vaccination, strengthened surveillance system for cholera and diarrheal diseases, and better understanding of cholera-related healthcare seeking behavior of local populations, which may further guide the national chole

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9

Lassalle, Florent, Salah Al-Shalali, Mukhtar Al-Hakimi, et al. "Genomic epidemiology reveals multidrug resistant plasmid spread between Vibrio cholerae lineages in Yemen." Nature Microbiology 8, no. 10 (2023): 1787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01472-1.

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AbstractSince 2016, Yemen has been experiencing the largest cholera outbreak in modern history. Multidrug resistance (MDR) emerged among Vibrio cholerae isolates from cholera patients in 2018. Here, to characterize circulating genotypes, we analysed 260 isolates sampled in Yemen between 2018 and 2019. Eighty-four percent of V. cholerae isolates were serogroup O1 belonging to the seventh pandemic El Tor (7PET) lineage, sub-lineage T13, whereas 16% were non-toxigenic, from divergent non-7PET lineages. Treatment of severe cholera with macrolides between 2016 and 2019 coincided with the emergence

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Agustanty, Adelia, and Andre Budi. "POLA RESISTENCY OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE BACTERIA TO THE ANTIBIOTIC CIPROFLOXACIN AND TETRACYCLINE." Journal Health & Science : Gorontalo Journal Health and Science Community 5, no. 3 (2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35971/gojhes.v5i3.13611.

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Abstrak Diare merupakan kegiatan defekasi (buang air besar) yang biasanya berbentuk 1/2 padat atau cenderung lebih cair yang berlangsung lebih dari tiga kali sehari atau dalam waktu yang singkat, vibrio cholera adalah salah satu penyebabnya, bakteri ini merupakan bakteri gram negatif yang berbentuk koma galibnya masa inkubasi bakteri ini adalah 12-72 jam. Bakteri vibrio cholerae menyulut penyakit bakteri. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian laboratorium eksperimental dengan menggunakan arsip sampel bakteri vibrio cholerae dan cakram antibiotik ciprofloxacin. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetah

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SABIR, DANA KHDR, ZHWAN TALIB HAMA, KARZAN JALAL SALIH, and KARZAN GHAFUR KHIDHIR. "A Molecular and Epidemiological Study of Cholera Outbreak in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq, in 2022." Polish Journal of Microbiology 72, no. 1 (2023): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2023-008.

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Abstract Cholera is a disease caused by a Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae and is among the significant threats to global public health. The disease is mainly spread in the hot months of the year; low sanitation and lack of clean water are the major causes of the disease. In this study, we conducted a molecular and epidemiological study of the recent outbreak in the city of Sulaymaniyah in Iraq. Based on the bacteriological, serological, and molecular identification of the bacterium, it was shown that V. cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa caused the disease. Additionally, the number of positive

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12

Kumar, P., M. Jain, A. K. Goel, et al. "A large cholera outbreak due to a new cholera toxin variant of the Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype in Orissa, Eastern India." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 2 (2009): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.002089-0.

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A total of 32 Vibrio cholerae isolates were collected during a recent large cholera outbreak in Eastern India. Biochemical and serological studies revealed that all of the isolates belonged to serogroup O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa. Two multiplex PCR assays confirmed the presence of various toxigenic and pathogenic genes – ace, ctxAB, hlyA, ompU, ompW, rfbO1, rtx, tcp, toxR and zot – in all of the isolates. Sequencing of the ctxB gene from the isolates revealed a novel mutation in the gene. Sequencing also confirmed the presence of altered cholera toxin B of the classical biotype in all

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13

Ryan, Edward T., Daniel T. Leung, Owen Jensen, et al. "Systemic, Mucosal, and Memory Immune Responses following Cholera." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 4 (2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040192.

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Vibrio cholerae O1, the major causative agent of cholera, remains a significant public health threat. Although there are available vaccines for cholera, the protection provided by killed whole-cell cholera vaccines in young children is poor. An obstacle to the development of improved cholera vaccines is the need for a better understanding of the primary mechanisms of cholera immunity and identification of improved correlates of protection. Considerable progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the adaptive and innate immune responses to cholera disease as well as V. cholerae

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14

Saidi, Suleiman M., Nityananda Chowdhury, Sharda P. Awasthi, et al. "Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant in a cholera-endemic zone of Kenya." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 3 (2014): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.068999-0.

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Since 2007, Kenya has experienced an increase in cholera outbreaks characterized by a high fatality rate. In this study, we characterized 81 Vibrio cholerae isolates from diarrhoeal stool samples in Nyanza, a cholera-endemic lake region of Kenya, for virulence properties, clonality and antibiotic susceptibility. Eighty of these isolates were V. cholerae O1 El Tor variants carrying the classical ctxB gene sequence, while one isolate was V. cholerae non-O1/O139. All of the El Tor variants were of clonal origin, as revealed by PFGE, and were susceptible to ampicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin,

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15

POPOVIC, TANJA, ØRJAN OLSVIK, PAUL A. BLAKE, and KAYE WACHSMUTH. "Cholera in the Americas: Foodborne Aspects." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 9 (1993): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.9.811.

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Over 100 serotypes of Vibrio cholerae exist, but generally the toxigenic strains of the serogroup O1 cause cholera and possess documented epidemic potential. The main symptom of cholera is a profuse diarrhea resulting in dehydration, that if untreated, leads to death. Seven pandemics of this contagious disease have been recorded during the last 200 years. A sick person secrets in his stool billions of organisms daily, and water and food contaminated with such a stool are the primary sources of infection during the epidemics. With the increase of the international food trade, food is often ship

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16

Nalin, D. R. "Cholera or Choleric?" Clinical Infectious Diseases 46, no. 1 (2008): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/524088.

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17

Alam, Munirul, Marzia Sultana, G. Balakrish Nair, et al. "Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in the Aquatic Environment of Mathbaria, Bangladesh." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 4 (2006): 2849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.4.2849-2855.2006.

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ABSTRACT Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, rarely isolated from the aquatic environment between cholera epidemics, can be detected in what is now understood to be a dormant stage, i.e., viable but nonculturable when standard bacteriological methods are used. In the research reported here, biofilms have proved to be a source of culturable V. cholerae, even in nonepidemic periods. Biweekly environmental surveillance for V. cholerae was carried out in Mathbaria, an area of cholera endemicity adjacent to the Bay of Bengal, with the focus on V. cholerae O1 and O139 Bengal. A total of 297 samples of water,

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18

Morita, Masatomo, Makoto Ohnishi, Eiji Arakawa, et al. "Emergence and genetic diversity of El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1 that possess classical biotype ctxB among travel-associated cases of cholera in Japan." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 6 (2010): 708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.017624-0.

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Vibrio cholerae O1 are classified into two biotypes, classical and El Tor, each encoding a biotype-specific cholera toxin. However, El Tor strains have recently emerged with a classical cholera-toxin genotype (El Tor variant). We characterized El Tor strains of V. cholerae O1 from travel-associated cases of cholera in Japan isolated from 1991 to 2006 by cholera toxin B subunit gene (ctxB) typing and by molecular epidemiological methods. ctxB in the biotype El Tor shifted from the El Tor-specific type to the classical-specific type around 1993, and this type fully dominated the later half of th

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Namdari, Hassan, Christine R. Klaips, and Joan L. Hughes. "A Cytotoxin-Producing Strain of Vibrio choleraeNon-O1, Non-O139 as a Cause of Cholera and Bacteremia after Consumption of Raw Clams." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 9 (2000): 3518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.9.3518-3519.2000.

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We report a case of a cholera-like gastroenteritis subsequent with bacteremia in a healthy man following consumption of raw clams. Although we failed to recover the organism from the patient's stool culture, his blood culture was positive for a non-cholera toxin-producing yet cytotoxin-producing non-O1 and non-O139Vibrio cholerae.

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Chua, Ang Lim, Husni Tan Elina, Boon Huat Lim, Chan Yean Yean, Manickam Ravichandran, and Pattabhiraman Lalitha. "Development of a dry reagent-based triplex PCR for the detection of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae." Journal of Medical Microbiology 60, no. 4 (2011): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.027433-0.

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Vibrio cholerae has caused severe outbreaks of cholera worldwide with thousands of recorded deaths annually. Molecular diagnosis for cholera has become increasingly important for rapid detection of cholera as the conventional methods are time-consuming and labour intensive. However, traditional PCR tests still require cold-chain transportation and storage as well as trained personnel to perform, which makes them user-unfriendly. The aim of this study was to develop a thermostabilized triplex PCR test for cholera which is in a ready-to-use form and requires no cold chain. The PCR test specifica

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Harris, Aaron M., M. Saruar Bhuiyan, Fahima Chowdhury, et al. "Antigen-Specific Memory B-Cell Responses to Vibrio cholerae O1 Infection in Bangladesh." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 9 (2009): 3850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00369-09.

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ABSTRACT Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, is a noninvasive dehydrating enteric disease with a high mortality rate if untreated. Infection with V. cholerae elicits long-term protection against subsequent disease in countries where the disease is endemic. Although the mechanism of this protective immunity is unknown, it has been hypothesized that a protective mucosal response to V. cholerae infection may be mediated by anamnestic responses of memory B cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. To characterize memory B-cell responses to cholera, we enrolled a cohort of 39 hospitalized patien

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Nasreen, Tania, Nora A. S. Hussain, Jia Yee Ho, et al. "Assay for Evaluating the Abundance of Vibrio cholerae and Its O1 Serogroup Subpopulation from Water without DNA Extraction." Pathogens 11, no. 3 (2022): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030363.

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Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, a natural inhabitant of brackish water. Effective control of cholera outbreaks depends on prompt detection of the pathogen from clinical specimens and tracking its source in the environment. Although the epidemiology of cholera is well studied, rapid detection of V. cholerae remains a challenge, and data on its abundance in environmental sources are limited. Here, we describe a sensitive molecular quantification assay by qPCR, which can be used on-site in low-resource settings on water without the need for DNA extraction. This ne

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de Magny, Guillaume Constantin, Pronob K. Mozumder, Christopher J. Grim, et al. "Role of Zooplankton Diversity in Vibrio cholerae Population Dynamics and in the Incidence of Cholera in the Bangladesh Sundarbans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 17 (2011): 6125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01472-10.

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ABSTRACTVibrio cholerae, a bacterium autochthonous to the aquatic environment, is the causative agent of cholera, a severe watery, life-threatening diarrheal disease occurring predominantly in developing countries.V. cholerae, including both serogroups O1 and O139, is found in association with crustacean zooplankton, mainly copepods, and notably in ponds, rivers, and estuarine systems globally. The incidence of cholera and occurrence of pathogenicV. choleraestrains with zooplankton were studied in two areas of Bangladesh: Bakerganj and Mathbaria. Chitinous zooplankton communities of several bo

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Dalsgaard, A., A. Forslund, N. V. Tam, D. X. Vinh, and P. D. Cam. "Cholera in Vietnam: Changes in Genotypes and Emergence of Class I Integrons Containing Aminoglycoside Resistance Gene Cassettes in Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains Isolated from 1979 to 1996." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 3 (1999): 734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.3.734-741.1999.

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The number of cholera cases and the mortality rates reported from different regions of Vietnam varied considerably in the period from 1979 to 1996, with between 2,500 and 6,000 cases reported annually from 1992 to 1995. Annual mortality rates ranged from 2.0 to 9.6% from 1979 to 1983 to less than 1.8% after 1983. Major cholera outbreaks were reported from the High Plateau region for the first time in 1994 and 1995; this is an area with limited access to health services and safe drinking-water supplies. All cases were associated with Vibrio cholerae O1. Using ribotyping, cholera toxin (CT) geno

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Alam, Munirul, Nur A. Hasan, Abdus Sadique, et al. "Seasonal Cholera Caused by Vibrio cholerae Serogroups O1 and O139 in the Coastal Aquatic Environment of Bangladesh." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (2006): 4096–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00066-06.

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ABSTRACT Since Vibrio cholerae O139 first appeared in 1992, both O1 El Tor and O139 have been recognized as the epidemic serogroups, although their geographic distribution, endemicity, and reservoir are not fully understood. To address this lack of information, a study of the epidemiology and ecology of V. cholerae O1 and O139 was carried out in two coastal areas, Bakerganj and Mathbaria, Bangladesh, where cholera occurs seasonally. The results of a biweekly clinical study (January 2004 to May 2005), employing culture methods, and of an ecological study (monthly in Bakerganj and biweekly in Ma

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Huq, Anwar, R. Bradley Sack, Azhar Nizam, et al. "Critical Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in the Environment of Bangladesh." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 8 (2005): 4645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.8.4645-4654.2005.

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ABSTRACT The occurrence of outbreaks of cholera in Africa in 1970 and in Latin America in 1991, mainly in coastal communities, and the appearance of the new serotype Vibrio cholerae O139 in India and subsequently in Bangladesh have stimulated efforts to understand environmental factors influencing the growth and geographic distribution of epidemic Vibrio cholerae serotypes. Because of the severity of recent epidemics, cholera is now being considered by some infectious disease investigators as a “reemerging” disease, prompting new work on the ecology of vibrios. Epidemiological and ecological s

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Bartlett, D. H. "MICROBIOLOGY: Chitin, Cholera, and Competence." Science 310, no. 5755 (2005): 1775–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1122396.

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LaRocque, Regina C., Jason B. Harris, Michelle Dziejman, et al. "Transcriptional Profiling of Vibrio cholerae Recovered Directly from Patient Specimens during Early and Late Stages of Human Infection." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 8 (2005): 4488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.8.4488-4493.2005.

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ABSTRACT Understanding gene expression by bacteria during the actual course of human infection may provide important insights into microbial pathogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the transcriptional profile of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, in clinical specimens from cholera patients. We collected samples of human stool and vomitus that were positive by dark-field microscopy for abundant vibrios and used a microarray to compare gene expression in organisms recovered directly from specimens collected during the early and late stages of human infection. Our results reveal t

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Qadri, Firdausi, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Christine Wennerås, et al. "Enterotoxin-Specific Immunoglobulin E Responses in Humans after Infection or Vaccination with Diarrhea-Causing Enteropathogens." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 10 (2000): 6077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.10.6077-6081.2000.

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ABSTRACT Cholera toxin (CT)-specific antibody responses of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) isotype in the sera of adult patients suffering from infection with either Vibrio cholerae O1, V. cholerae O139, or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC) were analyzed and compared with those in the sera of volunteers immunized with a bivalent B subunit O1/O139 whole-cell cholera vaccine. A significant IgE response to CT was observed in 90% of the patients with V. cholerae O1 infection (18 of 20; P = <0.001) and 95% of the patients with V. cholerae O139 infection (19 of 20; P = <0.001). Similarly, the

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Krebs, Shelly J., and Ronald K. Taylor. "Nutrient-dependent, rapid transition of Vibrio cholerae to coccoid morphology and expression of the toxin co-regulated pilus in this form." Microbiology 157, no. 10 (2011): 2942–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.048561-0.

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The acute diarrhoeal disease cholera is caused by the aquatic pathogen Vibrio cholerae upon ingestion of contaminated food or water by the human host. The mechanisms by which V. cholerae is able to persist and survive in the host and aquatic environments have been studied for years; however, little is known about the factors involved in the adaptation or response of V. cholerae transitioning between these two environments. The transition from bacillary to coccoid morphology is thought to be one mechanism of survival that V. cholerae uses in response to environmental stress. Coccoid morphology

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Noskov, A. K., V. D. Kruglikov, E. A. Moskvitina, et al. "Cholera: Analysis and Assessment of Epidemiological Situation around the World and in Russia (2013–2022). Forecast for 2023." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 1 (April 28, 2023): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2023-1-56-66.

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The aim of the review was to analyze and assess the epidemiological situation on cholera in the world and Russia in 2013–2022 and to make a forecast for 2023. Over the period of 2013–2022, 500 administrative territories affected by cholera were identified in various regions of 71 countries of Asia, Africa and America (the Caribbean region) with formation of 69 endemic foci in 16, 41 and 12 countries, respectively. In 2022, 1 209 301 cases of cholera were registered in 36 countries of the world. The intensity of epidemic process in Asian countries (Syria, Lebanon) increased. Unfavorable epidemi

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Faruque, Shah M., M. John Albert, and John J. Mekalanos. "Epidemiology, Genetics, and Ecology of ToxigenicVibrio cholerae." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 62, no. 4 (1998): 1301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.62.4.1301-1314.1998.

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SUMMARY Cholera caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae is a major public health problem confronting developing countries, where outbreaks occur in a regular seasonal pattern and are particularly associated with poverty and poor sanitation. The disease is characterized by a devastating watery diarrhea which leads to rapid dehydration, and death occurs in 50 to 70% of untreated patients. Cholera is a waterborne disease, and the importance of water ecology is suggested by the close association of V. cholerae with surface water and the population interacting with the water. Cholera toxin (CT), which

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Popova, A. Yu, A. K. Noskov, E. B. Ezhlova, et al. "Epidemiological Situation on Cholera in the Russian Federation in 2023 and Forecast for 2024." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 1 (April 4, 2024): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2024-1-76-88.

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The paper presents an analysis and assessment of risks of complication of epidemiological situation regarding cholera in the Russian Federation and a forecast for 2024. It briefly characterizes the dynamics of the epidemic process around the world during the last decade (2013–2022). The forecast of cholera importation into the Russian Federation, due to activity of the epidemic process in endemic countries, has been confirmed. In 2023, two cases of cholera importation from India were reported. It was established that the toxigenic strains isolated from patients belonged to the currently domina

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Valle, Edgar, Talena Ledón, Bárbara Cedré, et al. "Construction and Characterization of a Nonproliferative El Tor Cholera Vaccine Candidate Derived from Strain 638." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 11 (2000): 6411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.11.6411-6418.2000.

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ABSTRACT In recent clinical assays, our cholera vaccine candidate strain,Vibrio cholerae 638 El Tor Ogawa, was well tolerated and immunogenic in Cuban volunteers. In this work we describe the construction of 638T, a thymidine auxotrophic version of improved environmental biosafety. In so doing, the thyAgene from V. cholerae was cloned, sequenced, mutated in vitro, and used to replace the wild-type allele. Except for its dependence on thymidine for growth in minimal medium, 638T is essentially indistinguishable from 638 in the rate of growth and morphology in complete medium. The two strains sh

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Momo, Maisha Farzana, Seemi Tasnim Alam, Sawda Binte Monir, et al. "Detection of Vibrio cholerae as a Potential Microbiological Hazard from Water Samples Used for Cleaning Purpose of Pani-puri Serving Plates in Dhaka City, Bangladesh." Journal of Preventive, Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies in Medicine 3, no. 3 (2024): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpdtsm.jpdtsm_54_24.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Cholera remains a significant public health concern, particularly in endemic regions like Bangladesh. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of Vibrio cholerae contamination in pani-puri plate wash water in Dhaka city, employing biochemical, microscopic, and antibiotic resistance analyses. METHODS: A total of 20 pani-puri plate wash water samples were collected from various locations in Dhaka between August 2023 and October 2023. The samples were analyzed at the Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh. RESULTS: V. cholerae was foun

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Noskov, A. K., V. D. Kruglikov, E. A. Moskvitina, et al. "Characteristics of the Epidemiological Situation on Cholera in the World and in the Russian Federation in 2020 and Forecast for 2021." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2021-1-43-51.

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Aim of the work – to assess the epidemiological situation on cholera in 2020 and to make a forecast for 2021 based on the monitoring data and analysis of morbidity around the world for the period of 2011–2020. During the period between 2011 and 2020, 4 413 988 cases of cholera were recorded in 97 countries of the world with a general trend towards a decrease in the incidence (coefficient of accuracy of approximation R2 – 0.5705). However, due to the continuing epidemic manifestations of cholera in the endemic countries of Asia, Africa and America, the epidemiological situation on cholera on th

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Vol’nikov, V. R., O. S. Durakova, R. R. Salikhov, et al. "Experimental Substantiation of Feasibility of Using Enzymatic Fibrin Hydrolyzate-Based Medium to Obtain Components of Chemical Cholera Vaccine." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 2 (July 13, 2023): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2023-2-101-105.

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The aim of the study was to experimentally substantiate the possibility of using a nutrient medium based on enzymatic fibrin hydrolyzate in order to obtain specific components of chemical cholera vaccine: cholerogen-anatoxin and O-antigen. Materials and methods. We used production strains of Vibrio cholerae 569B and V. cholerae M-41. Submerged low-volume cultivation was carried out in a laboratory fermenter for 8 hours, with automatic maintenance of cultivation parameters and feeding with glucose on the nutrient medium based on enzymatic fibrin hydrolyzate, containing (1.0±0.1) g/l of amine ni

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Goel, A. K., and S. C. Jiang. "Association of Heavy Rainfall on Genotypic Diversity inV. choleraeIsolates from an Outbreak in India." International Journal of Microbiology 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/230597.

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The outbreak of waterborne disease cholera has been associated with rainfall and flooding events by contamination of potable water with environmentalVibrio cholerae. The continuation of the epidemic in a region, however, is often due to secondary transmission of the initial outbreak strain through human waste. This paper reports, on the contrary, a rapid shift of genotype from oneV. choleraestrain to another one in an epidemic region.V. choleraeisolated from patients during 2005 cholera epidemic in Chennai, India were characterized using PCR identification of toxin genes, antibiogram, and geno

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Chaudhary, Naveen, Balvinder Mohan, Harpreet Kaur, et al. "Vibrio Phage VMJ710 Can Prevent and Treat Disease Caused by Pathogenic MDR V. cholerae O1 in an Infant Mouse Model." Antibiotics 12, no. 6 (2023): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061046.

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Cholera, a disease of antiquity, is still festering in developing countries that lack safe drinking water and sewage disposal. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has developed multi-drug resistance to many antimicrobial agents. In aquatic habitats, phages are known to influence the occurrence and dispersion of pathogenic V. cholerae. We isolated Vibrio phage VMJ710 from a community sewage water sample of Manimajra, Chandigarh, in 2015 during an outbreak of cholera. It lysed 46% of multidrug-resistant V. cholerae O1 strains. It had significantly reduced the bacterial density withi

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Colwell, R. R., A. Huq, M. A. R. Chowdhury, B. Xu, and P. R. Brayton. "Serogroup conversion of Vibrio cholerae." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 10 (1995): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-131.

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Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 can be detected in the environment in a viable but nonculturable form, whereas V. cholerae non-O1 cells can be readily cultured during interepidemic periods in geographical regions where cholera is endemic. In the present study, pure cultures of V. cholerae non-O1 cells contained 01 cells when examined by immune-fluorescence microscopy. Laboratory microcosms were used to examine the outgrowth of the O1 cells in cultures of non-O1 V. cholerae. One O1 cell per 106 non-O1 cells could be detected by direct fluorescent-monoclonal antibody staining but only after incubat

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Kritsky, A. A., N. I. Smirnova, T. B. Kalyaeva, et al. "Comparative Analysis of Molecular-Genetic Properties in Non-Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains Biovar El Tor, Isolated in Russia and on Cholera Endemic Territories." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3 (October 23, 2021): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2021-3-72-82.

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Objective of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of molecular-genetic properties in non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 strains biovar El Tor, isolated in the Republic of Kalmykia and on cholera endemic territories and to reveal their phylogenetic relations to toxigenic isolates.Materials and methods. We have carried out bio-information analysis of whole genome sequences of 60 cholera vibrio strains from endemic as regards cholera regions and from Kalmykia. The presence of pathogenicity and endemicity islands in their genomes has been determined. Specifed have been the sequence-types

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Zahid, M. Shamim Hasan, S. M. Nashir Udden, A. S. G. Faruque, Stephen B. Calderwood, John J. Mekalanos, and Shah M. Faruque. "Effect of Phage on the Infectivity of Vibrio cholerae and Emergence of Genetic Variants." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 11 (2008): 5266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00578-08.

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ABSTRACT Seasonal epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh are self-limited in nature, presumably due to phage predation of the causative Vibrio cholerae during the late stage of an epidemic, when cholera patients excrete large quantities of phage in their stools. To further understand the mechanisms involved, we studied the effect of phage on the infectivity and survival of V. cholerae shed in stools. The 50% infectious dose of stool vibrios in infant mice was ∼10-fold higher when the stools contained a phage (1.8 × 103 to 5.7 × 106 PFU/ml) than when stools did not contain a detectable phage. In co

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Wu, Jia-Yan, William F. Wade, and Ronald K. Taylor. "Evaluation of Cholera Vaccines Formulated with Toxin-Coregulated Pilin Peptide Plus Polymer Adjuvant in Mice." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 12 (2001): 7695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.12.7695-7702.2001.

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ABSTRACT Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease that is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The low efficacy of currently available killed-whole-cell vaccines and the reactinogenicity coupled with potential reversion of live vaccines have thus far precluded widespread vaccination for the control of cholera. Recent studies on the molecular nature of the virulence components that contribute to V. cholerae pathogenesis have provided insights into possible approaches for the development of a defined subunit cholera vaccine. Genetic analysis has demonstrated that the toxin-coregul

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Harris, Jason B., Ashraful I. Khan, Regina C. LaRocque, et al. "Blood Group, Immunity, and Risk of Infection with Vibrio cholerae in an Area of Endemicity." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 11 (2005): 7422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.11.7422-7427.2005.

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ABSTRACT Individuals with blood group O are more susceptible than other individuals to severe cholera, although the mechanism underlying this association is unknown. To assess the respective roles of both intrinsic host factors and adaptive immune responses that might influence susceptibility to infection with Vibrio cholerae, we prospectively followed a cohort of household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. In this study, we made the novel observation that persons with blood group O were less likely than those with other blood groups to become infected with V. cholerae O1 (odds

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Parveen, Salina, Samuel R. Farrah, Celia Gonzalez-Bonilla, Altagracia V. Zamudio, and Mark L. Tamplin. "Characterization of a clinicalVibrio choleraeO139 isolate from Mexico." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 1 (2003): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-004.

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Pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae O139 possess the cholera toxin A subunit (ctxA) gene as well as the gene for toxin co-regulated pili (tcpA). We report the isolation of a ctxA-negative, tcpA-negative V. cholerae O139 strain (INDRE1) from a patient in Mexico diagnosed with gastrointestinal illness. Certain phenotypic characteristics of this strain were identical to those of V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor. Unlike ctxA-positive V. cholerae O139 strains, this strain was sensitive to a wide panel of antibiotics, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, furazolidone, nal

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Usmani, Moiz, Kyle D. Brumfield, Yusuf Jamal, Anwar Huq, Rita R. Colwell, and Antarpreet Jutla. "A Review of the Environmental Trigger and Transmission Components for Prediction of Cholera." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3 (2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030147.

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Climate variables influence the occurrence, growth, and distribution of Vibrio cholerae in the aquatic environment. Together with socio-economic factors, these variables affect the incidence and intensity of cholera outbreaks. The current pandemic of cholera began in the 1960s, and millions of cholera cases are reported each year globally. Hence, cholera remains a significant health challenge, notably where human vulnerability intersects with changes in hydrological and environmental processes. Cholera outbreaks may be epidemic or endemic, the mode of which is governed by trigger and transmiss

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Rybal’chenko, D. A., E. Yu Shchelkanova, Yu V. Lozovsky, A. V. Fedorov, and N. I. Smirnova. "Prevalence of Different Types of Integrative Conjugative Element SXT/R391 Encoding Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Among Clinical Strains of Cholera Agent." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2022-1-137-147.

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The aim of the work was to study the prevalence of different types of SXT element with different composition of antibiotic resistance genes among clinical strains of the El Tor cholera pathogen isolated in Russia, Ukraine and cholera-endemic countries in Asia and Africa.Materials and methods. The subject of the study was 27 strains and nucleotide sequences of 77 strains of Vibrio cholerae El Tor available from the NCBI GenBank. The structure of the SXT element and its type were determined using the Mauve and BLAST v.2.9.0 programs. Phylogenetic relations of strains with different types of SXT

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Kirn, Thomas J., and Ronald K. Taylor. "TcpF Is a Soluble Colonization Factor and Protective Antigen Secreted by El Tor and Classical O1 and O139 Vibrio cholerae Serogroups." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 8 (2005): 4461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.8.4461-4470.2005.

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ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae causes diarrhea by colonizing the human small bowel and intoxicating epithelial cells. Colonization is a required step in pathogenesis, and strains defective for colonization are significantly attenuated. The best-characterized V. cholerae colonization factor is the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP). It has been demonstrated that TCP is required for V. cholerae colonization in both humans and mice. TCP enhances bacterial interactions that allow microcolony formation and thereby promotes survival in the intestine. We have recently discovered that the TCP biogenesis apparatu

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Fidelma Boyd, E., та Matthew K. Waldor. "Alternative Mechanism of Cholera Toxin Acquisition byVibrio cholerae: Generalized Transduction of CTXΦ by Bacteriophage CP-T1". Infection and Immunity 67, № 11 (1999): 5898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.11.5898-5905.1999.

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ABSTRACT Horizontal transfer of genes encoding virulence factors has played a central role in the evolution of many pathogenic bacteria. The unexpected discovery that the genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxAB), the main cause of the profuse secretory diarrhea characteristic of cholera, are encoded on a novel filamentous phage named CTXΦ, has resulted in a renewed interest in the potential mechanisms of transfer of virulence genes among Vibrio cholerae. We describe here an alternative mechanism of cholera toxin gene transfer into nontoxigenic V. choleraeisolates, including strains that lack both

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Tamplin, Mark L., Reema Jalali, Mohammed K. Ahmed, and Rita R. Colwell. "Variation in epitopes of the B subunit of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and Vibrio mimicus cholera toxins." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 6 (1990): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m90-071.

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Monoclonal antibodies reacting with the B subunit of Vibrio cholerae O1 strain 569B cholera toxin (CT-B) were used to identify unique and common epitopes of V. cholerae non-O1 and Vibrio mimicus CT-B. Vibrio cholerae non-O1 strains produced CT-B showing three monoclonal antibody reaction patterns (epitypes), which corresponded with epitypes described previously for V. cholerae O1 classical biotype CT-B (CT1), El Tor biotype CT-B (CT2), and a unique V. cholerae non-O1 CT-B (CT3), which lacked an epitope located in or near the GM1 ganglioside binding site of 569B CT-B. Vibrio mimicus CT-B was im

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