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Daniszewski, Piotr. "Vibrio cholerae - As Biological Weapons." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 9 (September 2013): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.9.65.
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Terrorism is defined as use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to indulge fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, social or religious. Bioterrorism is terrorism by intentional release or dissemination of biological agents, mainly bacteria or viruses. Use of biological weapons is attractive from the terrorists’ point of view because of low production costs, major range and easiness of transmission. The first mention of the use of primitive biological weapons date back to the 6th century. Use of plague-infested corpses as offensive means in the 14th century caused a spread of bubonic plague through the whole Europe. The biggest development of biological weapons took place in the interwar period and in the cold war era. Biological weapon trails and research were conducted by super powers such as USSR, UK, USA and Japan. At the beginning of the 20th century a new form of bioterrorism occurred, which put humanity in the face of a terrifying threat. Cholera is a deadly disease that has caused a worldwide phenomenon throughout history. Its imperative weapon, the Vibrio cholerae bacterium, has allowed cholera to seize control and wipe out a huge percentage of the human population. V. cholerae’s toxins are the primary causes of cholera’s lethal symptoms. The bacterium contains toxins that help it accomplish its job of invading the human system and defeating the body’s powerful immune system. With its sibling bacterium Escherichia coli, V. cholerae has become one of the most dominant pathogens in the known world. V. cholerae’s strategies in causing the infamous deadly diarrhea have been widely studied, from the irritation of the intestinal epithelium to the stimulation of capillary leakage, as well as the internal effects of the disease such as the Peyer’s patches on the intestinal walls. Overall, the Vibrio cholera bacterium has made cholera a tough disease to overcome, and because of its deadly virulence factors, cholera has become one of the most frightening diseases a human body could ever encounter. Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium. Some strains of V. cholerae cause the disease cholera. V. cholerae is facultatively anaerobic and has a flagellum at one cell pole. V. cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch, working independently 30 years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease. V. cholerae pathogenicity genes code for proteins directly or indirectly involved in the virulence of the bacteria. During infection, V. cholerae secretes cholera toxin, a protein that causes profuse, watery diarrhea. Colonization of the small intestine also requires the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), a thin, flexible, filamentous appendage on the surface of bacterial cells.
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Savelieva, I. V., S. N. Tikhonov, V. N. Saveliev, D. A. Kovalev, S. V. Pisarenko, E. S. Kotenev, B. V. Babenyshev, L. S. Zinich, N. N. Pidchenko, and A. N. Kulichenko. "RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR-GENETIC PROPERTIES OF STRAINS - CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF CHOLERA - ISOLATED IN UKRAINE IN 1994 - 2011." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2017-1-49-55.
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Aim. Retrospective analysis of biological and molecular-genetic properties of strains - causative agents of cholera - isolated in the period of epidemics in Ukraine in 1994 - 2011. Materials and methods. Phenotypic and molecular-genetic properties of 5 strains of cholera vibrios, biovar El Tor isolated from cholera patients and 4 strains from the environmental samples were studied using traditional bacteriological and genetic methods. Detection of DNA for toxigenicity genes and genes characteristic for El Tor and classic biovar were carried out by PCR method using reagent kits «AmpliSens- Vibrio cholerae FRT» and «.Vibrio cholerae ctxB-rstR-rstC genes, REF» (an experimental test system). Sequencing of genomes of 4 strains of causative agents of cholera was carried out in genetic analyzer Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine. Results. Strains of cholera vibrios identified in Ukraine in 1994 and 2011 such as a typical toxigenic biovar El Tor (V cholerae 01, El Tor, Ogawa, Hly-, ctxA+, tcpA+) contain genes of the classic cholera vibrio in their genome and are genetically altered (hybrid) variants of cholera vibrio biovar El Tor producing enterotoxin CT1 and having increased virulence, that was clinically manifested in predominance of severe forms of cholera in Mariupol of Donetsk region in 2011. Genome sequences of the 4 studied strains were deposited into the international database DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank. Conclusion. The studied isolates were established to belong to a clade of strains associated with cholera outbreaks in Haiti and Asian continent, from where genetically altered strains of cholera vibrios biovar El Tor were introduced to Haiti in 2010, based on results of comparison of genomic sequences of the studied strains with genomes of V. cholera strains from the international database GenBank.
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Savelieva, I. V., A. N. Kulichenko, V. N. Saveliev, D. A. Kovalev, O. V. Vasilieva, A. M. Zhirov, E. I. Eremenko, et al. "MLVA-TYPING OF CLINICAL STAMPS OF GENETICALLY CHANGED VIBRIO CHOLERAE BIOTYPE EL TOR INSULATED IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE IN THE PERIOD OF SEVENTH PANDEMIC CHOLERA." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-6-37-43.
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Aim. Conduct in a comparative aspect MLVA-typing of genetically altered cholera vibrio biovar El Tor, isolated from patients during the epidemic (1994) and outbreaks (1993, 1998) in Dagestan with isolates in Mariupol (Ukraine) in 1994-2011 in Moscow (2010, 2012), India (1964, 2006, 2007), Bangladesh 1991, 1994, 2001, 2004) and to establish Phylogenetic connections between strains of cholera vibrios isolated in different years in these territories, to ascertain the source of their drift. Materials and methods. MLVA-tyP-ing was carried out in PCR at 5 variable loci of 35 clinical strains of genetically modified Vibrio cholerae byotyPe El Tor. The obtained amPlicon was studied in the system of automatic caPillary electroPhoresis ExPerion («Bio Rad Laboratories», USA). For Phylogenetic analysis, along with MLVA-genotyPes, 35 strains of Vibrio cholerae from the Institute's collection used Published genotyPes of strains isolated in India, Bangladesh, Haiti. Results. The investigated strains of cholera vibrio are referred to 21 MLVA-tyPes, divided into 2 main clades and 1 seParate branch with clonal clusters and subclusters, each of which contains closely related strains of cholera vibrio genovariants having a different degree of Phylogenetic relationshiP - full or Partial identity of allelic Profiles of five variable loci. The sources of drift of genetically modified Vibrio cholerae byotyPe El Tor to Russia and Ukraine from disadvantaged cholera of India, Bangladesh, Azerbaijan and the countries of the Middle East have been established. Conclusion. The obtained data testify to the PolymorPhism of MLVA-tyPes of genetically altered strains of cholera vibrio of the biologist El Tor, evolved in different years and caused ePidemics or outbreaks of cholera in different territories during different time Periods of the course of the seventh cholera Pandemic, and also suggest the Polyclonal origin of the Vibrio cholerae biovar El Tor and the source of their drift to the territory of the Russian Federation and Ukraine.
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Vanden Broeck, Davy, Caroline Horvath, and Marc J. S. De Wolf. "Vibrio cholerae: Cholera toxin." International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 39, no. 10 (2007): 1771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2007.07.005.
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Lomov, Yu M., N. R. Telesmanich, I. T. Andrusenko, E. A. Moskvitina, and O. A. Areshina. "PROPERTIES OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE STRAINS ISOLATED IN ASIA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE STRAINS CIRCULATING IN OTHER CONTINENTS DURING THE SEVENTH CHOLERA PANDEMIC." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 17, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40654.
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The review deals with the properties of Vibrio cholerae (classical, El Tor, 0139, non-01/non-0139 strains) circulating worldwide during the seventh cholera pandemic. Particular attention is given to the variability in the cholera pathogen: the replacement of classical Vibrio cholerae by the El Tor biotype and subsequently the emergence of serogroup Vibrio cholerae 0139 and genetically altered El Tor Vibrio cholerae; the causes giving rise to these changes and spread of Vibrio cholera in the countries of the Asian continent. A large genetic variability found in Asian strains suggests that there is a real possibility of the emergence of new clones with new properties, including those with an epidemic potential. The Vibrio cholerae strains, that periodically appear in Asia and have an epidemic potential and new properties, spread over all continents, by causing cholera infection. The cholera pathogen adapts to new existence conditions in some cases, by altering some properties and, by having been rooted in a certain area, causes mainly sporadic cases of the disease. These Vibrio cholerae strains, unlike the Asian strains (the pathogens of the seventh pandemic), may be virulent, by preserving the virulence genes in the genome; however, they are, in most cases, non-endemic and unable to spread widely.
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Maurice Bilung, Lesley, Mintra Prommani Etriam, Ahmad Syatir Tahar, Teng Sing Tung, and Kasing Apun. "Detection of Cholera Toxin-Producing Vibrio cholerae in Phytoplankton from Santubong and Samariang Estuaries." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.1584.2019.
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Many cholera outbreaks worldwide were associated with cholera toxin-producing Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria are ubiquitous in aquatic environment, whilst phytoplankton is associated with adaptation of the Vibrio species. This study was conducted to detect cholera toxin-producing Vibrio cholerae, and to determine association of the selected water physicochemical parameters with the number of the bacteria. In this study, a total of ten phytoplankton samples were collected at Santubong and Samariang Estuaries in Kuching, Sarawak. Water physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH and salinity) were recorded. Vibrio bacteria were cultivated on thiosulfate citrate bile-salts sucrose selective agar and analysed for cholera toxin-producing Vibrio cholerae using polymerase chain reaction by targeting ctxA gene that encodes for virulence cholera enterotoxin subunit A. The result revealed that a range of 1.0 × 107 – 8.0 × 107 CFU/ml of yellow colonies growing on the thiosulfate citrate bile-salts sucrose agars. Inversely, no samples were positive with cholera toxin-producing Vibrio cholerae. The physicochemical parameters at Samariang Estuary were more associated with the number of bacteria in the samples compared to Santubong Estuary.
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Nasreen, Tania, Nora A. S. Hussain, Mohammad Tarequl Islam, Fabini D. Orata, Paul C. Kirchberger, Rebecca J. Case, Munirul Alam, Stephanie K. Yanow, and Yann F. Boucher. "Simultaneous Quantification of Vibrio metoecus and Vibrio cholerae with Its O1 Serogroup and Toxigenic Subpopulations in Environmental Reservoirs." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121053.
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Vibrio metoecus is a recently described aquatic bacterium and opportunistic pathogen, closely related to and often coexisting with Vibrio cholerae. To study the relative abundance and population dynamics of both species in aquatic environments of cholera-endemic and cholera-free regions, we developed a multiplex qPCR assay allowing simultaneous quantification of total V. metoecus and V. cholerae (including toxigenic and O1 serogroup) cells. The presence of V. metoecus was restricted to samples from regions that are not endemic for cholera, where it was found at 20% of the abundance of V. cholerae. In this environment, non-toxigenic O1 serogroup V. cholerae represents almost one-fifth of the total V. cholerae population. In contrast, toxigenic O1 serogroup V. cholerae was also present in low abundance on the coast of cholera-endemic regions, but sustained in relatively high proportions throughout the year in inland waters. The majority of cells from both Vibrio species were recovered from particles rather than free-living, indicating a potential preference for attached versus planktonic lifestyles. This research further elucidates the population dynamics underpinning V. cholerae and its closest relative in cholera-endemic and non-endemic regions through culture-independent quantification from environmental samples.
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LaRocque, Regina C., Bryan Krastins, Jason B. Harris, Lauren M. Lebrun, Kenneth C. Parker, Michael Chase, Edward T. Ryan, Firdausi Qadri, David Sarracino, and Stephen B. Calderwood. "Proteomic Analysis of Vibrio cholerae in Human Stool." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 9 (June 30, 2008): 4145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00585-08.
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ABSTRACT An effective vaccine for Vibrio cholerae is not yet available for use in the developing world, where the burden of cholera disease is highest. Characterizing the proteins that are expressed by V. cholerae in the human host environment may provide insight into the pathogenesis of cholera and assist with the development of an improved vaccine. We analyzed the V. cholerae proteins present in the stools of 32 patients with clinical cholera. The V. cholerae outer membrane porin, OmpU, was identified in all of the human stool samples, and many V. cholerae proteins were repeatedly identified in separate patient samples. The majority of V. cholerae proteins identified in human stool are involved in protein synthesis and energy metabolism. A number of proteins involved in the pathogenesis of cholera, including the A and B subunits of cholera toxin and the toxin-coregulated pilus, were identified in human stool. In a subset of stool specimens, we also assessed which in vivo expressed V. cholerae proteins were recognized uniquely by convalescent-phase as opposed to acute-phase serum from cholera patients. We identified a number of these in vivo expressed proteins as immunogenic during human infection. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of the proteome of a pathogenic bacteria recovered from a natural host.
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Mushayabasa, Steady, and Claver P. Bhunu. "Assessing the Impact of Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance of Vibrio cholerae on the Future Trends of Cholera Epidemic." ISRN Biomathematics 2012 (December 4, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/127492.
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Cholera, an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, remains a major public health problem in many parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. A mathematical model is developed, to assess the impact of increasing antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae on the future trends of the cholera epidemic. Equilibrium states of the model are determined and their stabilities have been examined. The impacts of increasing antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae on the future trends of cholera epidemic have been investigated through the reproductive number. Numerical results are provided to support analytical findings.
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Kitaoka, Maya, Sarah T. Miyata, Daniel Unterweger, and Stefan Pukatzki. "Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Vibrio cholerae." Journal of Medical Microbiology 60, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.023051-0.
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As the causative agent of cholera, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae represents an enormous public health burden, especially in developing countries around the world. Cholera is a self-limiting illness; however, antibiotics are commonly administered as part of the treatment regimen. Here we review the initial identification and subsequent evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains of V. cholerae. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms, including efflux pumps, spontaneous chromosomal mutation, conjugative plasmids, SXT elements and integrons, are also discussed. Numerous multidrug-resistant strains of V. cholerae have been isolated from both clinical and environmental settings, indicating that antibiotic use has to be restricted and alternative methods for treating cholera have to be implemented.
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Huq, Anwar, R. Bradley Sack, Azhar Nizam, Ira M. Longini, G. Balakrish Nair, Afsar Ali, J. Glenn Morris, et al. "Critical Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in the Environment of Bangladesh." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 8 (August 2005): 4645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.8.4645-4654.2005.
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ABSTRACT The occurrence of outbreaks of cholera in Africa in 1970 and in Latin America in 1991, mainly in coastal communities, and the appearance of the new serotype Vibrio cholerae O139 in India and subsequently in Bangladesh have stimulated efforts to understand environmental factors influencing the growth and geographic distribution of epidemic Vibrio cholerae serotypes. Because of the severity of recent epidemics, cholera is now being considered by some infectious disease investigators as a “reemerging” disease, prompting new work on the ecology of vibrios. Epidemiological and ecological surveillance for cholera has been under way in four rural, geographically separated locations in Bangladesh for the past 4 years, during which both clinical and environmental samples were collected at biweekly intervals. The clinical epidemiology portion of the research has been published (Sack et al., J. Infect. Dis. 187:96-101, 2003). The results of environmental sampling and analysis of the environmental and clinical data have revealed significant correlations of water temperature, water depth, rainfall, conductivity, and copepod counts with the occurrence of cholera toxin-producing bacteria (presumably V. cholerae). The lag periods between increases or decreases in units of factors, such as temperature and salinity, and occurrence of cholera correlate with biological parameters, e.g., plankton population blooms. The new information on the ecology of V. cholerae is proving useful in developing environmental models for the prediction of cholera epidemics.
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Alam, Munirul, Marzia Sultana, G. Balakrish Nair, R. Bradley Sack, David A. Sack, A. K. Siddique, Afsar Ali, Anwar Huq, and Rita R. Colwell. "Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in the Aquatic Environment of Mathbaria, Bangladesh." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 4 (April 2006): 2849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.4.2849-2855.2006.
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ABSTRACT Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, rarely isolated from the aquatic environment between cholera epidemics, can be detected in what is now understood to be a dormant stage, i.e., viable but nonculturable when standard bacteriological methods are used. In the research reported here, biofilms have proved to be a source of culturable V. cholerae, even in nonepidemic periods. Biweekly environmental surveillance for V. cholerae was carried out in Mathbaria, an area of cholera endemicity adjacent to the Bay of Bengal, with the focus on V. cholerae O1 and O139 Bengal. A total of 297 samples of water, phytoplankton, and zooplankton were collected between March and December 2004, yielding eight V. cholerae O1 and four O139 Bengal isolates. A combination of culture methods, multiplex-PCR, and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) counting revealed the Mathbaria aquatic environment to be a reservoir for V. cholerae O1 and O139 Bengal. DFA results showed significant clumping of the bacteria during the interepidemic period for cholera, and the fluorescent micrographs revealed large numbers of V. cholerae O1 in thin films of exopolysaccharides (biofilm). A similar clumping of V. cholerae O1 was also observed in samples collected from Matlab, Bangladesh, where cholera also is endemic. Thus, the results of the study provided in situ evidence for V. cholerae O1 and O139 in the aquatic environment, predominantly as viable but nonculturable cells and culturable cells in biofilm consortia. The biofilm community is concluded to be an additional reservoir of cholera bacteria in the aquatic environment between seasonal epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh.
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Colwell, R. R., A. Huq, M. A. R. Chowdhury, B. Xu, and P. R. Brayton. "Serogroup conversion of Vibrio cholerae." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-131.
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Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 can be detected in the environment in a viable but nonculturable form, whereas V. cholerae non-O1 cells can be readily cultured during interepidemic periods in geographical regions where cholera is endemic. In the present study, pure cultures of V. cholerae non-O1 cells contained 01 cells when examined by immune-fluorescence microscopy. Laboratory microcosms were used to examine the outgrowth of the O1 cells in cultures of non-O1 V. cholerae. One O1 cell per 106 non-O1 cells could be detected by direct fluorescent-monoclonal antibody staining but only after incubation of the non-O1 culture for 48 h. Individual O1 cells were not detected in cultures incubated less than 48 h. Hybridization study, using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified fragment of the O-antigen of V. cholerae O1 as a probe, revealed the existence of a homologous gene in a microcosm sample of V. cholerae non-O1 containing serogroup-converted cells. The mechanism by which O1 cells can occur in cultures of non-O1 V. cholerae most likely resulted from spontaneous mutation of gene(s) encoding the O-somatic properties and (or) chemical, physical, or biological changes in the environment inducing expression or repression of the controlling gene(s). These findings have important implications for the epidemiology of cholera and the environmental source(s) of toxin producing V. cholerae O1.Key words: serogroup conversion, Vibrio cholerae O1, Vibrio cholerae non-O1, cholera.
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Naser, Iftekhar Bin, Tushar Ahmed Shishir, Shah Nayeem Faruque, M. Mozammel Hoque, Anamul Hasan, and Shah M. Faruque. "Environmental prevalence of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh coincides with V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 genetic variants which overproduce autoinducer-2." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): e0254068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254068.
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Prevalence of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in aquatic reservoirs in Bangladesh apparently increases coinciding with the occurrence of seasonal cholera epidemics. In between epidemics, these bacteria persist in water mostly as dormant cells, known as viable but non-culturable cells (VBNC), or conditionally viable environmental cells (CVEC), that fail to grow in routine culture. CVEC resuscitate to active cells when enriched in culture medium supplemented with quorum sensing autoinducers CAI-1 or AI-2 which are signal molecules that regulate gene expression dependent on cell density. V. cholerae O1 mutant strains with inactivated cqsS gene encoding the CAI-1 receptor has been shown to overproduce AI-2 that enhance CVEC resuscitation in water samples. Since V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 (non-cholera-vibrios) are abundant in aquatic ecosystems, we identified and characterized naturally occurring variant strains of V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 which overproduce AI-2, and monitored their co-occurrence with V. cholerae O1 in water samples. The nucleotide sequence and predicted protein products of the cqsS gene carried by AI-2 overproducing variant strains showed divergence from that of typical V. cholerae O1 or non-O1 strains, and their culture supernatants enhanced resuscitation of CVEC in water samples. Furthermore, prevalence of V. cholerae O1 in the aquatic environment was found to coincide with an increase in AI-2 overproducing non-O1 non-O139 strains. These results suggest a possible role of non-cholera vibrios in the environmental biology of the cholera pathogen, in which non-O1 non-O139 variant strains overproducing AI-2 presumably contribute in resuscitation of the latent pathogen, leading to seasonal cholera epidemics. Importance. Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae which causes seasonal epidemics of cholera persists in aquatic reservoirs in endemic areas. The bacteria mostly exist in a dormant state during inter-epidemic periods, but periodically resuscitate to the active form. The resuscitation is enhanced by signal molecules called autoinducers (AIs). Toxigenic V. cholerae can be recovered from water samples that normally test negative for the organism in conventional culture, by supplementing the culture medium with exogenous AIs. V. cholerae belonging to the non-O1 non-O139 serogroups which do not cause cholera are also abundant in natural waters, and they are capable of producing AIs. In this study we characterized V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 variant strains which overproduce an autoinducer called AI-2, and found that the abundance of the cholera pathogen in aquatic reservoirs correlates with an increase in the AI-2 overproducing strains. Our results suggest a probable role of these variant strains in the environmental biology and epidemiology of toxigenic V. cholerae, and may lead to novel means for surveillance, prevention and control of cholera.
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KWAN, L. C., D. K. F. CHEUNG, and K. M. KAM. "Peak occurrences of ciguatera fish poisoning precede cholera outbreaks in Hong Kong." Epidemiology and Infection 131, no. 1 (August 2003): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803008665.
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Occurrences of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and Vibrio cholerae infected patients in Hong Kong were reviewed for the 13-year period 1989–2001. Peak activity of CFP preceded peak activity of cholera in nine of the years except in 4 years (1990, 1991, 1992, 1996) where it was observed that the total number of cholera cases were all less than or equal to five per year (P<0·05). Average time interval was 2·4 months between peaks of CFP and Vibrio cholerae outbreaks. Findings suggested that the factors that affect cholera and ciguatera occurrences may not be operating in some years but when they are operating, they will affect both cholera and CFP. CFP peaks have consistently occurred before Vibrio cholerae peaks in our locality so much so that the occurrence of the latter can now be almost accurately predicted since 1998. CFP peaks served as an early warning for public measures to be in place before occurrence of cholera outbreaks.
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Tamplin, Mark L., Reema Jalali, Mohammed K. Ahmed, and Rita R. Colwell. "Variation in epitopes of the B subunit of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and Vibrio mimicus cholera toxins." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m90-071.
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Monoclonal antibodies reacting with the B subunit of Vibrio cholerae O1 strain 569B cholera toxin (CT-B) were used to identify unique and common epitopes of V. cholerae non-O1 and Vibrio mimicus CT-B. Vibrio cholerae non-O1 strains produced CT-B showing three monoclonal antibody reaction patterns (epitypes), which corresponded with epitypes described previously for V. cholerae O1 classical biotype CT-B (CT1), El Tor biotype CT-B (CT2), and a unique V. cholerae non-O1 CT-B (CT3), which lacked an epitope located in or near the GM1 ganglioside binding site of 569B CT-B. Vibrio mimicus CT-B was immunologically indistinguishable from 569B CT-B. These and previous results define six epitopes on 569B CT-B, and a fourth epitope in or near the GM1 ganglioside binding site. Key words: cholera toxin, epitopes, monoclonal antibodies.
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Domman, Daryl, Marie-Laure Quilici, Matthew J. Dorman, Elisabeth Njamkepo, Ankur Mutreja, Alison E. Mather, Gabriella Delgado, et al. "Integrated view of Vibrio cholerae in the Americas." Science 358, no. 6364 (November 9, 2017): 789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2136.
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Latin America has experienced two of the largest cholera epidemics in modern history; one in 1991 and the other in 2010. However, confusion still surrounds the relationships between globally circulating pandemic Vibrio cholerae clones and local bacterial populations. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize cholera across the Americas over a 40-year time span. We found that both epidemics were the result of intercontinental introductions of seventh pandemic El Tor V. cholerae and that at least seven lineages local to the Americas are associated with disease that differs epidemiologically from epidemic cholera. Our results consolidate historical accounts of pandemic cholera with data to show the importance of local lineages, presenting an integrated view of cholera that is important to the design of future disease control strategies.
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Gancz, Hanan, Orly Niderman-Meyer, Meir Broza, Yechezkel Kashi, and Eyal Shimoni. "Adhesion of Vibrio cholerae to Granular Starches." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 8 (August 2005): 4850–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.8.4850-4855.2005.
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ABSTRACT Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by specific serogroups of Vibrio cholerae that are pathogenic to humans. Cholera can become epidemic and deadly without adequate medical care. Appropriate rehydration therapy can reduce the mortality rate from as much as 50% of the affected individuals to <1%. Thus, oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is an important measure in the treatment of this disease. To further reduce the symptoms associated with cholera, improvements in oral rehydration solution (ORS) by starch incorporation were suggested. Here, we report that V. cholerae adheres to starch granules incorporated in ORS. Adhesion of 98% of the cells was observed within 2 min when cornstarch granules were used. Other starches showed varied adhesion rates, indicating that starch source and composition play an important role in the interaction of V. cholerae and starch granules. Sugars metabolized by V. cholerae showed a repressive effect on the adhesion process. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed. Comparing V. cholerae adhesion with the adhesion of other pathogens suggests the involvement of starch degradation capabilities. This adhesion to granular starch can be used to improve ORT.
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Silva-Valenzuela, Cecilia A., and Andrew Camilli. "Niche adaptation limits bacteriophage predation of Vibrio cholerae in a nutrient-poor aquatic environment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 5 (January 11, 2019): 1627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810138116.
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Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has reservoirs in fresh and brackish water where it interacts with virulent bacteriophages. Phages are the most abundant biological entity on earth and coevolve with bacteria. It was reported that concentrations of phage and V. cholerae inversely correlate in aquatic reservoirs and in the human small intestine, and therefore that phages may quench cholera outbreaks. Although there is strong evidence for phage predation in cholera patients, evidence is lacking for phage predation of V. cholerae in aquatic environments. Here, we used three virulent phages, ICP1, ICP2, and ICP3, commonly shed by cholera patients in Bangladesh, as models to understand the predation dynamics in microcosms simulating aquatic environments. None of the phages were capable of predation in fresh water, and only ICP1 was able to prey on V. cholerae in estuarine water due to a requirement for salt. We conclude that ICP2 and ICP3 are better adapted for predation in a nutrient rich environment. Our results point to the evolution of niche-specific predation by V. cholerae-specific virulent phages, which complicates their use in predicting or monitoring cholera outbreaks as well as their potential use in reducing aquatic reservoirs of V. cholerae in endemic areas.
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Panja, Prabir. "Optimal Control Analysis of a Cholera Epidemic Model." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 14, no. 01 (March 2019): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048019500024.
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In this paper, a cholera disease transmission mathematical model has been developed. According to the transmission mechanism of cholera disease, total human population has been classified into four subpopulations such as (i) Susceptible human, (ii) Exposed human, (iii) Infected human and (iv) Recovered human. Also, the total bacterial population has been classified into two subpopulations such as (i) Vibrio Cholerae that grows in the infected human intestine and (ii) Vibrio Cholerae in the environment. It is assumed that the cholera disease can be transmitted in a human population through the consumption of contaminated food and water by Vibrio Cholerae bacterium present in the environment. Also, it is assumed that Vibrio Cholerae bacterium is spread in the environment through the vomiting and feces of infected humans. Positivity and boundedness of solutions of our proposed system have been investigated. Equilibrium points and the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] are evaluated. Local stability conditions of disease-free and endemic equilibrium points have been discussed. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out on the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text]. To eradicate cholera disease from the human population, an optimal control problem has been formulated and solved with the help of Pontryagin’s maximum principle. Here treatment, vaccination and awareness programs have been considered as control parameters to reduce the number of infected humans from cholera disease. Finally, the optimal control and the cost-effectiveness analysis of our proposed model have been performed numerically.
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Levchenkо, D. A., V. D. Kruglikov, N. E. Gaevskaya, A. S. Vodop’yanov, and N. V. Nepomnyashchaya. "Pheno- and Genotypical Features of Non-Toxigenic Strains of Cholera Vibrios of Different Origins, Isolated in the Territory of Russia." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3 (October 22, 2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2020-3-89-96.
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Aim. Analysis of the phenotypic characteristics and identification of peculiarities of the genotypic organization in non-toxigenic strains of cholera vibrios having different origin, isolated in Russia. Materials and methods. A sample of 548 non-toxigenic strains obtained using the author’s updated GIS “Cholera 1989–2014” was used. PCR genotyping was carried out in accordance with the patented “Method for the identification of non-toxigenic strains of cholera vibrio O1 serogroup using PCR to isolate genetic determinants.” Cluster analysis was performed applying the UPGMA method. The dendrogram was constructed using MEGA 5 software package.Results and discussion. Representative cultural-morphological, serological and biochemical properties of V. cholerae strains have been specified. The variability of the studied strains on the basis of phagolizability has been revealed. Unique phage-types not previously encountered in Russia have been identified. The population of non-toxigenic strains of cholera vibrio O139 serogroup is genetically homogeneous in contrast to V. cholerae O1 El Tor isolates and has identical PCR genotypes. The universality of the PCR genotyping by 14 target genes has been shown to differentiate the studied strains of V. cholerae O1 and O139, as well as to identify disparities among O139 strains isolated in different geographical regions of the country.
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Silva, Anisia J., and Jorge A. Benitez. "Vibrio cholerae Biofilms and Cholera Pathogenesis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10, no. 2 (February 4, 2016): e0004330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004330.
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A.A., Michael, and Adenike B.A. "Prevalence of Vibrio Cholerae and Vibrio Species from Different Sources in Bayelsa State, Nigeria." African Journal of Biology and Medical Research 4, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajbmr-g5st3zwt.
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The distribution of Vibrio cholerae and non-cholera Vibrio species from different sources from five localities in Bayelsa State, Nigeria was investigated in this study. A total of 44 stool samples, 22 freshwater samples, 60 brackish water samples and 64 seafood samples (crabs, shrimps and fishes) were collected from January to April, 2019 for the purpose of V. cholerae prevalence study. Samples were transported to the laboratory using Car-Blair’s medium. This was followed by samples enrichment in 1% alkaline peptone water and pour plating on thiosulphate citrate bile-salt sucrose (TCBS) agar. Characteristic yellow colonies were subjected to further biochemical and physiological characterization to further identify V. cholerae. Antibiotics susceptibility patterns for isolated V. cholerae strains were investigated. Furthermore, water samples (fresh and brackish) and seafood samples were collected on a monthly basis to ascertain the effect of seasons (dry and wet months) on the distribution of Vibrio spp. A total of 16 (36.36%) stools samples were positive for V. cholerae. In addition, 12 (54.55%) of freshwater samples, 28 (46.67%) of brackish water samples and 22 (34.38%) of seafood samples were contaminated with V. cholerae. The monthly mean values of Vibrio spp. from environmental sources showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between the dry months (low rainfall) and wet months (frequent rainfall). Higher average values were observed during the dry months. The result of the antibiotics sensitivity test showed all V. cholerae strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin while varying degree sensitivities were observed in tetracycline and augmentin. Cholera and other non-cholera Vibrio spp gastrointestinal infections are still a major concern to the health of the public. Local and regional governments should enforce and promote the need for personal and communal hygienic practices.
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Alam, Munirul, Nur A. Hasan, Abdus Sadique, N. A. Bhuiyan, Kabir U. Ahmed, Suraia Nusrin, G. Balakrish Nair, et al. "Seasonal Cholera Caused by Vibrio cholerae Serogroups O1 and O139 in the Coastal Aquatic Environment of Bangladesh." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (June 2006): 4096–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00066-06.
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ABSTRACT Since Vibrio cholerae O139 first appeared in 1992, both O1 El Tor and O139 have been recognized as the epidemic serogroups, although their geographic distribution, endemicity, and reservoir are not fully understood. To address this lack of information, a study of the epidemiology and ecology of V. cholerae O1 and O139 was carried out in two coastal areas, Bakerganj and Mathbaria, Bangladesh, where cholera occurs seasonally. The results of a biweekly clinical study (January 2004 to May 2005), employing culture methods, and of an ecological study (monthly in Bakerganj and biweekly in Mathbaria from March 2004 to May 2005), employing direct and enrichment culture, colony blot hybridization, and direct fluorescent-antibody methods, showed that cholera is endemic in both Bakerganj and Mathbaria and that V. cholerae O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139 are autochthonous to the aquatic environment. Although V. cholerae O1 and O139 were isolated from both areas, most noteworthy was the isolation of V. cholerae O139 in March, July, and September 2004 in Mathbaria, where seasonal cholera was clinically linked only to V. cholerae O1. In Mathbaria, V. cholerae O139 emerged as the sole cause of a significant outbreak of cholera in March 2005. V. cholerae O1 reemerged clinically in April 2005 and established dominance over V. cholerae O139, continuing to cause cholera in Mathbaria. In conclusion, the epidemic potential and coastal aquatic reservoir for V. cholerae O139 have been demonstrated. Based on the results of this study, the coastal ecosystem of the Bay of Bengal is concluded to be a significant reservoir for the epidemic serogroups of V. cholerae.
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Parveen, Salina, Samuel R. Farrah, Celia Gonzalez-Bonilla, Altagracia V. Zamudio, and Mark L. Tamplin. "Characterization of a clinicalVibrio choleraeO139 isolate from Mexico." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-004.
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Pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae O139 possess the cholera toxin A subunit (ctxA) gene as well as the gene for toxin co-regulated pili (tcpA). We report the isolation of a ctxA-negative, tcpA-negative V. cholerae O139 strain (INDRE1) from a patient in Mexico diagnosed with gastrointestinal illness. Certain phenotypic characteristics of this strain were identical to those of V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor. Unlike ctxA-positive V. cholerae O139 strains, this strain was sensitive to a wide panel of antibiotics, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, furazolidone, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and streptomycin, but was resistant to polymyxin B. Ribotype and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of INDRE1 differed from those of ctxA-positive V. cholerae O139 and other V. cholerae strains. Phenotypic characteristics of the Mexico strain were similar to those reported for V. cholerae O139 isolates from Argentina and Sri Lanka.Key words: Vibrio cholerae O139, cholera toxin, ctxA, tcpA.
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Laviad-Shitrit, Sivan, Rotem Sela, Leena Thorat, Yehonatan Sharaby, Ido Izhaki, Bimalendu B. Nath, and Malka Halpern. "Identification of chironomid species as natural reservoirs of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains with pandemic potential." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): e0008959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008959.
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Vibrio cholerae causes the fatal cholera diarrhea. Chironomids (Diptera; Chironomidae) are abundant in freshwater aquatic habitats and estuaries and are natural reservoirs of V. cholerae. Until now, only the non-O1/O139 serogroups of V. cholerae were identified in chironomids. Here, we explored whether chironomids are natural reservoirs of V. cholerae O1/O139 serogroups, which are associated with cholera endemics and pandemics. All four life stages of chironomids were sampled from two rivers, and a laboratory culture in Pune, India, and from a pond in Israel. In total, we analyzed 223 chironomid samples. The presence of V. cholerae O1/O139 serogroups was verified using molecular tools. Nine chironomid species were identified; of them, Chironomus circumdatus was the most abundant. The presence of V. cholerae serogroup O1 and the cholera toxin genes were detected in samples from all chironomid species. However, serogroup O139 was detected in only two chironomid species. Besides PCR to detect specific genes, a metagenomic analysis that was performed in three selected C. ramosus larvae, identified a list of virulence genes associated with V. cholerae. The findings provide evidence that chironomids are natural reservoirs of toxigenic V. cholerae O1/O139. Chironomid populations and V. cholerae show biannual peak patterns. A similar pattern is found for cholera epidemics in the Bengal Delta region. Thus, we hypothesize that monitoring chironomids in endemic areas of the disease may provide a novel tool for predicting and preventing cholera epidemics. Moreover, serogroup O139 was detected only in two chironomid species that have a restricted distribution in the Indian subcontinent, possibly explaining why the distribution of the O139 serogroup is limited.
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LaRocque, Regina C., Jason B. Harris, Michelle Dziejman, Xiaoman Li, Ashraful I. Khan, Abu S. G. Faruque, Shah M. Faruque, et al. "Transcriptional Profiling of Vibrio cholerae Recovered Directly from Patient Specimens during Early and Late Stages of Human Infection." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 8 (August 2005): 4488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.8.4488-4493.2005.
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ABSTRACT Understanding gene expression by bacteria during the actual course of human infection may provide important insights into microbial pathogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the transcriptional profile of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, in clinical specimens from cholera patients. We collected samples of human stool and vomitus that were positive by dark-field microscopy for abundant vibrios and used a microarray to compare gene expression in organisms recovered directly from specimens collected during the early and late stages of human infection. Our results reveal that V. cholerae gene expression within the human host environment differs from patterns defined in in vitro models of pathogenesis. tcpA, the major subunit of the essential V. cholerae colonization factor, was significantly more highly expressed in early than in late stages of infection; however, the genes encoding cholera toxin were not highly expressed in either phase of human infection. Furthermore, expression of the virulence regulators toxRS and tcpPH was uncoupled. Interestingly, the pattern of gene expression indicates that the human upper intestine may be a uniquely suitable environment for the transfer of genetic elements that are important in the evolution of pathogenic strains of V. cholerae. These findings provide a more detailed assessment of the transcriptome of V. cholerae in the human host than previous studies of organisms in stool alone and have implications for cholera control and the design of improved vaccines.
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Ha, Thi Quyen. "Analysis of gene encoding haemolysin A of Vibrio cholerae isolated in Vietnam." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 9, no. 4 (August 8, 2018): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol9.no4.pp202-206.
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Vibrio cholerae is the cholera causing agent, divided into two biotypes, including the classical biotype and ElTor biotype. Both of these biotypes caused cholera epidemics in the world. The classical biotype caused 6th cholera pandemic (from 1921 to 1961), and ElTor biotype caused 7th cholera pandemic (from 1961 to the 70s). Haemolysin A, a hemolytic protein of V. cholerae ElT or biotype, is encoded by the hlyA gene. This gene is often used for analyzing genetic relationship between strains in the same species or between species in the same Vibrio genus. Results of analyzing nucleotide and amino acid sequences of hlyA gene of V. cholerae strain causing cholera in Vietnam (named hlyA.VN) showed that: the hlyA.VN gene sequence was similar to the hlyA gene sequences of V. cholerae strains of the 6th and 7th cholera epidemics. The hlyA gene of the 6th cholera epidemic strain was deficient in 11 nuleotides (this deficiency leading to the loss of 4 amino acids in the haemolysin A protein) comparing to hlyA.VN gene and hlyA gene of the 7th cholera epidemic strain. The results of genetic distance analysis as well as phylogenetic tree construction also confirmed V. cholerae causing cholera in Vietnam was closely relationship to the strains causing cholera pandemics in the world. It is great significance for the surveillance of molecular epidemiology to prevent cholera effectively.
Vibrio cholerae là tác nhân gây bệnh tả, được chia thành hai typ sinh học, đó là typ sinh học cổ điển và typ sinh học ElTor. Cả hai typ này đã từng gây ra các đại dịch tả trên thế giới. Typ sinh học cổ điển đã từng gây ra đại dịch tả lần thứ 6 (từ năm 1921 đến 1961), còn typ sinh học ElTor đã từng gây ra đại dịch tả lần thứ 7 (từ 1961 đến những năm 70). Haemolysin A, một protein có chức năng làm tan máu của V. cholerae typ sinh học ElTor, được mã hóa bởi gen hlyA. Gene này thường được sử dụng cho các phân tích quan hệ di truyền giữa các chủng trong cùng một loài V. cholerae hay giữa các loài trong cùng một chi Vibrio. Kết quả phân tích trình tự nucleotide và axit amin gen hlyA của chủng V. cholerae gâybệnh ở Việt Nam (hlyA.VN) cho thấy: trình tự gen hlyA.VN có sự tương đồng lớn với trình tự gen hlyA của chủng gây đại dịch tả 6 và 7. Gen hlyA của chủng gây đại dịch tả 6 bị thiếu hụt 11 nuleotide (sự thiếu hụt này dẫn tới sự mất đi 4 axit amin trong phân tử haemolysin A) so với gen hlyA.VN và gene hlyA của chủng gây đại dịch tả 7. Kết quả phân tích khoảng cách di truyền cũng như xây dựng cây phát sinh chủng loại cũng đã khẳng định: chủng gây bệnh ở Việt Nam có quan hệ rất gần với các chủng gây đại dịch tả trên thế giới. Nhận định này có ý nghĩa rất lớn đối với công tác giám sát dịch tễ học phân tử để ngăn chặn bệnh tả hiệu quả.
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Parvin, Irin, Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayeem Bin Shahid, Subhasish Das, Lubaba Shahrin, Mst Mahmuda Ackhter, Tahmina Alam, Soroar Hossain Khan, et al. "Vibrio cholerae O139 persists in Dhaka, Bangladesh since 1993." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): e0009721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009721.
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Background After a multi-country Asian outbreak of cholera due to Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 which started in 1992, it is rarely detected from any country in Asia and has not been detected from patients in Africa. Methodology/Principal findings We extracted surveillance data from the Dhaka and Matlab Hospitals of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) to review trends in isolation of Vibrio cholerae O139 in Bangladesh. Data from the Dhaka Hospital is a 2% sample of > 100,000 diarrhoeal patients treated annually. Data from the Matlab Hospital includes all diarrhoeal patients who hail from the villages included in the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Vibrio cholerae O139 was first isolated in Dhaka in 1993 and had been isolated every year since then except for a gap between 2005 and 2008. An average of thirteen isolates was detected annually from the Dhaka Hospital during the last ten years, yielding an estimated 650 cases annually at this hospital. During the last ten years, cases due to serogroup O139 represented 0.47% of all cholera cases; the others being due to serogroup O1. No cases with serogroup O139 were identified at Matlab since 2006. Clinical signs and symptoms of cholera due to serogroup O139 were similar to cases due to serogroup O1 though more of the O139 cases were not dehydrated. Most isolates of O139 remained sensitive to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin, but they became resistant to erythromycin starting in 2009. Conclusions/Significance Cholera due to Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 continues to cause typical cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Vodop’yanov, Aleksey S., S. O. Vodop’yanov, I. P. Oleynikov, and B. N. Mishan’kin. "INDEL-GENOTYPING OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE STRAINS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 22, no. 4 (August 15, 2017): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40978.
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The aim of this work was to genotype Vibrio cholerae strains, based on 9 INDEL-markers. We identified 26 genotypes in 223 strains studied. Based on the cluster analysis, all genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters. A geographic attachment to specific regions was characteristic for some of the clusters. Toxigenic strains formed a separate cluster and have genotypes different from atoxigenic strains. All strains V cholerae O1 Eltor, isolated from 1929 to 2014, had an identical genotype, different from the genotypes of V. cholerae O1 classical and V. cholerae O139. A loss of cholera toxin gene was shown to fail to give rise in the alteration of INDEL-genotype. This allows us recommend this genotyping method for the identification strains that had a cholera toxin gene in the past. Under annual isolation of strains of V. cholerae from environmental objects, their population was established to be particular due to a high level of genetic diversity. This makes it possible to propose the use of the diversity index as one of the criteria for the assessment of epidemiological risk.
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Das, Bhabatosh. "1113. Real-Time Evolution of Extensively Drug-Resistant Vibrio cholerae." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.946.
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Abstract Background Bay of Bengal is known as the epicenter of a number of distinct waves of global transmission of cholera. Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of acute diarrhoeal disease cholera, has extraordinary competency to acquire exogenous DNA by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and acclimatize them into their genome for structuring metabolic process, developing drug resistance and disease. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in V. cholerae is a global concern. However, little is known about the identity, source, acquisition process, and stability of the resistance traits in the genome of cholera pathogen. Methods Antibiotic susceptibility testing of V. cholerae isolated from different parts of India during 2001–2017 was performed using Discs and E-strips. Whole-genome sequencing of resistant (R), multidrug resistant (MDR), extensively drug resistant (XDR), and pandrug (PDR) resistant V. cholerae was done by next-generation DNA sequencing. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) linked with AMR genes were tagged by allelic exchange methods. Whole-cell proteome analysis was done by iTRAQ analysis. Results Almost 99% of V. cholerae isolates (n = 438) are resistant against ≥2 antibiotics, 17.2% isolates (n = 76) are resistant against ≥10 antibiotics, and 7.5% isolates (n = 33) are resistant against ≥14 antibiotics. Highest resistance was detected against sulfamethaxozole (99.8%, n = 442). In addition, resistance to nalidixic acid (n = 429), trimethoprim (n = 421), and streptomycin (n = 409) are also very high. All the sequenced resistant isolates carrying multiple resistance genes and are linked with MGEs like integrating conjugative elements, transposons etc. Most of the resistance traits are functional and expressed even in the absence of antibiotics. Conclusion Our comprehensive analysis of 443 clinical V. cholerae isolates show that the cholera pathogen is continuously evolving to counterbalance the antimicrobial effects of antibiotics. Several MGEs linked with AMR genes and other fitness factors potentially propagate to other bacterial species through HGTs. Knowledge of the present study would be useful to understand the evolution of cholera pathogens and management of cholera by helping selection of specific drug regimen against the pathogens. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Karnaukhov, I. G., N. B. Cheldyshova, A. K. Grazhdanov, A. A. Krizky, S. P. Zadnova, O. V. Kedrova, A. V. Ivanova, et al. "EPIDEMIC ANALYSIS ON CHOLERA IN AFRICA AND PROBLEMS OF PROFILAXIS." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2017-6-105-113.
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Presently Africa is one of the most affected regions of the world as regards cholera. More than 55 000 people are infected every year. The review contains the data on comparative assessment of epidemic manifestations associated with the current pandemic, caused by Vibrio cholerae biovar El Tor, and the preceding six pandemics, the agent of which was cholera vibrios of classical biovar. Studied have been the factors of large-scale cholera dissemination in Africa in the modern period and problems of its prophylaxis.
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Sagiev, Z. A., R. S. Musagalieva, A. A. Abdirasilova, T. Z. Ayazbaev, M. M. Kul’baeva, A. B. Mоldagasimova, A. S. Zhunusova, et al. "Concerning imported cases of cholera in the city of Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2017." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3 (October 5, 2018): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2018-3-83-87.
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In 2017, from October 15 to November 21, 5 cholera cases imported from India – 3 patients and 2 carriers of V. cholerae – were recorded in Almaty. The patients recovered from the disease. Objective of the study was to characterize the imported cases of cholera and investigate the properties of cholera vibrio strains isolated from patients and carriers of V. cholerae. Materials and methods. Revised were the medical records; blood sera, feces from patients and contact persons were assayed. Studied were sensitivity spectrum to antibacterial preparations of isolated V. cholerae strains according to the “Methodological guidelines on laboratory diagnosis of cholera”, dated September 27, 2010; No 252. Epidemiological, microbiological, immunological and molecular-genetic methods were applied for investigation. Results and conclusions. Consequently to molecular genetic studies, genes of specificity, wbeN and toxicity (epidemic significance), ctxA, tcpA were detected in samples from 3 patients and 2 contact persons. The isolated strains were identified as Vibrio cholerae O1 Eltor Inaba in two cases, and in one case – as Vibrio cholerae O1 Eltor Hykoshima, Heiberg group I, toxigenic, hemolysis negative in Greig test, virulent, highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, doxycilin, erythromycin, tetracycline and moderately sensitive to levomycetin. It was established that the country of export in all the cases was India. Relevant anti-epidemic and preventive measures were undertaken to localize and eradicate the foci in order to prevent possible threat of epidemic spread of infections among the population.
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Harris, Aaron M., M. Saruar Bhuiyan, Fahima Chowdhury, Ashraful I. Khan, Azim Hossain, Emily A. Kendall, Atiqur Rahman, et al. "Antigen-Specific Memory B-Cell Responses to Vibrio cholerae O1 Infection in Bangladesh." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 9 (June 15, 2009): 3850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00369-09.
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ABSTRACT Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, is a noninvasive dehydrating enteric disease with a high mortality rate if untreated. Infection with V. cholerae elicits long-term protection against subsequent disease in countries where the disease is endemic. Although the mechanism of this protective immunity is unknown, it has been hypothesized that a protective mucosal response to V. cholerae infection may be mediated by anamnestic responses of memory B cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. To characterize memory B-cell responses to cholera, we enrolled a cohort of 39 hospitalized patients with culture-confirmed cholera and evaluated their immunologic responses at frequent intervals over the subsequent 1 year. Memory B cells to cholera antigens, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the protein antigens cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and toxin-coregulated pilus major subunit A (TcpA) were enumerated using a method of polyclonal stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells followed by a standard enzyme-linked immunospot procedure. All patients demonstrated CTB, TcpA, and LPS-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG)and IgA memory responses by day 90. In addition, these memory B-cell responses persisted up to 1 year, substantially longer than other traditional immunologic markers of infection with V. cholerae. While the magnitude of the LPS-specific IgG memory B-cell response waned at 1 year, CTB- and TcpA-specific IgG memory B cells remained significantly elevated at 1 year after infection, suggesting that T-cell help may result in a more durable memory B-cell response to V. cholerae protein antigens. Such memory B cells could mediate anamnestic responses on reexposure to V. cholerae.
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Gromova, O. V., O. S. Durakova, S. V. Generalov, L. F. Livanova, and O. A. Volokh. "Determination of Specific Activity of Cholera Chemical Vaccine Components using Cell Culture." Biotekhnologiya 36, no. 3 (2020): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2020-36-3-82-89.
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Том 36(2020) №3 стр. 82-89; DOI 10.21519/0234-2758-2020-36-3-82-89А.В. Гаева1*, О.В. Громова1, О.С. Дуракова1, С.В. Генералов1, Л.Ф. Ливанова1, О.А. Волох1 Определение специфической активности компонентов холерной химической вакцины с использованием культуры клеток 1ФКУЗ «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека, Саратов 410005 *rusrapi@microbe.ru Поступила - 2019-11-26; После доработки - 2020-03-16; Принята к публикации - 2020-05-15 Список литературы Описаны методы определения динамики продукции токсинов штаммом Vibrio cholerae 569B при глубинном культивировании в биореакторе и антигенной активности специфической фракции холерогена-анатоксина по анатоксинсвязыванию с использованием клеточных культур. Показана высокая степень соответствия результатов, полученных методами, применяемыми для контроля этапов производства холерной химической вакцины и рассмотренными в данной работе. Отмечено, что применение клеточной линии СНО-К1 наиболее перспективно для замены биомоделей на промежуточных этапах контроля активных компонентов холерной химической вакцины. Разработанный методический подход впервые предлагается использовать на этапах производства холерной бивалентной химической вакцины. культура клеток, Vibrio cholerae, холерная химическая вакцина, контроль производства, холера. Vol 36(2020) N 3 p. 82-89; DOI 10.21519/0234-2758-2020-36-3-82-89A.V. Gaeva1*, O.V. Gromova1, O.S. Durakova1, S.V. Generalov1, L.F. Livanova1, O.A. Volokh1 Determination of Specific Activity of Cholera Chemical Vaccine Components using Cell Culture 1Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute «Microbe» of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Saratov, 410005 *rusrapi@microbe.ru Received - 26.11.2019; Accepted - 15.05.2020 References The methods has been described to determine the dynamics of toxin production by the Vibrio cholerae 569B strain during submerged cultivation in bioreactor and of the antigenic activity of specific choleragen anatoxin fraction by anatoxin binding levels using cell cultures. High degree of consistency was observed between the results obtained via the method under consideration and those obtained via control methods at different stages of cholera chemical vaccine production. It was shown that the CHO-K1 cell line is the most promising substitute for biomodels at the intermediate stages of control of active cholera chemical vaccine components. The developed methodological approach was first proposed for use at the stages of cholera chemical bivalent vaccine manufacturing. cell culture, Vibrio cholerae, cholera chemical vaccine, production control, cholera.
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Joelsson, Adam, Biao Kan, and Jun Zhu. "Quorum Sensing Enhances the Stress Response in Vibrio cholerae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 11 (April 13, 2007): 3742–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02804-06.
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ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae lives in aquatic environments and causes cholera. Here, we show that quorum sensing enhances V. cholerae viability under certain stress conditions by upregulating the expression of RpoS, and this regulation acts through HapR, suggesting that a quorum-sensing-enhanced stress response plays a role in V. cholerae environmental survival.
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JESUDASON, M. V., V. BALAJI, U. MUKUNDAN, and C. J. THOMSON. "Ecological study of Vibrio cholerae in Vellore." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 2 (April 2000): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026889900357x.
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Vellore is endemic for cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139. In a previous study the prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in drinking water, lakes and sewage outfalls in a single 2-months period in Vellore, India was determined. In addition water samples from three sites were also tested for the presence of V. cholerae O1 and O139 by fluorescent antibody staining. This follow on study has examined how the environmental distribution of V. cholerae at the same sites alters over a 12-month period and the relationship to the clinical pattern of cholera in Vellore. Samples of water were collected from fixed sites at three water bodies each month between April 1997 and March 1998. Bacteria isolated from samples were identified by standard biochemical tests and isolated strains of V. cholerae tested for their ability to agglutinate O1 and O139 antisera. Samples were also tested for the presence of V. cholerae O1 and O139 by fluorescent antibody staining. The clinical isolation rate of V. cholerae in Vellore, maximum temperature and rainfall were also studied. The results demonstrate the presence in the environment of viable but non-cultivable (VNC) V. cholerae in 10 of 12 months of the study year as well as their viability. Their prevalence in the environment also correlated with the isolation of these pathogens from clinical samples over the same study period.
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Das, Prasenjit, and Debasis Mukherjee. "Qualitative Analysis of a Cholera Bacteriophage Model." ISRN Biomathematics 2012 (May 8, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/621939.
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Cholera still remains as a severe global threat and is currently spreading in Africa and other parts of the world. The role of lytic bacteriophage as an intervention of cholera outbreaks is investigated using a mathematical model. Dynamics of cholera is discussed on basis of the basic reproduction number . Conditions of Hopf bifurcation are also derived for a positive net growth rate of Vibrio cholerae. Stability analysis and numerical simulations suggest that bacteriophage may contribute to lessening the severity of cholera epidemics by reducing the number of Vibrio cholerae in the environment. Hence with the presence of phage virus, cholera is self-limiting in nature. By using phage as a biological control agent in endemic areas, one may also influence the temporal dynamics of cholera epidemics while reducing the excessive use of chemicals. We also performed stochastic analysis which suggests that the model system is globally asymptotically stable in probability when the strengths of white noise are less than some specific quantities.
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Dorman, Matthew J., Leanne Kane, Daryl Domman, Jake D. Turnbull, Claire Cormie, Mohammed-Abbas Fazal, David A. Goulding, Julie E. Russell, Sarah Alexander, and Nicholas R. Thomson. "The history, genome and biology of NCTC 30: a non-pandemic Vibrio cholerae isolate from World War One." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1900 (April 10, 2019): 20182025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2025.
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The sixth global cholera pandemic lasted from 1899 to 1923. However, despite widespread fear of the disease and of its negative effects on troop morale, very few soldiers in the British Expeditionary Forces contracted cholera between 1914 and 1918. Here, we have revived and sequenced the genome of NCTC 30, a 102-year-old Vibrio cholerae isolate, which we believe is the oldest publicly available live V. cholerae strain in existence. NCTC 30 was isolated in 1916 from a British soldier convalescent in Egypt. We found that this strain does not encode cholera toxin, thought to be necessary to cause cholera, and is not part of V. cholerae lineages responsible for the pandemic disease. We also show that NCTC 30, which predates the introduction of penicillin-based antibiotics, harbours a functional β-lactamase antibiotic resistance gene. Our data corroborate and provide molecular explanations for previous phenotypic studies of NCTC 30 and provide a new high-quality genome sequence for historical, non-pandemic V. cholerae .
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Selyanskaya, Nadezhda A. "MODERN PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THERAPY OF CHOLERA." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 24, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-24-1-25-31.
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The spread of V. cholerae strains with multiple antibiotic resistance limits the choice of effective means of etiotropic therapy for cholera, emphasizing the importance of finding ways to maintain efficacy in the face of the widespread prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The review presents data of domestic and foreign literature on the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio cholerae and the prospects for the treatment of cholera in the modern period.
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Ntema, V. M., N. Potgieter, and T. G. Barnard. "Detection of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus by molecular and culture based methods from source water to household container-stored water at the point-of-use in South African rural communities." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 12 (June 1, 2010): 3091–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.222.
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Detection methods for Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus which included the culture based approach with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmation, PCR detection without enrichment and PCR with a pre-enrichment were developed and their performance evaluated. PCR assays targeted the SodB (V. cholerae species), Flae (V. parahaemolyticus species), 16S rRNA (Vibrio and Enterobacteriacea species) genes (Multiplex 1) and V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139 rfb genes, ctxA (cholera toxin) gene and 16S rRNA gene (Multiplex 2). These methods were used to determine the occurrence of selected Vibrios in source water as well as in household container-stored water. The combination of filtration, enrichment and PCR method provided a sensitive and specific method for the detection of selected Vibrios in water samples. The PCR with a pre-enrichment method detected as few as 4–10 cfu/100 mL of selected Vibrios and PCR detection without the enrichment method detected as few as 40–100 cfu/100 mL of selected Vibrios. The inclusion of an enrichment period allows detection of culturable bacteria. As an application of the developed methods, V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus were detected in the source water used by the population and in the water-storage containers. The results indicate that Vibrio species in the containers could have originated from the source water and survive in biofilms inside the containers.
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Martı́nez-Govea, A., J. Ambrosio, L. Gutiérrez-Cogco, and A. Flisser. "Identification and Strain Differentiation of Vibrio cholerae by Using Polyclonal Antibodies against Outer Membrane Proteins." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.4.768-771.2001.
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ABSTRACT Cholera is caused only by O1 and O139 Vibrio cholerae strains. For diagnosis, 3 working days are needed for bacterial isolation from human feces and for biochemical characterization. Here we describe the purification of bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMP) from V. cholerae O1 Ogawa, O1 Inaba, and O139 strains, as well as the production of specific antisera and their use for fecal Vibrio antigen detection. Anti-OMP antisera showed very high reactivity and specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dot-ELISA. An inmunodiagnostic assay for V. cholerae detection was developed; this assay avoids preenrichment and costly equipment and can be used for epidemiological surveillance and clinical diagnosis of cases, considering that prompt and specific identification of bacteria is mandatory in cholera.
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Ehara, Masahiko, Mamoru Iwami, Yoshio Ichinose, Toshiya Hirayama, M. John Albert, R. Bradley Sack, and Shoichi Shimodori. "Induction of Fimbriated Vibrio cholerae O139." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.5.1.65-69.1998.
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ABSTRACT Several fimbriated phases of Vibrio cholerae O139 strains were selectively induced and compared immunologically and biochemically with those of V. cholerae O1. Fimbrial antigens were detected on the surfaces of vibrio cells colonizing the epithelial cells of a rabbit small intestine. Convalescent-phase sera from six individuals infected with V. cholerae O139 revealed the development of antibody against the fimbrillin. These findings suggest that the fimbriae of V. cholerae O1 and O139 are expressed in vivo during infection and that consideration must be given to the use of fimbrial antigens as components of vaccines against cholera.
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Kale, Swati S., Pragati A. Bulle, Durgesh G. Deshmukh, Supriya S. Tankhiwale, and Vivek M. Gujar. "An outbreak of diarrhoeal disease of El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa in and around Yavatmal district, Maharashtra, India in 2018." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20201032.
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Background: Epidemics of cholera have been reported from various parts of India. We investigated the epidemic of cholera that occurred in and around Yavatmal district in Maharashtra, India 2018, reported during March to July.Methods: 711 stool samples collected from diarrhea patients were bacteriologically analyzed for their identification and antibiogram of Vibrio cholera.Results: The cholera outbreak was caused by V. cholerae O1 Ogawa biotype El Tor. All the V. cholerae isolates from the stool samples were sensitive to tetracycline, doxycycline, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin gentamycin, cotrimoxazole and resistant to ampicillin and ceftazidime.Conclusions: The present outbreak was due to V. cholerae O1 Ogawa El Tor which seems to have completely replaced O139 serogroup of the previous outbreaks during the last decade.
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WONG, HIN-CHUNG, WAN-RU SHIEH, and YEONG-SHENG LEE. "Toxigenic Characterization of Vibrios Isolated from Foods Available in Taiwan." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 980–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.11.980.
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Several Vibrio species have been implicated in diarrheal diseases and wound infection, and some foods are important vehicles for these pathogens. A number of these vibrios isolated from food produced extracellular heat-labile or heat-stable hemolysin and cytotoxins, but only a few strains hybridized to nucleic acid probes of Shiga-like toxin, cholera toxin, or thermostable direct hemolysin. These vibrios also produced extracellular or cell-mediated mouse-lethal factors. The vibrios from foods may produce toxins not identical or related to the common toxins of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, or Vibrio parahaetnolyticus.
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Wei, Yan, Paolo Ocampo, and Bruce R. Levin. "An experimental study of the population and evolutionary dynamics of Vibrio cholerae O1 and the bacteriophage JSF4." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1698 (June 10, 2010): 3247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0651.
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Studies of Vibrio cholerae in the environment and infected patients suggest that the waning of cholera outbreaks is associated with rise in the density of lytic bacteriophage. In accordance with mathematical models, there are seemingly realistic conditions where phage predation could be responsible for declines in the incidence of cholera. Here, we present the results of experiments with the El Tor strain of V. cholerae (N16961) and a naturally occurring lytic phage (JSF4), exploring the validity of the main premise of this model: that phage predation limits the density of V. cholerae populations. At one level, the results of our experiments are inconsistent with this hypothesis. JSF4-resistant V. cholerae evolve within a short time following their confrontation with these viruses and their populations become limited by resources rather than phage predation. At a larger scale, however, the results of our experiments are not inconsistent with the hypothesis that bacteriophage modulate outbreaks of cholera. We postulate that the resistant bacteria that evolved play an insignificant role in the ecology or pathogenicity of V. cholerae . Relative to the phage-sensitive cells from whence they are derived, the evolved JSF4-resistant V. cholerae have fitness costs and other characters that are likely to impair their ability to compete with the sensitive cells in their natural habitat and may be avirulent in human hosts. The results of this in vitro study make predictions that can be tested in natural populations of V. cholerae and cholera-infected patients.
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Levchenko, D. A., V. D. Kruglikov, A. S. Vodopianov, S. V. Titova, I. V. Arkhangelskaya, N. B. Nepomnyaschaya, and M. I. Ezhova. "GIS: CAPABILITIES OF DATA ANALYSIS OF PHENO- AND GENOTYPING OF EL TOR 01 SEROGROUP CHOLERA VIBRIOS ISOLATED FROM AQUATIC OBJECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN RUSSIA FEDERATION." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, no. 6 (December 28, 2016): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2016-6-19-25.
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Aim. Application of the authors’ GIS «Cholera 1989-2014» for systematization of atoxigenic strains of serogroup 01 cholera vibrios (ctxAB-tcpA-, ctxAB-tcpA+), isolated from aquatic objects of the environment by pheno- and genotype. Materials and methods. A sample of 304 Vibrio cholerae 01 strains was studied. Isolation of 39 genes related to pathogenicity was carried out. Discrimination ability of a set of genes was determined by Simpson formula. Cluster analysis was carried out by UPGMA method. Results. Analysis of multi-year data on aquatic V. cholerae 01 strains in country’s subject was carried out using GIS. A possibility of systematization of phenotypes of the isolated strains by defined parameters was shown. An experimental program for detection of presence/lack of various genes and their combinations forgenotyping was developed. Conclusion. GIS was established to allow to carry out analysis of phenotypes by defined parameters, as well as implement approximate systematization of genotypes of atoxigenic strains of cholera vibrios 01 by optimally sufficient detection of 14 genes.
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Rahman, Atiqur, Rasheduzzaman Rashu, Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan, Fahima Chowdhury, Ashraful Islam Khan, Kamrul Islam, Regina C. LaRocque, et al. "Antibody-Secreting Cell Responses after Vibrio cholerae O1 Infection and Oral Cholera Vaccination in Adults in Bangladesh." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 10 (August 14, 2013): 1592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00347-13.
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ABSTRACTInfection withVibrio choleraeand oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) induce transient circulating plasmablast responses that peak within approximately 7 days after infection or vaccination. We previously demonstrated that plasmablast responses strongly correlate with subsequent levels ofV. cholerae-specific duodenal antibodies up to 6 months afterV. choleraeinfection. Hence, plasmablast responses provide an early window into the immunologic memory at the mucosal surface. In this study, we characterized plasmablast responses followingV. choleraeinfection using a flow cytometrically defined population and comparedV. cholerae-specific responses in adult patients withV. choleraeO1 infection and vaccinees who received the OCV Dukoral (Crucell Vaccines Canada). Among flow cytometrically sorted populations of gut-homing plasmablasts, almost 50% of the cells recognized either cholera toxin B subunit (CtxB) orV. choleraeO1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Using a traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISPOT), we found that infection withV. choleraeO1 and OCVs induce similar responses to the protein antigen CtxB, but responses to LPS were diminished after OCV compared to those after naturalV. choleraeinfection. A second dose of OCV on day 14 failed to boost circulatingV. cholerae-specific plasmablast responses in Bangladeshi adults. Our results differ from those in studies from areas where cholera is not endemic, in which a second vaccination on day 14 significantly boosts plasmablast responses. Given these results, it is likely that the optimal boosting strategies for OCVs differ significantly between areas whereV. choleraeinfection is endemic and those where it is not.
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Kruglikov, V. D., Daria A. Levchenko, S. V. Titova, E. A. Moskvitina, I. V. Arkhangelskaya, N. E. Gaevskaya, and M. I. Ezhova. "VIBRIO CHOLERA IN THE WATERS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 4 (October 28, 2019): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-4-393-399.
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The current stage of development of the seventh pandemic of cholera in the world is characterized by a tendency to widespread, registration of outbreaks, epidemics and sporadic cases of diseases associated with drifts, including single drifts of this infection (without spreading) into Russia. The territory of Russia is one of the most water-supplied countries in the world; however, some of the rivers, such as the Volga, Ob, Amur, and Don are among the most important economic arteries, therefore just these rivers were the objects of study for this work. A comparative multivariate analysis of data from long-term monitoring studies on cholera showed that in all the studied reservoirs during the study period there was observed the isolation of cultures of Vibrio cholerae with diverse phenotypic characteristics. The data obtained allows us to tentatively assume that in Russia there are a number of areas with aquatic ecosystems, such as r. Volga, Ob, Amur, and Don, in which non-toxic cholera vibrios can survive during the summer period. In the microbiological aspect of cholera epidemiological surveillance, the accumulation of long-term data on the circulation of Vibrio cholera strains in environmental objects is important. From our point of view, the use of computer technologies (Geoinformational System) for analyzing the dynamics of the isolation of V. cholerae cultures in both spatial and temporal formats contributes to the timely determination of the direction and volume of preventive measures in each specific administrative territory of the country.
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Kaper, J. B., J. G. Morris, and M. M. Levine. "Cholera." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 1 (January 1995): 48–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.1.48.
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Despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. Throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to Asia and Africa. However, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. In 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in South America, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. In 1992, an apparently new pandemic caused by a previously unknown serogroup of V. cholerae (O139) began in India and Bangladesh. The O139 epidemic has been occurring in populations assumed to be largely immune to V. cholerae O1 and has rapidly spread to many countries including the United States. In this review, we discuss all aspects of cholera, including the clinical microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the disease. Special attention will be paid to the extraordinary advances that have been made in recent years in unravelling the molecular pathogenesis of this infection and in the development of new generations of vaccines to prevent it.