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Journal articles on the topic 'Cholesteric'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Lystvan, V., A. Zhmurchuk, and V. Lystvan. "SYNTHESIS OF POTENTIAL LIQUID CRYSTALS WITH CHOLESTEROL FRAGMENT BY WITTIG REACTION." Ukrainian Journal of Natural Sciences, no. 2 (January 28, 2023): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/naturaljournal.2.2023.144-154.

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Liquid crystals are substances that owing to the features of their structure and physical properties are of interest not only as objects for theoretical research, but also significantly important practically due to the possibilities of their effective application in various brunches of industry, medicine, in household etc. Among the known classes of liquid crystals, substances known as cholesterics are an important group. Cholesteric liquid crystals demonstrate very high optical activity, that significantly exceeds the optical activity of most other known classes of organic compounds. Th

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2

Bindu Madhavi, A., and S. Sreehari Sastry. "Rheological properties of cholesteric liquid crystals as lubricant additives." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 05 (2019): 1950014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219500140.

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Rheological properties of Cholesteryl n-valerate, Cholesteryl decanoate and Cholesteryl myristate which are esters of cholesterol have been studied. Phase transition temperatures and rheological parameters such as viscosity, elastic modulus G[Formula: see text], loss modulus G[Formula: see text] as functions of temperature, shear rate and time are investigated. In frequency sweep test, a higher transition crossover region has occurred for Cholesteryl myristate, whereas for Cholesteryl n-valerate a frequency-independent plateau prevailed for both the moduli. The occurrence of blue phase in Chol

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3

Vill, V., J. Thiem, and P. Rollin. "Flüssigkristalline aromatische Cholesterin-Derivate." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 47, no. 3 (1992): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1992-0313.

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Abstract Liquid Crystalline Aromatic Cholesterol Derivates A series of aromatic cholesteryl ethers, esters, phenylcarbonates and benzylcarbonates were prepared and their liquid crystalline properties studied. The occurence of ferroelectric phases as well as properties of cholesteric and blue phases alternate with the number of linking atomes between steroid and atomatic system

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4

Huang, Yuan Ming, Ye Tang Guo, Qing Lan Ma, and Wei Wei Liu. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Cholesteryl Nonanoate." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.94.

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A cholesteric liquid crystal cholesteryl nonanoate was synthesized and then characterized by means of differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. As temperature decreased from its clearing point, cholesteric phase was formed for cholesteryl nonanoate and accompanied by continuous evolution of colors in the focal conic textures. Furthermore, beautiful spherulite crystals were observed to grow out of the cholesteric phase as the crystallization continued. The evolution of the colors in recorded textures was contributed to temperature-dependent selective reflection of the

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5

Syed, Salman Ahmad Warsi, and Manohar Rajiv. "Principal Polarizability and Orientational Order Parameter Study of some Pure Cholesteric Liquid Crystals and their Homogeneous Mixtures: Phase Transition Behaviour." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 31 (2022): 1541–47. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v15i31.1084.

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Abstract <strong>Objectives:</strong> To study the behavior of the molecular polarizabilities (ae, ao) and order parameter (S) in various phases of Cholesteryl Propionate, Cholesteryl Benzoate and their homogeneous mixtures of weight fractions 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75. <strong>Methods:</strong> The measurement of extraordinary refractive index (ne) and ordinary refractive index (no) was carried out with the help of Abbe’s refractometer and modified wedge method, in the temperature range of 850C– 1800C. The anisotropic internal field model is used to calculate the internal

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6

A, Fechan, Semenova J, Batbayarin D, and Batbayarin O. "The Contrast of Cholesteric-Nematic Transition in Indused Cholesterics." Физик сэтгүүл 6, no. 147 (2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/physics.v6i147.823.

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7

Ye, Qiang, Dandan Zhu, Hongxing Zhang, Xuemin Lu, and Qinghua Lu. "Thermally tunable circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence of tetraphenylethene with two cholesterol pendants." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 27 (2015): 6997–7003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc00987a.

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8

Govindaiah, T. N., B. N. Ramakrishna, and T. S. Shashikumar. "Electro-Optical Phase Transition Studies ofChiral SmecticPhase of Nematic and CholestericMaterials." Asian Journal of Science and Applied Technology 7, no. 2 (2018): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajsat-2018.7.2.1029.

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In the present work, our investigation is to study the electro-optical properties of the binary mixture of cholesteric and nematic compounds, namely, cholesteryl chloride (ChCl) and n-(4-n-butoxy benzylidene-4-n octylaniline (4O.8), which exhibits a very interesting liquid crystalline cholesteric and induced chiral smectic phases like SmA, SmC∗, SmC, and SmB phases sequentially when the specimen cooled from isotropic phase. Transmittance and electro-optical phase transition studies have also been discussed.

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9

OBADOVIĆ, D. Ž., M. STOJANOVI, S. JOVANOVIĆ-ŠANTA, D. LAZAR, A. VAJDA, and N. ÉBER. "THE INFLUENCE OF NEW D-SECO-ESTRONE DERIVATIVES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CHOLESTERIC LIQUID CRYSTALS BINARY MIXTURES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 21 (2006): 2999–3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206035333.

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We have studied the influence of the new chiral non-mesogenic seco-estrone derivatives 1-7, synthesized in several synthetic steps starting from estrone, onto the physical characteristics of the binary mixtures of cholesteric liquid crystals. We have examined the phase transitions of the mixture of cholesteryl laurate and cholesteryl enantate with the added chiral non-mesogenic additives 1-7 (45%-45%-10%; Mix.1-Mix.7, respectively). A considerable shift of the I → Ch phase transition temperature, as well as of the temperature of the SmA * phase formation, was observed. X-ray diffraction data e

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10

Sixou, P., J. M. Gilli, A. Ten Bosch, et al. "Cholesteric mesophases." Physica Scripta T35 (January 1, 1991): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1991/t35/010.

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11

Alvarez, R., and G. H. Mehl. "Cholesteric Silatranes." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 439, no. 1 (2005): 259/[2125]—267/[2133]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400590955118.

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12

Brand, H. R., and H. Pleiner. "Cholesteric to cholesteric phase transitions in liquid crystals." Journal de Physique Lettres 46, no. 15 (1985): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyslet:019850046015071100.

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13

Keyes, P. H. "The Cholesteric Blue Phases." MRS Bulletin 16, no. 1 (1991): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400057882.

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In 1888, the year commonly taken as the birthdate of liquid crystal research, F. Reinitzer wrote to O. Lehmann to describe the curious properties of cholesteryl benzoate, a “substance [which] has two melting points, if it can be expressed in such a manner.” Throughout most of the 33°C interval between these two “melting points” this material is in the birefringent fluid state now known as the cholesteric liquid crystal. Today it is common to find compounds showing a whole cascade of liquid crystalline mesophases as the temperature is increased, but it is not customary to refer to any of the ph

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14

Gevorgyan, A. A., K. V. Papoyan, and O. V. Pikichyan. "Reflection and transmission of light by cholesteric liquid crystal-glass-cholesteric liquid crystal and cholesteric liquid crystal(1)-cholesteric crystal(2) systems." Optics and Spectroscopy 88, no. 4 (2000): 586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.626843.

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15

Kolesnikov, V. I., S. F. Ermakov, E. B. Shershnev, and A. P. Sychev. "Structural-induced lubricity of liquid crystal nanomaterials of cholesterol at metal friction." Доклады Академии наук 488, no. 1 (2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5652488124-28.

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Experimentally, it was found that with the change in temperature there is a structural-induced increase in the lubricating capacity of liquid-crystal nanomaterials induced by transformations in the cholesteric mesophase. It is shown that in this temperature range, the minimum values of the friction coefficient practically coincide with the peak values of the dynamic viscosity, which together indicates in favor of the ordered state of the cholesterol liquid-crystal structures at these temperatures. As a result, it can be assumed that in this temperature range, spirally twisted layers of liquid-

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16

Wensink, Henricus. "Effect of Size Polydispersity on the Pitch of Nanorod Cholesterics." Crystals 9, no. 3 (2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9030143.

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Many nanoparticle-based chiral liquid crystals are composed of polydisperse rod-shaped particles with considerable spread in size or shape, affecting the mesoscale chiral properties in, as yet, unknown ways. Using an algebraic interpretation of Onsager-Straley theory for twisted nematics, we investigate the role of length polydispersity on the pitch of nanorod-based cholesterics with a continuous length polydispersity, and find that polydispersity enhances the twist elastic modulus, K 2 , of the cholesteric material without affecting the effective helical amplitude, K t . In addition, for the

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17

Gevorgyan, Ashot H., and Francesco Simoni. "Light-Induced Higher-Order Bragg Resonance in Heliconical Cholesteric Liquid Crystals." Crystals 15, no. 6 (2025): 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15060513.

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Higher-order reflections from a cholesteric liquid crystal have been investigated for a long time after early observations of an oblique incidence of light. Even with the restriction of the required oblique geometry, wavelength tuning would make this property very attractive for photonic applications in the near-UV range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Unfortunately, this is quite difficult to achieve in cholesterics, and it has been obtained in special configurations that lead to the deformation of the helical structure. We show here that a new opportunity is provided by heliconical choleste

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18

Reyes-Romero, Arturo, and J. Adrian Reyes. "Slab cholesteric waveguide." Optics & Laser Technology 147 (March 2022): 107674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107674.

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19

Dudok, T., V. Savaryn, C. Meyer, et al. "Lasing cholesteric capsules." Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics 17, no. 4 (2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3116/16091833/17/4/169/2016.

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20

Zhou, Ying, Yuhua Huang, and Shin-Tson Wu. "Enhancing cholesteric liquid crystal laser performance using a cholesteric reflector." Optics Express 14, no. 9 (2006): 3906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.14.003906.

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21

Pollmann, P., and K. Schulte. "Determination of critical cholesteric pitch exponents in pure cholesteryl myristate and its mixtures with cholesteryl benzoate all showing a cholesteric/smectic-a tricritical point." Phase Transitions 7, no. 4 (1986): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411598608209333.

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22

Barnik, Mikhail I., Lev M. Blinov, Vladimir V. Lazarev, Serguei P. Palto, Boris A. Umanskii, and Nikolay M. Shtykov. "Lasing from photonic structure: Cholesteric-voltage controlled nematic-cholesteric liquid crystal." Journal of Applied Physics 103, no. 12 (2008): 123113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2948937.

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23

Hotra, Z., Z. Mykytyuk, O. Hotra, et al. "The Cholesteric-Nematic Transition in Thin Layers of Nematic-Cholesteric Mixtures." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 534, no. 1 (2011): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2010.526565.

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24

V., Viswanatha, Rajaramb C., R. Fathimac S., and Bhanu priyad D. "Brief Review of Liquid Crystals." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 6 (2018): 956–61. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18770.

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Liquid crystal LC is the substances that flow like liquids but maintain some of the ordered structure characteristics of liquid crystals. Examined and summarized the types of liquid crystals. Analyzed the structural characteristic of smectic, nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals. It is noted that cholesteric liquid crystals are helically twisted structure and the pitch of the helix which is temperature dependent and individual chemical properties of liquid crystalline compounds of cholesterol. Results on the influence of temperature on rheological properties of cholesteric liquid crystal ar

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25

Yue, Lansong, Guofu Zhou, and Laurens T. de Haan. "The Effect of the Degree of Polymerization and Polymer Composition on the Temperature Responsiveness of Cholesteric Semi-Interpenetrating Networks." Crystals 12, no. 11 (2022): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111614.

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Cholesteric liquid crystal oligomers and polymers are promising materials for creating materials and devices with stimuli-responsive structural color, and the cholesteric to smectic pre-transition effect is of particular interest as it leads to a strong redshift in the reflected color upon cooling. Cholesteric polymers can be stabilized by the formation of semi-interpenetrating networks to obtain more robust photonic materials, but this tends to strongly suppress the pre-transition effect. Here, we show that the pre-transition effect in semi-interpenetrating networks based on main-chain choles

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26

Itahara, Toshio, Shushi Furukawa, Kaoru Kubota, Mayumi Morimoto, and Miho Sunose. "Cholesteryl benzoate derivatives: synthesis, transition property and cholesteric liquid crystal glass." Liquid Crystals 40, no. 5 (2013): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2013.776707.

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27

Cowie, J. M. G., and H. W. Hunter. "Optical properties of side-chain liquid crystal copolymers of monosubstituted cholesteryl itaconate and a non-chiral mesogen." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 11 (1995): 1811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-223.

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New mono- and disubstituted cholesteryl derivatives of itaconic acid have been prepared and their thermotropic liquid crystalline behaviour examined. The monosubstituted derivative has been homopolymerized, and also copolymerized with a non-chiral mesogen 4-cyanophenyl-4′-(6-acryloyl oxyhexyloxy) benzoate. Examination of the series of copolymers prepared, using differential scanning calorimetry and hot-stage polarizing microscopy, showed that when the content of the cholesteryl itaconate was high, both a smectic-A phase (SA) and a cholesteric phase (N*) were present. It was found that the SA p

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28

Kim, Ju-Yong, Jae-Jin Lee, Jun-Sung Park, Yong-Jun Choi, and Suk-Won Choi. "Control of the Induced Handedness of Helical Nanofilaments Employing Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Fields." Molecules 26, no. 19 (2021): 6055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26196055.

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In this paper, a simple and powerful method to control the induced handedness of helical nanofilaments (HNFs) is presented. The nanofilaments are formed by achiral bent-core liquid crystal molecules employing a cholesteric liquid crystal field obtained by doping a rod-like nematogen with a chiral dopant. Homochiral helical nanofilaments are formed in the nanophase-separated helical nanofilament/cholesteric phase from a mixture with a cholesteric phase. This cholesteric phase forms at a temperature higher than the temperature at which the helical nanofilament in a bent-core molecule appears. Un

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29

Pelcovits, Robert A., and Robert B. Meyer. "Piezoelectricity of Cholesteric Elastomers." Journal de Physique II 5, no. 6 (1995): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1995163.

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30

Zhang, Dayong. "Cholesteric liquid crystal depolarizer." Optical Engineering 46, no. 7 (2007): 070504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2756073.

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31

Subacius, D., P. J. Bos, and O. D. Lavrentovich. "Switchable diffractive cholesteric gratings." Applied Physics Letters 71, no. 10 (1997): 1350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119890.

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32

Krüerke, Daniel, Neil Gough, Gerd Heppke, and Sven T. Lagerwall. "Electrically Tuneable Cholesteric Mirror." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 351, no. 1 (2000): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587250008023254.

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33

Kricheldorf, Hans R., Matthias Berghahn, Nicolas Probst, Mihai Gurau, and Gert Schwarz. "Cholesteric and photoreactive polyesters." Reactive and Functional Polymers 30, no. 1-3 (1996): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1381-5148(96)00018-1.

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34

Kosho, Hiroshi, Yasuyuki Tanaka, Toshihiro Ichizuka, Susumu Kawauchi, and Junji Watanabe. "Distinct Temperature Dependence of Cholesteric Pitch in Lyotropic Cholesteric Solutions of Polypeptide." Polymer Journal 31, no. 2 (1999): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.31.199.

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35

Borsali, Redouane, Uwe P. Schroeder, Do Y. Yoon, and R. Pecora. "Dynamic light scattering studies of cholesteric and polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals." Physical Review E 58, no. 3 (1998): R2717—R2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.58.r2717.

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36

Roberts, N. W., J. P. S. Guillou, H. F. Gleeson, I. Kirar, S. J. Watson, and E. O. Arikainen. "Optical Properties of Cholesteric Materials used in Surface Stabilised Cholesteric Texture Devices." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 411, no. 1 (2004): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400490434793.

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37

Suzuki, Toyoko, Yunfeng Li, Albert Gevorkian, and Eugenia Kumacheva. "Compound droplets derived from a cholesteric suspension of cellulose nanocrystals." Soft Matter 14, no. 47 (2018): 9713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01716f.

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Compound Janus droplets were generated using microfluidic emulsification of the cholesteric suspension of cellulose nanocrystals and mineral oil. The capability to fine-tune droplet composition and the shape of the cholesteric phase is shown. The droplets were used to generate cholesteric microgels with non-conventional shapes.

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38

Matsuyama, Akihiko. "Volume Phase Transitions of Heliconical Cholesteric Gels under an External Field along the Helix Axis." Gels 6, no. 4 (2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels6040040.

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We present a mean field theory to describe cholesteric elastomers and gels under an external field, such as an electric or a magnetic field, along the helix axis of a cholesteric phase. We study the deformations and volume phase transitions of cholesteric gels as a function of the external field and temperature. Our theory predicts the phase transitions between isotropic (I), nematic (N), and heliconical cholesteric (ChH) phases and the deformations of the elastomers at these phase transition temperatures. We also find volume phase transitions at the I−ChH and the N−ChH phase transitions.

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39

Liu, Hong Yu, Xiao Yan Wang, Xiang Yu Zang, and Mei Tian. "Optical Properties of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomer Film." Key Engineering Materials 888 (June 9, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.888.49.

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A series of liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) films (ABC films) were prepared by polymerization of polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), liquid crystal (LC) monomer cholesterol 4-(allyloxy) benzoate (MB) and cross-linking agent 4'-(undec-10-enoyloxy)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl dodec-11-enoate (MC) . The chemical structures and LC properties of the monomers and polymers were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), polarized optical micrograph (POM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). MB is a cholesteric LC and MC is

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40

Tran, Lisa, Hye-Na Kim, Ningwei Li, et al. "Shaping nanoparticle fingerprints at the interface of cholesteric droplets." Science Advances 4, no. 10 (2018): eaat8597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat8597.

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The ordering of nanoparticles into predetermined configurations is of importance to the design of advanced technologies. Here, we balance the interfacial energy of nanoparticles against the elastic energy of cholesteric liquid crystals to dynamically shape nanoparticle assemblies at a fluid interface. By adjusting the concentration of surfactant that plays the dual role of tuning the degree of nanoparticle hydrophobicity and altering the molecular anchoring of liquid crystals, we pattern nanoparticles at the interface of cholesteric liquid crystal emulsions. In this system, interfacial assembl

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41

Spencer, Russell K. W., Bae-Yeun Ha, and Nima Saeidi. "Self-consistent field theory of chiral nematic worm-like chains." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 11 (2022): 114902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0078937.

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Many macromolecules of biological and technological interest are both chiral and semi-flexible. DNA and collagen are good examples. Such molecules often form chiral nematic (or cholesteric) phases, as is well-documented in collagen and chitin. This work presents a method for studying cholesteric phases in the highly successful self-consistent field theory of worm-like chains, offering a new way of studying many biologically relevant molecules. The method involves an effective Hamiltonian with a chiral term inspired by the Oseen–Frank (OF) model of liquid crystals. This method is then used to e

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42

Feizer, Kristina A., Mikhail N. Krakhalev, and Viktor Ya Zyryanov. "Electrically Induced Optical and Structural Response of Cholesteric and Nematic Droplets with Conical Boundary Conditions." Liquid Crystals and their Application 22, no. 4 (2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18083/lcappl.2022.4.55.

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The electro-optical response of polymer dispersed liquid crystals films has been studied. The polymer specifies the conical boundary conditions for the cholesteric and nematic LC. It is shown that for the cholesteric-based film with the relative chiral parameters of droplets equal to 0.32, control voltages are less than control voltages for the nematic-based film. The threshold voltages are 2.7 V and 4.9 V, and the saturation voltages are 7.3 V and 9.0 V for the cholesteric-based and nematic-based films, respectively. At saturation voltage, the light transmission of these films is over 80 %. T

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43

Diskovskyi, Ivan, Yurii Kachurak, Orysya Syzon, Marta Kolishetska, Bogdan Pinaiev, and Oksana Stoliarenko. "Metrological feature for determining the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids for psoriasis detection." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 15, no. 1 (2025): 135–38. https://doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.7061.

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The article is dedicated to the study of promising methods for determining the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids for the detection of psoriasis. It demonstrates that when interacting with cholesterol and triglycerides, the cholesteric-nematic mixture alters its spectral characteristics, in particular, which leads to a wavelength shift in the direction of the long-wavelength region. It is also shown that the liquid crystal mixture can serve as a sensitive element in an optical sensor for cholesterol and triglycerides and be one of the rapid diagnostic methods for de

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44

Yuan, Conglong, Wenbin Huang, Xiaoqian Wang, Dong Shen, and Zhigang Zheng. "Electrically tunable helicity of cholesteric heliconical superstructure [Invited]." Chinese Optics Letters 18, no. 8 (2020): 080005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202018.080005.

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45

Batir, Ozge, Erhan Bat, and Emre Bukusoglu. "Strain-enhanced sensitivity of polymeric sensors templated from cholesteric liquid crystals." Soft Matter 16, no. 29 (2020): 6794–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00905a.

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46

Tong, Yu, Yiwei Wang, and Pingwen Zhang. "Defects Around a Spherical Particle in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals." Numerical Mathematics: Theory, Methods and Applications 10, no. 2 (2017): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/nmtma.2017.s01.

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AbstractWe investigate the defect structures around a spherical colloidal particle in a cholesteric liquid crystal using spectral method, which is specially devised to cope with the inhomogeneity of the cholesteric at infinity. We pay particular attention to the cholesteric counterparts of nematic metastable configurations. When the spherical colloidal particle imposes strong homeotropic anchoring on its surface, besides the well-known twisted Saturn ring, we find another metastable defect configuration, which corresponds to the dipole in a nematic, without outside confinement. This configurat

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47

Yevdokimov, Yu M., V. I. Salyanov, O. N. Kompanets, E. I. Kats, and S. G. Skuridin. "Optical Properties of the DNA Particles of Cholesteric and «Re-Entrant» Cholesteric Phases." Liquid Crystals and their Application 19, no. 3 (2019): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18083/lcappl.2019.3.59.

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48

Watanabe, Junji, and Tatsuya Nagase. "Thermotropic polypeptides. 5. Temperature dependence of cholesteric pitches exhibiting a cholesteric sense inversion." Macromolecules 21, no. 1 (1988): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00179a034.

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Luders, D. D., G. A. Zoner, O. R. Santos, et al. "An image processing study of a reentrant discotic cholesteric – biaxial cholesteric phase transition." Phase Transitions 91, no. 4 (2017): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411594.2017.1403606.

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Ogawa, Hiroshi, Elke Stibal-Fischer, and Heino Finkelmann. "Cholesteric Liquid-Crystalline Side-on Polysiloxanes: Effects of Biaxiality on the Cholesteric Structure." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 205, no. 5 (2004): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200300231.

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