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Journal articles on the topic 'Cholinergic toxidrome'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 April 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Krishna, M. Ravi, and N. Sneha. "Tracheal gas insufflation for refractory hypercapnia." Journal of Mechanical Ventilation 5, no. 3 (2024): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53097/jmv.10108.

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A 65 year male patient got admitted to ICU after alleged intake of ~ 250 ml of Chlorpyrifos (Organophosphate insecticides which cause cholinergic toxidrome) and cypermethrin (Synthetic pyrethroid) and presented with cholinergic toxidrome with severe hypercapnia (supercarbia). All conventional and advanced modes of ventilation failed to ventilate the patient because of severe bronchospasm and a prolonged expiratory time constant with high airway pressures and high auto-peep. As a last resort, we resorted to unconventional modes, as the patient could not afford ECMO. Tracheal gas insufflation wa

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2

Krishna, M. Ravi, and N. Sneha. "Tracheal gas insufflation for refractory hypercapnia." Journal of Mechanical Ventilation 5, no. 3 (2024): 109–13. https://doi.org/10.53097/JMV.10108.

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Abstract A 65-year male patient got admitted to ICU after alleged intake of ~ 250 ml of Chlorpyrifos (Organophosphate insecticides which cause cholinergic toxidrome) and cypermethrin (Synthetic pyrethroid) and presented with cholinergic toxidrome with severe hypercapnia (supercarbia). All conventional and advanced modes of ventilation failed to ventilate the patient because of severe bronchospasm and a prolonged expiratory time constant with high airway pressures and high auto-peep. As a last resort, we resorted to unconventional modes, as the patient could not afford ECMO. Tracheal gas insuff

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3

Kravets, O. V., V. V. Yekhalov, V. A. Sedinkin, O. V. Pylypenko, and D. A. Martynenko. "Anticholinergic syndrome in the perioperative period (review). Part 1." EMERGENCY MEDICINE 21, no. 4 (2025): 414–19. https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.21.4.2025.1890.

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Anticholinergic syndrome is a febrile toxidrome characterized by the suppression of cholinergic neurotransmission in muscarinic receptors. A prerequisite for its development is that pharmacological agents must be lipophilic and capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to block muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Triggers of anticholinergic toxidrome include alkaloids from over 2,000 species of plants and fungi, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiparkinsonian drugs, antispasmodics, ocular and antihistamine medications, general and local anesthetics, which are often prescribed in combinations

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4

Marshall, Katherine, Kathy Fritz, Wayne Thom, and Glen L. Xiong. "Toxic Interaction Between Fluoxetine And Donepezil: A Case Of Cholinergic Toxidrome." Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 24, no. 2 (2012): E50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11060133.

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5

Villa, Antonio. "Acute aldicarb (Chumbinho) poisoning in a young Brazilian woman: A case report." Advances in Medicine, Psychology, and Public Health 2, no. 1 (2024): 72–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12507853.

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6

Al-Shalchi, R. F., and F. K. Mohammad. "Changes in propofol anaesthesia and dichlorvos toxicity in mice following repeated dosing with three hypolipidemic statins." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 28, no. 2 (2025): 267–77. https://doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2024-0002.

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Undesirable effects of hypolipidemic statins in rodents are characterised by neurobehavioural alterations with changes in the cholinergic/cholinesterase and neurotropic systems. The purpose of the study was to administer repeatedly three different statins: atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin, in male Swiss mice and explore their behavioural outcomes after challenging them with the anaesthetic propofol and the cholinesterase inhibitor dichlorvos. A total of 92 mice were randomly allocated to each statin (200 mg/kg/day) or distilled water-control (10 mL/kg/day) treatment groups (n= 8 or 1

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Wojtyła-Buciora, Paulina, Teresa Grzelak, Wojciech Giermaziak, Rafał Mikołajczak, Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak, and Edyta Mądry. "Novel Psychoactive Substances as a Vital and Ever-Changing Concern in Public Health." Biuletyn Głównej Biblioteki Lekarskiej 56, no. 381 (2023): 97–106. https://doi.org/10.2478/bgbl-2023-0016.

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Summary New/novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are substances of varying chemical structures and, in their physical forms, are taken and ingested and exhibit many diverse drug interactions. They are used in pure form and/or as mixtures of psychoactive substances, also often combined with other drugs or ethyl alcohol, which can change how receptors function, whether they be adrenergic, serotonergic, or dopaminergic, opioid and/or cannabinoid. Identifying NPS users is difficult because of the constantly changing range of new drugs available, which poses analytical challenges in finding sufficie

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8

Rafiqul Islam, Mohammad, Sarmistha Biswas, Syed Zakir Hossain, Nafizul Islam, Gourab Dewan, and Mohammad Robed Amin. "Pattern and risk factors of acute poisoning in a tertiary hospital of Central Bangladesh." Journal of Emergency Practice and Trauma 5, no. 1 (2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jept.2018.11.

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Objective: Acute poisoning is a common cause of hospital admission in Bangladesh. But, risk factors and characteristics of victims of different modes of poisoning have not been evaluated for possible intervention strategies. So, in this study we aimed to describe the pattern of acute poisoning in central Bangladesh as well as identifying risk factors for various mode of poisoning. Methods: A prospective observational study was undertaken in Dhaka Medical College Hospital in 2015. Consenting adult acute poisoning victims were included as study subjects. A pretested structured case record form w

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Amin, Md Robed. "Basic approach to poisoning focusing “Toxidrome”." Bangladesh Journal of Medicine, May 24, 2023, 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v34i20.66125.

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Background: The term “toxidrome” is derived from the term “toxic syndrome.”A toxidrome is a constellation of signs and symptoms that are seen with particular classes of poisons. Methods: A systematic review of English literature was done with search item naming toxidrome and or basic approach to poisoning. Search engine was multiple leaded by pubmed having mesh term of toxidrome. The journal sites of asiajol and banglajol was also searched for related topics. Personal communication with toxicology related paper was also applied during the process. Results: All of the toxidromes can be identifi

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10

Hoffman, Robert J., and Andrea Nillas. "Toxidromes and a general approach to poisoning." Archives of Disease in Childhood, February 20, 2025, archdischild—2024–326969. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2024-326969.

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A toxicologic syndrome, or toxidrome, is a distinct pattern of effects of poisoning. Well-defined toxidromes are the opioid, anticholinergic, cholinergic and sympathomimetic, and an additional described toxidrome is GABAergic. These toxidromes are named for the receptor effects causing their specific clinical findings, and knowledge of toxidromes allows rapid pattern recognition of specific poisonings. In this review, toxidromes and the initial assessment and general approach to management of acute poisoning are discussed. This article details the receptor-level effects of the poisoning, key c

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11

Reid, Jennifer, Suzan Mazor, and Sara Kim. "Pediatric Toxidrome Simulation Curriculum: Cholinergic Toxidrome." MedEdPORTAL 8, no. 1 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.9117.

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12

Vojjala, Nikhil, Srikant Kashinath Malegaonkar, Kajal Arora, Inderpaul Singh Sehgal, and Ashok Kumar Pannu. "Dual Toxidrome of Anti-cholinergic Storm and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Therapeutic Challenge Overcome by Intrathecal Neostigmine." Neurohospitalist, May 24, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19418744241254580.

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Anticholinergic toxicity and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) are common toxidromes in medical emergencies. However, their co-occurrence, resulting in a dual toxidrome, is rare and presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We present the case of a 23-year-old young male with polysubstance dependence, admitted following combined trihexyphenidyl and risperidone toxicity. He was diagnosed with a dual toxidrome of anticholinergic storm and NMS. Treatment of NMS included lorazepam and bromocriptine. Due to the unavailability of physostigmine, the preferred antidote for anticho

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13

Gordon, Emily, and Steven B. Bird. "General Approach to the Poisoned Patient." DeckerMed Emergency Medicine, December 8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/em.4038.

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Poisoning and ingestions constitute an increasing amount of morbidity and mortality nationwide. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), 2.2 million exposures were reported in 2013, and ingestions are currently the leading cause of injury-related death in the United States. Exposures include intentional overdose or suicide attempts, accidental overdose in drug abusers or children, and work-related injuries or acts of terrorism. According to the AAPCC, 50% of exposures are in children less than 5 years old and 80% of exposures are unintentional. When it comes to

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14

Heslop, David. "<p><strong>Tropane alkaloids and the potential for accidental or non-accidental mass outbreaks of anti-cholinergic toxidrome</strong></p>." Global Biosecurity 5 (January 3, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.31646/gbio.193.

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In December 2022 a large outbreak of anti-cholinergic toxidrome was reported in Australia associated with contamination of baby spinach leaves with Datura stramonium. Over 100 individuals around Australia experienced symptoms consistent with intoxication with the primary plant derived tropane alkaloids scopolamine, hyoscyamine and atropine. Tropane alkaloids are part of a wider group of incapacitating chemical substances that includes the chemical weapon BZ that results in the characteristic anti-cholinergic toxidrome. Human food production and manufacturing processes are prone to accidental a

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15

Sood, Harleen, Kannan Sibi, KC Bijay, Nishit Kumar Sahoo, Atul Saroch, and Ashok Kumar Pannu. "Occult organophosphate poisoning mimicking acute coronary syndrome." Tropical Doctor, July 7, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/00494755251348527.

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Organophosphate (OP) poisoning is a frequent toxicological emergency worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Because the characteristic cholinergic toxidrome involves multiple systems, the absence of a clear history of exposure and clinical suspicion may lead to a disastrous misdiagnosis. We report a previously healthy male who presented with acute dyspnoea, chest pain, and diaphoresis, whose signs were suggestive of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome and pneumonia. Despite standard treatment, he deteriorated, necessitating intubation. However, the characteristic odo

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16

Uys, F., M. O’Neill, Z. Farina, and J. Belford. "Case Report." South African Medical Journal, February 1, 2023, 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2023.v113i2.16832.

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The illegal practice of combining organophosphates (OPs) with other compounds such as carbamates and pyrethroids, creating ‘streetpesticides’, is common in South Africa. These agents contain mostly unknown quantities of unregulated toxins and contribute to atypicaland unpredictable clinical presentations following human ingestion. We present such a case in a patient with intentional rodenticideingestion. The initial presentation in the emergency department was a classic cholinergic toxidrome, and clinical resolution was achievedafter provision of atropine. This was followed 12 hours later by a

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17

Massey, Nyzil, Suraj Sundara Vasanthi, Manikandan Samidurai, et al. "1400 W, a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, mitigates early neuroinflammation and nitrooxidative stress in diisopropylfluorophosphate-induced short-term neurotoxicity rat model." Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 16 (March 17, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2023.1125934.

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Organophosphate nerve agent (OPNA) exposure induces acute and long-term neurological deficits. OPNA exposure at sub-lethal concentrations induces irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and cholinergic toxidrome and develops status epilepticus (SE). Persistent seizures have been associated with increased production of ROS/RNS, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. A total of 1400W is a novel small molecule, which irreversibly inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and has been shown to effectively reduce ROS/RNS generation. In this study, we investigated the effects of 140

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18

Hurtado, David, Jaime A. Quintero, Yeraldin Alejandra Rodríguez, Daniel Esteban Pérez, Roger Figueroa Paz, and Julio Diez-Sepúlveda. "Principal causes of acute poisoning in an emergency service: experience between 2014 and 2021 at a University Hospital in Southwestern Colombia." Scientific Reports 14, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54159-w.

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AbstractAcute poisonings are a global public health problem, which implies costs and disease burden for society. In Colombia, there is a significant underreporting of data on acute poisoning and data gaps on the toxicological profile of the population. This study aims to identify the epidemiology of acute poisoning in a high-complexity hospital in southwestern Colombia. A descriptive study with retrospective data collection was performed. The variables were expressed through the measure of central tendency and dispersion. Categorical variables were described in proportions. A total of 406 pati

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19

Mohammed, Ammar A., and Fouad Kasim Mohammad. "Recognition and Assessment of Antidotal Effects of Diphenhydramine against Acute Carbaryl Insecticide Poisoning in a Chick Model." Toxicology International, December 12, 2022, 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i3/29732.

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Diphenhydramine antagonizes poisoning produced by cholinesterase (ChE) inhibiting insecticides. This study examines the effects of diphenhydramine against acute poisoning induced by the carbamate insecticide carbaryl in a chick model. The effects of diphenhydramine on the 24 h median Lethal Dose (LD50), and acute toxicity of carbaryl were assessed in chicks (7-15 days old). The plasma and whole brain ChE activities were measured electrometrically in vitro and in vivo. Diphenhydramine at 10mg/Kg Body wt. administered intramuscularly 15 min before carbaryl dosing increased the oral LD50 value of

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20

Charejoo, Amirhosein, Masoud Arabfard, Amir Jafari, and Yazdan Hasani Nourian. "A complete, evidence-based review on novichok poisoning based on epidemiological aspects and clinical management." Frontiers in Toxicology 4 (January 25, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2022.1004705.

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Background: The whole world has learned about the existence of a highly toxic neuro-paralytic substance called Novichok. A wide range of neuro-paralytic toxins were used during the wars of decades ago, which also had harmful and irreversible effects. Fortunately, the establishment of conventions prohibiting the use of these weapons prevented the adverse clinical consequences of these compounds. What we did in the present study was to evaluate the clinical features of Novichok, how to manage exposure to it, and to evaluate the prognostic aspects associated with this poisoning agent.Methods: The

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21

Omar, Shahed, Praveer Navin Sooka, Siyabonga Khoza, et al. "Hemoperfusion for Clinically Suspected Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Trial." Blood Purification, December 6, 2022, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000525936.

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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Organophosphate poisoning occurs frequently, and despite treatment, increased severity and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions have been observed. We hypothesized that early hemoperfusion/hemadsorption (HA) therapy would change the clinical course of the disease. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We performed a prospective, open, randomized controlled study at an academic ICU. Adult patients referred for an acute cholinergic toxidrome were screened. Patients meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized to standard of

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