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Journal articles on the topic 'Cholřa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

V, Renuka. "The Greatness of Nalangilli, A Chola King in Purananuru – A Review." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21133.

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Chola kings of Sangam period are so great among the Chera, Chola, Pandiya kings, Vēlir (Heads of small territory) and philanthropists of Puranānūru. Their reigns seems to include the special features of modern democracy. They reformed the forests, improved the water resources and gave a good governance to the citizens. So, they were praised as “the kings of water resources”, “possessors of paddy”, “Chola kingdom has abundance of rice” etc., relating to the richness of their country. As they nipped the enemies in the bud it self they were called ‘killi’; ‘chenni’ as they had the leadership qualities and ‘Valaran’, as they ruled an opulent country. To know the greatness of Chola kings in total, Cholan Nalangilli has been chosen, whose dignity has been sung in fourteen poems in Puranānūru. This is like testing with a single cooked rice, the fitness condition of the entire pot. Bringing out the facts about the rule of Cholas, their charity, sympathy, valour, bravery, administrative skills, patronage etc., are the objectives of the paper.

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2

M.Kayalvizhy, M. Kayalvizhy. "Krimi Kanda Cholan - King Chola with a Diseased Neck." Journal of Tamil Peraivu 9, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jtp.vol9no1.5.

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3

Muthukutty, A. "பிற்கால சோழர்கள் காலத்தில் பெண்களும் கலை வளர்ச்சியும்." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v5i1.3406.

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Man lived as a savage in ancient times. At that time, man wandered like an animal, not knowing how to make a home and what to wear and what to eat. Then he gradually became civilized and met his needs and got civilized life from animal life. What helped him to become civilized were the various professions in which he learned little by little.It can be said that the arts are all professions that contribute to the well-being of man. It is these arts that give beauty and pleasure to the human mind. The arts that are considered to be special can be divided into five, namely, architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and epic, and afterwards koothu and dramas are combined into seven. The arts flourished wherever civilized people lived.We can find evidence in the various temples and palaces that the Chola monks also gave prominence to these arts. During the Chola period women lived freely without any restrictions. During the Sangam era, Viraliyar and Panar continued to develop music and koothu and rejuvenated the society. There is ample evidence that the Cholas followed the arts in worship as well.

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4

Wiharta, Adnan S., and R. Sutejo. "The "Rose System" in Overcoming the Second Cholera Outbreak in Jakarta from May 25-30, 1976." Paediatrica Indonesiana 18, no. 1-2 (June 13, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi18.1-2.1978.6-10.

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1.a. During a short cholena outbreak in Jakarta frnom 25th May to 30th May, 1976, 70 children aged from 6 months to 13 years suffering from acute diarrhoea and dehydration, shock or pre-shock were admitted to the provisional Rehydnation Cetntre in the outpatient section of the Departmernt of Child Heatth, University of Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta.b. None died.c. 71.9% of the stool specimens from 32 patients revealed Vibrio Cholera El Tor Ogawa type.2. The methodology used was the so-called "ROSE" system :a. Rehydration with ringer's lactate solution.b. Oralyte in boiled water given ad libi·tum.c. Oralyte solution and intravenous solution given Simultaneously.d. Education to the parents on the importance of giving oralyte solution ad libitum.3. This paper dealt with the second success of the Rose system in facing a cholera outbreak.

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5

Suresh Kumar, P. "Architecture of Kalyana Pasupatheswarar Temple, Karur." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i1.3205.

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Karur Kalyanapasupatheswarar temple is one of the most remarkable temples of the Chola period. The temple stands majestically on the western bank of the river Caveri, the gigantic structure drawing the attention of the visitors. The Kalyanapasupatheswarar temple, Karur, has been attempted in the succeeding pages. There is nothing special in such legends, which are associated with many religious centers of the country. But in the present context, what is noteworthy is the fact that such legends seem to have gained currency in a much early period, say that of the Cholas, for some sculptures depicting these stories are found carved on the gopuras, walls, and pillars which had come into existence by then. The sculptors were making use of such stories for the depiction of sculptural art. But later, these stories were collected, and with additions and distortions, they came to be associated with the place.

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6

ORHAN, Elif KOCASOY, M. Mert ATMACA, Melek ATMACA, and Haşmet A. HANAĞASI. "Hiperglisemi ile İlişkili Kore-Ballismus." Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi 50, no. 4 (2013): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/npa.y6468.

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7

Cox, Robert D., and Braden G. Johns. "Dragged-Rail Treatments for Reducing Cholla Infestation in Southeast New Mexico, USA." Weed Technology 28, no. 1 (March 2014): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-13-00110.1.

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Cholla infestations can be problematic on rangelands in North America, Australia, Africa, and Europe, and treatment options for this plant are limited because of its ability to resprout from broken stem fragments. We investigated dragged-rail treatments, where iron rails are dragged across the rangeland by tractor and knock plants over while uprooting them, as a treatment option for tree cholla in southeast New Mexico. Railing effectively controlled tree cholla plants over 0.5 m tall, but did not effectively control plants smaller than 0.5 m. Nevertheless, treatment did effectively reduce overall cholla density: Treated areas averaged 40 to 50 plants ha−1, whereas nontreated areas averaged over 350 plants ha−1. Railing can be an effective means of cholla control, especially if followed by another treatment, such as prescribed fire, that is known to be effective against the smaller sizes of cholla.

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8

Alam, MS, FMA Haydar, and A. Hoque. "Effects of planting method on yield and yield attributing characters in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)." Journal of Bio-Science 28 (December 28, 2019): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v28i0.44716.

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The experiment was conducted to study the effect of planting method on yield and yield attributing characters in chickpea. A randomized complete block design was adopted for the experiment with three replications. Four variety viz. BAU-1, BINA Chola-4, BINA Chola-5 and BINA Chola-9 and two planting method i.e. line sowing and ridge sowing were used in the experiment. The highest seed yield (1.81 ton/ha) was obtained from BINA Chola-4 and the lowest one (1.31 ton/ha) was found in BARI Chola-9. The seed yield was higher in ridge sowing (1.57ton/ha) and the lower (1.53 ton/ha) in line sowing. The highest seed yield (1.83 ton/ha) was obtained from BINA Chola-4 with ridge sowing and the lowest (1.30 ton/ha) was obtained from BARI Chola-9 in line sowing. It is concluded that ridge sowing is better than line sowing for the yield of chickpea. J. bio-sci. 28: 105-110, 2020

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9

Jesionek, Wioleta, Ágnes M. Móricz, Péter G. Ott, Béla Kocsis, Györgyi Horváth, and Irena M. Choma. "TLC-Direct Bioautography and LC/MS as Complementary Methods in Identification of Antibacterial Agents in Plant Tinctures from the Asteraceae Family." Journal of AOAC International 98, no. 4 (July 1, 2015): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sge2-choma.

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10

Quddus, MA, MA Hossain, HM Naser, N. Naher, and F. Khatun. "Response of chickpea varieties to boron application in calcareous and terrace soils of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v43i4.39152.

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An experiment was conducted at Madaripur and Gazipur during rabi (winter) season of 2012-13 and 2013-14 to determine the optimum dose of B for different varieties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). There were 12 treatment combinations comprising three varieties (BARI Chola-5, BARI Chola-8 and BARI Chola-9) and four levels of boron (0, 1, 1.5 and 2 kg ha-1) along with a blanket dose of N20P20K25S10Zn2 kg ha-1. Boron was applied as H3BO3. Results showed BARI Chola-9 with 1.5 kg B ha-1 produced the highest seed yield of 1338 kg ha- 1 at Madaripur and 2218 kg ha-1 at Gazipur. Nodulation, nitrogen (N) and protein contents were also found highest for the same variety and B treatment. The other two varieties (BARI Chola-5 and BARI Chola-8) also performed higher yield in the plot receiving 1.5 kg B ha-1 compared to 1 kg B ha-1 or 2 kg B ha-1 at both locations. The results suggest that BARI Chola-9 and 1.5 kg B ha-1 along with N20P20K25S10Zn2 kg ha-1 could be used for achieving higher yield of chickpea in calcareous and terrace soils of Bangladesh.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(4): 543-556, December 2018

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11

Mathenge, C. W., P. Holford, J. H. Hoffmann, H. G. Zimmermann, R. Spooner-Hart, and G. A. C. Beattie. "Distinguishing suitable biotypes of Dactylopius tomentosus (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) for biological control of Cylindropuntia fulgida var. fulgida (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) in South Africa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, no. 6 (March 23, 2009): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309006671.

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AbstractCylindropuntia fulgida (Engelmann) F.M. Knuth var. fulgida (Engelmann) F.M. Knuth (Cff) (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) is native to Mexico and Arizona and was introduced into South Africa for ornamental purposes. It subsequently became highly invasive, necessitating control. The cochineal insect, Dactylopius tomentosus (Lamarck) (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), was selected as a potential biological control agent based on its restricted host range among Cylindropuntia species and previous success in controlling C. imbricata (DC.) F. Knuth (Ci). Eight D. tomentosus provenances (Cholla, Cholla E, Fulgida, Mamillata, Imbricata, Tunicata U, Tunicata V and Rosea) from Cylindropuntia species in their native ranges were reared on Cff, whilst Cholla and Imbricata were also reared on Ci. Large differences were found in the development and survival of crawlers, and in the reproductive capacity of females. Three subjective categories of provenance interaction with host plants were identified based on a fitness index (FI) calculated from data relating to crawler survival, female development time and fecundity: (i) thriving (FI≥1) – insects had shorter developmental times, high crawler survival and highly fecund females (Cholla); (ii) surviving (FI<1 but >0) – insects had extended development times, low crawler survival and low fecundity (Imbricata, Fulgida and Mamillata); and (iii) dying (FI=0) – insects died before or at the second instar (Rosea, Tunicata U and Tunicata V). Cholla, therefore, is highly suitable for biological control of Cff in South Africa. In addition, Cholla thrived on Cff but only survived on Ci whilst, in contrast, Imbricata thrived on Ci but only survived on Cff. This differential ability of provenances to thrive or survive on different host plants demonstrated that host adapted biotypes of D. tomentosus exist; therefore, biotypes should be taken into account when considering this species as a biological control agent of cactus weeds.

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12

Jung, Won-Soon, Eun-Kyung Park, Sung-Pil Kang, Sang-Hee Park, and Mi-Jin Lee. "Ultraviolet-A Blocking Effect and Antioxidant Activity of Gracilariopsis chorda Extract." Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 3 (June 30, 2010): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2010.43.3.277.

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13

Nasirova, Iroda, Gulchekhra Sadikova, Kamila Tukhtabaeva, and Gavkhar Abdusattarova. "DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM FOR PANDAS SYNDROME AND SYDENHAM'S CHOREA." UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-0664-2020-1-4.

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14

Ali, Daud. "The service retinues of the Chola court: a study of the term veḷam in Tamil inscriptions." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 70, no. 3 (October 2007): 487–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0700081x.

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AbstractDrawing on the large corpus of Chola period Tamil inscriptions, this paper attempts to clarify the meaning of the apparently obscure and neglected term in Tamil epigraphy, known as veḷam. The paper argues that the term in Chola period sources should best be understood as a “palace establishment” composed mostly of women (and sometimes men) of servile status. A relatively comprehensive review of the term in inscriptions and literature sheds significant light on the organization of the lower echelons of labour in the Chola royal household and the conditions under which men and women of this status were incorporated into such service. The paper argues for a reconsideration of the importance of the veḷam as an institution in Chola times, as well as the lives of its members, concluding with reflections on how the institution changed over time.

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15

ŞANAL, Raziye. "HAKİKAT GAZETESİNE GÖRE ESKİŞEHİR’DE KOLERA (1911-1912)." Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 8, no. 22 (January 25, 2021): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34189/asbd.8.22.007.

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16

Schiedermair, Joachim. "The Masses and the Elite: the Conception of Social Inequality in 1840s Scandinavian Literature." Romantik: Journal for the Study of Romanticisms 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/rom.v1i1.15853.

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The opposition between the masses and the elite is the constituting formula by which the classic texts of elite theory justified social inequality around 1900. Nowadays, contemporary theorists of social inequality interpret this opposition primarily as a panic reaction to demographic developments that occurred towards the end of the 19th century. Uncovering the same mechanisms in fiction from that period is an obvious task for literary scholars. In the present article, however, it will be argued that the ‘true’ contemporaries of elite theories are already manifest in texts from around 1840 – texts that are usually regarded as belonging to the Romantic period. The argument is based on Johan Ludvig Heiberg’s essay ‘Folk og Publikum’ [The People and the Audience] and the drama ‘Den indiske Cholear’ (1835) [The Indian Cholera] by Henrik Wergeland. Heiberg’s and Wergeland’s texts will not be read as anachronistic reflections of 1900 elite theories, but rather as complex analyses of precisely those bourgeois concerns that led to the emergence of the elite theories toward the end of the century.

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17

Hoque, A., MS Alam, S. Khatun, and M. Salahin. "Response of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) To Boron and Molybdenum Fertilization." Journal of Bio-Science 29, no. 2 (August 4, 2021): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v29i2.54953.

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An experiment was conducted to study the effect of micronutrients on the growth and yield performance of chickpea. The experiment was consisted using two factors- variety and treatments. Two local cultivars viz. BARI Chola-5 and BARI Chola-9 and five treatments e.g. T0 = control, T1 = 2 kg B/ha, T2 = 2 kg Mo/ha, T3= seed priming with Mo (1g/l water), T4 = foliar spray of B (0.5 g/l water) + seed priming with Mo (1g/l water), and T5 = 2 kg B/ha + seed priming with Mo (1g/l water) were considered for this study. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was adopted with three replications. Significant variation was observed between the varieties and here the BARI Chola-9 produced the higher seed yield (2.47 ton/ ha). Treatment showed significant effect on the yield attributes and yield of chickpea. The highest plant height, number of branches/ plant, number of pods/ plant, nodule/ plant, number of effective pod/ plant, length of the pod, 1000-grain weight, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield was obtained from T4. The highest seed yield (2.68 ton/ ha) was recorded from BARI Chola-9 with foliar spray of boron and seed priming with Mo. The results indicated that foliar spray of B and seed priming with molybdenum can be beneficial in improving growth and yield of chickpea variety BARI Chola-9. J. Bio-Sci. 29(2): 43-51, 2021 (December)

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18

Johnson, Cary, Michelle Reid-Nicholson, Lianne Deligdisch, Svetlana Grinblat, and Suneetha Natarajan. "Capillary Hemangioma of the Endometrium: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 129, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2005-129-1326-chotea.

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Abstract A 39-year-old woman with menorrhagia of 7 years' duration was found to have a capillary hemangioma of the endometrium. Initial diagnosis by curettage was considered questionable but was later confirmed at hysterectomy. A thorough search and review of the literature was performed.

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19

Daly, Tara. "Claudia Coca’s Chola Power." Meridians 18, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 414–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-7775773.

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Abstract This essay showcases the work of Claudia Coca, a contemporary pop artist from Lima, Peru whose paintings and drawings critique the links between race, gender, and class in a decolonial, transnational frame. First, the essay explores the way Coca celebrates the Peruvian chola by presenting herself as an empowered subject instead of as an insulted object in her paintings. While the term chola has historically been used derogatorily, Coca reappropriates her chola identity and reclaims it as her own, consequently subverting its prejudicial, racist origins. Second, the essay studies the critiques she performs of the “afterlives of colonialism” on the natural and cultural environment in her most recent series of drawings from 2017. She demonstrates that not only human bodies, but other natural materials are tangled up with the project of cultural colonization. Throughout the article, the work of Chela Sandoval is drawn on to argue that Coca practices an oppositional aesthetic that makes sensible the perspectives of subjects whose voices and bodies have been disparaged instead of valued within an uneven global capitalist system.

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20

Raja, A. "கலை, பண்பாட்டுத் தளத்தில் சோமேசுவரர் திருக்கோயில்." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v5i1.3400.

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The temples have existed since the Sangam period, although they were built of perishable soil and wood and did not last long. But instead the Pallavas were the first to build cave temples and stone temples. It was later followed by the Pandya and Chola dynasties. This article describes the history, architecture and sculpture of the Someswarar Temple in Anthakudi, in the Keezhvellore taluk, Nagapattinam District, based on the evidence obtained through a field study. Along with these, the information known through the medieval Chola inscriptions here, the ancient Tamil people Architecture technique, structure of the temple and Chola sculptures have been studied historically. Therefore, it would not be an exaggeration to say that the ancient temples are not only places of worship but also treasures of art, history and culture.

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21

Minicheva, G. G. "New alien in the Black Sea: brown algae Chorda tomentosa Lyngb." Algologia 25, no. 3 (June 17, 2015): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/alg25.03.323.

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22

Akter, Aklima, Meagan Kelly, Richelle C. Charles, Jason B. Harris, Stephen B. Calderwood, Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan, Rajib Biswas, et al. "Parenteral Vaccination with a Cholera Conjugate Vaccine Boosts Vibriocidal and Anti-OSP Responses in Mice Previously Immunized with an Oral Cholera Vaccine." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 2024–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1511.

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Abstract.Oral cholera vaccination protects against cholera; however, responses in young children are low and of short duration. The best current correlates of protection against cholera target Vibrio cholerae O-specific polysaccharide (anti-OSP), including vibriocidal responses. A cholera conjugate vaccine has been developed that induces anti-OSP immune responses, including memory B-cell responses. To address whether cholera conjugate vaccine would boost immune responses following oral cholera vaccination, we immunized mice with oral cholera vaccine Inaba CVD 103-HgR or buffer only (placebo) on day 0, followed by parenteral boosting immunizations on days 14, 42, and 70 with cholera conjugate vaccine Inaba OSP: recombinant tetanus toxoid heavy chain fragment or phosphate buffered saline (PBS)/placebo. Compared with responses in mice immunized with oral vaccine alone or intramuscular cholera conjugate vaccine alone, mice receiving combination vaccination developed significantly higher vibriocidal, IgM OSP-specific serum responses and OSP-specific IgM memory B-cell responses. A combined vaccination approach, which includes oral cholera vaccination followed by parenteral cholera conjugate vaccine boosting, results in increased immune responses that have been associated with protection against cholera. These results suggest that such an approach should be evaluated in humans.

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23

Khan, Ashraful Islam, Md Mahbubur Rashid, Md Taufiqul Islam, Mokibul Hassan Afrad, M. Salimuzzaman, Sonia Tara Hegde, Md Mazharul I. Zion, et al. "Epidemiology of Cholera in Bangladesh: Findings From Nationwide Hospital-based Surveillance, 2014–2018." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 7 (December 31, 2019): 1635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1075.

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Abstract Background Despite advances in prevention, detection, and treatment, cholera remains a major public health problem in Bangladesh and little is known about cholera outside of limited historical sentinel surveillance sites. In Bangladesh, a comprehensive national cholera control plan is essential, although national data are needed to better understand the magnitude and geographic distribution of cholera. Methods We conducted systematic hospital-based cholera surveillance among diarrhea patients in 22 sites throughout Bangladesh from 2014 to 2018. Stool specimens were collected and tested for Vibrio cholerae by microbiological culture. Participants’ socioeconomic status and clinical, sanitation, and food history were recorded. We used generalized estimating equations to identify the factors associated with cholera among diarrhea patients. Results Among 26 221 diarrhea patients enrolled, 6.2% (n = 1604) cases were V. cholerae O1. The proportion of diarrhea patients positive for cholera in children <5 years was 2.1% and in patients ≥5 years was 9.5%. The proportion of cholera in Dhaka and Chittagong Division was consistently high. We observed biannual seasonal peaks (pre- and postmonsoon) for cholera across the country, with higher cholera positivity during the postmonsoon in western regions and during the pre–monsoon season in eastern regions. Cholera risk increased with age, occupation, and recent history of diarrhea among household members. Conclusions Cholera occurs throughout a large part of Bangladesh. Cholera-prone areas should be prioritized to control the disease by implementation of targeted interventions. These findings can help strengthen the cholera-control program and serve as the basis for future studies for tracking the impact of cholera-control interventions in Bangladesh.

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Faruque, Abu S. G., Azharul Islam Khan, Baitun Nahar, S. M. Rafiqul Islam, M. Nasif Hossain, Syed Asif Abdullah, Soroar Hossain Khan, et al. "Cholera outbreak in Forcibly Displaced Myanmar National (FDMN) from a small population segment in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, 2019." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (September 22, 2021): e0009618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009618.

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Background Bangladesh experienced a sudden, large influx of forcibly displaced persons from Myanmar in August 2017. A cholera outbreak occurred in the displaced population during September-December 2019. This study aims to describe the epidemiologic characteristics of cholera patients who were hospitalized in diarrhea treatment centers (DTCs) and sought care from settlements of Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMN) as well as host country nationals during the cholera outbreak. Methods Diarrhea Treatment Center (DTC) based surveillance was carried out among the FDMN and host population in Teknaf and Leda DTCs hospitalized for cholera during September-December 2019. Results During the study period, 147 individuals with cholera were hospitalized. The majority, 72% of patients reported to Leda DTC. Nearly 65% sought care from FDMN settlements. About 47% of the cholera individuals were children less than 5 years old and 42% were aged 15 years and more. Half of the cholera patients were females. FDMN often reported from Camp # 26 (45%), followed by Camp # 24 (36%), and Camp # 27 (12%). Eighty-two percent of the cholera patients reported watery diarrhea. Some or severe dehydration was observed in 65% of cholera individuals. Eighty-one percent of people with cholera received pre-packaged ORS at home. About 88% of FDMN cholera patients reported consumption of public tap water. Pit latrine without water seal was often used by FDMN cholera individuals (78%). Conclusion Vigilance for cholera patients by routine surveillance, preparedness, and response readiness for surges and oral cholera vaccination campaigns can alleviate the threats of cholera.

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Awofeso, Niyi, and Kefah Aldabk. "Cholera, Migration, and Global Health – A Critical Review." International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijtmgh.2018.19.

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Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The causative agent of this disease was originally described by Filippo Pacini in 1854, and afterwards further analyzed by Robert Koch in 1884. It is estimated that each year there are 1.3 million to 4 million cases of cholera, and 21000 to 143000 deaths worldwide from the disease. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. A global strategy on cholera control with a target to reduce cholera deaths by 90% was launched in 2017. Before 1817, cholera was confined to India’s Bay of Bengal. However, primarily following trade and migration between India and Europe, by the 1830s, cholera had spread internationally. The global spread of cholera was the driving force behind the first International Sanitary Conference in Paris, in 1851. The global health significance of cholera is underscored by its inclusion as one of four priority diseases in the 1969 and 2005 International Health Regulations. This article reviews the evolution of seven cholera pandemics and their reciprocal impacts on migration and global health. Also discussed are global efforts to address cholera, particularly the International Health Regulations, the 1969 and 2005 version of which stipulated that cholera epidemics require mandatory reporting to the IHR. This article concludes with a brief case study of Yemen’s unprecedented cholera epidemic.

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Gwenzi, Willis, and Edmond Sanganyado. "Recurrent Cholera Outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa: Moving beyond Epidemiology to Understand the Environmental Reservoirs and Drivers." Challenges 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe10010001.

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Recurrent cholera outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) attracted a lot of research interest, raising questions about the effectiveness of current prevention and control methods. However, research on cholera and other water-borne diseases in Africa is dominated by epidemiological studies, while investigations on the environmental drivers and reservoirs of cholera remain scarce. The current discourse relating cholera to the environment in SSA is often limited to the rudimentary statement that, “cholera is caused by the consumption of contaminated water and food”. Yet, beyond this simplistic view, literature elsewhere shows that cholera outbreaks are controlled by its complex interactions with environmental drivers and reservoirs. This brings to question whether cholera can be eradicated in SSA without understanding these complex interactions. The current review seeks to (1) highlight the nature and dynamics of recent cholera outbreaks in SSA, (2) discuss the importance of environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae, and anthropogenic and hydroclimatic drivers in controlling the dynamics of cholera outbreaks, and (3) highlight key knowledge gaps and future research directions, and the need to harness emerging research tools such as modeling, machine learning, data mining, and genomics techniques to better understand the cholera dynamics. By bringing to fore these often-overlooked issues in cholera research, we seek to stimulate discussion, and promote a shift toward cross-disciplinary research on cholera and other water-borne diseases in SSA and beyond.

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27

Laws, Edward. "Cholera." Oceanography 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2006.69.

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28

Hodge, Marcus. "Cholera." Medical Journal of Australia 155, no. 1 (July 1991): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb116363.x.

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29

Schatzki, Stefan C. "Cholera." American Journal of Roentgenology 204, no. 3 (March 2015): 685–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.14.13787.

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30

Parsi, Vida K. "Cholera." Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS 8, no. 3 (May 2001): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1068-607x(00)00086-x.

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31

Barnett, Richard. "Cholera." Lancet 393, no. 10168 (January 2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30006-6.

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32

Graham, David. "Cholera." Medical Journal of Australia 142, no. 3 (February 1985): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb133139.x.

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33

Leavesley, James. "Cholera." Medical Journal of Australia 142, no. 3 (February 1985): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb133140.x.

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34

Sánchez, José L., and David N. Taylor. "Cholera." Lancet 349, no. 9068 (June 1997): 1825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(97)04486-3.

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35

KELLY, MICHAEL T. "Cholera." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 5, Supplement (January 1986): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198601001-00017.

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36

FORREST, BRUCE. "Cholera." Health Policy and Planning 7, no. 2 (1992): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/7.2.200.

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37

Clemens, John D., G. Balakrish Nair, Tahmeed Ahmed, Firdausi Qadri, and Jan Holmgren. "Cholera." Lancet 390, no. 10101 (September 2017): 1539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30559-7.

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38

Sack, David A., R. Bradley Sack, G. Balakrish Nair, and AK Siddique. "Cholera." Lancet 363, no. 9404 (January 2004): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15328-7.

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39

Weil, Ana A., and Edward T. Ryan. "Cholera." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 31, no. 5 (October 2018): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0000000000000474.

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40

Harris, Jason B., Regina C. LaRocque, Firdausi Qadri, Edward T. Ryan, and Stephen B. Calderwood. "Cholera." Lancet 379, no. 9835 (June 2012): 2466–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x.

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41

Heiden, D. "Cholera." Western Journal of Medicine 173, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ewjm.173.4.288.

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42

Chiodini, Jane. "Cholera." Practice Nursing 15, no. 7 (July 2004): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2004.15.7.13307.

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43

Shears, P. "Cholera." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 88, no. 2 (January 1994): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1994.11812848.

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44

Nalin, David R. "Cholera." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.1197.

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45

Coulehan, J. "Cholera." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 280, no. 22 (December 9, 1998): 1902—a—1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.22.1902-a.

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46

Kaper, J. B., J. G. Morris, and M. M. Levine. "Cholera." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 1 (January 1995): 48–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.1.48.

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Despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. Throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to Asia and Africa. However, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. In 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in South America, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. In 1992, an apparently new pandemic caused by a previously unknown serogroup of V. cholerae (O139) began in India and Bangladesh. The O139 epidemic has been occurring in populations assumed to be largely immune to V. cholerae O1 and has rapidly spread to many countries including the United States. In this review, we discuss all aspects of cholera, including the clinical microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the disease. Special attention will be paid to the extraordinary advances that have been made in recent years in unravelling the molecular pathogenesis of this infection and in the development of new generations of vaccines to prevent it.

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Kaper, J. B., J. G. Morris, and M. M. Levine. "Cholera." Clinical microbiology reviews 8, no. 1 (1995): 48–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.1.48-86.1995.

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48

Marsden, P. D. "Cholera." BMJ 304, no. 6835 (May 2, 1992): 1170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6835.1170.

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Behrens, R. H. "Cholera." BMJ 302, no. 6784 (May 4, 1991): 1033–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.302.6784.1033.

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50

Davis, William, Rupa Narra, and Eric D. Mintz. "Cholera." Current Epidemiology Reports 5, no. 3 (July 27, 2018): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40471-018-0162-z.

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