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Journal articles on the topic 'Chomsky's Government and Binding theory'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

RAGER, JOHN, and GEORGE BERG. "A Connectionist Model of Motion and Government in Chomsky's Government-binding Theory." Connection Science 2, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540099008915661.

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2

Harsono, Y. M. "Chomsky's Universal Grammar: A Case of Its Concepts of Government/Binding Theory." TEFLIN Journal - A publication on the teaching and learning of English 12, no. 2 (September 3, 2015): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v12i2/210-222.

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The purpose of this paper is to see the universality of the Government/Binding Theory in its concepts of government, the pro-drop parameter, and binding theory. Three languages English, Indonesian, and Javanese are analyzed based on the three concepts. From the analysis it is concluded that in some cases language is universal, but in some other cases every language is specific.

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3

Shapiro, Lewis P. "Tutorial." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40, no. 2 (April 1997): 254–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4002.254.

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This paper is intended as an introduction to syntax. Borrowing from Chomsky's Government & Binding and Principles & Parameters frameworks (Chomsky, 1986, 1992, 1995), various aspects of syntactic theory are described. These include lexical, functional, and phrasal categories and how they are put together into clauses and sentences, how words are represented in the mental lexicon, how lexical properties project to the syntax, and how noun phrases are assigned structural and semantic information. Additionally, how sentences that are not canonically ordered are derived and represented, how and to what do pronouns refer, and the principles that connect all these theoretical notions to form knowledge of language are described. The paper concludes with a summary of work in normal and disordered language, including treatment of language disorders, that has exploited aspects of the syntactic theory described in this paper.

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4

Philippaki-Warburton, Irene. "The theory of empty categories and the pro-drop parameter in Modern Greek." Journal of Linguistics 23, no. 2 (September 1987): 289–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011282.

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One of the most promising new developments of recent research into theoretical syntax within the model of Government and Binding (GB) as presented in Chomsky (1981) and (1982) has been the new importance given to the study of languages other than English. This has stimulated a great deal of work into a variety of languages (see, for example, Rizzi, 1982; Borer, 1983; Bouchard, 1984; Huang, 1984 and others). It has also been welcomed by linguists outside the TG tradition. Thus, Comrie, (1984:155) expresses his delight that ‘Chomsky (1981) makes clear that generative grammarians have come to realize that an adequate study of syntax within universal grammar requires the study of languages of different types. Chomsky's main concern has always been to formulate a theory that would achieve ‘explanatory adequacy’ by providing a restrictive set of principles which could characterize universally the notion ‘natural language’. However, detailed and in-depth analyses of various languages have revealed that in order to achieve ‘descriptive adequacy’ the theory has to allow for cross-linguistic differences, or ‘parametric variation’. The concept of parametric variation weakens some-what the restrictiveness of the universal grammar (UG) hypothesis and even more so its purported innateness, since the values for the parameters must be arrived at by the child through induction from empirical evidence. Nevertheless, explanatory adequacy may still be attained if the number of parameters is very small and each parameter has few values.

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5

Levin, Beth, and Grace Song. "Making Sense of Corpus Data." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 23–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.2.1.04lev.

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This paper demonstrates the essential role of corpus data in the development of a theory that explains and predicts word behavior. We make this point through a case study of verbs of sound, drawing our evidence primarily from the British National Corpus. We begin by considering pretheoretic notions of the verbs of sound as presented in corpus-based dictionaries and then contrast them with the predictions made by a theory of syntax, as represented by Chomsky's Government-Binding framework. We identify and classify the transitive uses of sixteen representative verbs of sound found in the corpus data. Finally, we consider what a linguistic account with both syntactic and lexical semantic components has to offer as an explanation of observed differences in the behavior of the sample verbs.

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6

Huang, Yan. "A neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora." Journal of Linguistics 27, no. 2 (September 1991): 301–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700012706.

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Anaphora clearly involves syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors. Although it is generally acknowledged that pragmatic factors are predominant in discourse anaphora, it is equally widely held (especially among Government-Binding (GB) theorists) that only syntactic and semantic factors are crucial to intrasentential anaphora. In this article, I shall argue, in the spirit of an ongoing debate about the ‘division of labour’ between grammar and pragmatics regarding anaphora (Reinhart, 1983a, b, 1986; Kempson, 1984a, b, 1988a, b; Levinson, 1987a, b, 1991; Yan Huang, 1987a, 1989), that contrary to this popular but erroneous view, the contribution of pragmatics to anaphora is much more fundamental than has been commonly believed, even at the heart of intrasentential anaphora, at least with respect to languages like Chinese. Such a position, if established, would seem to decrease the plausibility of Chomsky's (1981, 1982, 1986) claim that anaphora, and zero anaphora in particular, have a privileged access to the alleged underlying principles of the innate Universal Grammar (UG), the biologically determined endowment of the human mind.

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7

Burzio, Luigi. "English stress, vowel length and modularity." Journal of Linguistics 29, no. 2 (September 1993): 359–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000360.

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The evolution of phonological theory over the past fifteen years or so mirrors in important respects that of syntactic theory. The common evolutionary characteristic is the emergence of modularity. As is frequently noted following Chomsky (1986: ch. 3), in syntax, rich systems of rules have been supplanted by a relatively small number of discrete sub-theories, such as the theories of thematic relations, Case, Binding, Government, and the theory of empty categories. Characteristically, each sub-theory regulates one specific aspect of syntactic structure, at one or more levels of representation, for example the distribution of overt noun phrases at S-structure. The emergence of the sub-theories reflects a natural shift in investigative focus. Just as studying the facts of language from a systematic and formal perspective led to the discovery of generalizations of fact, originally expressed as ‘rules’, so the study of the rules themselves led to the discovery of higher-order generalizations, expressed by the various conditions or principles that make up the contemporary sub-theories. Although Chomsky (1986:70ff.) lists several important contributors to the development of the new perspective, in the mind of most syntacticians, a watershed event in this evolution was Chomsky's own ‘Conditions on transformations’ (1973). To the extent that this development of syntactic theory is a natural one towards deeper understanding, a comparable one is expected in phonological theory. Although the ‘modularity’ of phonology is less frequently noted and identification of a single watershed event is perhaps more difficult, there are clearly several ‘modules’ or sub-theories that have emerged in post-SPEhistory – three in particular.

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8

Haegeman, Liliane. "Scope phenomena in English and Dutch and L2 acquisition: A Case Study." Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 1, no. 2 (December 1985): 118–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765838500100202.

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The aim of this paper is to examine how a revised contrastive analysis, based on Chomsky's Government Binding Theory, can be a contribution to L2 acquisition research. The paper illustrates in detail how a contrastive approach in terms of parametric variation between languages may explain persistent errors made by Dutch learners of English. Three parameters are considered: the COMP-INFL parameter, the presence of absence of reanalysis in the VP and the categorial status of modals. These three interact in three related areas of English grammar: i) do-insertion, ii) scope of negation, and iii) modal scope (especially as regards conditionals). It is argued that errors made by Dutch learners in these areas of English grammar are due to an inadequate ‘resetting’ of the parameters involved. A prominent feature of L2 parameter setting seems to be the doubling strategy.

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9

Jacobsen, Bent. "(Tomme) NPer i moderne generativ syntaktisk teori (1. del)." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 1, no. 1 (July 17, 2015): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v1i1.21338.

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The present paper takes its point of departure in the concept of empty NP-categories, as this is embodied in a more comprehensive theory of NPs. The theoretical framework adopted is mainly that expouned in Chomsky: Lextures on Government and Binding (1981) and subsequent works (though no attempt has been made to incorporate the revised model presented in Chomsky: Barriers (1986)). The paper gives a brief introduction to the main modules of a modern generative grammar (X-bar syntax;0-theory; government (including proper government and the Extended Empty Category Principle); the theory of abstract Case; the theory of Binding; and the theory of Bouding). The paper falls into two parts. In the first part the basic modules and principles are introduced. In the second part, to be published in the next issue of Hermes, it will be shown how these modules interact in the derivation of sentences. Particular attention will be paid to NP-Movement and Wh-Movement. A separate section will deal with the status of PRO. The full bibliography appears after both parts.

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Jacobsen, Bent. "(Tomme) NPer i moderne generativ syntaktisk teori (2. del)." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 1, no. 2 (July 17, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v1i2.21352.

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The present paper takes its point of departure in the concept of empty NP-categories, as this is embodied in a more comprehensive theory of NPs. The theoretical framework adopted is mainly that expouned in Chomsky: Lextures on Government and Binding (1981) and subsequent works (though no attempt has been made to incorporate the revised model presented in Chomsky: Barriers (1986)). The paper gives a brief introduction to the main modules of a modern generative grammar (X-bar syntax;0-theory; government (including proper government and the Extended Empty Category Principle); the theory of abstract Case; the theory of Binding; and the theory of Bouding). The paper falls into two parts. In the first part the basic modules and principles are introduced. In the second part, to be published in the next issue of Hermes, it will be shown how these modules interact in the derivation of sentences. Particular attention will be paid to NP-Movement and Wh-Movement. A separate section will deal with the status of PRO. The full bibliography appears after both parts.

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11

Joseph, John E. "‘Core’ and ‘Periphery’ in Historical Perspective." Historiographia Linguistica 19, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1992): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.19.2-3.06jos.

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Summary This article traces the changing fortunes of Chomsky’s concepts of ‘core’ and ‘periphery’, from the beginnings of Government and Binding Theory in the late 1970s to the incipient minimalism of the early 1990s. Ten different characterizations of core and periphery are found in Chomsky’s work of the period, which alternatively questions the need for the distinction and promotes it to central theoretical status. Core and periphery are found to pertain to several different conceptual and phenomenological levels: universality, systematicity, typology, and historicity. Furthermore, they covertly recapitulate some of the oldest dichotomies of linguistic thought: nature/convention, analogy/anomaly, synchronic/diachronic, and marked/unmarked. The conclusions reached support recent changes in the theory which greatly reduce the prominence of the core/periphery distinction.

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12

Levinson, Stephen C. "Pragmatics and the grammar of anaphora: a partial pragmatic reduction of Binding and Control phenomena." Journal of Linguistics 23, no. 2 (September 1987): 379–434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011324.

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The properties of gaps are intrinsically significant in that the language learner can confront little direct evidence bearing on them, so that it is reasonable to assume that they reflect deeper principles of UG, the biologically determined endowment that will be the primary concern for those interested more in the nature of the human mind than in the arrangement of data in the environment (Chomsky, 1982:19.Some concepts and consequences of the theory of Government and Binding).

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13

Sato, Yosuke. "One-replacement and the label-less theory of adjuncts." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 55, no. 3 (November 2010): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100001638.

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The proper treatment of adjuncts has been a central issue in syntactic theory since the 1980s. In the X'-theoretic analysis in the Government and Binding (GB) Theory (Chomsky 1981, 1986), they were commonly treated as optional elements attached to an intermediate or maximal projection of the head they modify. However, this treatment has been shown to be no longer tenable in the more recent Bare Phrase Structure (BPS) Theory for several conceptual reasons (Chomsky 1995: ch. 4), which renders the status of adjuncts all the more puzzling. Recently, however, Hornstein and Nunes (2008) (henceforth H&N) have proposed a new theory of adjuncts that conforms to the precepts of the BPS. It proposes that adjuncts need not be labeled for purposes of syntactic computation in contrast to complements and specifiers, which require the result of concatenation to be labeled. This squib presents new evidence for H&N's theory from one-replacement.

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14

Horrocks, Geoffrey, and Melita Stavrou. "Bounding theory and Greek syntax: evidence forwh-movement in NP." Journal of Linguistics 23, no. 1 (March 1987): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222670001104x.

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It is a standard assumption of government-binding theory that the relationship between a constituent displaced by the transformational rule schema Move α and its trace is subject to the locality condition known as subjacency, the central principle of the subtheory of universal grammar known as bounding theory (Chomsky, 1981, 1982, 1986). Subjacency requires that not more than one ‘barrier’ intervene between a moved constituent and its trace, but the definition of the relevant barriers has been, and remains, an issue of considerable controversy. In Chomsky (1977) it is suggested that NP and one of S or S¯ are the ‘bounding nodes’ for English, and many standard textbooks have since argued for NP and S (e.g. Radford, 1981: Ch. 7; van Riemsdijk & Williams, 1986: Ch. 4). Nevertheless, the possibility of cross-linguistic parametric variation may have to be allowed for, since Rizzi (1978) makes out a case for S¯ rather than S as the clausal bounding node for Italian in order to account for the freedom of extraction from so-called ‘wh-islands’ in that language. Chomsky (1980), however, puts forward the possibility that S¯ may be a bounding node universally, and that languages vary according to whether S is also. If it is, then there will be no long-distance movement (cf. standard German and Russian) unless individual verbs are specified in the lexicon as ‘bridges’ which nullify the barrierhood of S¯ (cf. the majority of verbs subcategorized by clausal complements in English). This view is revised and refined in Chomsky (1981: 307), where S¯ is taken to be a bounding node universally when it includes a complementizer orwh-phrase preceding a finite clause, in which case the finite clause S may also optionally be a barrier, and S is taken to be a bounding node when it is governed, as is the case after S¯-deletion in the complements of ‘raising’ predicates. Finally, Chomsky (1986) seeks to unite the definition of barrier for the purposes both of movement and government, assuming two barriers block movement and one barrier blocks government, by proposing that any ungoverned maximal projection is a barrier, and that any maximal projection immediately dominating such a barrier, whether lexically governed or not, is also a barrier by inheritance.

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15

Qadir, Abubakir Omar. "شرۆڤەكردنى ڕستەى زمانى كوردى لە ڕوانگەى تيۆرى دەسەڵات و بەستنەوەدا." Journal of University of Human Development 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v3n4y2017.pp128-158.

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This study tries to analyze the Kurdish language, using Chomsky’s (1981) Government Binding theory, which is by itself regarded as a turning point in Chomsky’s Transformational Generative Grammar related to Universal Grammar. This approach will answer the diversity occurs in different languages according to Principles and Parameters. First, Universal Grammar and its principles have been mentioned in this study. Later on, interpretations are given to the sub-theories of GB with which sentences in central Kurdish are analyzed. Besides, the level and method of the theory a long with the optional and obligatory movements are shown. Interpretations are given to different cases of noun phrase. The difference between grammatical case and theta role is indicated through examples.Again, indicating economy in expression, movement and null-constituents whose places can be filled by PRO/ pro are discussed. The distribution of pronouns to personal and demonstrative which refer back to the empty categories reveals the activeness of Kurdish as a pro-drop language.

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De Castro, Gisely Gonçalves. "Teoria gerativa: contexto histórico e perspectivas." Cadernos CESPUC de Pesquisa Série Ensaios, no. 33 (December 21, 2018): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2358-3231.n33p21-35.

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Este artigo fornece um percurso histórico do empreendimento gerativo, desde o seu surgimento até os desenvolvimentos recentes do Programa Minimalista. O artigo objetiva prover um levantamento compreensivo do campo da Teoria Gerativa e explorar perspectivas para pesquisas futuras. Os fundamentos no qual o presente trabalho se apoia compreendem os textos precursores das diferentes abordagens gerativas: Syntactic Structures (CHOMSKY, 1957), Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (CHOMSKY, 1965), Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar (JACKENDOFF, 1972), Lectures on Government and Binding (CHOMSKY, 1981) e Minimalist Program (CHOMSKY, 1995). Ao final do percurso, indicam-se três perspectivas para as pesquisas de base gerativa: a cooperação interdisciplinar para o estudo da FL, a redução da aparente complexidade da GU e a compreensão dos sistemas que interagem com a linguagem.

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Spencer, Andrew. "Nominal inflection and the nature of functional categories." Journal of Linguistics 28, no. 2 (September 1992): 313–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700015243.

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There is a widespread assumption within the Government–Binding theory as it has developed from the Barriers model (Chomsky 1986) that functional categories, that is, categories which play a role in establishing dependencies between parts of a sentence, as opposed to lexical categories, should be represented as heads projecting X-bar phrases. I shall refer to this as the Full Functional Projection Hypothesis (FFPH), stated informally in (1). (i) Full Functional Projection Hypothesis Any morphophonosyntactic formative which corresponds to a functional category in a given language is syntactically the head of a maximal projection.

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18

Ilc, Gašper, and Milena Milojević Sheppard. "Verb movement and interrogatives." Linguistica 42, no. 1 (December 1, 2002): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.42.1.161-176.

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Verb movement is a phenomenon that has been studied extensively withintheframework of Chomskyan generative grammar. The pioneering work by Pollock(1989) has been followed by a number of studies involving various languages, whichhas provided an important insight both into the language-specific andlanguage-universal properties of verb movement. In most general terms, verb movement canbedefined as movement of the verb from its base position in the (V)erb (P)hrase tosomeposition higher in the clausal structure. In Government & Binding theory verbmovement was motivated by the need of the bare lexical verb to associate with theinflectional affixes hosted by the functional heads (Pollock 1989, Belletti 1990). Bycontrast,the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995) claims that all types of movement aretrig gered by feature-checking requirements. In this system, items from lexical categories are fully inflected in the lexicon.Thus the verb is inserted into its base position with all its inflectional affixes and associated inflectional features. Functional heads donotcontain any inflectional material; they carry only abstract features, which arecheckedagainst the corresponding features on the lexical items. In order for feature-checkingto take place the lexical item (e.g. the verb) must raise to the relevantfunctionalhead(s).

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19

Martin, Roger. "Null Case and the Distribution of PRO." Linguistic Inquiry 32, no. 1 (January 2001): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438901554612.

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Chomsky and Lasnik (1993) argue convincingly that PRO has null Case, checked by nonfinite T, and suggest that this may explain PRO's narrow distribution. However, their analysis falls short of reaching this goal. Here, I refine the theory of null Case so as to fully account for the distribution of empty and lexical subjects of nonfinite clauses, concluding that this minimalist analysis is more explanatory than earlier ones based on the theories of binding and government. In particular, I argue that whether or not nonfinite T can check null Case depends crucially on its temporal properties and present a number of empirical arguments supporting this conclusion.

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Zeb, Faiza. "Nominative and Accusative Cases in English and Urdu: A Comparative Study." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2019.0704.0093.

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Languages show variations in terms of their syntactic patterns. Their comparison reveals the effective strategies to explore and illustrate the difficulties that language learners may come across in the course of acquiring any new language. This study aims at the exploration of nominative and accusative properties in English and Urdu with the help of Chomsky’s Case theory as first introduced within the boundaries of the Government and Binding theory in 1981. It effectively presents the properties of any nouns in order to be declared as either nominative or accusative cases in any languages. Along with the case theory, the researcher has used qualitative and further the descriptive and content analysis approach as applied to the few English sentences taken from the New Headway Workbook by Liz and John Soars, meant for language learners at Elementary level. The study presents the thorough analysis of few English sentences and their Urdu translations to highlight similarities and differences as present in English and Urdu nominatives and accusatives in relation to other parts of speech as these properties haven’t been explored by the previous researches instead the focus has been on ergativity in Urdu.

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CHEN, HSIN-HSI, I.-PENG LIN, and CHIEN-PING WU. "A LOGICAL APPROACH TO MOVEMENT TRANSFORMATIONS IN MANDARIN CHINESE." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 02, no. 01 (March 1988): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001488000078.

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The movement of constituents in natural language is a very common linguistic phenomenon— topicalization and relativization in Mandarin Chinese, for example. Any successful natural language processing system must be able to deal with these movements and, at the same time, justify them. However, it is difficult to achieve these goals due to the gaps in between the constituents. In this paper, a logic programming approach with Chomsky’s Government-Binding Theory (GB) attempts to solve this type of problems in Chinese language processing. According to GB, the rule of “move-α” moves anything anywhere, and the universal principles operate interactively to rule the illegal movements out. With this point of view, no specific movement constraints are specified in our logic programming approach. The universal principles are embedded in the logic grammars implicitly, and generated by a translator. The specific features of this approach enable grammar-writing to capture extrapositions in Chinese much easier than the other approaches.

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Wang, Aiqing. "Wh-P and the Intervention Effect of negation." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 12–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v3i1.477.

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Following the Government and Binding theory mainly developed by Chomsky (1981, 1982, 1986), I explore wh-P and the Intervention Effect of negation in Late Archaic Chinese (LAC). I propose that the inverted order of wh-P in LAC is generated via PP inversion followed by the separate preposing of wh and P. The wh-complement raises to [Spec, PP] and further moves to the specifier position of a functional projection. If the wh-PP is base-generated preverbally, the preposition moves to the head position of the functional projection directly; if the wh-PP is base-generated postverbally, the preposition must first incorporate to a V0 and then move to the head position of the functional projection through excorporation. In terms of the Intervention Effect, wh-arguments and adverbials that usually move to the Low focus position below negation are subject to a blocking effect caused by negation, so these wh-phrases have to land in the High focus position above negation which is expected to accommodate ‘high’ adverbials exclusively. I argue that the Intervention Effect in LAC is a consequence of Q-binding as feature movement of [wh], interacting with fronting into the hierarchy of clause-internal positions driven by [Focus] feature.

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23

Lasnik, Howard, and Terje Lohndal. "Government–binding/principles and parameters theory." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2009): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.35.

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Whaley, Lindsay J., and Gert Webelhuth. "Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist Program." Language 73, no. 4 (December 1997): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417336.

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25

AMANO, MASACHIYO. "ON THE GOVERNMENT-BINDING THEORY AND DERIVED NOMINALS." ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 3 (1986): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.3.1.

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Leonard, Laurence B., and Diane Frome Loeb. "Government-Binding Theory and Some of Its Applications." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 31, no. 4 (December 1988): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3104.515.

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Government-Binding Theory is the dominant theory of grammar in present-day linguistics, and is receiving increasing attention from investigators of normal and disordered language behavior. This paper serves as a general introduction to the theory and provides a number of examples of its application.

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27

McHale, M. L., and S. H. Myaeng. "Integration of conceptual graphs and government-binding theory." Knowledge-Based Systems 5, no. 3 (September 1992): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-7051(92)90033-c.

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28

Burzio, Luigi. "The morphological basis of anaphora." Journal of Linguistics 27, no. 1 (March 1991): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700012421.

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Chomsky (1981: 188, 220; 1986a: 166) formulates the Binding Theory essentially as in (1).(1) (A) An anaphor must belocally bound(B) A pronoun must not belocally bound(C) An R-expression must not be boundThe notion ‘bound’ is defined as ‘c-commanded by a co-referential element’. As for the notion ‘locally’, that of Chomsky (1986a) differs somewhat from that of Chomsky (1981), and much recent literature addresses the issue, especially in connection with the phenomenon of ‘Long Distance Anaphora’. (For relevant discussion see Burzio (1989c and references therein) and also Levinson, this volume.) For most of our purposes, it will be sufficient to assume Chomsky's (1981: 188) ‘within its [i.e. the anaphor's/pronoun‘s] governing category’, or even the formally simpler (though empirically less adequate) ‘within the same minimal clause’. The empirical effects of the Binding Theory in (1) can then be illustrated as in (2a, b, c) – instances of local binding, non-local binding, and no binding respectively. In each case the connecting line expresses intended co-reference, much as co-indexation in later examples. Each ungrammatical case is accounted for by the principle indicated in parentheses.

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29

Owen, Marion, and Noam Chomsky. "Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding." Modern Language Review 81, no. 3 (July 1986): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3729191.

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30

SinghSehgal, Manpreet, Twinkle Sehgal, and Manjeet Singh. "Ontological Knowledge-base for English Syntactic Grammar using Government and Binding Theory." International Journal of Computer Applications 51, no. 16 (August 30, 2012): 43–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/8129-1866.

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Santana Martínez, Pedro. "Sobre el concepto de parámetro en la Theory of government and binding." Epos : Revista de filología, no. 12 (September 4, 1996): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/epos.12.1996.9970.

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Whaley, Lindsay J. "Government and binding theory and the minimalist program Ed. by Gert Webelhuth." Language 73, no. 4 (1997): 856–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1997.0006.

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López-Astorga, Miguel. "Possible roles for semantics and syntax in a government-binding structure." Prometeica - Revista de Filosofía y Ciencias, no. 19 (August 18, 2019): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/prometeica.2019.19.6823.

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As described, for example, by Hornstein, the general linguistic framework given by the contemporary government-binding theory distinguishes several levels. This paper is intended to show that a differentiation of that kind, if such levels are understood in a different manner, can be clearly consistent with some developments in current cognitive science, and, in particular, with approaches such as the one of López-Astorga, which attempts to link proposals that, in principle, can be deemed as irreconcilable, such as the mental models theory and the idea that human cognition is led by logical forms. In this way, without accepting the characteristics that usually are assigned to the levels pointed out by the government-binding theory, it is argued that the role attributed to semantics and syntax by López-Astorga can be compatible with a general structure more or less akin to the one of this last theory.

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Beukema, Frits, and Peter Coopmans. "A Government-Binding perspective on the imperative in English." Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 2 (September 1989): 417–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222670001416x.

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Culicover (1976:152) states that ‘the imperative is an idiosyncratic construction in most languages’. One of the aims of this article is to show that as far as this construction in the English language is concerned, this is an overstatement if we give careful consideration to the structural properties of this construction in a restrictive framework such as Government-Binding theory. Given the proposals in current generative grammar concerning the relations between COMP, INFL, V and their corresponding projections, it is worth investigating what the syntactic representation of the imperative may look like.

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Visser, Marianna W. "Aspects of empty categories in Xhosa within the theory of government and binding." South African Journal of African Languages 5, no. 1 (January 1985): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1985.10586587.

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Bender, M. Lionel. "ELIZABETH A. COWPER. A concise introduction to syntactic theory (The government-binding approach)." WORD 45, no. 1 (April 1, 1994): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1994.12098341.

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Pulvermüller, Friedemann. "What Neurobiology Can Buy Language Theory." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 17, no. 1 (March 1995): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100013772.

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In their paper on Universal Grammar, language acquisition, and neurobiology, Eubank and Gregg (1995) attack current attempts to specify the neurobiological correlates of language acquisition. While these authors address a large variety of topics, they make two major assertions that call for brief discussion.First, they believe that some neurobiological accounts of language acquisition must be rejected because the authors of these accounts “give no evidence of knowing what it is that needs to be explained” (p. 53). Eubank and Gregg argue that only a language acquisition theory rooted in Government and Binding theory can be the basis of a neurobiological account of language acquisition. Government and Binding theory must be chosen because, according to these authors, it is the only welldeveloped theory of linguistic competence. To put it in a nutshell, “It is [language] acquisition theory that sets the problems for neurobiology to solve” (p. 53), and acquisition theory must conform to the Government and Binding approach. This master-and-slave view of the relationship between linguistics and biology is hard to accept, especially if one considers what Eubank and Gregg have to say about the master: Like most generative linguists, they do not hesitate to emphasize that the only well-developed linguistic theory is "not complete, of course, not yet correct in all or even most of its details, and perhaps not even in some of its fundamentals" (p. 51). It is inadequate to postulate that such a potentially insufficient construct must necessarily form the basis of biological research. This strategy may be unproductive, especially if theory-internal assumptions turn out to be wrong.

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du Toit, H. C. "Stylistic rules in 6reek within the framework of the theory of ‘government and binding’." South African Journal of Linguistics 5, no. 4 (October 1987): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10118063.1987.9724280.

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Morris, Rose. "Teun Hoekstra, Transitivity. Grammatical relations in government-binding theory. Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1984. Pp. 311." Journal of Linguistics 21, no. 2 (September 1985): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700010410.

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Horrocks, Geoffrey. "Liliane Haegeman, Introduction to Government and Binding theory. Oxford & Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991. Pp. xix + 618." Journal of Linguistics 28, no. 2 (September 1992): 567–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222670001553x.

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Battistella, Edwin, and Peter Sells. "Lectures on Contemporary Syntactic Theories: An Introduction to Government-Binding Theory, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, and Lexical-Functional Grammar." Language 64, no. 1 (March 1988): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414809.

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Dubinsky, Stanley. "Gert Webelhuth (ed.), Government and binding theory and the minimalist program. Oxford & Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1995. Pp.ix+483." Journal of Linguistics 32, no. 2 (September 1996): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700016017.

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Lizińska, Wiesława, Renata Marks-Bielska, Karolina Babuchowska, and Magdalena Wojarska. "Institutional efficiency of local government in issuing administrative decisions, exemplified by the performance of the local government appeal board in Olsztyn." Oeconomia Copernicana 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2016.017.

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Institutions and institutional structures play an important role in the theory and research of processes involved in economic progress. The competitive position of territorial units depends on their effective performance, especially on the efficiency of local governments. Skills, qualifications and functional abilities of local authorities gain importance. In this context, creating and stimulating the economic growth locally is essential, because it equates with building the foundation of development processes in all areas of life. Our purpose was to evaluate the institutional efficiency of local authorities manifested by administrative decisions they take. The data submitted to our analysis consisted of appeals against decisions taken by local governments. The objective was to analyze the appeals filed to local government appeal boards and how they were examined in compliance with the binding law. The time period spanned the years 2007 to 2013. The analysis covered appeals lodged to the Local Government Appeal Board in Olsztyn.

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Siba, M. Angela Merici. "GOVERNANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF WEST KALIMANTAN AGAINST ILLEGAL LOGGING." Journal of Islamic World and Politics 5, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v5i1.7316.

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Illegal logging is unauthorized logging and timber theft performed by the perpetrators wanting to manage forests for their individual needs. It has a negative impact on the habitat of forests and communities in West Kalimantan. The felled trees are used for the needs of the perpetrators and exported to timber buyer countries. High timber demands have triggered the actors to perform such a crime. It occurs because some actors carry out document forgery in managing forests. This research utilized the political system theory from David Easton and discovered that the local government of West Kalimantan has made illegal logging rules. However, illegal logging remains to exist because the governance from the local government has not been maximized in issuing not binding policies and lack socialization from the government to the community regarding illegal logging.

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Sveen, Andreas. "Comparative Scandinavian syntax circa 1980–2000." Languages in Contrast 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2001): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.3.1.06sve.

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This article offers an overview of comparative syntactic research covering the Scandinavian languages in the last couple of decades. Most of this research has been conducted within Principles-and-Parameters theory, mostly its Government-Binding phase, and a brief outline of theoretical developments in the 70’s leading up GB theory is included. Comparative Scandinavian syntax research is exemplified both by studies contrasting Scandinavian languages as a whole with English, by studies examining contrasts between Insular and Mainland Scandinavian, and finally with regard to some internal Mainland Scandinavian differences.

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Savini-Beck, Marina. "Elizabeth A. Cowper, A concise introduction to syntactic theory. The Government–Binding approach. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992. Pp. 205." Journal of Linguistics 29, no. 2 (September 1993): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000451.

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Myles, Florence. "Interaction between linguistic theory and language processing in SLA." Second Language Research 11, no. 3 (October 1995): 235–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839501100303.

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This article examines L2 performance in three areas of French morphosyntax by English L1 learners. More particularly, it examines how coindexation as defined within the government-binding framework develops in the L2 grammar. Empirical studies relating the development of two areas of French grammar by English L1 speakers are presented. L2 performance on information questions involving qui and que in which learners have to link the wh-phrase and its trace in order to establish the syntactic function of the wh-phrase in the sentence is examined, as well as performance on the morphological phenomenon of noun-adjective agreement in French where learners have to transmit agreement features from a noun to an adjective which it governs. In both cases, learners are found to increase gradually the structural domain in which they are able to operate as their level of competence in the L2 improves, suggesting that they are faced with a parsing problem when coindexing elements in a sentence. These findings are related to a study of the acquisition of restrictive relative clauses in French L2 by English learners (Hawkins, 1989), and then discussed in the light of the current debate in SLA research about the roles played by linguistic theory, on the one hand, and language processing mechanisms on the other.

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Carroll, Susanne. "Reflexives and the Dependency Relation “R”." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 31, no. 1 (1986): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100011427.

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The purpose of this paper is to present a complete syntactic analysis of the reflexives of English. Most of the work in this area, particularly work in the Government-Binding theory, has focused on one type of reflexive, what has come to be called the “anaphor” reflexive. Thus Koster (1984), in describing reflexives (among other things), postulates a number of essential properties characteristic of a core dependency relation between constituents. This relation, labelled “R”, is illustrated in (1). Its properties are listed in (2).

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Qu, Yanfeng. "Locative Inversion in Mandarin Chinese." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 38, no. 3 (September 1993): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100022520.

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Locative inversion is a common linguistic phenomenon that has been studied by linguists of various theoretical backgrounds (see, among others, Bresnan 1990, Demuth 1990, Hoekstra and Mulder 1990, and Rochemont and Culicover 1990). This paper is an attempt to analyse such a phenomenon in Mandarin Chinese within the framework of Government and Binding (GB) Theory. Its purpose is twofold: to investigate the syntactic properties of this particular construction, and to illustrate the relevance of Lexical Conceptual Structure (LCS) to syntactic analyses within the GB paradigm.

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Ernst, Thomas. "The Syntax of Adverbials." Annual Review of Linguistics 6, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030334.

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After explicit phrase structure rules were abandoned in government–binding theory, some account of the distribution of adverbials became necessary. This review surveys two current theories. The first, often called the scopal theory, posits that the main factor is semantics: In general, adverbials can appear wherever they cause no violation of semantic well-formedness. Purely syntactic and morphological factors play a role, but it is a relatively minor one. Though the scopal theory predicts a significant range of adverbial distribution correctly, much of its underlying semantic analysis remains to be developed in explicit terms. The second theory discussed in this review, the cartographic theory, takes syntax as central, proposing that adverbials are individually licensed by dedicated functional heads, arranged in a rigid hierarchy by Universal Grammar. This approach has some empirical successes but also a number of problems; thus, the scopal theory is more likely to represent the right direction.

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