Journal articles: 'Chopping techniques'

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Bansal, Amol, K. P. S. Malik, V. K. Malik, and Kirti Jain. "Phaco-nucleotomy techniques in management of pseudoexfoliation syndrome." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 8, no. 2 (March 22, 2017): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v8i2.17003.

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Introduction: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a common clinically important systemic condition characterized by the pathological production and accumulation of an abnormal fibrillar extracellular material in many intraocular and extra ocular tissues. Many studies have shown that pseudoexfoliation syndrome patients have higher rates of intraoperative complications during cataract surgery compared to the patients without it. Objectives: To compare Phaco-chop and Divide and Conquer techniques of phacoemulsification, in the management of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in terms of intraoperative complications. Materials and methods: It is a hospital based prospective study of 90 patients with cataract and pseudoexfoliation syndrome attending ophthalmology outpatient department in our hospital. Results: The mean age of patients in the study was 61.7 years with equal number of unilateral and bilateral cases. Intra operative complications noted in vertical chopping technique was only pupil constriction in 6.7%, no other complications were seen in this technique, whereas in horizontal chopping, 13.3% had pupil constriction, 6.7% had difficulty in chopping, 3.3% had zonular dehiscence and 3.3% had posterior capsular rent . In divide and conquer technique 16.7% had pupil constriction, 10% had difficulty in trenching, 3.3% had posterior capsular rent. Almost all the patients (97.8%) were implanted with intraocular lens after employment of various surgical modifications. Conclusion: Vertical chopping techniques scores over horizontal chopping and divide and conquer technique of phacoemulsification with good surgical outcome because of less complications.

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Wibowo, Singgih, Muhamad Darmawan, Arif Rahman Hakim, and Seruni Marsella. "EFFECT OF CHOPPING STEP AND DRYING TECHNIQUE ON THE QUALITY OF ALKALI TREATED COTTONII (ATC)." Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology 7, no. 3 (May 8, 2013): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/squalen.v7i3.7.

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A research related to the production of alkali treated cottonii (ATC) had been carried out in order to study the effect of chopping step and drying techniques on the quality of ATC produced. Four treatments were applied in the experiment, namely was copping before sun drying (treatment A); chopping after sun drying (B); chopping before mechanical drying (C); and chopping after mechanical drying (D). The quality parameters of ATC measured were gel strength, moisture content, viscosity, yield, and whiteness. The results showed that the quality of ATC was significantly affected by chopping step and drying technique, especially in ATC gel strength, viscosity and yield. However, the effect of chopping step and drying technique was insignificant to ATC moisture content and whiteness. Chopping seaweed before drying resulted in higher gel strength of the ATC but lower in yield, while chopping after drying tended to result in lower gel strength but higher viscosity and yield.

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ter Hofstede, AHM, and TP van der Weide. "Formalization of techniques: chopping down the methodology jungle." Information and Software Technology 34, no. 1 (January 1992): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-5849(92)90094-6.

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Yu, Lu, Boyan Gao, Yanfang Li, Thomas T. Y. Wang, Yinghua Luo, Jing Wang, and Liangli (Lucy) Yu. "Home food preparation techniques impacted the availability of natural antioxidants and bioactivities in kale and broccoli." Food & Function 9, no. 1 (2018): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fo00948h.

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This study evaluated the effects of grinding and chopping with/without microwaving on the health-beneficial components, and antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation capacities of commercial kale and broccoli samples.

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Jander, A., C. A. Nordman, A. V. Pohm, and J. M. Anderson. "Chopping techniques for low-frequency nanotesla spin-dependent tunneling field sensors." Journal of Applied Physics 93, no. 10 (May 15, 2003): 8382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555975.

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Liu, Ji-Ying, and Hong Chen. "An experimental case of wood-working use-wear on quartzite artefacts." Documenta Praehistorica 43 (December 30, 2016): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.43.27.

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Use-wear analysis has become an essential method for the functional study of lithic artefacts from prehistoric archaeological assemblages. On the basis of earlier research, this article discusses experiments and analyses of use-wear on quartzite artefacts caused by wood-working. The raw materials of the artefacts were collected from the Wulanmulun Site, Inner Mongolia. The woodworking techniques include scraping, drilling, and chopping. Scarring sizes are mostly medium and small. Scarring terminations are mainly feathered; stepped terminations are caused by scraping and chopping wood. Scarring mainly appears as run-together distributions. Medium and heavy rounding is found on the edges of the artefacts.

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Harb, Ashraf Wasfy, and Salman Naveed Sadiq. "Tilt-and-crush: A safe, effective and energy-saving technique for soft cataract removal." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 5 (February 5, 2020): 1162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672120905311.

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Background and Objective: The tilt and crush technique is a modified chopping technique developed mainly to maximize safety and effectiveness in emulsifying soft cataracts. Material and Methods: After clear corneal incision and continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, the hydro-dissection cannula is introduced under the anterior capsule about 90 degrees to the axis of the main wound and injection of fluid is continued until the distal pole of the nucleus prolapses out of the capsulorhexis rim into the anterior chamber. The centre of the nucleus is then engaged with the phacoemulsification tip using high vacuum and tilted vertically in the anterior chamber. The second instrument is passed behind the full length of the vertically tilted nucleus to crush it against the phacoemulsification tip. Results: This technique was successfully performed in 517 eyes by a single experienced surgeon. The mean effective phaco time was 0.11 ± 0.32 s, and it was zero in 382 (73.9%) eyes. The mean total phaco time was 4.79 ± 10.71 s. In 322 (62.3%) eyes, no phaco energy was utilized to remove cataract. None of the eyes experienced any complication during or after the surgery. Conclusion: This safe and reliable technique is significantly more energy-efficient compared to other traditional techniques like divide-and-conquer and phaco-chop. Unlike, some widely known pre-chopping techniques, it can be taught easily with good reproducibility.

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Midin, Mohd Razik, Muhammad Irfan Fikri, and Siti Sarah Zailani. "Nuclear Genome Size Determination Of Christia Vespertilionis Via Flow Cytometry." Acta Chemica Malaysia 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2020-0012.

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AbstractChristia vespertilionis (butterfly wing plant) is an ornamental plant originated from South East Asia with reported usage in traditional medicine practice and potential as an anticancer and antitumor. This research aims to estimate the genome size of C. vespertilionis via flow cytometry (FCM) method. The research was conducted with the optimisation of nuclear suspension preparation followed by the genome size estimation. Two chopping techniques [manual chopping (MC) and BDTM Medimachine (MM)] and two lysis buffers (Otto and LBO1) were tested. Otto buffer with manual chopping was found to be the most suitable method, generated fine DNA peak with minimum debris background, and coefficient of variation (CV) value less than 3%. Five replicates of the FCM analysis were made for the genome size determination. The estimated genome size of C. vespertilionis was found to be 3.22 pg by using Glycine max cv. Polanka (2C=2.5pg) as an external reference standard. Further comparison with other Christia species was not possible due to the lack of data on genome size. The genome size data of C. vespertilionis can be useful for future morphology and genetics studies of Christia species.

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Miyamoto, Naomi, Shoko Kiritoshi, Rinko Akamime, and Masayuki Akimoto. "Two-hole assisted phaco-chop technique: a more efficient method for safe nucleofractis vertical chopping." International Ophthalmology 41, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 3081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10792-021-01872-4.

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Abstract Purpose To evaluate the use of the two-hole technique in augmenting the efficiency of surgeons-in-training when performing the phaco-chop technique. We hypothesized that drilling two holes in opposite angles to each other adjacent to the capsulorhexis would mimic a new lens equator. The phaco-tip and the chopper can be inserted into these holes at appropriate depths and may sandwich and fracture the lens more easily than conventional methods. Methods The two-hole technique described above was performed by three first-year surgeons before they performed the standard phaco-chop technique. We collected data of their first 8 cases and analyzed a total of 64 cases: 16, divide-and-conquer; 24, two-hole method; 24, phaco-chop. The main outcome measures included the cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) and case ultrasound time (UST) with different phacoemulsification techniques. Results The young practicing surgeons eventually performed the standard phaco-chop more safely after repeated practice using the two-hole method. The drilling of holes enabled deep and effortless impaling of the nucleus. Although there was no significant difference in the CDE among the techniques, there was a significant difference in the UST (P < 0.05). Conclusion The two-hole method enabled surgeons-in-training to acquire standard phaco-chop skills more efficiently. However, further studies with higher statistical power will be needed to validate these findings. Additionally, a variation of this technique, the four-hole method, is applicable even for experienced surgeons in cases of a hardened nucleus.

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Hsiung, Suz-Kai, Cheng-Tso Chen, and Gwo-Bin Lee. "Micro-droplet formation utilizing microfluidic flow focusing and controllable moving-wall chopping techniques." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 16, no. 11 (September 26, 2006): 2403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/16/11/022.

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Wendin, Karin, Lennart Mårtensson, Henric Djerf, and Maud Langton. "Product Quality during the Storage of Foods with Insects as an Ingredient: Impact of Particle Size, Antioxidant, Oil Content and Salt Content." Foods 9, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060791.

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To increase the acceptability of insects as food in Western culture, it is essential to develop attractive, high-quality food products. Higher acceptability of insect-based food has been shown if the insects are “invisible”. Mincing or chopping the insect material could be a first processing step to reduce the visibility of the insects. In this work, we processed yellow mealworms by using traditional food techniques: chopping, mixing and heat treatment in a retort. The results show that all factors in the experimental design (particle size, oil content, salt content and antioxidant) influenced the products to a larger extent than the storage time. The results, measured by sensory analysis, TBAR values (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), colourimetry and viscosity, show clearly that the food products packaged in TRC (Tetra recart cartons) 200 packages and processed in a retort stayed stable during a storage time of 6 months at room temperature.

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Ramachandran, Ashwin, Arun Natarajan, and Tejasvi Anand. "Line Coding Techniques for Channel Equalization: Integrated Pulse-Width Modulation and Consecutive Digit Chopping." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 66, no. 3 (March 2019): 1192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2018.2879020.

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Chen, Yang, Longsheng Lu, Xiaokang Liu, Yingxi Xie, Zhenping Wan, and Zhaorui Hou. "Comparative investigation of carbon fiber filaments in off-axis transverse cutting between flexible-support and non-support method under pre-tension." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 14 (January 2019): 155892501983781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925019837812.

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Short carbon fiber is an effective and essential reinforced material in composite domains. Generally, it is produced by chopping technology, among which pressing roller and grooved wheel are two popular chopping techniques. According to the working principle of these two techniques, the pressing roller can be simplified as a flexible-support cutting in off-axis transverse cutting, meanwhile the grooved wheel can be represented by a non-support cutting. To reveal the fracture difference of carbon fiber between the pressing roller and the grooved wheel technique, comparative investigation of failure behavior between a single carbon fiber (also simplified as a filament) with flexible support and with non-support was performed in off-axis transverse cutting using a custom-designed fixture. Both the cutting force and the fracture surface of the filament were comparatively analyzed in cutting process. It was found that the failure of single carbon fiber was caused by tensile effect in a non-support cutting, whereas that in a flexible-support cutting was caused by bending effect. The cutting-off force and cutting-off depth of filament cut by use flexible support are significantly lower than that by use non-support under low pre-tension. It is interesting to find out that the failure spot of carbon fiber filament in non-support cutting under low pre-tension tends to occur randomly. Meanwhile, in a flexible-support cutting, the break point of carbon fiber filament is determined by the tip of the blade. After a comprehensive comparison, the flexible-support cutting is a prior selection to produce short carbon fibers compared with the non-support cutting.

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Vejdani, Parisa, Karim Allidina, and Frederic Nabki. "Analysis of Sensitivity and Power Consumption of Chopping Techniques for Integrated Capacitive Sensor Interface Circuits." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 7, no. 4 (December 7, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea7040031.

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Pavan, Shanthi. "Improved Chopping in Continuous-Time Delta–Sigma Converters Using FIR Feedback and ${N}$ -Path Techniques." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 65, no. 5 (May 2018): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2018.2820017.

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Zeng, Mingbing, Xialin Liu, Xinyu Zhang, Yuanlin Xia, Yuhua Liu, Zhaohui Yuan, and Yizhi Liu. "A Comparative Study of Non-Chopping Rotation and Axial Rotation Versus Quick Chop Phacoemulsification Techniques." Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers, and Imaging 40, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/15428877-20090430-01.

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Chaudhari, Sushila, Brent A. Sellers, Stephen V. Rockwood, Jason A. Ferrell, Gregory E. MacDonald, and Kevin E. Kenworthy. "Nonchemical Methods for Paragrass (Urochloa mutica) Control." Invasive Plant Science and Management 5, no. 1 (March 2012): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-11-00026.1.

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AbstractParagrass is a nonnative category I invasive species in central and south Florida. This perennial grass species outcompetes native vegetation and is capable of rapid spread by vegetative reproduction. Although glyphosate and imazapyr are effective herbicides for paragrass control, the use of herbicides in certain areas may be restricted because of application timing or environmental concerns. Therefore, our objectives were to examine the effect of water depth (saturated vs. flooded) after burning or cutting, and the effect of water depth and duration after simulated roller-chopping, on paragrass regrowth under controlled conditions. In the first study, paragrass plants were cut or burned with a propane burner to 1 cm (0.39 in) above the soil surface. Plants were either watered daily (control), or were subjected to one of two water treatments: water level at the soil surface (saturated) or flooded to a depth of 44 cm. Burned-saturated or burned-flooded plants had 92% less biomass 5 wk after treatment (WAT) than cut-saturated plants. Flooding resulted in plant death regardless of the plant treatment. In the second study, simulated roller-chopping was performed by cutting paragrass stolons into one-, two-, or three-node segments; planting them into flats; and subjecting them to water treatments for 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 d. Burning, cutting, and roller-chopping could be useful to control paragrass if subsequent flooding is applied. Future research should focus on evaluating the response of these control techniques in natural areas where water depth can be managed.

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Warren, Mark, Dave Allan, Paul Raithby, Jeppe Christensen, Jose Trincao, Michelle Hamilton, Lauren Hatcher, Lynne Thomas, Arwen Pearson, and Juilien Marchal. "Time-resolved Crystallographic Developments Utilising Detector Gating Techniques." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314098337.

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The X-ray scattering process occurs on the time scale of about 10-18 seconds; the complete data collection is in the order of hours at synchrotron sources and consequently gives a time-averaged structure of the crystalline material. Previously on beamline I19 at Diamond Light Source we have used a method which involves mechanically chopping the X-ray beam to produce a pulsed source. The pulsed X-ray beam can then be used to probe the crystal a short period after the sample has been photo-activated by a laser beam. This method can be repeated changing the period between the laser (pump) and X-ray pulse (probe) until the entire time series is obtained. Beamline I19 in collaboration with the Dynamic Structural Sciences Consortium at the Research Complex at Harwell have designed a novel strategy to collect an entire time-series (zero to 100 ms) in one data collection utilising the fast image collection time of the Pilatus detector. The 300K Pilatus detector has a readout out time of 2.7 ms and can be gated down to 200 ns. This means that we can use this gating (instead of the mechanical chopper) to obtain single crystal time-resolved structures. This technique shortens the data collection time and as the entire series is obtained from one crystal during the same data collection, this reduces decay and scaling issues.

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Li, Yongjia, Mario Motz, and Leneesh Raghavan. "A Fast T&H Overcurrent Detector for a Spinning Hall Current Sensor With Ping-Pong and Chopping Techniques." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 54, no. 7 (July 2019): 1852–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2909161.

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Vigil, Miguel, Maria Pedrosa Laza, Henar Moran-Palacios, and JV Alvarez Cabal. "Optimizing the Environmental Profile of Fresh-Cut Produce: Life Cycle Assessment of Novel Decontamination and Sanitation Techniques." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 3674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093674.

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Fresh-cut vegetables, namely those that undergo processes such as washing, sorting, or chopping while keeping their fresh state, constitute an important market element nowadays. Among those operations, the washing step becomes really important due both to the extensive use of water resources and to the utilization of controversial water sanitizing agents, such as chlorine. To ideally eliminate those chlorinated compounds while decreasing water consumption, four novel filtrating technologies (pulsed corona discharge combined with nanofiltration, NF-PCD; classical ultrafiltration, UF; nanofiltration membranes integrating silver nanoparticles, NF-AgNP; and microfiltration with cellulose acetate membranes containing chitin nanocrystals, ChCA) have been proposed to eliminate any contaminating agent in recirculated water. Here, we performed a life cycle assessment (LCA) to assess the environmental effects of introducing these new solutions and to compare those impacts with the burden derived from the current strategy. The novel technologies showed a decreased environmental burden, mainly due to the enhanced water recirculation and the subsequent decrease in energy consumption for pumping and cooling the water stream. The environmental gain would be maintained even if a certain amount of chlorine was still needed. This analysis could serve as an aid to decision-making while evaluating the introduction of new sanitizing techniques.

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Elliott, Stephen, Sutthathorn Chairuangsri, Cherdsak Kuaraksa, Sudarat Sangkum, Kwankhao Sinhaseni, Dia Shannon, Phuttida Nippanon, and Benjapan Manohan. "Collaboration and Conflict—Developing Forest Restoration Techniques for Northern Thailand’s Upper Watersheds Whilst Meeting the Needs of Science and Communities." Forests 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090732.

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This paper describes an early example of Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR), which resulted from collaboration between a university, local community, and national park authority in the upper Mae Sa Valley, near Chiang Mai City, northern Thailand. Working together, the Hmong community of Ban Mae Sa Mai, Doi Suthep National Park Authority and Chiang Mai University’s Forest Restoration Research Unit (FORRU-CMU) established a chronosequence of trial restoration plots from 1996 to 2013, to test the framework-species method of forest restoration. The project developed successful restoration techniques and gained insights into the factors that influence villagers’ participation in forest restoration. Recovery of forest biomass, carbon storage, structure, biodiversity and ecological functioning exceeded expectations. Villagers appreciated the improved water security resulting from the project, as well as a better relationship with the park authority and increased land security. Recently, however, tree chopping and a breakdown in fire-prevention measures (perhaps symptoms of “project fatigue”) have threatened the sustainability of the plot system. The project demonstrates the importance of a sound scientific basis for forest restoration projects, long-term institutional support, and appropriate funding mechanisms, to achieve sustainability.

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Alamu, Emmanuel Oladeji, Michael Adesokan, Asrat Asfaw, and Busie Maziya-Dixon. "Effect of Sample Preparation Methods on the Prediction Performances of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Quality Traits of Fresh Yam (Dioscorea spp.)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 6035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176035.

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High throughput techniques for phenotyping quality traits in root and tuber crops are useful in breeding programs where thousands of genotypes are screened at the early stages. This study assessed the effects of sample preparation on the prediction accuracies of dry matter, protein, and starch content in fresh yam using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). Fresh tubers of Dioscorearotundata (D. rotundata) and Dioscoreaalata (D. alata) were prepared using different sampling techniques—blending, chopping, and grating. Spectra of each sample and reference data were used to develop calibration models using Modified Partial Least Square (MPLS). The performance of the model developed from the blended yam samples was tested using a new set of yam samples (N = 50) by comparing their wet laboratory results with the predicted values from NIRS. Blended samples had the highest coefficient of prediction (R2pre) for dry matter (0.95) and starch (0.83), though very low for protein (0.26), while grated samples had the lowest R2pre of 0.87 for dry matter and 0.50 for starch. Results showed that blended samples gave a better prediction compared with other methods. The feasibility of NIRS for the prediction of dry matter and starch content in fresh yam was highlighted.

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Zhou, Yin, Xiaobo Wu, Peng Sun, and Menglian Zhao. "A 3.6 μW 60 nV/sqrtHz Capacitively-Coupled Instrumentation Amplifier for Biopotential Signal Recordings." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 24, no. 06 (May 26, 2015): 1550089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126615500899.

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This paper presents a low-power low-noise instrumentation amplifier (IA) intended for biopotential signal recordings. The IA is designed based on a capacitively-coupled topology, which achieves wide input common-mode range, high common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and low power consumption. To reduce low-frequency noise and output ripple at the same time, a combination of chopping and ping-pong auto-zeroing techniques, which is normally used in current-feedback IAs, is introduced for the capacitively-coupled topology in this paper. An intrinsic adverse effect of the proposed structure which causes additional ripple is analyzed. The DC electrode offset voltage is suppressed and the input impedance is boosted through feedback techniques. An improved switched-capacitor common mode feedback (SC CMFB) circuit is also presented. Test results show that the IA achieves an equivalent input-referred noise power spectrum density of 60 nV/sqrtHz and a noise efficiency factor (NEF) of 5.58. The bandwidth is 0.5 Hz to 10 kHz, covering most biopotential recording applications. The IA was implemented in 0.18-μm CMOS process. It occupies 0.27 mm2 core area and consumes 3.6 μA from a 1 V supply.

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Fang, Hua Jun, Xing Ming Liu, and Li Tian Liu. "A Uncooled α-Si Infrared Detector Using Polyimide as Thermal Isolation Layer." Advanced Materials Research 60-61 (January 2009): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.60-61.371.

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a new structure of the uncooled amorphous silicon (α-Si) infrared detector has been fabricated and characterized. The structure with thermal isolation and infrared absorption based on polyimide (PI) and bottom metal reflective layer is put forward. The fabrication process of the IR detectors is described. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of α-Si resistance has been investigated. The measurements show that the TCR is up to -2.8%. The detectivity of 1.7×108 cmHz1/2W-1 is achieved with chopping frequency of 30Hz at a bias voltage of 5V. Measurement results indicate that the polyimide layer exhibits excellent thermal isolating characteristics and the unique sandwich IR absorption structure is beneficial to the enhancement of detectivity. Compared with other techniques, the IR detectors using PI as thermal isolation layer are not only with simpler process, lower cost and higher yield, but also suitable for the application of large-scale uncooled infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPA).

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Emar, Walid. "Analysis, modeling and simulation of step up converter using Matlab–Simulink and simplorer." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 07, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962316500045.

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The basic configuration of step up converter usually used in photovoltaic solar systems to increase the DC voltage generated at their outputs suffers from some drawbacks just like high ripple in the output voltage, greater losses in the system and unstable dynamic behavior. To eliminate these drawbacks, this paper introduces a two-phase connection of step up converter with uncoupled smoothing reactors. Detailed analysis, simulation and control strategy have been proposed in this paper to investigate the advantages of using such connection with uncoupled reactors. This paper is intended to prove that two-phase connection with uncoupled reactors helps increasing the output power of the converter, minimizing its output ripple and making its control easier and more efficient. It also increases the converter chopping frequency and consequently decreases the size of smoothing reactors and filters used in the system. Concerning the design of such converters, it requires a long working period of time with a significant cost and specific technical tests at nominal operating points. Therefore, simulation can essentially decrease economic and development costs. Using modulation and simulation software techniques (Simplorer, Simulink, and Matlab) throughout this paper helped simulation of very fast the converter behavior and accurate determination of its dynamic characteristics. Moreover, the paper deals with modulation of voltage control technique using Matlab and Simplorer, thus regulating the converter output current and voltage. Simulation results show that this control technique provides robust output current and voltage of step up converters and is more feasible for their chopper up conversion technique.

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Rupilu, Beatrixs, and Theopilus Watuguly. "STUDI PEMANFAATAN TUMBUHAN OBAT TRADISIONAL OLEH MASYARAKAT SUKU OIRATA PULAU KISAR KECAMATAN PULAU-PULAU TERSELATAN KABUPATEN MALUKU BARAT DAYA." Biopendix: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan 5, no. 1 (May 22, 2019): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol5issue1page53-64.

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Background: Medicinal plants are medicinal plants that can relieve pain, increase endurance and treat various diseases. The Oirata tribe is an indigenous tribe of Kisar Island. The community traditionally uses various types of plants as alternative treatments to cure diseases because they are easier to obtain and there are no side effects. Methods: This study uses descriptive methods. Data collection techniques by conducting interviews, observation, questionnaires, and collecting and documenting medicinal plants. Results: Medicinal plants found in the Oirata Tribe of Kisar Island, the Sub district Islands, Southwest Maluku Regency are 31 types of medicinal plants. Plant parts used are roots, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. How to process traditional medicinal plants is done by boiling, pounding, chopping, squeezing, pasting, wrapping, heating, and some even eaten directly to swallow the water. Conclusion: The way to use it for the people of the Oirata tribe is that it is single because they do not use plants mixed with plants or other raw materials only mixed with water.

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Ahmed, Aouadj Sid, Nasrallah Yahia, Hasnaoui Okkacha, and Khatir Hadj. "Impact of ecological restoration techniques on the dynamics of degraded ecosystems of the mounts of Saida: Case of the forests of Doui Thabet (West Algeria)." Acta Scientifica Naturalis 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 98–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/asn-2020-0023.

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AbstractThe aim of the present study aims to establish the impact of different restoration techniques (soil and vegetation works) of five pioneer species of the Doui Thabet forest (Mounts of Saida, West of Algeria): Pinus halepensis, Pistacia lentiscus., Tetraclinis articulata, Juniperus oxycedru,. and Stipa capensis (= S. tenacissima L.) between 2018 and 2020. An experimental field device covering an area of 1 ha has been installed in the Doui Thabet forest in a Pinus halepensis massive more than 80 years old. The following work was carried out: mechanical grinding of the vegetation (chopping), turning (scarification of soil) to a depth of 10 cm, tillage (Deep ploughing) to a depth of 20 cm, controlled burning of branches, clearing of Stipa capensis, seedlings planted in different seasons for certain species (Stipa capensis = S. tenacissima L.), monitoring of stump rejections and natural sowing. The sowing result varies according to the species and restoration techniques, it is high for Pinus halepensis and Stipa capensis. It is low for Tetraclinis articulata and Juniperus oxycedrus and none for Pistacia lentiscus while for Stipa capensis it is quite high when planted in autumn compared to spring. Turning and burning have proven to be the most abundant treatments for regeneration and growth. Grinding has medium seedling density and growth, while deep tillage and natural sowing showed low seedling density and growth.

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Li, Haoming, Yupeng Shen, Tengjia Wang, and Jiarui Liu. "A 210fs RMS jitter 187.5 MHz-3GHz fractional-N frequency synthesizer with quantization noise suppression techniques and chopping differential charge pump for SDR applications." Microelectronics Journal 85 (March 2019): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2019.02.007.

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Derevianko, A. P., A. V. Kandyba, Khac Su Nguyen, S. A. Gladyshev, Gia Doi Nguyen, V. A. Lebedev, A. M. Chekha, A. G. Rybalko, V. M. Kharevich, and A. A. Tsybankov. "THE DISCOVERY OF A BIFACIAL INDUSTRY IN VIETNAM." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021.

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This study deals with the origin of bifacial industry in the Lower Paleolithic of Southeast Asia. We describe stone tools from the stratifi ed sites of Goda and Rocktyng near the town of Ankhe, Vietnam. The lithics represent a homogeneous industry characterized by uniform Lower Paleolithic techniques of primary and secondary reduction. Cores and tools were made of pebbles, and some tools were manufactured on fl akes. The tool-kit includes bifaces, pics, becs, carinate end-scrapers, various types of side-scrapers, choppers and chopping tools, denticulate and notched pieces. Bifaces and pics are the principal types. Primary reduction was aimed at manufacturing simple pebble cores with cortex striking platforms, whereas radial and orthogonal cores are less frequent. Tektites found with the lithics were dated by 40K/38Ar-method to 806±22 and 782±20 ka BP. We propose to name this industry the Ankhe culture. It likely emerged by convergent evolution of the pebble-fl ake industry associated with the fi rst wave of Homo erectus migration from Africa 1.8–1.6 million years BP, and is unrelated to the Acheulean tradition introduced by the second migration wave from Africa.

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Heeley, Andrew, Matthew Hobbs, Hatim Laalej, and Jon Willmott. "Miniature Uncooled and Unchopped Fiber Optic Infrared Thermometer for Application to Cutting Tool Temperature Measurement." Sensors 18, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 3188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103188.

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A new infrared thermometer, sensitive to wavelengths between 3 μm and 3.5 μm, has been developed. It is based on an Indium Arsenide Antimony (InAsSb) photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier, and a sapphire fiber optic cable. The thermometer used an uncooled photodiode sensor and received infrared radiation that did not undergo any form of optical chopping, thereby, minimizing the physical size of the device and affording its attachment to a milling machine tool holder. The thermometer is intended for applications requiring that the electronics are located remotely from high-temperature conditions incurred during machining but also affording the potential for use in other harsh conditions. Other example applications include: processes involving chemical reactions and abrasion or fluids that would otherwise present problems for invasive contact sensors to achieve reliable and accurate measurements. The prototype thermometer was capable of measuring temperatures between 200 °C and 1000 °C with sapphire fiber optic cable coupling to high temperature conditions. Future versions of the device will afford temperature measurements on a milling machine cutting tool and could substitute for the standard method of embedding thermocouple wires into the cutting tool inserts. Similarly, other objects within harsh conditions could be measured using these techniques and accelerate developments of the thermometer to suit particular applications.

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Liu, Jiying, Hong Chen, and Yiming Shen. "Use-wear experimental studies for differentiating flint tools processing bamboo from wood." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 9, 2019): 326–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46-20.

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Bamboo is widespread in south China and is one of the major organic resources in daily use through history due to its similar potential use value as wood. Due to the unfavourable preservation conditions and taphonomic alteration, the rare discovery of well-preserved organic remains from Palaeolithic sites means there is a lack of direct studies on the technology and behaviour of early prehistoric humans. Use-wear analysis has been proved as a reliable method to detect evidence left by working wood and bamboo on stone artefacts. This study aims to provide an experimental reference of use-wear features and patterns to identify and interpret the exploration of bamboo and wood resources in prehistory. In this experiment, 12 flint flakes were selected for processing bamboo stems and pine branches with working motions of whittling, sawing, and chopping. The results show that the use-wear features, including edge scarring, edge rounding, and polish, of bamboo-working and wood-working are distinctive. Edge scarring is closely related to the working motion, and moderate bright to very bright polish is a significant feature associated with bamboo-working. It is possible to distinguish wear traces caused by bamboo-working from those by wood-processing througha combination of low-power and high-power techniques under a 3D digital microscope.

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Liu, Jiying, Hong Chen, and Yiming Shen. "Use-wear experimental studies for differentiating flint tools processing bamboo from wood." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 9, 2019): 326–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46.20.

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Bamboo is widespread in south China and is one of the major organic resources in daily use through history due to its similar potential use value as wood. Due to the unfavourable preservation conditions and taphonomic alteration, the rare discovery of well-preserved organic remains from Palaeolithic sites means there is a lack of direct studies on the technology and behaviour of early prehistoric humans. Use-wear analysis has been proved as a reliable method to detect evidence left by working wood and bamboo on stone artefacts. This study aims to provide an experimental reference of use-wear features and patterns to identify and interpret the exploration of bamboo and wood resources in prehistory. In this experiment, 12 flint flakes were selected for processing bamboo stems and pine branches with working motions of whittling, sawing, and chopping. The results show that the use-wear features, including edge scarring, edge rounding, and polish, of bamboo-working and wood-working are distinctive. Edge scarring is closely related to the working motion, and moderate bright to very bright polish is a significant feature associated with bamboo-working. It is possible to distinguish wear traces caused by bamboo-working from those by wood-processing througha combination of low-power and high-power techniques under a 3D digital microscope.

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Ramm, Brentyn J. "The Technology of Awakening: Experiments in Zen Phenomenology." Religions 12, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12030192.

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In this paper, I investigate the phenomenology of awakening in Chinese Zen Buddhism. In this tradition, to awaken is to ‘see your true nature’. In particular, the two aspects of awakening are: (1) seeing that the nature of one’s self or mind is empty or void and (2) an erasing of the usual (though merely apparent) boundary between subject and object. In the early Zen tradition, there are many references to awakening as chopping off your head, not having eyes, nose and tongue, and seeing your ‘Original Face’. These references bear a remarkable resemblance to an approach to awakening developed by Douglas Harding. I will guide the reader through a series of Harding’s first-person experiments which investigate the gap where you cannot see your own head. I will endeavour to show that these methods, although radically different from traditional meditation techniques, result in an experience with striking similarities to Zen accounts of awakening, in particular, as experiencing oneself as empty or void and yet totally united with the given world. The repeatability and apparent reliability of these first-person methods opens up a class of awakening experience to empirical investigation and has the potential to provide new insights into nondual traditions.

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Shekhar, Swetank, Praveen Malik, Amrendra Kumar, and Ravindra Singh. "Comparing the number of attempts required for complete nuclear chop using calibrated and conventional phacotip." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20201497.

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Background: Phacoemulsification is a state of art technique with a steep learning curve the configuration of the phacotip affects the efficacy and execution of the nuclear chopping techniques. Inadequate penetration of phacotip may result in partial thickness nuclear cleavage with residual posterior plane and over enthusiastic penetration may result in posterior capsule rupture. This may be avoided if some estimate can be made preoperatively of the depth of penetration required to achieve full thickness crack.Methods: A total of 60 eyes of 60 patients with age related cataract with grade 4.0 to 6.9 (LOCS III) fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study after written informed consent. They were divided into two groups A and B with 30 patients each randomly using envelope method and were operated using conventional and calibrated phacotips respectively and the number of attempts required to achieve complete nuclear chop was noted.Results: In group A, vertical chop was safely and effectively done is 23 patients in just one attempt while it took 2 attempts in 6 patients and 3 attempts in 1 patient. In group B, it took just one attempt in 26 patients while 2 attempts were required in 4 patients. The two groups were comparable (p value 0.453) and was found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: With the use of a calibrated phacotip, the surgeon already knows to what depth he has to penetrate the tip into the center of nucleus depending upon the grade of cataract which results in safe and effective chop in minimum attempts where as in the conventional phacotip, it is more of a blind process. Hence the calibrated phacotip has taken the guess work out of question.

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Pathak, P., D. J. M. Petit dit de la Roche, M. Kasper, M. Sterzik, O. Absil, A. Boehle, F. Feng, et al. "High-contrast imaging at ten microns: A search for exoplanets around Eps Indi A, Eps Eri, Tau Ceti, Sirius A, and Sirius B." Astronomy & Astrophysics 652 (August 2021): A121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140529.

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Context. The direct imaging of rocky exoplanets is one of the major science goals of upcoming large telescopes. The contrast requirement for imaging such planets is challenging. However, the mid-IR (infrared) regime provides the optimum contrast to directly detect the thermal signatures of exoplanets in our solar neighbourhood. Aims. We aim to exploit novel fast-chopping techniques newly developed for astronomy with the aid of adaptive optics to look for thermal signatures of exoplanets around bright stars in the solar neighbourhood. Methods. We used the upgraded Very Large Telescope Imager and Spectrometer for the mid-InfraRed (VISIR) instrument with high-contrast imaging capability optimised for observations at 10 μm to look for exoplanets around five nearby (d < 4 pc) stars. The instrument provides an improved signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) by a factor of ~4 in the N-band compared to standard VISIR for a given S/N and time. Results. In this work, we achieve a detection sensitivity of sub-mJy, which is sufficient to detect a few Jupiter mass planets in nearby systems. Although no detections are made, we achieve most sensitive limits within <2″ for all the observed targets compared to previous campaigns. For ϵ Indi A and ϵ Eri, we achieve detection limits very close to the giant planets discovered by RV, with the limits on ϵ Indi A being the most sensitive to date. Our non-detection therefore supports an older age for ϵ Indi A. The results presented here are promising for high-contrast imaging and exoplanet detections in the mid-IR regime.

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Rahmi, Suci, and Hasanuddin Husin. "ANALISIS SENSORI DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH PADA CAMPURAN BAWANG PUTIH, JAHE, LEMON DAN MADU SEBAGAI SUPLEMEN HERBAL." Pro Food 6, no. 1 (July 9, 2020): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/profood.v6i1.129.

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ABSTRACT Herbal supplements are one of the products that are taken from outside the body derived from a mixture of herbal plant ingredients have antioxidant activity to prevent the presence of free radicals in the body. Testing natural antioxidant activity in herbal supplement products using the DPPH method (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhyrazil). Measurement of UV-Visible spectrophotometry absorbance with DPPH absorbance value at a wavelength of 517 nm. Sensory analysis using a hedonic test at the panelist preference level, using four attribute parameters namely taste, aroma, color and overall acceptance. Results Tests of antioxidant activity in herbal supplement products on various combination techniques and concentrations of garlic, ginger, local lemons and honey, resulting in the reduction of DPPH which is characterized by a reduction in the intensity of the color from purple to fade to yellow. Antioxidant testing obtained IC50 values from all herbal supplement samples from various treatment techniques and concentrations showed IC50 values less than 50 found in the treatment of chopped engineering materials, concentration 1 (K1) of 23.97%. While concentrations of 2 (k2) and 3 (k3) as well as in various combination techniques and other concentrations indicate that IC50 values range from 50 ppm to 100 ppm. This shows that herbal supplements have very strong antioxidants (IC50 value <50) found in the treatment of ingredients with chopped techniques with the lowest concentration. whereas herbal supplements with treatment techniques and other concentrations have a strong antioxidant value of IC50 (50-100). The results of sensory analysis indicate that the average panelist had a preference level for herbal supplement products with chopping and extraction treatment techniques. Keywords: Antioxidant, DPPH, Herbal supplements, IC50 ABSTRAK Suplemen herbal merupakan salah satu produk yang menjadi asupan dari luar tubuh yang berasal dari hasil campuran bahan tanaman herbal yang mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan tinggi untuk mencegah adanya radikal bebas dalam tubuh. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan alami pada produk suplemen herbal menggunakan metode DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhyrazil). Pengukuran absorbansi secara spektrofotometri-UV Visibel dengan Nilai absorbansi DPPH pada panjang gelombang 517 nm. Analisis sensori dengan menggunakan uji hedonik pada tingkat kesukaan panelis, menggunakan empat parameter atribut yaitu rasa, aroma, warna dan penerimaan keseluruhan. Hasil Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dalam produk suplemen herbal pada berbagai teknik kombinasi dan konsentrasi bawang putih, jahe, lemon lokal dan madu, menghasilkan peredaman DPPH yang ditandai dengan berkurangnya intensitas warna ungu menjadi pudar sampai kekuningan. Pengujian Antioksidan didapatkan Nilai IC50 dari seluruh sampel suplemen herbal dari berbagai teknik perlakuan dan konsentrasi menunjukkan nilai IC50 kurang dari 50 terdapat pada perlakuan bahan teknik rajangan, konsentrasi 1 (K1) sebesar 23,97 %. Sementara konsentrasi 2 (k2) dan 3 (k3) serta pada berbagai teknik kombinasi dan konsentrasi lainnya menunjukan bahwa nilai IC50 berkisar 50 ppm - 100 ppm. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa suplemen herbal memiliki antioksidan yang sangat kuat (nilai IC50 <50) terdapat pada perlakuan bahan dengan teknik rajangan dengan konsentrasi yang paling rendah, sedangkan suplemen herbal dengan teknik perlakuan dan konsentrasi lain memiliki nilai antioksidan kuat IC50 (50-100) ppm. Hasil analisis sensori menunjukan bahwa rata-rata panelis memiliki tingkat kesukaan pada produk suplemen herbal dengan teknik perlakuan rajangan dan perlakuan sari. Kata kunci: Antioksidan, DPPH, IC50, Sensori, Suplemen Herbal.

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Vejarano, L. Felipe, and Alejandro Tello. "Vejarano??s Safe Chop Technique: A Safer Chopping." Techniques in Ophthalmology 3, no. 3 (September 2005): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ito.0000177615.12054.e1.

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Puri, Vijaya R., Ravinder K. Puri, and Ravi N. Karekar. "Aging Reduction of ZnS Films Using Chopping Technique." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 29, Part 1, No. 12 (December 20, 1990): 2789–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.29.2789.

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Vu, Van-Dam, Thanh-Toan Nguyen, Ngoc-Hung Chu, Quoc-Huy Ngo, Ky-Thanh Ho, and Van-Du Nguyen. "Multiresponse Optimization of Cutting Force and Cutting Power in Chopping Agricultural Residues Using Grey-Based Taguchi Method." Agriculture 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030051.

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Agricultural residues are the most abundant biomass and forage resources. Chopping is a precondition for either use, and reducing the shearing force has been considered as one of the most effective way to save energy. A smaller force can also permit more compact mechanical parts of chopping devices. In several cases, power consumption may be large, even when the shearing force is small, if the corresponding cutting velocity is high. Consequently, it is important to minimize both cutting force and power consumption simultaneously. This paper presents a practical approach to solve the multi-objective optimization problem for chopping processes of corn stalks. Applying the Taguchi design of experiments, a plan of 27 chopping tests was conducted. Based on the grey relational grade analysis and analysis of variance technique, optimum levels as well as the percentage contribution of such parameters were identified. Experimental results showed that the multi-response optimization problem in chopping corn stalks can be effectively addressed through the combination of Taguchi design and grey relational analysis. The results can be expanded for practical applications in design and operation of chopping machines for agricultural residues.

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Marin, J., J. Van Rethy, H. Danneels, J. Vergauwen, and G. Gielen. "Digital-domain Chopping Technique for PLL-Based Sensor Interfaces." Procedia Engineering 120 (2015): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.685.

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Ma, Yu Quan, Li Hong Zhang, Shu Fen Han, and Dong Dong Song. "The Design of Single Phase AC Regulated Power Supply with PWM Chopping Control Compensation." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 6880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.6880.

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In view of the large volume and complex control circuit of current AC regulated power supply, a unipolar AC regulated power supply with chopping control compensation is designed, and the calculation method of output filter parameter of chopping circuit is given. In the system, MCU of STC12C5A62AD with 8-bit A/D input and PWM output is adopted, by which not only simple structure and control but also fast dynamic response are get; DC voltage sampling technique is adopted, so sampling frequency is up to 12.8kHz, sampling precision is high too; PWM chopping frequency is 4kHz, so capacity of filter capacitor and inductors are small, and harmonic is little. Experiment results of prototype show that the system has high precision of output voltage and greater practical value.

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Luong, Van Su, Jen-Tzong Jeng, Chih-Cheng Lu, and Hua-Yi Hsu. "Low-noise tunneling-magnetoresistance vector magnetometers with flux chopping technique." Measurement 109 (October 2017): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.05.062.

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Marin, Jorge, Jelle Van Rethy, Johan Vergauwen, and Georges Gielen. "Digital-domain chopping technique for high-resolution PLL-based sensor interfaces." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 249 (October 2016): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2016.07.016.

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Paul, A. K., and I. W. Rangelow. "Fabrication of high aspect ratio structures using chlorine gas chopping technique." Microelectronic Engineering 35, no. 1-4 (February 1997): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9317(96)00157-8.

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Um, J. ‐Y. "Calibration of bandgap voltage reference using chopping technique and IIR filter." Electronics Letters 52, no. 13 (June 2016): 1104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2016.1267.

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McLaren, Robert, and Norman J. Dovichi. "Characterization of thermal modulation of electrical conductivity: a small volume absorbance measurement technique." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-178.

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Laser-induced thermal modulation of electrical conductivity is a new photothermal method for the measurement of minute absorbance in sub-nanoliter liquid samples. In this paper, a model is presented for the technique. This model is based upon the interaction of a Gaussian laser beam with a cylindrical, homogeneous electrolytic resistor. Particularly simple results are produced if the laser beam spot size is much smaller than the diameter of the electrodes. The theory is verified with respect to the electrode spacing and to the laser power, spot size, and chopping frequency; the highest sensitivity occurs with low chopping frequency, high laser power, and small electrode spacing. The signal is independent of laser spot size, as long as the beam does not illuminate the electrode surface. The precision of the measurement is dominated by shot noise in the current flow through the electrolytic resistor. One point absorbance detection limits of 5.5 × 10−6 measured across the 76-μm diameter electrode wires are obtained in aqueous solution with a 5- mW helium–neon laser. With this instrument, the difference in the absorbance of water and deuterated water is easily determined at 632.8 nm. Keywords: thermal modulation of electrical conductivity.

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Houde, Martin, Lynn C. Holt, Hiroshige Yoshida, and Patrick M. Nelson. "Controlling a telescope chopping secondary mirror assembly using a signal deconvolution technique." Review of Scientific Instruments 74, no. 8 (August 2003): 3802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592877.

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Hu, Ya-Guang, Ning Gao, Chang-Rui Wu, Jian Zhang, Li Qin, and Jing-Ming Li. "Efficacy of wet-lab training versus surgical-simulator training on performance of ophthalmology residents during chopping in cataract surgery." International Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2021.03.05.

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AIM: To analyze whether wet-lab training (WLT) or surgical-simulator training (SST) is better for ophthalmology residents to master the chopping technique. METHODS: Sixty ophthalmology residents (in their second year) and three cataract surgeons participated in the study. The residents were randomly separated into two groups, WLT group and SST group. The residents in WLT group were asked to perform 10 trials of chopping using pig eyes and scored by the surgeons, and then they performed and scored using simulator for one time. The residents in SST group underwent 10 trials of chopping using simulator, and the simulator scored each trail. Then, this group were asked to perform the chopping using pig eyes and scored by the surgeons. At last, we investigated the residents' satisfaction about the training. RESULTS: The demographic characteristics had no significant differences between the two groups. Recorded by the simulator, the residents in SST group got significantly higher overall score (83.90±1.31) than WLT group (78.73±1.92, P=0.03). And the residents in SST group got less corner area injured, and they spend less time than WLT group (P<0.05). Moreover, the residents in WLT group used more ultrasonic energy value than SST group (P=0.03). However, scored by the surgeons, the residents in two groups got nearly the same overall score. The residents in WLT group performed better on the frequencies of posterior capsule torn and incisional stress (P=0.03, 0.008, respectively). In the survey, the residents in two groups held the same opinion that the training was helpful and they strongly recommended this training. And all of them enjoyed the training, and enjoyed being randomized in their own group. However, with respect to the realistic character, the residents thought that WLT was better than SST (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Both of the Eyesi surgical-stimulator and the wet-lab improve the residents' chopping ability and each has its own advantages. The combination of the two training ways could be considered to be a part of the training curriculum for new residents.

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López, S., F. D. DeB Hovell, B. Manyuchi, and R. I. Smart. "Comparison of sample preparation methods for the determination of the rumen degradation characteristics of fresh and ensiled forages by the nylon bag technique." Animal Science 60, no. 3 (June 1995): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980001331x.

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AbstractA study urns conducted to determine the best method of preparation of silage and freshly cut forage samples for the estimation of rumen degradability by the nylon bag technique. Three types of forage were evaluated: a grass silage, a fresh grass (ryegrass) and a fresh legume (white clover). For each forage, six preparation methods were compared: chopping fresh (FRS); chopping and macerating fresh (FMC); chopping, freezing, thawing and macerating (FRZ); freeze-drying (FD); low-temperature oven-drying (45°C, 72 h) (OVD); high-temperature oven-drying (160°C, 90 min) (DHD). Dried samples were hammer-milled (2·5-mm screen). Chemical composition and rumen degradability were affected by the method of preparation. Protein fractions were sensitive to drying method, and oven-drying reduced nitrogen (N) solubility and degradability as the severity of the heating was increased. OVD and DHD gave lower estimates of N and dry matter (DM) solubility and degradability than FD. The effect of drying method on DM degradability was to reduce solubility and effective degradability, calculated for an outflow rate of 0·033 per h, but not potential degradability.Silage DM degradability was less affected than that of fresh forages. Freshly prepared samples (FRS, FMC, FRZ) gave lower estimates of N and DM solubility and degradability than FD, the differences being least with silage and FRZ, which was the most effective at rupturing plant structures of the FRS, FMC and FRZ methods. Of the six preparation methods, freeze-drying was the most effective preparation method. FRZ and OVD were less effective, but similar to each other. The small particles (calculated) produced by grinding dried samples may result in an overestimation of zero time losses and hence the degradability of the sample. These undesirable effects might be minimized by coarser grinding (4-mm screen) and correction for particulate matter loss.

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AHLAWAT, D. S., D. MOHAN, S. K. GHOSHAL, R. D. SINGH, and MEENAKSHI SHARMA. "STUDY OF THERMAL TRANSPORT PARAMETERS IN PbI2 SINGLE CRYSTAL USING A PHOTOACOUSTIC TECHNIQUE." Modern Physics Letters B 20, no. 20 (August 30, 2006): 1253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984906011335.

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The present work discusses the study of the transport properties of the PbI 2 single crystal using an indigenously developed photoacoutistic spectrometer. The amplitude photoacoustic signal, being a function of the modulation frequency of the incident optical beam, has been measured by using the front-side detection configuration. The characteristic frequency (fc) of the single crystal has been found to be 55 Hz. The values of thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity in the case of PbI 2 have been derived experimentally. Their values have been compared with the values reported in a case which studied other materials in the literature. Thermal diffusion lengths have also been calculated at different chopping frequencies from 15 Hz to 90 Hz.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chopping techniques'

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